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Hidayatik N, Khairullah AR, Yuliani MGA, Hestianah EP, Novianti AN, Damayanti AN, Hisyam MAM, Moses IB, Ahmad RZ, Wardhani BWK, Wibowo S, Kurniasih DAA. Lumpy skin disease: A growing threat to the global livestock industry. Open Vet J 2025; 15:541-555. [PMID: 40201838 PMCID: PMC11974308 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2025.v15.i2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an infectious disease in cattle caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by the Poxviridae family. Historically, LSD was first documented in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1929 as a symptom of bug bite poisoning or hypersensitivity, described as pseudo-urticaria. This disease, which causes widespread malaise and persistent weakness, is a serious, economically devastating, and reportable condition that lowers cattle output. The illness starts as a biphasic fever. After fever, emaciation, ocular discharge, and agalactia, the clinical signs of a minor infection develop as one or two nodular lumps appear 2-3 days later. In particular, the skin of the muzzle, back, nostrils, legs, scrotum, eyelids, lower ears, nasal, perineum, oral mucosa, and tail display painful, hyperemic, nodular lesions. A number of diagnostic methods, such as virus isolation in cell culture, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, direct and indirect fluorescent antibody testing, agar gel immunodiffusion, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, and serum neutralization test (SNT), are used to confirm the clinical diagnosis. This disease is spread by arthropods such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. It is most common during the rainy season, when there is a high number of biting insects, and it declines during the dry season. LSD has direct and indirect economic impacts on livestock and the industry. Since there is no effective antiviral medication to treat LSD, the only viable method of disease containment is vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanik Hidayatik
- Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - M. Gandul Atik Yuliani
- Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Eka Pramyrtha Hestianah
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Arindita Niatazya Novianti
- Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Arindita Niatazya Damayanti
- Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Riza Zainuddin Ahmad
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Syahputra Wibowo
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
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Modethed W, Kreausukon K, Singhla T, Boonsri K, Pringproa K, Sthitmatee N, Vinitchaikul P, Srisawang S, Salvador R, Gubbins S, Limon G, Punyapornwithaya V. An evaluation of financial losses due to lumpy skin disease outbreaks in dairy farms of northern Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2025; 11:1501460. [PMID: 39926595 PMCID: PMC11804113 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1501460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) poses a significant threat to the cattle industry, resulting in adverse economic consequences in affected countries. This study aims to estimate the financial losses due to LSD outbreaks in dairy farms in northern Thailand. Based on a retrospective study, data was collected using a standardized questionnaire from 100 farms affected by LSD outbreaks (outbreak farms) and 33 farms that did not experience LSD outbreaks (non-LSD outbreak farms) in two dairy farming areas that experienced LSD outbreaks between June and December 2021. In outbreak farms, the average total financial losses was 727.38 USD per farm, significantly higher than the 349.19 USD per farm observed in non-LSD outbreak farms. The primary cause of financial loss in outbreak farms was mortality. Reductions in milk sold due to a drop in milk production, and the need to discard milk because of the withdrawal time of antibiotics used for treating secondary infections on affected cattle, also contributed substantially to the financial losses. On farms without LSD outbreaks, the main expenses were related to vaccination and disease prevention, amounting to 130.66 USD and 218.53 USD per farm, respectively. LSD outbreaks negatively affect all farms in the outbreak areas, as both outbreak farms and non-LSD outbreak farms had to bear prevention costs. In the post-outbreak phase, the primary activities focused on continued monitoring of new LSD cases and conducting surveillance, carried out collaboratively by farmers and livestock authorities. This is the first study in Thailand providing valuable insights into the financial implications of LSD outbreaks for farmers, highlighting the substantial financial consequences of the disease. The findings from this study are beneficial for decision making, efficient resource allocation and the development of effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wittawat Modethed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Tawatchai Singhla
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittikorn Boonsri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Supitchaya Srisawang
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Roderick Salvador
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | | | | | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Haga IR, Shih BB, Tore G, Polo N, Ribeca P, Gombo-Ochir D, Shura G, Tserenchimed T, Enkhbold B, Purevtseren D, Ulziibat G, Damdinjav B, Yimer L, Bari FD, Gizaw D, Adedeji AJ, Atai RB, Adole JA, Dogonyaro BB, Kumarawadu PL, Batten C, Corla A, Freimanis GL, Tennakoon C, Law A, Lycett S, Downing T, Beard PM. Sequencing and Analysis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Whole Genomes Reveals a New Viral Subgroup in West and Central Africa. Viruses 2024; 16:557. [PMID: 38675899 PMCID: PMC11053774 DOI: 10.3390/v16040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the capripoxvirus (CPPV) genus of the Poxviridae family. LSDV is a rapidly emerging, high-consequence pathogen of cattle, recently spreading from Africa and the Middle East into Europe and Asia. We have sequenced the whole genome of historical LSDV isolates from the Pirbright Institute virus archive, and field isolates from recent disease outbreaks in Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Nigeria and Ethiopia. These genome sequences were compared to published genomes and classified into different subgroups. Two subgroups contained vaccine or vaccine-like samples ("Neethling-like" clade 1.1 and "Kenya-like" subgroup, clade 1.2.2). One subgroup was associated with outbreaks of LSD in the Middle East/Europe (clade 1.2.1) and a previously unreported subgroup originated from cases of LSD in west and central Africa (clade 1.2.3). Isolates were also identified that contained a mix of genes from both wildtype and vaccine samples (vaccine-like recombinants, grouped in clade 2). Whole genome sequencing and analysis of LSDV strains isolated from different regions of Africa, Europe and Asia have provided new knowledge of the drivers of LSDV emergence, and will inform future disease control strategies.
