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Chen F, Tian Y, Zhang L, Shi Y. The role of children in household transmission of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:266-275. [PMID: 35562045 PMCID: PMC9091150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore household transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in children in new-variants dominating periods. METHODS Through retrieval in PubMed and Embase, studies were included in two parts: meta-analysis of the household secondary attack rate (SAR) and case analysis of household pediatric infections. RESULTS A total of 95 articles were included: 48 for meta-analysis and 47 for case analysis. Pediatric COVID-19 only comprised a minority of the household transmission. The total pooled household SAR of child index cases and contacts were 0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15-0.26) and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.18-0.30). Lower household transmissibility was reported in both child index cases and contacts than in adults (relative risk [RR] = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.50-0.81; RR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.64-0.85). Younger children were as susceptible as the older children (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.72-1.10). Through subgroup analyses of different variants and periods, increased household SAR was observed in children (Wild: 0.20; Alpha: 0.42; Delta: 0.35; Omicron: 0.56), and no significant difference was found in household SAR between children and adults when new variants dominated. CONCLUSION Although children were found not to be dominant in the household transmission, their transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 appeared to be on the rise as new variants emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuan Shi
- Corresponding author: Yuan Shi, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China, Mob: 00862363635678
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2
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Sengar M, Chinnaswamy G, Ranganathan P, Ashok A, Bhosale S, Biswas S, Chaturvedi P, Dhamne C, Divatia J, D'Sa K, Jain H, Laskar S, Moulik NR, Mummudi N, Nair S, Nayak L, Nayak P, Patkar S, Pawaskar P, Ramaswamy A, Shetty O, Singh A, Sridhar E, Thorat J, Badwe R, Pramesh CS. Outcomes of COVID-19 and risk factors in patients with cancer. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:547-551. [PMID: 35379984 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cancer are at higher risk for adverse coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. Here, we studied 1,253 patients with cancer, who were diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at a tertiary referral cancer center in India. Most patients had mild disease; in our settings, recent cancer therapies did not impact COVID-19 outcomes. Advancing age, smoking history, concurrent comorbidities and palliative intent of treatment were independently associated with severe COVID-19 or death. Thus, our study provides useful insights into cancer management during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sengar
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Apurva Ashok
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Sanjay Biswas
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Chetan Dhamne
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Jigeeshu Divatia
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Karishma D'Sa
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Hasmukh Jain
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sarbani Laskar
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Naveen Mummudi
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sindhu Nair
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Lingaraj Nayak
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Prakash Nayak
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shraddha Patkar
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Preeti Pawaskar
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Anant Ramaswamy
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Omshree Shetty
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Arjun Singh
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Epari Sridhar
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayashree Thorat
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajendra Badwe
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - C S Pramesh
- Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.
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3
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Sengar M, Ranganathan P. The Interplay between COVID-19 and Cancer: Challenges and Perspectives. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sengar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Ranganathan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Pathania S, Rawal RK, Singh PK. RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase): A key target providing anti-virals for the management of various viral diseases. J Mol Struct 2022; 1250:131756. [PMID: 34690363 PMCID: PMC8520695 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic, anti-viral agents have regained center stage in the arena of medicine. Out of the various drug targets involved in managing RNA-viral infections, the one that dominates almost all RNA viruses is RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). RdRp are proteins that are involved in the replication of RNA-based viruses. Inhibition of RdRps has been an integral approach for managing various viral infections such as dengue, influenza, HCV (Hepatitis), BVDV, etc. Inhibition of the coronavirus RdRp is currently rigorously explored for the treatment of Covid-19 related complications. So, keeping in view the importance and current relevance of this drug target, we have discussed the importance of RdRp in developing anti-viral agents against various viral diseases. Different reported inhibitors have also been discussed, and emphasis has been laid on highlighting the inhibitor's pharmacophoric features and SAR profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Pathania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Ravindra K. Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-133207, Haryana, India,CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India,Corresponding authors
