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Haga IR, Shih BB, Tore G, Polo N, Ribeca P, Gombo-Ochir D, Shura G, Tserenchimed T, Enkhbold B, Purevtseren D, Ulziibat G, Damdinjav B, Yimer L, Bari FD, Gizaw D, Adedeji AJ, Atai RB, Adole JA, Dogonyaro BB, Kumarawadu PL, Batten C, Corla A, Freimanis GL, Tennakoon C, Law A, Lycett S, Downing T, Beard PM. Sequencing and Analysis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Whole Genomes Reveals a New Viral Subgroup in West and Central Africa. Viruses 2024; 16:557. [PMID: 38675899 PMCID: PMC11053774 DOI: 10.3390/v16040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the capripoxvirus (CPPV) genus of the Poxviridae family. LSDV is a rapidly emerging, high-consequence pathogen of cattle, recently spreading from Africa and the Middle East into Europe and Asia. We have sequenced the whole genome of historical LSDV isolates from the Pirbright Institute virus archive, and field isolates from recent disease outbreaks in Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Nigeria and Ethiopia. These genome sequences were compared to published genomes and classified into different subgroups. Two subgroups contained vaccine or vaccine-like samples ("Neethling-like" clade 1.1 and "Kenya-like" subgroup, clade 1.2.2). One subgroup was associated with outbreaks of LSD in the Middle East/Europe (clade 1.2.1) and a previously unreported subgroup originated from cases of LSD in west and central Africa (clade 1.2.3). Isolates were also identified that contained a mix of genes from both wildtype and vaccine samples (vaccine-like recombinants, grouped in clade 2). Whole genome sequencing and analysis of LSDV strains isolated from different regions of Africa, Europe and Asia have provided new knowledge of the drivers of LSDV emergence, and will inform future disease control strategies.
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Grants
- BB/R002606/1, BB/R008833/1, BB/X011038/1, BB/X011046/1, BB/CCG2250, BB/CCG1780/1, BBS/E/RL/230002C, BBS/E/RL/230002D, , BBS/E/I/00007039, /1, BB/IDG2250/1, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismar R. Haga
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Barbara B. Shih
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Gessica Tore
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5EQ, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Genomics and Enabling Data, Mathematics Institute, Zeeman Builing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Ronald Ross Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Maxwell Clerk Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Delgerzul Gombo-Ochir
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Gansukh Shura
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Tsagaan Tserenchimed
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Bazarragchaa Enkhbold
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Dulam Purevtseren
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Gerelmaa Ulziibat
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- General Authority for Veterinary Service, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia;
| | - Lama Yimer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte P.O. Box 395, Ethiopia;
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia;
| | - Fufa D. Bari
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia;
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebata P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia;
| | - Adeyinka Jeremy Adedeji
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | - Rebecca Bitiyong Atai
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | | | | | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Graham L. Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Chandana Tennakoon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Andy Law
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Samantha Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Tim Downing
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Philippa M. Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
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2
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Hardisty G, Nicol MQ, Shaw DJ, Bennet ID, Bryson K, Ligertwood Y, Schwarze J, Beard PM, Hopkins J, Dutia BM. Latent gammaherpesvirus infection enhances type I IFN response and reduces virus spread in an influenza A virus co-infection model. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38329395 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections with persistent or latent viruses alter host immune homeostasis and have potential to affect the outcome of concomitant acute viral infections such as influenza A virus (IAV). Gammaherpesviruses establish life-long infections and require an on-going immune response to control reactivation. We have used a murine model of co-infection to investigate the response to IAV infection in mice latently infected with the gammaherpesvirus MHV-68. Over the course of infection, latently infected BALB/c mice showed less weight loss, clinical signs, pulmonary cellular infiltration and expression of inflammatory mediators than naïve mice infected with IAV and had significantly more activated CD8+ T cells in the lungs. Four days after IAV infection, virus spread in the lungs of latently infected animals was significantly lower than in naïve animals. By 7 days after IAV infection latently infected lungs express elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines indicating they are primed to respond to the secondary infection. Investigation at an early time point showed that 24 h after IAV infection co-infected animals had higher expression of IFNβ and Ddx58 (RIG-I) and a range of ISGs than mice infected with IAV alone suggesting that the type I IFN response plays a role in the protective effect. This effect was mouse strain dependent and did not occur in 129/Sv/Ev mice. These results offer insight into innate immune mechanisms that could be utilized to protect against IAV infection and highlight on-going and persistent viral infections as a significant factor impacting the severity of acute respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Hardisty
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh. EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Marlynne Q Nicol
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Darren J Shaw
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ian D Bennet
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Karen Bryson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Yvonne Ligertwood
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jurgen Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 4-5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh. EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BF, UK
| | - John Hopkins
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bernadette M Dutia
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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Begovoeva M, Ehizibolo DO, Adedeji AJ, Oguche MO, Oyekan O, Ijoma SI, Atai RB, Wungak Y, Dogonyaro BB, Lazarus DD, Samson M, Ularamu H, Muhammad M, Rosso F, Sumption KJ, Beard PM, Ludi AB, Stevens KB, Limon G. Factors associated with foot-and-mouth disease seroprevalence in small ruminants and identification of hot-spot areas in northern Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2023; 212:105842. [PMID: 36706557 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many small ruminants infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remain asymptomatic, with the capacity to promote silent viral spread within domestic and wildlife species. However, little is known about the epidemiological role played by small ruminants in FMD. In particular, there are few studies that examine FMD seroprevalence, spatial patterns and risk factors for exposure in small ruminants. A cross-sectional study was conducted in northern Nigeria (Bauchi, Kaduna, and Plateau States) to determine the true seroprevalence of FMD in backyard small ruminants, identify factors associated with FMD seroconversion at animal and household levels, and identify spatial patterns for FMD virus exposure. Data on animal (n = 1800) and household (n = 300) characteristics were collected using a standardised questionnaire. Sera samples from 1800 small ruminants were tested for antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMD virus. True seroprevalence was estimated stochastically to account for variability and uncertainty in the test sensitivity and specificity previously reported. Risk factors for FMD seropositivity were identified at animal and household levels and spatial patterns were determined. The overall true seroprevalence for FMD virus, in the small ruminant population tested, was estimated to be 10.2 % (95 % Credible Interval (CrI) 0.0-19.0), while State-level estimates were 17.3 % (95 % CrI 0.0-25.8) for Kaduna, 6.9 % (95% CrI 0.0-15.8) for Bauchi, and 3.6 % (95 % CrI 0.0-12.6) for Plateau. State and species were the main risk factors identified at animal level, with interaction detected between them. Compared to goats in Plateau, the odds of testing positive were higher for goats in Bauchi (Odds Ratio (OR)= 1.83, 95 % CI 1.13-2.97, p = 0.01) and Kaduna (OR=2.97, 95 % CI 1.89-4.67, p < 0.001), as well as for sheep in Plateau (OR=3.78, 95 % CI 2.08-6.87, p < 0.001), Bauchi (OR=1.61, 95 % CI 0.91-2.84, p = 0.10), and Kaduna (OR=3.11, 95 % CI 1.61-6.01, p = 0.001). Households located in Kaduna were more likely to have a higher number of seropositive SR compared to those in Plateau (Prevalence Ratio (PR)= 1.75, 95 % CI 1.30-2.36, p < 0.001), and households keeping sheep flocks were more likely to be seropositive (from 1 to 10 sheep: PR=1.39, 95 % CI 1.05-1.82, p = 0.02; more than 10 sheep: PR=1.55, 95 % CI 1.12-2.15, p = 0.008) compared to those that did not keep sheep. A hot-spot was detected in Kaduna, and a cold-spot in Plateau. These results reveal that small ruminants had been recently exposed to FMD virus with spatial heterogeneity across the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Begovoeva
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, 10154, Italy.
| | - David O Ehizibolo
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Moses O Oguche
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Olumuyiwa Oyekan
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Sandra I Ijoma
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Rebecca B Atai
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Yiltawe Wungak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | | | - David D Lazarus
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Mark Samson
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Hussaini Ularamu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Maryam Muhammad
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Fabrizio Rosso
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy.
| | - Keith J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153, Italy.