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Grants
- BB/R002606/1, BB/R008833/1, BB/X011038/1, BB/X011046/1, BB/CCG2250, BB/CCG1780/1, BBS/E/RL/230002C, BBS/E/RL/230002D, , BBS/E/I/00007039, /1, BB/IDG2250/1, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismar R. Haga
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Barbara B. Shih
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Gessica Tore
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5EQ, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Genomics and Enabling Data, Mathematics Institute, Zeeman Builing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Ronald Ross Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Maxwell Clerk Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Delgerzul Gombo-Ochir
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Gansukh Shura
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Tsagaan Tserenchimed
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Bazarragchaa Enkhbold
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Dulam Purevtseren
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Gerelmaa Ulziibat
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- General Authority for Veterinary Service, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia;
| | - Lama Yimer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte P.O. Box 395, Ethiopia;
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia;
| | - Fufa D. Bari
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia;
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebata P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia;
| | - Adeyinka Jeremy Adedeji
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | - Rebecca Bitiyong Atai
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | | | | | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Graham L. Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Chandana Tennakoon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Andy Law
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Samantha Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Tim Downing
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Philippa M. Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
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Suwankitwat N, Deemagarn T, Bhakha K, Songkasupa T, Vitoonpong R, Trakunjaroonkit P, Rodphol S, Nuansrichay B, Chintapitaksakul L, Wongsarattanasin K, Kwon OK, Kang HE, Shin YK. Complete Genomic Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolates from Beef Cattle in Lopburi Province, Central Thailand, during 2021-2022. Vet Sci 2023; 11:10. [PMID: 38250916 PMCID: PMC10818611 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral infection that impacts the cattle industry. The most efficient approach to prevent disease involves the utilization of live-attenuated LSD vaccines (LAVs), which stands out as the most successful method. However, LAVs might be subjected to changes to their genomes during replication that increase viral infectivity or virulence. The objective of this study was to monitor alterations in the genetic characteristics of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in beef cattle following the administration of LAVs in Lopburi Province of Central Thailand. A total of four skin samples from LSD cases were collected from non-vaccinated animals that exhibited LSD clinical symptoms from two distinct districts, spanning three subdistricts within the region. The samples of cattle were analyzed using real-time PCR targeting the LSDV074 p32 gene, the virus was isolated, and the entire genome sequences were evaluated through a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis, and phylogenetic trees were assembled. The investigations revealed that LSDVs from two isolates from Chai Badan district exhibited significant mutations in the open reading frame (ORF) 023 putative protein, while another two isolates from Lam Sonthi district had a change in the untranslated region (UTR). For a result, the most proficient disease diagnosis and control should be evaluated on viral genetics on a regular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthakarn Suwankitwat
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Taweewat Deemagarn
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Kultyarat Bhakha
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Tapanut Songkasupa
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Ratchaneekorn Vitoonpong
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Pannaporn Trakunjaroonkit
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Sureenipa Rodphol
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Bandit Nuansrichay
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Lerdchai Chintapitaksakul
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Khanin Wongsarattanasin
- Animal Health Development Group, Lopburi Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Lopburi 15000, Thailand;
| | - Oh-Kyu Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (O.-K.K.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (O.-K.K.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (O.-K.K.); (H.-E.K.)