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Faculty of Medicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland,Corresponding authors
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5
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Biswas B, Roy R, Roy T, Chowdhury S, Dhara A, Mistry K. Geographical Appraisal of COVID-19 in West Bengal, India. GEOJOURNAL 2022; 87:2641-2662. [PMID: 33642665 PMCID: PMC7899073 DOI: 10.1007/s10708-021-10388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Study shows that COVID-19 cases, deaths and recoveries vary in macro level. Geographical phenomena may act as potential controlling factor. The present paper investigates spatial pattern of COVID-19 cases and deaths in West Bengal (WB), India and assumes Kolkata is the source region of this disease in WB. Thematic maps on COVID related issues are prepared with the help of QGIS 3.10 software. As on 15th January 2021, WB has 564032 number of COVID-19 cases which is 0.618% to the total population of the state. However, the COVID-19 case for India is 0.843% and for world is 1.341% to its total population. Lorenz Curve shows skewed distribution of the COVID-19 cases in WB. 17 (90%) districts hold 84.11% of the total population and carry 56.30% of the total COVID-19 cases. However, the remaining two districts-Kolkata and North 24 Parganas-hold remaining 43.70% COVID-19 cases. Correlation coefficient with COVID-19 cases and Population Density, Urban Population and Concrete Roof of their house are significant at 1% level of significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Biswas
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 703104 India
| | - Rabindranath Roy
- Department of Community Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, 713104 India
| | - Tanusri Roy
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 703104 India
| | - Sumanta Chowdhury
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 703104 India
| | - Asish Dhara
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 703104 India
| | - Kamonasish Mistry
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 703104 India
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6
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Chinnaswamy S. SARS-CoV-2 infection in India bucks the trend: Trained innate immunity? Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23504. [PMID: 32965717 PMCID: PMC7536963 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic caught the world unawares by its sudden onset in early 2020. Memories of the 1918 Spanish Flu were rekindled raising extreme fear for the virus, but in essence, it was the host and not the virus, which was deciding the outcome of the infection. Age, gender, and preexisting conditions played critical roles in shaping COVID-19 outcome. People of lower socioeconomic strata were disproportionately affected in industrialized countries such as the United States. India, a developing country with more than 1.3 billion population, a large proportion of it being underprivileged and with substandard public health provider infrastructure, feared for the worst outcome given the sheer size and density of its population. Six months into the pandemic, a comparison of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality data between India, the United States, and several European countries, reveal interesting trends. While most developed countries show curves expected for a fast-spreading respiratory virus, India seems to have a slower trajectory. As a consequence, India may have gained on two fronts: the spread of the infection is unusually prolonged, thus leading to a curve that is "naturally flattened"; concomitantly the mortality rate, which is a reflection of the severity of the disease has been relatively low. I hypothesize that trained innate immunity, a new concept in immunology, may be the phenomenon behind this. Biocultural, socioecological, and socioeconomic determinants seem to be influencing the outcome of COVID-19 in different regions/countries of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Chinnaswamy
- Infectious Disease GeneticsNational Institute of Biomedical GenomicsKalyaniIndia
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7
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Banerjee A, Ganguly U, Saha S, Chakrabarti S, Saini RV, Rawal RK, Saso L, Chakrabarti S. Vitamin D and immuno-pathology of COVID-19: many interactions but uncertain therapeutic benefits. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:1245-1258. [PMID: 33739215 PMCID: PMC8022339 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1905519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge loss of human lives and extensive socio-economic damages. The immuno-pathology of this disease is neither clearly understood nor there are effective drugs for severe cases of COVID-19. Repurposing of available drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 is imperative.Areas Covered: This review has gathered the evidence from PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO, and other reliable websites on COVID-19 and summarized the existing knowledge of the immuno-pathology of COVID-19. We elucidated how vitamin D through its diverse actions on immune effector cells, epithelial cells, or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system could have a modulatory role on the pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19. The epidemiological evidence associating vitamin D deficiency with the severity and incidence of COVID-19 is also presented. However, the evidence of clinical benefit to patients of COVID-19 from randomized controlled trials with vitamin D has not come as yet.Expert opinion: It is now established that fatality of COVID-19 is primarily determined by hyperactivation of the host's innate immune system in response to SARS-CoV-2 invasion, and thus the research on the immuno-modulatory and other roles of vitamin D against viral infections should be pursued vigorously. This would be also useful for future pandemics caused by other novel viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Upasana Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry & Central Research Cell, M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, India
| | - Sarama Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | | | - Reena V Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, M.M Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, India
| | - Ravindra K Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, M.M Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, India
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry & Central Research Cell, M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, India
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8
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Influence of Population Density for COVID-19 Spread in Malaysia: An Ecological Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189866. [PMID: 34574790 PMCID: PMC8468130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The rapid transmission of highly contagious infectious diseases within communities can yield potential hotspots or clusters across geographies. For COVID-19, the impact of population density on transmission models demonstrates mixed findings. This study aims to determine the correlations between population density, clusters, and COVID-19 incidence across districts and regions in Malaysia. This countrywide ecological study was conducted between 22 January 2021 and 4 February 2021 involving 51,476 active COVID-19 cases during Malaysia’s third wave of the pandemic, prior to the reimplementation of lockdowns. Population data from multiple sources was aggregated and spatial analytics were performed to visualize distributional choropleths of COVID-19 cases in relation to population density. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to synthesize dendrograms to demarcate potential clusters against population density. Region-wise correlations and simple linear regression models were deduced to observe the strength of the correlations and the propagation effects of COVID-19 infections relative to population density. Distributional heats in choropleths and cluster analysis showed that districts with a high number of inhabitants and a high population density had a greater number of cases in proportion to the population in that area. The Central region had the strongest correlation between COVID-19 cases and population density (r = 0.912; 95% CI 0.911, 0.913; p < 0.001). The propagation effect and the spread of disease was greater in urbanized districts or cities. Population density is an important factor for the spread of COVID-19 in Malaysia.
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D’Arminio Monforte A, Tavelli A, Bai F, Tomasoni D, Falcinella C, Castoldi R, Barbanotti D, Mulè G, Allegrini M, Suardi E, Tesoro D, Tagliaferri G, Mondatore D, Augello M, Cona A, Beringheli T, Gemignani N, Sala M, Varisco B, Molà F, Pettenuzzo S, Biasioli L, Copes A, Gazzola L, Viganò O, Tincati C, De Bona A, Bini T, Marchetti G. Declining Mortality Rate of Hospitalised Patients in the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Epidemics in Italy: Risk Factors and the Age-Specific Patterns. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:979. [PMID: 34575128 PMCID: PMC8464683 DOI: 10.3390/life11090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality rate from COVID-19 in Italy is among the world's highest. We aimed to ascertain whether there was any reduction of in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 in the second-wave period (October 2020-January 2021) compared to the first one (February-May 2020); further, we verified whether there were clusters of hospitalised patients who particularly benefitted from reduced mortality rate. METHODS Data collected related to in-patients' demographics, clinical, laboratory, therapies and outcome. Primary end-point was time to in-hospital death. Factors associated were evaluated by uni- and multivariable analyses. A flow diagram was created to determine the rate of in-hospital death according to individual and disease characteristics. RESULTS A total of 1561 patients were included. The 14-day cumulative incidence of in-hospital death by competing risk regression was of 24.8% (95% CI: 21.3-28.5) and 15.9% (95% CI: 13.7-18.2) in the first and second wave. We observed that the highest relative reduction of death from first to second wave (more than 47%) occurred mainly in the clusters of patients younger than 70 years. CONCLUSIONS Progress in care and supporting therapies did affect population over 70 years to a lesser extent. Preventive and vaccination campaigns should focus on individuals whose risk of death from COVID-19 remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella D’Arminio Monforte
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Science, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy; (A.T.); (F.B.); (D.T.); (C.F.); (R.C.); (D.B.); (G.M.); (M.A.); (E.S.); (D.T.); (G.T.); (D.M.); (M.A.); (A.C.); (T.B.); (N.G.); (M.S.); (B.V.); (F.M.); (S.P.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (L.G.); (O.V.); (C.T.); (A.D.B.); (T.B.); (G.M.)