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK; School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Kim B Stevens
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Georgina Limon
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
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4
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Shepherd W, Beard PM, Brookes SM, Frost A, Roberts H, Russell K, Wyllie S. The risk of reverse zoonotic transmission to pet animals during the current global monkeypox outbreak, United Kingdom, June to mid-September 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27. [PMID: 36177868 PMCID: PMC9524050 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.39.2200758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report results of surveillance between June and mid-September 2022 of pet animals living in households of confirmed human monkeypox (MPX) cases. Since surveillance commenced, 154 animals from 40 households with a confirmed human MPX case were reported to the United Kingdom Animal and Plant Health Agency. No animals with clinical signs of MPX were identified. While a risk of transmission exists to pets from owners with a confirmed MPX virus infection, we assess this risk to be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Shepherd
- Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sharon M Brookes
- One Health/Animal and Zoonotic Viral Diseases Portfolio, Animal and Plant Health Authority, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Frost
- One Health/Animal and Zoonotic Viral Diseases Portfolio, Animal and Plant Health Authority, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Roberts
- Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Russell
- Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Wyllie
- One Health/Animal and Zoonotic Viral Diseases Portfolio, Animal and Plant Health Authority, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
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5
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Fay P, Limon G, Ulziibat G, Khanui B, Myagmarsuren O, Tore G, Khishgee B, Flannery J, Sandag B, Damdinjav B, Beard PM. A field study evaluating the humoral immune response in Mongolian sheep vaccinated against sheeppox virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1837-1846. [PMID: 34033248 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox is a transboundary disease of small ruminants caused by infection with the capripoxvirus sheeppox virus. Sheeppox is found in Africa, the Middle East and Asia and is characterized by fever, multifocal cutaneous raised lesions and death. Vaccination with live attenuated capripoxvirus (CPPV) strains is an effective and widely used strategy to contol sheeppox outbreaks; however, there are few reports of post-vaccination field surveillance studies. This study used a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to examine quantitative and temporal features of the humoral response of sheep vaccinated with a live-attenuated CPPV strain in Mongolia. Four hundred samples were tested using the ELISA commercial kit, and a subset of 45 samples were also tested with a virus neutralization test (VNT). There was substantial agreement between the VNT and ELISA tests. Antibodies to CPPV were detected between 40 and 262 days post-vaccination. There was no significant difference between serological status (positive/negative) and sex or age; however, an inverse correlation was found between the length of time since vaccination and serological status. Animals between 90 and 180 days post-vaccination were more likely to be positive than animals greater than 180 days post-vaccination. Our results show that a commercial CPPV ELISA kit is a robust and reliable assay for post-CPPV vaccination surveillance in resource-restricted settings and provide temporal parameters to be considered when planning sheeppox post-vaccination monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fay
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | | | - Gerelmaa Ulziibat
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Buyantogtokh Khanui
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | - Bodisaikhan Khishgee
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Batkhuyag Sandag
- The Mongolian General Authority for Veterinary Services, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK.,The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, University of Edinburgh, UK
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6
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Flannery J, Shih B, Haga IR, Ashby M, Corla A, King S, Freimanis G, Polo N, Tse ACN, Brackman CJ, Chan J, Pun P, Ferguson AD, Law A, Lycett S, Batten C, Beard PM. A novel strain of lumpy skin disease virus causes clinical disease in cattle in Hong Kong. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e336-e343. [PMID: 34448540 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an emerging poxviral pathogen of cattle that is currently spreading throughout Asia. The disease situation is of high importance for farmers and policy makers in Asia. In October 2020, feral cattle in Hong Kong developed multi-focal cutaneous nodules consistent with lumpy skin disease (LSD). Gross and histological pathology further supported the diagnosis and samples were sent to the OIE Reference Laboratory at The Pirbright Institute for confirmatory testing. LSDV was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and additional molecular analyses. This is the first report of LSD in Hong Kong. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the strain LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 and phylogenetic analysis were carried out in order to identify connections to previous outbreaks of LSD, and better understand the drivers of LSDV emergence. Analysis of the 90 core poxvirus genes revealed LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 was a novel strain most closely related to the live-attenuated Neethling vaccine strains of LSDV and more distantly related to wildtype LSDV isolates from Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Analysis of the more variable regions located towards the termini of the poxvirus genome revealed genes in LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 with different patterns of grouping when compared to previously published wildtype and vaccine strains of LSDV. This work reveals that the LSD outbreak in Hong Kong in 2020 was caused by a different strain of LSDV than the LSD epidemic in the Middle East and Europe in 2015-2018. The use of WGS is highly recommended when investigating LSDV disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Shih
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Anne Ching-Nga Tse
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher J Brackman
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Chan
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick Pun
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew D Ferguson
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.,CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andy Law
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Samantha Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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7
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Meek S, Watson T, Eory L, McFarlane G, Wynne FJ, McCleary S, Dunn LEM, Charlton EM, Craig C, Shih B, Regan T, Taylor R, Sutherland L, Gossner A, Chintoan-Uta C, Fletcher S, Beard PM, Hassan MA, Grey F, Hope JC, Stevens MP, Nowak-Imialek M, Niemann H, Ross PJ, Tait-Burkard C, Brown SM, Lefevre L, Thomson G, McColl BW, Lawrence AB, Archibald AL, Steinbach F, Crooke HR, Gao X, Liu P, Burdon T. Stem cell-derived porcine macrophages as a new platform for studying host-pathogen interactions. BMC Biol 2022; 20:14. [PMID: 35027054 PMCID: PMC8759257 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases of farmed and wild animals pose a recurrent threat to food security and human health. The macrophage, a key component of the innate immune system, is the first line of defence against many infectious agents and plays a major role in shaping the adaptive immune response. However, this phagocyte is a target and host for many pathogens. Understanding the molecular basis of interactions between macrophages and pathogens is therefore crucial for the development of effective strategies to combat important infectious diseases. RESULTS We explored how porcine pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can provide a limitless in vitro supply of genetically and experimentally tractable macrophages. Porcine PSC-derived macrophages (PSCdMs) exhibited molecular and functional characteristics of ex vivo primary macrophages and were productively infected by pig pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV), two of the most economically important and devastating viruses in pig farming. Moreover, porcine PSCdMs were readily amenable to genetic modification by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing applied either in parental stem cells or directly in the macrophages by lentiviral vector transduction. CONCLUSIONS We show that porcine PSCdMs exhibit key macrophage characteristics, including infection by a range of commercially relevant pig pathogens. In addition, genetic engineering of PSCs and PSCdMs affords new opportunities for functional analysis of macrophage biology in an important livestock species. PSCs and differentiated derivatives should therefore represent a useful and ethical experimental platform to investigate the genetic and molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions in pigs, and also have wider applications in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Tom Watson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lel Eory
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gus McFarlane
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Felicity J Wynne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stephen McCleary
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Emily M Charlton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Chloe Craig
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Barbara Shih
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ryan Taylor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anton Gossner
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Cosmin Chintoan-Uta
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah Fletcher