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Saqib SE, Yaseen M, Visetnoi S, Sikandar, Ali S. Epidemiological and economic consequences of lumpy skin disease outbreaks on farm households in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1238771. [PMID: 38188720 PMCID: PMC10771306 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1238771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The livestock sector plays a crucial role in sustaining the livelihoods of millions of families across the world, especially in developing countries. However, farming households that rely on agriculture and livestock are particularly susceptible to the impacts of various infectious diseases and natural disasters. This study focuses on estimating the economic burden imposed on households by lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Pakistan and explores the effect of various socioeconomic factors on mortality ratio. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey from 406 farmers and were analyzed through descriptive statistics to calculate the monetary losses. In addition, the study employed fractional probit regression to identify factors affecting mortality ratio. The results demonstrate significant economic impacts of LSD on farm households in Pakistan, leading to direct and indirect losses and reduced milk productivity. Exotic cows were found to be more susceptible to mortality compared to indigenous cows. The study also found that farmers' education, experience, household income per month, vaccination, domestic-commercial, commercial animals, and access to information were negatively associated with mortality. The findings of this study emphasize the need for preventative measures such as affordable vaccines, treatment, and improved livestock health and welfare to mitigate the negative effects of LSD on farmers' income and the local economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab E. Saqib
- School of Agricultural Resources, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- School of Agricultural Resources, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supawan Visetnoi
- School of Agricultural Resources, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sikandar
- Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shoukat Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Extension, Education and Rural Development, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Punyapornwithaya V, Salvador R, Modethed W, Arjkumpa O, Jarassaeng C, Limon G, Gubbins S. Estimating the Transmission Kernel for Lumpy Skin Disease Virus from Data on Outbreaks in Thailand in 2021. Viruses 2023; 15:2196. [PMID: 38005874 PMCID: PMC10675364 DOI: 10.3390/v15112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nationwide outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD) were observed in Thailand in 2021. A better understanding of its disease transmission is crucial. This study utilized a kernel-based approach to characterize the transmission of LSD between cattle herds. Outbreak data from the Khon Kaen and Lamphun provinces in Thailand were used to estimate transmission kernels for each province. The results showed that the majority of herd-to-herd transmission occurs over short distances. For Khon Kaen, the median transmission distance from the donor herd was estimated to be between 0.3 and 0.8 km, while for Lamphun, it ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 km. The results imply the critical role that insects may play as vectors in the transmission of LSD within the two study areas. This is the first study to estimate transmission kernels from data on LSD outbreaks in Thailand. The findings from this study offer valuable insights into the spatial transmission of this disease, which will be useful in developing prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Roderick Salvador
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines;
| | - Wittawat Modethed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand;
| | - Chaiwat Jarassaeng
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Georgina Limon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
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Akther M, Akter SH, Sarker S, Aleri JW, Annandale H, Abraham S, Uddin JM. Global Burden of Lumpy Skin Disease, Outbreaks, and Future Challenges. Viruses 2023; 15:1861. [PMID: 37766268 PMCID: PMC10535115 DOI: 10.3390/v15091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a current global concern, causes economic devastation in livestock industries, with cattle and water buffalo reported to have higher morbidity and lower mortality rates. LSD is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Poxviridae family. It is an enzootic, rapidly explorative and sometimes fatal infection, characterized by multiple raised nodules on the skin of infected animals. It was first reported in Zambia in 1929 and is considered endemic in Africa south of the Sahara desert. It has gradually spread beyond Africa into the Middle East, with periodic occurrences in Asian and East European countries. Recently, it has been spreading in most Asian countries including far East Asia and threatens incursion to LSD-free countries. Rapid and accurate diagnostic capabilities, virus identification, vaccine development, vector control, regional and international collaborations and effective biosecurity policies are important for the control, prevention, and eradication of LSD infections. This review critically evaluates the global burden of LSD, the chronological historical outbreaks of LSD, and future directions for collaborative global actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuza Akther
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh;
| | - Syeda Hasina Akter
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Subir Sarker
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia;
| | - Joshua W. Aleri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Henry Annandale
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Sam Abraham
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Jasim M. Uddin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
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Punyapornwithaya V, Arjkumpa O, Buamithup N, Kuatako N, Klaharn K, Sansamur C, Jampachaisri K. Forecasting of daily new lumpy skin disease cases in Thailand at different stages of the epidemic using fuzzy logic time series, NNAR, and ARIMA methods. Prev Vet Med 2023; 217:105964. [PMID: 37393704 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important transboundary disease affecting cattle in numerous countries in various continents. In Thailand, LSD is regarded as a serious threat to the cattle industry. Disease forecasting can assist authorities in formulating prevention and control policies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the performance of time series models in forecasting a potential LSD epidemic in Thailand using nationwide data. For the forecasting of daily new cases, fuzzy time series (FTS), neural network auto-regressive (NNAR), and auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were applied to various datasets representing the different stages of the epidemic. Non-overlapping sliding and expanding window approaches were also employed to train the forecasting models. The results showed that the FTS outperformed other models in five of the seven validation datasets based on various error metrics. The predictive performance of the NNAR and ARIMA models was comparable, with NNAR outperforming ARIMA in some datasets and vice versa. Furthermore, the performance of models built from sliding and expanding window techniques was different. This is the first study to compare the forecasting abilities of the FTS, NNAR, and ARIMA models across multiple phases of the LSD epidemic. Livestock authorities and decision-makers may incorporate the forecasting techniques demonstrated herein into the LSD surveillance system to enhance its functionality and utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Department of Livestock Development, Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand
| | - Noppawan Buamithup
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Noppasorn Kuatako
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kunnanut Klaharn
- Bureau of Livestock Standards and Certification, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Katechan Jampachaisri
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
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