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10
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Hu L, Deng WJ, Ying GG, Hong H. Environmental perspective of COVID-19: Atmospheric and wastewater environment in relation to pandemic. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112297. [PMID: 33991934 PMCID: PMC8086803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a major challenge to health systems worldwide. Recently, numbers of epidemiological studies have illustrated that climate conditions and air pollutants are associated with the COVID-19 confirmed cases worldwide. Researches also suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 could be detected in fecal and wastewater samples. These findings provided the possibility of preventing and controlling the COVID-19 pandemic from an environmental perspective. With this review, the main purpose is to summarize the relationship between the atmospheric and wastewater environment and COVID-19. In terms of the atmospheric environment, the evidence of the relationship between atmospheric environment (climate factors and air pollution) and COVID-19 is growing, but currently available data and results are various. It is necessary to comprehensively analyze their associations to provide constructive suggestions in responding to the pandemic. Recently, large numbers of studies have shown the widespread presence of this virus in wastewater and the feasibility of wastewater surveillance when the pandemic is ongoing. Therefore, there is an urgent need to clarify the occurrence and implication of viruses in wastewater and to understand the potential of wastewater-based epidemiology of pandemic. Overall, environmental perspective-based COVID-19 studies can provide new insight into pandemic prevention and control, and minimizes the economic cost for COVID-19 in areas with a large outbreak or a low economic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Hu
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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11
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Sharma AK, Sharma V, Sharma A, Pallikkuth S, Sharma AK. Current Paradigms in COVID-19 Research: Proposed Treatment Strategies, Recent Trends and Future Directions. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3173-3192. [PMID: 32651959 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200711153829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent pandemic of coronavirus disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in humans is the third outbreak by this family of viruses leading to an acute respiratory infection, which has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.The virus belongs to the genus, Betacoronavirus, which has been recently reported to have significant similarity (>89%) to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related member of the Sarbecoviruses. Current researches are not sufficient to understand the etiological and immunopathobiological parameters related to COVID-19 so as to have a therapeutic solution to the problem. METHODS A structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature has been carried out using focused review questions and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Further Standard tools were implied in order to appraise the quality of retrieved papers. The characteristic outcomes of screened research and review articles along with analysis of the interventions and findings of included studies using a conceptual framework have been described employing a deductive qualitative content analysis methodology. RESULTS This review systematically summarizes the immune-pathobiological characteristics, diagnosis, potential therapeutic options for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 based on the current published literature and evidence. The current review has covered 125 peerreviewed articles, the majority of which are from high-income technically developed countries providing the most recent updates about the current understanding of the COVID-19 bringing all the significant findings and related researches together at a single platform. In addition, possible therapeutic interventions, treatment strategies and vaccine development initiatives to manage COVID-19 have been proposed. CONCLUSION It is anticipated that this review would certainly assist the public in general and scientific community in particular to recognize and effectively deal with COVID-19, providing a reference guide for futuristic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207 Haryana, India
| | - Varruchi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College Sector-26, Chandigarh (UT) 160019, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, MMIMSR, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida, United States