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Musa A Hassan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Finn Grey
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Monika Nowak-Imialek
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar - Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology Department, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Str 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christine Tait-Burkard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah M Brown
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Gerard Thomson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Alistair B Lawrence
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3RG, UK
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Helen R Crooke
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Xuefei Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Pentao Liu
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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8
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Fay PC, Wijesiriwardana N, Munyanduki H, Sanz-Bernardo B, Lewis I, Haga IR, Moffat K, van Vliet AHM, Hope J, Graham SP, Beard PM. The immune response to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle is influenced by inoculation route. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051008. [PMID: 36518761 PMCID: PMC9742517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes severe disease in cattle and water buffalo and is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors. Detailed information of the adaptive and innate immune response to LSDV is limited, hampering the development of tools to control the disease. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the immune responses of calves experimentally inoculated with LSDV via either needle-inoculation or arthropod-inoculation using virus-positive Stomoxys calcitrans and Aedes aegypti vectors. Seven out of seventeen needle-inoculated calves (41%) developed clinical disease characterised by multifocal necrotic cutaneous nodules. In comparison 8/10 (80%) of the arthropod-inoculated calves developed clinical disease. A variable LSDV-specific IFN-γ immune response was detected in the needle-inoculated calves from 5 days post inoculation (dpi) onwards, with no difference between clinical calves (developed cutaneous lesions) and nonclinical calves (did not develop cutaneous lesions). In contrast a robust and uniform cell-mediated immune response was detected in all eight clinical arthropod-inoculated calves, with little response detected in the two nonclinical arthropod-inoculated calves. Neutralising antibodies against LSDV were detected in all inoculated cattle from 5-7 dpi. Comparison of the production of anti-LSDV IgM and IgG antibodies revealed no difference between clinical and nonclinical needle-inoculated calves, however a strong IgM response was evident in the nonclinical arthropod-inoculated calves but absent in the clinical arthropod-inoculated calves. This suggests that early IgM production is a correlate of protection in LSD. This study presents the first evidence of differences in the immune response between clinical and nonclinical cattle and highlights the importance of using a relevant transmission model when studying LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Fay
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Najith Wijesiriwardana
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Isabel Lewis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Ismar R Haga
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Moffat
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jayne Hope
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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9
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Rawlins ME, Limon G, Adedeji AJ, Ijoma SI, Atai RB, Adole JA, Dogonyaro BB, Joel AY, Beard PM, Alarcon P. Financial impact of sheeppox and goatpox and estimated profitability of vaccination for subsistence farmers in selected northern states of Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2022; 198:105503. [PMID: 34808578 PMCID: PMC8784823 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox (SGP) are important transboundary diseases, endemic in Nigeria, causing severe clinical manifestations, impacting production, and resulting in economic losses. Vaccination is an effective control measure against SGP in endemic countries but is not currently implemented in Nigeria. This study aimed to estimate SGP financial impact and assess economic viability of SGP vaccination at the herd and regional level under different scenarios in Northern Nigeria. Integrated stochastic production and economic herd models were developed for transhumance and sedentary herds. Models were run for two disease scenarios (severely and slightly affected) and with and without vaccination, with data parameterisation from literature estimates, field survey and authors' experience. Herd-level net financial impact of the disease and its vaccination was assessed using gross margin (GM) and partial budget analyses. These were then used to assess regional financial impact of disease and profitability of a 3-year vaccination programme using a cost-benefit analysis. The regional-analysis was performed under 0 %, 50 % and 100 % government subsidy scenarios; as a standalone programme or in combination with other existing vaccination programmes; and for risk-based and non-risk-based intervention. Median SGP losses per reproductive female were £27 (90 % CI: £31-£22), and £5 (90 % CI: £7-£3), in sedentary, and £30 (90 % CI: £41-21), and £7 (90 % CI: £10-£3), in transhumance herds, for severely and slightly affected scenarios respectively. Selling animals at a reduced price, selling fewer young animals, and reduced value of affected animals remaining in the herd were the greatest contributors to farmer's SGP costs. SGP-affected herds realised a GM reduction of up to 121 % in sedentary and 138 % in transhumance. Median estimated regional SGP cost exceeded £24 million. Herd-level median benefits of vaccination per reproductive female were £23.76 (90 % CI: £19.28-£28.61), and £4.01 (90 % CI: £2.36-£6.31), in sedentary, and £26.85 (90 % CI: £17.99-£37.02) and £7.45 (90 % CI: £3.47-£15.14) in transhumance herds, in severely and slightly affected scenarios, respectively. Median benefit: cost ratio (BCR) for severely affected herds at 50% subsidies was 6.62 (90% CI: 5.30-8.90) for sedentary, and 5.14 (90% CI: 3.31-13.81) for transhumance herds. The regional SGP vaccination standalone programme BCR: 7-27, regional SGP vaccination with existing vaccination programme BCR: 7-228 and vaccinating high-risk areas BCR: 19-439 were found to be economically viable for all subsidy levels explored. Vaccinating low-risk areas only realised benefits with 100 % of government subsidies. This study further increases understanding of SGP's impact within Northern Nigeria and demonstrates vaccination is an economically viable control strategy at the herd-level and also regionally, depending on the strategy and government subsidy levels considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rawlins
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Georgina Limon
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Sandra I Ijoma
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Rebecca B Atai
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Jolly A Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Atuman Y Joel
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
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10
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Adedeji AJ, Ijoma SI, Atai RB, Dogonyaro BB, Adole JA, Maurice NA, Osemeke OH, Waziri IA, Atuman YJ, Lyons NA, Stevens KB, Beard PM, Limon G. Household and animal factors associated with sheeppox and goatpox sero-prevalence and identification of high-risk areas in selected States of northern Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105473. [PMID: 34479042 PMCID: PMC8573585 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox (SGP) are transboundary, highly contagious diseases affecting sheep and goats with characteristic clinical signs. SGP affect populations of small ruminants in Africa, Asia and the Middle East and, as a result, threaten farmers’ livelihoods. Despite their importance, studies looking at factors that increase the risk of sheeppox-virus (SPPV) and goatpox-virus (GTPV) exposure and infection are limited. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three states of Northern Nigeria (Bauchi, Kaduna and Plateau) to determine the sero-prevalence and spatial patterns of SGP, and identify risk factors for SPPV/GTPV exposure at animal and household level. Sera samples were collected from 1,800 small ruminants from 300 households. Data on putative risk factors were collected using a standardised questionnaire. Twenty-nine small ruminants were sero-positive to SGP - apparent weighted sero-prevalence 2.0 %; 95 % C.I. 1.1–.3.0 %. Sero-positive animals came from 19 (6.3 %) households. Analysis of the questionnaire showed that a fifth (20.3 %) of farmers claimed to have experienced SGP outbreaks previously in their flocks, with 33 (1.8 %) of the individual animals sampled in this study reported to have had clinical signs. At animal level, the odds of being sero-positive were higher in older animals (>24months; OR = 8.0, p = 0.008 vs ≤24 months) and small ruminants with a history of clinical SGP (OR = 16.9, p = 0.01). Bringing new small ruminants into the household and having a history of SGP in the flock were the main factors identified at household level. Households were less likely to be sero-positive if the time between bringing animals into the household and sampling was over a year (PR = 0.31, p = 0.05), while households with a history of SGP were more likely to be sero-positive regardless of the timeframe. Important spatial heterogeneity was found. The Bayes smooth rate ranged from 0.06 to 4.10 % across local government areas (LGA), with LGA in the north-east or north-west of the study area identified as hot-spots for SGP exposure. Results from this study shed new light on the understanding of SGP epidemiology and provide key inputs to design risk-based surveillance and intervention programmes in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jolly A Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Midlothian, UK
| | - Georgina Limon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK; The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.
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11
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Sanz-Bernardo B, Haga IR, Wijesiriwardana N, Hawes PC, Simpson J, Morrison LR, MacIntyre N, Brocchi E, Atkinson J, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Darpel KE, Beard PM. Lumpy Skin Disease Is Characterized by Severe Multifocal Dermatitis With Necrotizing Fibrinoid Vasculitis Following Experimental Infection. Vet Pathol 2021; 57:388-396. [PMID: 32314676 PMCID: PMC7201124 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820913268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is a high-consequence disease in cattle caused by infection with the
poxvirus lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). The virus is endemic in most countries in Africa
and an emerging threat to cattle populations in Europe and Asia. As LSDV spreads into new
regions, it is important that signs of disease are recognized promptly by animal
caregivers. This study describes the gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural changes that
occur over time in cattle experimentally challenged with LSDV. Four calves were inoculated
with wildtype LSDV and monitored for 19 to 21 days. At 7 days after inoculation, 2 of the
4 cattle developed multifocal cutaneous nodules characteristic of LSD. Some lesions
displayed a targetoid appearance. Histologically, intercellular and intracellular edema
was present in the epidermis of some nodules. Occasional intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
were identified in keratinocytes. More severe and consistent changes were present in the
dermis, with marked histiocytic inflammation and necrotizing fibrinoid vasculitis of
dermal vessels, particularly the deep dermal plexus. Chronic lesions consisted of
full-thickness necrosis of the dermis and epidermis. Lesions in other body organs were not
a major feature of LSD in this study, highlighting the strong cutaneous tropism of this
virus. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy identified LSDV-infected histiocytes
and fibroblasts in the skin nodules of affected cattle. This study highlights the
noteworthy lesions of LSDV and how they develop over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda R Morrison
- The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Neil MacIntyre
- The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - John Atkinson
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Walton, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Ukkel, Belgium
| | | | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK.,The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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12
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Limon G, Ulziibat G, Sandag B, Dorj S, Purevtseren D, Khishgee B, Basan G, Bandi T, Ruuragch S, Bruce M, Rushton J, Beard PM, Lyons NA. Socio-economic impact of Foot-and-Mouth Disease outbreaks and control measures: An analysis of Mongolian outbreaks in 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2034-2049. [PMID: 32181584 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mongolia is a large landlocked country in Central Asia and has one of the highest per capita livestock ratios in the world. During 2017, reported foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Mongolia increased considerably, prompting widespread disease control measures. This study estimates the socio-economic impact of FMD and subsequent control measures on Mongolian herders. The analysis encompassed quantification of the impact on subsistence farmers' livelihoods and food security and estimation of the national-level gross losses due to reaction and expenditure during 2017. Data were collected from 112 herders across eight provinces that reported disease. Seventy of these herders had cases of FMD, while 42 did not have FMD in their animals but were within quarantine zones. Overall, 86/112 herders reported not drinking milk for a period of time and 38/112 reduced their meat consumption. Furthermore, 55 herders (49.1%) had to borrow money to buy food, medicines and/or pay bills or bank loans. Among herders with FMD cases, the median attack rate was 31.7%, 3.8% and 0.59% in cattle, sheep and goats, respectively, with important differences across provinces. Herders with clinical cases before the winter had higher odds of reporting a reduction in their meat consumption. National-level gross losses due to FMD in 2017 were estimated using government data. The estimate of gross economic loss was 18.4 billion Mongolian-tugriks (US$7.35 million) which equates to approximately 0.65% of the Mongolian GDP. The FMD outbreaks combined with current control measures have negatively impacted herders' livelihoods (including herders with and without cases of FMD) which are likely to reduce stakeholder advocacy. Possible strategies that could be employed to ameliorate the negative effects of the current control policy were identified. The findings and approach are relevant to other FMD endemic regions aiming to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ganzorig Basan
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tsolmon Bandi
- General Agency for Veterinary Services, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Midlothian, UK
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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13
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Fay PC, Cook CG, Wijesiriwardana N, Tore G, Comtet L, Carpentier A, Shih B, Freimanis G, Haga IR, Beard PM. Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells are a suitable cell line for the propagation and study of the bovine poxvirus lumpy skin disease virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 285:113943. [PMID: 32707050 PMCID: PMC7561597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
LSDV replicates to high titers (approximately 1 × 107 PFU/mL) in MDBK cells. LSDV forms foci-like poxviral plaques in MDBK cells. A plaque-reduction neutralisation test was developed for LSDV antibody quantitation. A method for purification of LSDV genomic DNA was optimized.
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a poxvirus that causes systemic disease in cattle, resulting in substantial economic loss to affected communities. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen of growing global concern that recently spread from Africa and the Middle East into Europe and Asia, impacting the cattle population in these regions. An increase in research efforts into LSDV is required to address key knowledge gaps, however this is hampered by lack of suitable cell lines on which to propagate and study the virus. In this work we describe the replication and spread of LSDV on Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, and the formation of foci-type poxvirus plaques by LSDV on MDBK cells. Methods utilising MDBK cells to quantify neutralising antibodies to LSDV, and to purify LSDV genomic DNA suitable for short read sequencing are described. These research methods broaden the tools available for LSDV researchers and will facilitate the gathering of evidence to underpin the development of LSD control and prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Fay
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | | | - Gessica Tore
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Loic Comtet
- IDvet, 310 Rue Louis Pasteur, 34790, Grabels, France
| | | | - Barbara Shih
- The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Ismar R Haga
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK; The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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14
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Kiplagat SK, Kitala PM, Onono JO, Beard PM, Lyons NA. Risk Factors for Outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease and the Economic Impact in Cattle Farms of Nakuru County, Kenya. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:259. [PMID: 32548130 PMCID: PMC7274042 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an emerging disease of cattle that causes substantial economic loss to affected regions. However, factors favouring transmission under field conditions and farm-level impacts are poorly quantified. This was a retrospective case-control study of cattle farms in Nakuru, Kenya to determine risk factors associated with lumpy skin disease and the farm-level economic impacts of an outbreak. Data were collected using questionnaires administered through personal interview. Collected data included herd sizes, age, and sex structures, breeds, sources of replacement stock, grazing systems, and costs (direct and indirect) incurred when LSD outbreaks occurred. Farm-level risk factors were examined through univariable and multivariable logistic regression and a final model built using backward stepwise regression and likelihood ratio tests. The factors associated with LSD outbreaks on univariable analysis included breed (exotic vs. indigenous, OR = 15.01, P = 0.007), source of replacement stock (outside the herd vs. within the herd, OR = 8.38, P < 0.001) and herd size (large [>10 cattle] vs. small [1–3 cattle], OR = 3.51, P = 0.029). In the multivariable logistic regression model, only breed (exotic vs. indigenous, OR = 14.87, 95% CI 1.94–113.97, P = 0.009) and source of replacement stock (outside the herd vs. within the herd OR = 8.7, 95% CI 2.80–27.0, P < 0.001) were associated with outbreaks. The economic impact was compared between farms keeping purely indigenous (n = 10) or exotic (n = 29) breeds of cattle which indicated mean farm-level losses of 12,431 KSH/123 USD and 76,297 KSH/755 USD, respectively. The mean farm-level losses from reduction in milk yield and mortality were estimated at 4,725 KSH/97 USD and 3,103 KSH/31USD for farms keeping indigenous breeds whilst for farms keeping exotic breeds the equivalent losses were 26,886 KSH/266 USD and 43,557 KSH/431 USD, respectively. The indirect losses from treatments and vaccinations were proportionately much higher on farms with indigenous breeds at 4,603 KSH/46 USD making up ~37% of the total costs compared to ~8% (5,855 KSH/58 USD per farm) of the total costs for farms with exotic breeds. These findings indicate that LSD caused significant economic losses at the farm level in Nakuru County. This justifies implementation of disease control measures including quarantine of cattle post-purchase and the need for effective vaccinations of susceptible cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kipruto Kiplagat
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Philip Mwanzia Kitala
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Orungo Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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15
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Limon G, Gamawa AA, Ahmed AI, Lyons NA, Beard PM. Epidemiological Characteristics and Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease, Sheeppox and Goatpox Among Subsistence Farmers in Northeast Nigeria. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:8. [PMID: 32083098 PMCID: PMC7001645 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), sheeppox (SP), and goatpox (GP) are contagious viral infections, affecting cattle (LSD), sheep and goats (SP and GP) with highly characteristic clinical signs affecting multiple body systems. All three diseases are widely reported to reduce meat, milk, wool and cashmere production although few studies have formally evaluated their economic impact on affected farms. This study aimed to estimate the economic impact and epidemiological parameters of LSD, SP, and GP among backyard and transhumance farmers in northeast Nigeria. A retrospective study was conducted on herds and flocks affected between August 2017 and January 2018 in Bauchi, Nigeria. Herds and flocks were diagnosed based on clinical signs and information was collected once the outbreak concluded using a standardized questionnaire. Data were collected from 99 farmers (87 backyard and 12 transhumance). The median incidence risk and fatality rate were 33 and 0% in cattle, 53 and 34 % in sheep; 50 and 33% in goats, respectively, with young stock having higher incidence risk and fatality rates than adults. Almost all farmers (94%) treated affected animals with antibiotics, spending a median of US$1.96 (min US$0.19–max US$27.5) per herd per day. Slaughtering or selling affected animals at low prices were common coping strategies. Farmers sold live cattle for 47% less than would have been sold if the animal was healthy, while sheep and goats were sold for 58 and 57% less, respectively. Milk production dropped 65% when cows were clinically affected and 35% after they recovered. Cattle lost a median of 10% of their live weight and sheep and goats lost 15%. Overall economic losses at farm level range from US$9.6 to US$6,340 depending on species affected and production system. Most of the farmers (72%) had not replaced all affected animals at the time of the study. Livestock markets were the most common place to sell affected animals and buy replacements, suggesting these are likely hubs for spreading infections. This study confirms the immediate and long-lasting impact of these diseases on subsistence farmers' livelihoods in North-East Nigeria and suggests potential mechanisms for targeted control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed I Ahmed