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Kaur U, Chakrabarti SS, Patel TK. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers and region-specific variations in COVID-19 outcomes: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2021; 12:20420986211011345. [PMID: 34035891 PMCID: PMC8127587 DOI: 10.1177/20420986211011345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been observed to cause a high mortality in people with cardiometabolic diseases. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers enhance the expression of ACE2, the binding receptor of SARS-CoV-2, and can enhance viral infectivity. We aim to provide a pooled estimate of the effect of RAAS blockers on COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS A literature search was performed using MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar and preprint servers. All clinical studies analyzing the effect of RAAS blockers on clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients were included in this study. Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for quality assessment of studies. MOOSE checklist was followed. Mortality and severity outcomes were recorded as pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and level of heterogeneity (I 2). Odds of mortality was the primary outcome. Odds of severity, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation (MV), steroid use and acute kidney injury were the secondary outcomes. Severity outcomes were chosen depending upon the definition used by respective authors. Country-specific variations and effects of individual class of RAAS blockers were also explored. RESULTS In total 47 published studies were included in the final analysis, with a total of 26,432 patients from 31 studies in mortality analysis and 20,127 patients from 23 studies in severity analysis. No increased risk of mortality [Pooled OR 0.91 (0.65-1.26), I 2 = 89%] or severity [Pooled OR 1.08 (0.79-1.46), I 2 = 88%] was seen with RAAS blockers. The drug class was protective in hypertension [pooled OR 0.63 (0.46-0.86), I 2 = 58%]. Severity of COVID-19 outcomes was high for Europeans [Pooled OR 2.08 (1.52-2.85), I 2 = 77%] and US patients [Pooled OR 1.87 (1.62-2.17)]. Nearly 4 times higher risk of hospitalization and 2 times higher risk of ICU admission and MV were observed in US patients. Class-wise, angiotensin receptor blocker use was associated with 1.6 times higher odds of severity, mainly in Europeans. CONCLUSION RAAS blockers are not associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients and should be continued in hypertensives. US and European patients are at higher risk of severe outcomes. Pharmacogenetic differences may explain the ethnicity-related variations. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Effect of RAAS-blocking medicines on COVID-19 Background and aims: Higher deaths have been observed in COVID-19 patients who have other long-term diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Many of these patients are prescribed a class of medicines called RAAS blockers (ramipril, telmisartan, etc). We studied whether the use of these medicines worsens the course of COVID-19 disease in these patients or causes excess deaths.Methods: We conducted a pooled analysis of 47 observational studies on the use of RAAS blocker drugs in COVID-19 patients.Results: We found that RAAS blockers do not cause excess deaths in patients with COVID-19. On the contrary, they have benefits if prescribed to those with high blood pressure. We also found that whereas European and US patients of COVID-19 taking these medicines had higher disease severity, this was not the case for Chinese patients.Conclusion: Theremay be some genetic and other factors responsible for differences by ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Sankha Shubhra Chakrabarti
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Tejas K. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, UP 273008, India
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Chakrabarti S, Chakrabarti SS, Kaur U, Agrawal BK, Ganguly U, Jin K. Cross-immunity and trained immunity in explaining variable COVID-19 mortality-Guidance for future pandemics. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4094-4096. [PMID: 33755226 PMCID: PMC8251060 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Sankha S Chakrabarti
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Upinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bimal K Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Upasana Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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14
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Matthew OJ, Eludoyin AO, Oluwadiya KS. Spatio-temporal variations in COVID-19 in relation to the global climate distribution and fluctuations. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2021; 37:100417. [PMID: 33980401 PMCID: PMC7973081 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2021.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the spatio-temporal variations in the occurrence of COVID-19 (confirmed cases and deaths) in relation to climate fluctuations in 61 countries, scattered around the world, from December 31, 2019 to May 28, 2020. Logarithm transformation of the count variable (COVID-19 cases) was used in a multiple linear regression model to predict the potential effects of weather variables on the prevalence of the disease. The study revealed strong associations (-0.510 ≤ r ≤ -0.967; 0.519 ≤ r ≤ 0.999) between climatic variables and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in majority (68.85%) of the selected countries. It showed evidences of 1 to 7-day delays in the response of the infection to changes in weather pattern. Model simulations suggested that a unit fall in temperature and humidity could increase (0.04-18.70%) the infection in 19.67% and 16.39% of the countries, respectively, while a general reduction (-0.05 to 9.40%) in infection cases was projected in 14.75% countries with a unit drop in precipitation. In conclusion, the study suggests that effective public health interventions are crucial to containing the projected upsurge in COVID-19 cases during both cold and warm seasons in the southern and northern hemispheres.