- Bauchi State College of Agriculture, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Nicol MQ, Campbell GM, Shaw DJ, Dransfield I, Ligertwood Y, Beard PM, Nash AA, Dutia BM. Lack of IFNγ signaling attenuates spread of influenza A virus in vivo and leads to reduced pathogenesis. Virology 2019; 526:155-164. [PMID: 30390564 PMCID: PMC6286381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IFNγ is a key regulator of inflammatory responses but its role in influenza A virus (IAV) pathogenesis is unclear. Our studies show that infection of mice lacking the IFNγ receptor (IFNγR-/-) at a dose which caused severe disease in wild type 129 Sv/Ev (WT) mice resulted in milder clinical symptoms and significantly lower lung virus titers by 6 days post-infection (dpi). Viral spread was reduced in IFNγR-/- lungs at 2 and 4 dpi. Levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were lower in IFNγR-/- mice at 2 dpi and there was less infiltration of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells than in WT mice. There was no difference in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and alveolar macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at 2 and 4 dpi but by 4 dpi IFNγR-/- mice had significantly higher percentages of neutrophils. Our data strongly suggest that IAV can use the inflammatory response to promote viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlynne Q Nicol
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian M Campbell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Shaw
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TL, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Ligertwood
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A Nash
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette M Dutia
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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17
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Haga IR, Simpson JL, Hawes PC, Beard PM. Carbenoxolone-mediated cytotoxicity inhibits Vaccinia virus replication in a human keratinocyte cell line. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16956. [PMID: 30446704 PMCID: PMC6240113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The re-emergence of poxviral zoonotic infections and the threat of bioterrorism emphasise the demand for effective antipoxvirus therapies. Here, we show that carbenoxolone, a pharmacological inhibitor of gap junction function and a compound widely used in cell culture, is capable of hindering the replication of Vaccinia virus, the prototypical poxvirus, in a gap junction-independent manner in a human keratinocyte cell line. Viral protein synthesis occurs in the presence of carbenoxolone but infectious virion formation is minimal, indicating that carbenoxolone blocks viral morphogenesis. Initial viability tests suggested that carbenoxolone was not toxic to cells. However, electron microscopic analysis of carbenoxolone treated cells revealed that it alters the cellular endomembrane system. This widespread ultrastructural damage prevents Vaccinia virus virion assembly. These results strengthen the need for thorough characterisation of the effects of antiviral compounds on the cellular ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismar R Haga
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Simpson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C Hawes
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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18
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Richards AC, O'Shea M, Beard PM, Goncheva MI, Tuffs SW, Fitzgerald JR, Lengeling A. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Surface Protein L (SpsL) Is Required for Abscess Formation in a Murine Model of Cutaneous Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00631-18. [PMID: 30181348 PMCID: PMC6204706 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00631-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the leading cause of pyoderma in dogs and is often associated with recurrent skin infections that require prolonged antibiotic therapy. High levels of antibiotic use have led to multidrug resistance, including the emergence of epidemic methicillin-resistant clones. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of S. pseudintermedius skin infection is very limited, and the identification of the key host-pathogen interactions underpinning infection could lead to the design of novel therapeutic or vaccine-based approaches for controlling disease. Here, we employ a novel murine cutaneous-infection model of S. pseudintermedius and investigate the role of the two cell wall-associated proteins (SpsD and SpsL) in skin disease pathogenesis. Experimental infection with wild-type S. pseudintermedius strain ED99 or a gene-deletion derivative deficient in expression of SpsD led to a focal accumulation of neutrophils and necrotic debris in the dermis and deeper tissues of the skin characteristic of a classical cutaneous abscess. In contrast, mice infected with mutants deficient in SpsL or both SpsD and SpsL developed larger cutaneous lesions with distinct histopathological features of regionally extensive cellulitis rather than focal abscessation. Furthermore, comparison of the bacterial loads in S. pseudintermedius-induced cutaneous lesions revealed a significantly increased burden of bacteria in the mice infected with SpsL-deficient mutants. These findings reveal a key role for SpsL in murine skin abscess formation and highlight a novel function for a bacterial surface protein in determining the clinical outcome and pathology of infection caused by a major canine pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Richards
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marie O'Shea
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya I Goncheva
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen W Tuffs
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J Ross Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Lengeling
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Tepshi L, Gupta N, Noel R, Goudet A, Hinsinger K, Michau A, Pons V, Abdelkafi H, Secher T, Shima A, Shtanko O, Sakurai Y, Cojean S, Pomel S, Lievin-Le Moal V, Leignel V, Herweg JA, Fischer A, Johannes L, Harrison K, Beard PM, Rudel T, Vacus J, Loiseau PM, Davey RA, Oswald E, Cintrat JC, Barbier J, Gillet D. Retro-2, a small molecule able to protect cells against a broad spectrum of menacing agents: Toxins, viruses, parasites and intracellular bacteria. Toxicon 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Palmer WH, Medd NC, Beard PM, Obbard DJ. Isolation of a natural DNA virus of Drosophila melanogaster, and characterisation of host resistance and immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007050. [PMID: 29864164 PMCID: PMC6002114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has played a key role in our understanding of invertebrate immunity. However, both functional and evolutionary studies of host-virus interaction in Drosophila have been limited by a dearth of native virus isolates. In particular, despite a long history of virus research, DNA viruses of D. melanogaster have only recently been described, and none have been available for experimental study. Here we report the isolation and comprehensive characterisation of Kallithea virus, a large double-stranded DNA virus, and the first DNA virus to have been reported from wild populations of D. melanogaster. We find that Kallithea virus infection is costly for adult flies, reaching high titres in both sexes and disproportionately reducing survival in males, and movement and late fecundity in females. Using the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel, we quantify host genetic variance for virus-induced mortality and viral titre and identify candidate host genes that may underlie this variation, including Cdc42-interacting protein 4. Using full transcriptome sequencing of infected males and females, we examine the transcriptional response of flies to Kallithea virus infection and describe differential regulation of virus-responsive genes. This work establishes Kallithea virus as a new tractable model to study the natural interaction between D. melanogaster and DNA viruses, and we hope it will serve as a basis for future studies of immune responses to DNA viruses in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Palmer
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan C Medd
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Obbard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Infection, Evolution and Immunity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Gupta N, Noël R, Goudet A, Hinsinger K, Michau A, Pons V, Abdelkafi H, Secher T, Shima A, Shtanko O, Sakurai Y, Cojean S, Pomel S, Liévin-Le Moal V, Leignel V, Herweg JA, Fischer A, Johannes L, Harrison K, Beard PM, Clayette P, Le Grand R, Rayner JO, Rudel T, Vacus J, Loiseau PM, Davey RA, Oswald E, Cintrat JC, Barbier J, Gillet D. Inhibitors of retrograde trafficking active against ricin and Shiga toxins also protect cells from several viruses, Leishmania and Chlamydiales. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 267:96-103. [PMID: 27712998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Medical countermeasures to treat biothreat agent infections require broad-spectrum therapeutics that do not induce agent resistance. A cell-based high-throughput screen (HTS) against ricin toxin combined with hit optimization allowed selection of a family of compounds that meet these requirements. The hit compound Retro-2 and its derivatives have been demonstrated to be safe in vivo in mice even at high doses. Moreover, Retro-2 is an inhibitor of retrograde transport that affects syntaxin-5-dependent toxins and pathogens. As a consequence, it has a broad-spectrum activity that has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo against ricin, Shiga toxin-producing O104:H4 entero-hemorrhagic E. coli and Leishmania sp. and in vitro against Ebola, Marburg and poxviruses and Chlamydiales. An effect is anticipated on other toxins or pathogens that use retrograde trafficking and syntaxin-5. Since Retro-2 targets cell components of the host and not directly the pathogen, no selection of resistant pathogens is expected. These lead compounds need now to be developed as drugs for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Gupta
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Romain Noël
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Amélie Goudet
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Karen Hinsinger
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Aurélien Michau
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Pons
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Hajer Abdelkafi
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Olena Shtanko
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Sandrine Cojean
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vanessa Liévin-Le Moal
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Véronique Leignel
- DRUGABILIS (French Research Performer SME), F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jo-Ana Herweg
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annette Fischer
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris Cedex 05, France; CNRS, UMR3666, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM, U1143, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Kate Harrison
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Surrey GH24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Clayette
- ImmunoPharmacology and Biosafety Laboratory, BERTIN Pharma, CEA, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Infrastructure, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; INSERM, U1184, F-94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; University of Paris South, U1184, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Jonathan O Rayner
- Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Thomas Rudel
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joël Vacus
- DRUGABILIS (French Research Performer SME), F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Philippe M Loiseau
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Robert A Davey
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France.