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Saha S, Chakrabarti S, Singh PK, Poddar J, Satapathi S, Saini S, Kakar SS, Roy P. Physiological Relevance of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 As a Metabolic Linker and Therapeutic Implication of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in COVID-19 and Hypertension. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:132-143. [PMID: 32748331 PMCID: PMC7397455 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus - 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single stranded RNA virus and responsible for infecting human being. In many cases the individual may remain asymptomatic. Some recently reported studies revealed that individuals of elderly age group and with pre-existing medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus had severe consequences, even may lead to death. However, it is not clearly delineated whether hypertension itself or associated comorbidities or antihypertensive therapy contributes to the grave prognosis of COVID-19 infections. This review is aimed to decipher the exact mechanisms involved at molecular level from existing evidence and as reported. It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 enters into the host cell through interaction between conserved residues of viral spike protein and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor which is highly expressed in host's cardiac and pulmonary cells and finally transmembrane protease, serine-2 (TMPRSS2), helps in priming of the surface protein. Subsequently, symptom related to multi organ involvement is primarily contributed by cytokine storm. Although various clinical trials are being conducted on renin- angiotensin- system inhibitor, till to date there is no standard treatment protocol approved for critically ill COVID-19 positive cases with pre-existing hypertension. Recently, several studies are carried out to document the safety and efficacy outcome of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation based on its immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. Therefore, identification of future novel therapeutics in the form of mesenchymal stem cell either alone or in combination with pharmacological approach could be recommended for combating SARS-CoV-2 which might be dreadful to debilitating elderly people. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarama Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Jit Poddar
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Soumitra Satapathi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247 667, India
| | - Surendra Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247 667, India
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Physiology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247 667, India.
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16
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Mascolo S, Carleo MA, Contieri M, Izzo S, Perna A, De Luca A, Esposito V. SARS-CoV-2 and inflammatory responses: From mechanisms to the potential therapeutic use of intravenous immunoglobulin. J Med Virol 2021; 93:2654-2661. [PMID: 33150961 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a severe acute respiratory syndrome called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Due to its extreme transmissibility with droplets and human contacts, in a few months, it has become a pandemic. Nowadays, no effective therapy is available, and the scientific community is moving to find a therapeutic choice to fight this silent enemy. Studies are ongoing on several therapeutic options, including antiviral agents, immunomodulant drugs, and immunotherapy. Due to viral features, including the ability to start an inflammatory response that seems to be the fulcrum of COVID-19 pathogenic action, immunotherapy could represent a promising alternative waiting for the vaccine. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), already used in other infectious diseases, could represent an effective help. The aim of this narrative review is to reassemble the clinical experiences on the use of IVIg in COVID-19 and the rationale of its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mascolo
- UOC Immunodeficiencies and Gender-Related Infectious Diseases, AO dei Colli, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria A Carleo
- UOC Immunodeficiencies and Gender-Related Infectious Diseases, AO dei Colli, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Contieri
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Izzo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Perna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Esposito
- UOC Immunodeficiencies and Gender-Related Infectious Diseases, AO dei Colli, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
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Genebat M, Tarancón-Díez L, de Pablo-Bernal R, Calderón A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Leal M. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Perspective from Immunosenescence. Aging Dis 2021; 12:3-6. [PMID: 33532121 PMCID: PMC7801288 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Genebat
- 1Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Fátima, Sevilla, Spain.,2Emergency Department, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laura Tarancón-Díez
- 3Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca de Pablo-Bernal
- 4Exterior Health Service, Spanish Government Delegation in the Canary Islands, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alba Calderón
- 1Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Fátima, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mª Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- 3Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- 5Infectious Diseases and Immunology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz, Sevilla, Spain
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18