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22
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Gaunt E, Wise HM, Zhang H, Lee LN, Atkinson NJ, Nicol MQ, Highton AJ, Klenerman P, Beard PM, Dutia BM, Digard P, Simmonds P. Elevation of CpG frequencies in influenza A genome attenuates pathogenicity but enhances host response to infection. eLife 2016; 5:e12735. [PMID: 26878752 PMCID: PMC4798949 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that frequencies of CpG and UpA dinucleotides profoundly influence the replication ability of echovirus 7 (Tulloch et al., 2014). Here, we show that that influenza A virus (IAV) with maximised frequencies of these dinucleotides in segment 5 showed comparable attenuation in cell culture compared to unmodified virus and a permuted control (CDLR). Attenuation was also manifested in vivo, with 10-100 fold reduced viral loads in lungs of mice infected with 200PFU of CpG-high and UpA-high mutants. However, both induced powerful inflammatory cytokine and adaptive (T cell and neutralising antibody) responses disproportionate to their replication. CpG-high infected mice also showed markedly reduced clinical severity, minimal weight loss and reduced immmunopathology in lung, yet sterilising immunity to lethal dose WT challenge was achieved after low dose (20PFU) pre-immunisation with this mutant. Increasing CpG dinucleotide frequencies represents a generic and potentially highly effective method for generating safe, highly immunoreactive vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Gaunt
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Wise
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Huayu Zhang
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lian N Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky J Atkinson
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marlynne Quigg Nicol
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Highton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Beard
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette M Dutia
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Zahoor I, Mitchell MA, Hall S, Beard PM, Gous RM, De Koning DJ, Hocking PM. Predicted optimum ambient temperatures for broiler chickens to dissipate metabolic heat do not affect performance or improve breast muscle quality. Br Poult Sci 2015; 57:134-41. [PMID: 26670305 PMCID: PMC4784492 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1124067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that muscle damage in fast-growing broiler chickens is associated with an ambient temperature that does not permit the birds to lose metabolic heat resulting in physiological heat stress and a reduction in meat quality. The experiment was performed in 4 climate chambers and was repeated in 2 trials using a total of 200 male broiler chickens. Two treatments compared the recommended temperature profile and a cool regimen. The cool regimen was defined by a theoretical model that determined the environmental temperature that would enable heat generated by the bird to be lost to the environment. There were no differences in growth rate or feed intake between the two treatments. Breast muscles from birds on the recommended temperature regimen were lighter, less red and more yellow than those from the cool temperature regimen. There were no differences in moisture loss or shear strength but stiffness was greater in breast muscle from birds housed in the cool compared to the recommended regimen. Histopathological changes in the breast muscle were similar in both treatments and were characterised by mild to severe myofibre degeneration and necrosis with regeneration, fibrosis and adipocyte infiltration. There was no difference in plasma creatine kinase activity, a measure of muscle cell damage, between the two treatments consistent with the absence of differences in muscle pathology. It was concluded that breast muscle damage in fast-growing broiler chickens was not the result of an inability to lose metabolic heat at recommended ambient temperatures. The results suggest that muscle cell damage and breast meat quality concerns in modern broiler chickens are related to genetic selection for muscle yields and that genetic selection to address breast muscle integrity in a balanced breeding programme is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zahoor
- b University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - M A Mitchell
- c SRUC, Easter Bush , Midlothian , EH25 9RG , UK
| | - S Hall
- c SRUC, Easter Bush , Midlothian , EH25 9RG , UK
| | - P M Beard
- a Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS , University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush , Midlothian , EH25 9RG , UK
| | - R M Gous
- d University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X01, Scottsville , 3209 , South Africa
| | - D J De Koning
- e Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , 750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - P M Hocking
- a Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS , University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush , Midlothian , EH25 9RG , UK
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Sauter KA, Pridans C, Sehgal A, Tsai YT, Bradford BM, Raza S, Moffat L, Gow DJ, Beard PM, Mabbott NA, Smith LB, Hume DA. Pleiotropic effects of extended blockade of CSF1R signaling in adult mice. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:265-74. [PMID: 24652541 PMCID: PMC4378363 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0114-006r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of CSF1R signaling in adult mice using prolonged treatment with anti-CSF1R antibody. Mutation of the CSF1 gene in the op/op mouse produces numerous developmental abnormalities. Mutation of the CSF1R has an even more penetrant phenotype, including perinatal lethality, because of the existence of a second ligand, IL-34. These effects on development provide limited insight into functions of CSF1R signaling in adult homeostasis. The carcass weight and weight of several organs (spleen, kidney, and liver) were reduced in the treated mice, but overall body weight gain was increased. Despite the complete loss of Kupffer cells, there was no effect on liver gene expression. The treatment ablated OCL, increased bone density and trabecular volume, and prevented the decline in bone mass seen in female mice with age. The op/op mouse has a deficiency in pancreatic β cells and in Paneth cells in the gut wall. Only the latter was reproduced by the antibody treatment and was associated with increased goblet cell number but no change in villus architecture. Male op/op mice are infertile as a result of testosterone insufficiency. Anti-CSF1R treatment ablated interstitial macrophages in the testis, but there was no sustained effect on testosterone or LH. The results indicate an ongoing requirement for CSF1R signaling in macrophage and OCL homeostasis but indicate that most effects of CSF1 and CSF1R mutations are due to effects on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Sauter
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barry M. Bradford
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Sobia Raza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Lindsey Moffat
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Deborah J. Gow
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Philippa M. Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and
| | - Lee B. Smith
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and ,Correspondence: The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK. E-mail:
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Gow DJ, Sauter KA, Pridans C, Moffat L, Sehgal A, Stutchfield BM, Raza S, Beard PM, Tsai YT, Bainbridge G, Boner PL, Fici G, Garcia-Tapia D, Martin RA, Oliphant T, Shelly JA, Tiwari R, Wilson TL, Smith LB, Mabbott NA, Hume DA. Characterisation of a novel Fc conjugate of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1580-92. [PMID: 24962162 PMCID: PMC4435485 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have produced an Fc conjugate of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) 1 with an improved circulating half-life. CSF1-Fc retained its macrophage growth-promoting activity, and did not induce proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Treatment with CSF1-Fc did not produce adverse effects in mice or pigs. The impact of CSF1-Fc was examined using the Csf1r-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene in MacGreen mice. Administration of CSF1-Fc to mice drove extensive infiltration of all tissues by Csf1r-EGFP positive macrophages. The main consequence was hepatosplenomegaly, associated with proliferation of hepatocytes. Expression profiles of the liver indicated that infiltrating macrophages produced candidate mediators of hepatocyte proliferation including urokinase, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 6. CSF1-Fc also promoted osteoclastogenesis and produced pleiotropic effects on other organ systems, notably the testis, where CSF1-dependent macrophages have been implicated in homeostasis. However, it did not affect other putative CSF1 targets, notably intestine, where Paneth cell numbers and villus architecture were unchanged. CSF1 has therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine in multiple organs. We suggest that the CSF1-Fc conjugate retains this potential, and may permit daily delivery by injection rather than continuous infusion required for the core molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Gow
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Lindsey Moffat
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Ben M Stutchfield
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sobia Raza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lee B Smith
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Hocking PM, Stevenson E, Beard PM. Supplementary biotin decreases tibial bone weight, density and strength in riboflavin-deficient starter diets for turkey poults. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:801-9. [PMID: 24325327 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.860213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Growth and skeletal responses to different dietary concentrations of riboflavin and biotin were compared in turkey poults from hatch to 21 d of age. The birds were fed on a turkey starter diet with different concentrations of supplementary riboflavin (0, 20 and 40 mg/kg) and biotin (0, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg) in a factorial design. 2. Poults fed on diets with no supplementary riboflavin had poor gait scores, decreased times to sit and higher rates of culling compared to poults fed on the control diet (20 mg riboflavin and 0.3 mg biotin/kg [corrected] diet). Histologically, riboflavin deficiency was associated with a peripheral neuropathy similar to that described previously in chicks and, unexpectedly, in growth plate abnormalities. 3. Tibiae of poults fed on the control diet were larger, more dense, stronger and stiffer than the diets with no supplementary riboflavin. 4. Increasing supplementary biotin in poults fed on diets with no supplementary riboflavin was associated with a decrease in tibia weight, density, strength and stiffness. 5. The results demonstrated that riboflavin deficiency in fast-growing turkey poults was associated with growth retardation, growth plate disturbance and peripheral nerve dysfunction leading to an inability to walk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hocking
- a The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , The University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush, Edinburgh EG25 9RG , Midlothian , Scotland
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Bergmann S, Beard PM, Pasche B, Lienenklaus S, Weiss S, Gahan CGM, Schughart K, Lengeling A. Influence of internalin A murinisation on host resistance to orally acquired listeriosis in mice. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:90. [PMID: 23617550 PMCID: PMC3640945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bacterial surface protein internalin (InlA) is a major virulence factor of the food-born pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. It plays a critical role in the bacteria crossing the host intestinal barrier by a species-specific interaction with the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. In mice, the interaction of InlA with murine E-cadherin is impaired due to sequence-specific binding incompatibilities. We have previously used the approach of ‘murinisation’ to establish an oral listeriosis infection model in mice by exchanging two amino acid residues in InlA. This dramatically increases binding to mouse E-cadherin. In the present study, we have used bioluminescent murinised and non-murinised Listeria strains to examine the spatiotemporal dissemination of Listeria in four diverse mouse genetic backgrounds after oral inoculation. Results The murinised Listeria monocytogenes strain showed enhanced invasiveness and induced more severe infections in all four investigated mouse inbred strains compared to the non-murinised Listeria strain. We identified C57BL/6J mice as being most resistant to orally acquired listeriosis whereas C3HeB/FeJ, A/J and BALB/cJ mice were found to be most susceptible to infection. This was reflected in faster kinetics of Listeria dissemination, higher bacterial loads in internal organs, and elevated serum levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and CCL2 in the susceptible strains as compared to the resistant C57BL/6J strain. Importantly, murinisation of InlA did not cause enhanced invasion of Listeria monocytogenes into the brain. Conclusion Murinised Listeria are able to efficiently cross the intestinal barrier in mice from diverse genetic backgrounds. However, expression of murinized InlA does not enhance listerial brain invasion suggesting that crossing of the blood brain barrier and crossing of the intestinal epithelium are achieved by Listeria monocytogenes through different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Bergmann
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research & University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
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Formisano P, Aldridge B, Alony Y, Beekhuis L, Davies E, Del Pozo J, Dunn K, English K, Morrison L, Sargison N, Seguino A, Summers BA, Wilson D, Milne E, Beard PM. Identification of Sarcocystis capracanis in cerebrospinal fluid from sheep with neurological disease. Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:252-5. [PMID: 23312871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protozoal merozoites were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid of two sheep with neurological disease in the UK. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified the merozoites as Sarcocystis capracanis, a common protozoal pathogen of goats. This is the first report of this species infecting sheep and may represent an aberrant infection with sheep acting as dead end hosts, or alternatively could indicate that sheep are able to act as intermediate hosts for S. capracanis, widening the previously reported host range of this pathogen. It is possible that S. capracanis is a previously unrecognised cause of ovine protozoal meningoencephalitis (OPM) in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Formisano
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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Beard PM, Munro E, Gow AG. A quadrigeminal dermoid cyst with concurrent necrotizing granulomatous leukoencephalomyelitis in a Yorkshire Terrier dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:1075-8. [PMID: 21908379 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old female Yorkshire Terrier dog presented with neurological deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an 8 mm in diameter mass centered left of midline arising from the quadrigeminal cistern, with a fatty or proteinaceous content. A further fat signal intensity focus was present in the tip of the temporal horn of the right lateral ventricle, in keeping with a "floating" fat embolus within the cerebrospinal fluid. A ruptured dermoid cyst was diagnosed. Within the frontal lobe on both sides were ill-defined and extensive high T2 signal areas, with mass effect within the white matter, and asymmetrical contrast enhancement following intravenous injection of gadolinium. Postmortem gross and histological examination confirmed the mass in the quadrigeminal cistern to be a dermoid cyst. In addition, severe multifocal necrotizing granulomatous leukoencephalomyelitis was found in the corona radiata and spinal cord. The relationship between these 2 pathologies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Girling
- Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh Zoo, 134 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh EH12 6TS.
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Beard PM, Sugar S, Bazarragchaa E, Gerelmaa U, Tserendorj S, Tuppurainen E, Sodnomdarjaa R. A description of two outbreaks of capripoxvirus disease in Mongolia. Vet Microbiol 2009; 142:427-31. [PMID: 19939588 PMCID: PMC2866252 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mongolia had no reported cases of capripoxvirus disease from 1977 until an outbreak of sheeppox in 2006-2007 and then goatpox in 2008. The two outbreaks occurred in geographically distant areas of Mongolia and, most strikingly, were highly species-specific. The 2006-2007 sheeppox outbreak affected no goats and the 2008 goatpox outbreak affected no sheep despite communal herding. The diseases were diagnosed using the polymerase chain reaction and virus neutralisation test. The P32 gene of the Mongolian sheeppox and goatpox viruses from the recent outbreaks were sequenced and compared with an archived 1967 strain of Goatpox virus from Mongolia. The P32 gene of the 2006-2007 Mongolian Sheeppox virus strain was identical to previously published sheeppox strains. The P32 gene of the 2008 Mongolian Goatpox virus strain was identical to the gene from virus isolated from recent goatpox outbreaks in China and Vietnam. The archived Mongolian Goatpox virus strain was unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Beard
- Roslin Institute/Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, UK.
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Abstract
The Vaccinia virus BTB/kelch protein F3 has been characterized and its effects on virus replication in vitro and virus virulence in vivo have been determined. The loss of the F3L gene had no effect on virus growth, plaque phenotype or cytopathic effect in cell culture under the conditions tested. However, the virulence of a virus lacking F3L in an intradermal model was reduced compared with controls, and this was demonstrated by a significantly smaller lesion and alterations to the innate immune response to infection. The predicted molecular mass of the F3 protein is 56 kDa; however, immunoblotting of infected cell lysates using an antibody directed against recombinant F3 revealed two proteins of estimated sizes 37 and 25 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C Froggatt
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Philippa M Beard
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schöniger
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
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Beard PM, Froggatt GC, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus kelch protein A55 is a 64 kDa intracellular factor that affects virus-induced cytopathic effect and the outcome of infection in a murine intradermal model. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1521-1529. [PMID: 16690916 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccinia virus (VACV) protein A55 is a BTB/kelch protein with a broad-complex, tramtrack and bric-a-brac (BTB) domain in the N-terminal region and five kelch repeats in the C-terminal half. The BTB/kelch subgroup of the kelch superfamily of proteins has been associated with a wide variety of functions including regulation of the cytoskeleton. VACV contains three genes predicted to encode BTB/kelch proteins: A55R, F3L and C2L. The A55R gene product has been identified as an intracellular protein of 64 kDa that is expressed late in infection. A VACV strain lacking 93.6 % of the A55R open reading frame (vΔA55) was constructed and found to have an unaltered growth rate in vivo but a different plaque morphology and cytopathic effect, as well as reduced development of VACV-induced Ca2+-independent cell/extracellular matrix adhesion. In a murine intradermal model of VACV infection, a virus lacking the A55R gene induced larger lesions than wild-type and revertant control viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Beard
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Graham C Froggatt
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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Beard PM, Baines JD. The DNA cleavage and packaging protein encoded by the UL33 gene of herpes simplex virus 1 associates with capsids. Virology 2004; 324:475-82. [PMID: 15207632 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Revised: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The U(L)33 gene of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encodes a protein (pU(L)33) that is essential for the cleavage and packaging of concatameric herpesvirus DNA into preformed capsids. Previous data have suggested that the U(L)33 protein interacts with the cleavage and packaging proteins encoded by U(L)15 and U(L)28 that are known to associate with capsids. Examination of purified A capsids that lack DNA and are derived from aborted packaging events, B capsids that lack DNA, and C capsids that contain DNA revealed an association of the U(L)33 protein with all three capsid types. More U(L)33 protein was detected in A capsids than was present in B capsids. Capsid association was susceptible to guanidine-HCl treatment and independent of the presence of U(L)15 or U(L)28. Capsid association of pU(L)33 was also independent of U(L)6, which is believed to encode the portal into which DNA is inserted. These data suggest that pU(L)33 may act as part of the capsid-associated molecular machinery that translocates cleaved genomic DNA into the capsid interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Beard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, C5169 Veterinary Education Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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36
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Abstract
The proteins produced by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genes U(L)15 and U(L)28 are believed to form part of the terminase enzyme, a protein complex essential for the cleavage of newly synthesized, concatameric herpesvirus DNA and the packaging of the resultant genome lengths into preformed capsids. This work describes the purification of recombinant forms of pU(L)15 and pU(L)28, which allowed the calculation of the average number of copies of each protein in A and B capsids and in capsids lacking the putative portal encoded by U(L)6. On average, 1.0 (+/-0.29 [standard deviation]) copies of pU(L)15 and 2.4 (+/-0.97) copies of pU(L)28 were present in B capsids, 1.2 (+/-0.72) copies of pU(L)15 and 1.5 (+/-0.86) copies of pU(L)28 were found in mutant capsids lacking the putative portal protein pU(L)6, and approximately 12.0 (+/-5.63) copies of pU(L)15 and 0.6 (+/-0.32) copies of pU(L)28 were present in each A capsid. These results suggest that the packaging machine is partly comprised of approximately 12 copies of pU(L)15, as found in A capsids, with wild-type B and mutant U(L)6(-) capsids containing an incomplete complement of cleavage and packaging proteins. These results are consistent with observations that B capsids form by default in the absence of packaging machinery in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, A capsids may be the result of initiated but aborted attempts at DNA packaging, resulting in the retention of at least part of the DNA packaging machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Beard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Daniels MJ, Hutchings MR, Beard PM, Henderson D, Greig A, Stevenson K, Sharp JM. Do non-ruminant wildlife pose a risk of paratuberculosis to domestic livestock and vice versa in Scotland? J Wildl Dis 2003; 39:10-5. [PMID: 12685064 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-39.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) was long considered only a disease of ruminants. Recently non-ruminant wildlife species have been shown to harbor Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the causative organism of paratuberculosis. We review the known non-ruminant wildlife host range of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and consider their role in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis in domestic ruminant livestock. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis has been isolated from lagomorph, canid, mustelid, corvid, and murid species. In agricultural environments domestic ruminants may contact wildlife and/or their excreta when grazing or feeding on farm-stored feed contaminated with wildlife feces, opening up the possibility of inter-species transmission. Of the wildlife species known to harbor M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Scotland, the rabbit is likely to pose the greatest risk to grazing livestock. Paratuberculosis in domestic ruminants is a notoriously difficult disease to control; the participation of non-ruminant wildlife in the epidemiology of the disease may partially account for this difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike J Daniels
- Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
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Beard PM, Taus NS, Baines JD. DNA cleavage and packaging proteins encoded by genes U(L)28, U(L)15, and U(L)33 of herpes simplex virus type 1 form a complex in infected cells. J Virol 2002; 76:4785-91. [PMID: 11967295 PMCID: PMC136146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.10.4785-4791.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the U(L)6, U(L)15, U(L)17, U(L)28, U(L)32, and U(L)33 genes are required for the cleavage and packaging of herpes simplex viral DNA. To identify proteins that interact with the U(L)28-encoded DNA binding protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a previously undescribed rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against the U(L)28 protein fused to glutathione S-transferase was used to immunopurify U(L)28 and the proteins with which it associated. It was found that the antibody specifically coimmunoprecipitated proteins encoded by the genes U(L)28, U(L)15, and U(L)33 from lysates of both HEp-2 cells infected with HSV-1(F) and insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses expressing these three proteins. In reciprocal reactions, antibodies directed against the U(L)15- or U(L)33-encoded proteins also coimmunoprecipitated the U(L)28 protein. The coimmunoprecipitation of the three proteins from HSV-infected cells confirms earlier reports of an association between the U(L)28 and U(L)15 proteins and represents the first evidence of the involvement of the U(L)33 protein in this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Beard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Beard PM, Stevenson K, Pirie A, Rudge K, Buxton D, Rhind SM, Sinclair MC, Wildblood LA, Jones DG, Sharp JM. Experimental paratuberculosis in calves following inoculation with a rabbit isolate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:3080-4. [PMID: 11526132 PMCID: PMC88300 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.9.3080-3084.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of wildlife species in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis has been the subject of increased research efforts following the discovery of natural paratuberculosis in free-living rabbits from farms in east Scotland. This paper describes the experimental inoculation of young calves with an isolate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis recovered from a free-living rabbit. After a 6-month incubation period, all eight calves inoculated with the rabbit isolate had developed histopathological and/or microbiological evidence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Similar results were obtained from a group of calves infected with a bovine isolate of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The virulence of the rabbit isolate for calves demonstrated in this study suggests that rabbits are capable of passing paratuberculosis to domestic ruminants and that wildlife reservoirs of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis should therefore be considered when formulating control plans for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Beard
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, Scotland EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
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Beard PM, Rhind SM, Buxton D, Daniels MJ, Henderson D, Pirie A, Rudge K, Greig A, Hutchings MR, Stevenson K, Sharp JM. Natural paratuberculosis infection in rabbits in Scotland. J Comp Pathol 2001; 124:290-9. [PMID: 11437505 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural paratuberculosis infection of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was recently diagnosed in Scotland, and an investigation into the pathology of the disease in wild rabbits is reported in this paper. Evidence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M.a. paratuberculosis) infection was detected in 22% of 110 rabbits; the organism was cultured from 17 of 110 rabbits, and histopathological lesions consistent with M.a. paratuberculosis infection were noted in 18 of 98 rabbits examined. No macroscopical lesions suggestive of M.a. paratuberculosis infection were observed. The histopathological lesions were either severe or mild. Severe lesions consisted of extensive macrophage granulomata and numerous giant cells, with many intracellular acid-fast bacteria in the small intestine. For the examination of formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues, neither immunohistochemistry nor the polymerase chain reaction was as sensitive a method of diagnosis as histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Beard
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 OPZ, Scotland
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Beard PM, Daniels MJ, Henderson D, Pirie A, Rudge K, Buxton D, Rhind S, Greig A, Hutchings MR, McKendrick I, Stevenson K, Sharp JM. Paratuberculosis infection of nonruminant wildlife in Scotland. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1517-21. [PMID: 11283080 PMCID: PMC87963 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.4.1517-1521.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports of natural paratuberculosis (or Johne's disease) in rabbits, foxes, and stoats has focused debate on the presence and importance of wildlife reservoirs in the epidemiology of this disease. This paper describes an extensive study investigating 18 nonruminant wildlife species for evidence of paratuberculosis. Using both culture and histopathological analysis, fox, stoat, weasel, crow, rook, jackdaw, rat, wood mouse, hare, and badger were found to harbor Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the causative organism of paratuberculosis, suggesting that the epidemiology of this disease is more complex than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Beard
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Beard PM, Rhind SM, Sinclair MC, Wildblood LA, Stevenson K, McKendrick IJ, Sharp JM, Jones DG. Modulation of gammadelta T cells and CD1 in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000; 77:311-9. [PMID: 11137128 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
M.a. paratuberculosis is the causal agent of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). Recent work has suggested that gammadelta T cells may play an important role in the early immunological response to mycobacterial diseases, and that CD1 may act as a non-classical MHC molecule in antigen presentation to these gammadelta T cells. Experimental infection of neonatal lambs with M.a. paratuberculosis was used to investigate the changes in gammadelta T cells and CD1 molecules in the gut associated lymphoid tissue 4 weeks after inoculation. Immunohistochemistry was used to label the gammadelta lymphocytes and CD1 molecules. An increase in the number of gammadelta T cells was noted in both the jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches in the gut of infected lambs, but no statistically significant change was found in the mesenteric lymph nodes. There were no obvious changes in the CD1 molecules in any tissue. This work suggests that gammadelta T cells may play a role in the initial immunological events of paratuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Beard
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
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