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Hoffmann C, Wolf E. Older age groups and country-specific case fatality rates of COVID-19 in Europe, USA and Canada. Infection 2021; 49:111-116. [PMID: 33098532 PMCID: PMC7585357 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association between the percentages of older age groups among confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and the country-specific case fatality rate (CFR). METHODS This ecological study analyzed data from the 20 most severely affected European countries, USA and Canada, in which national health authorities provided data on age distribution and gender among confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases and deaths. RESULTS The proportion of individuals older than 70 years among confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases differed markedly between the countries, ranging from 4.9 to 40.4%. There was a strong linear association between the proportion of individuals older than 75 years and the country-specific CFRs (R2 = 0.803 for all countries, R2 = 0.961 after exclusion of three countries with incongruent data). Each 5% point increase of this older age group among confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases was associated with an increase in CFR of 2.5% points (95% CI 1.9-3.1). CONCLUSION Data from 20 European countries and the USA and Canada showed that the variance of crude CFR of COVID-19 is predominantly (80-96%) determined by the proportion of older individuals who are diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. The age distribution of SARS-CoV-2 infections is still far from being homogeneous. Detailed demographic data have to be taken into account in all the analyses on COVID-19-associated mortality. We urgently call for standardized data collection by national health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoffmann
- ICH Study Center, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Medicine II, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Eva Wolf
- MUC Research GmbH, 80335, Munich, Germany
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19
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Mishra S, Dwivedi S, Agnihotri R, Kumar V, Sharma P, Sinam G, Pandey V. Micro-environmental conditions and high population density affects the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 in metropolitan cities of India. ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ed.ed_15_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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20
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Di Pietro R, Basile M, Antolini L, Alberti S. Genetic Drift Versus Climate Region Spreading Dynamics of COVID-19. Front Genet 2021; 12:663371. [PMID: 35003200 PMCID: PMC8740632 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.663371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The current propagation models of COVID-19 are poorly consistent with existing epidemiological data and with evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 genome is mutating, for potential aggressive evolution of the disease. Objectives: We looked for fundamental variables that were missing from current analyses. Among them were regional climate heterogeneity, viral evolution processes versus founder effects, and large-scale virus containment measures. Methods: We challenged regional versus genetic evolution models of COVID-19 at a whole-population level, over 168,089 laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection cases in Italy, Spain, and Scandinavia at early time-points of the pandemic. Diffusion data in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom provided a validation dataset of 210,239 additional cases. Results: Mean doubling time of COVID-19 cases was 6.63 days in Northern versus 5.38 days in Southern Italy. Spain extended this trend of faster diffusion in Southern Europe, with a doubling time of 4.2 days. Slower doubling times were observed in Sweden (9.4 days), Finland (10.8 days), and Norway (12.95 days). COVID-19 doubling time in Germany (7.0 days), France (7.5 days), and the United Kingdom (7.2 days) supported the North/South gradient model. Clusters of SARS-CoV-2 mutations upon sequential diffusion were not found to clearly correlate with regional distribution dynamics. Conclusion: Acquisition of mutations upon SARS-CoV-2 spreading failed to explain regional diffusion heterogeneity at early pandemic times. Our findings indicate that COVID-19 transmission rates are rather associated with a sharp North/South climate gradient, with faster spreading in Southern regions. Thus, warmer climate conditions may not limit SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Very cold regions may be better spared by recurrent courses of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Biomorphology, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Basile
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Biomorphology, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - L. Antolini
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Medicine, Prevention and Biotechnology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - S. Alberti
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences - BIOMORF, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- *Correspondence: S. Alberti,
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21
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel virus with continuously evolving transmission trends. Contact tracing and quarantining of positive cases are chief strategies of disease control that has been accepted globally, though scientific knowledge regarding household transmission of the COVID-19 through contact of positive case is sparse. Current systematic review was planned to assess global statistics and characteristics of household secondary attack rate (SAR) of COVID-19. Eligible articles were retrieved through search of-MEDLINE, SCOPUS and EMBASE for the period December 2019 to 15 June 2020. Search terms were developed to identify articles reporting household SARs in various countries. After initial screening of 326 articles, 13 eligible studies were included in the final evidence synthesis. We found that SAR varies widely across countries with lowest reported rate as 4.6% and highest as 49.56%. The rates were unaffected by confounders such as population of the country, lockdown status and geographic location. Review suggested greater vulnerability of spouse and elderly population for secondary transmission than other household members. It was also observed that quarantining and isolation are most effective strategies for prevention of the secondary transmission of the disease. Symptomatic status of the index case emerged to be a critical factor, with very low transmission probability during asymptomatic phase. Present review findings recommend that adequate measures should be provided to protect the vulnerable population as only case tracing and quarantining might be insufficient. It should be combined with advisory for limiting household contacts and active surveillance for symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Shah
- Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Komal Shah, Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Public Health - Gandhinagar, Opp. Air Force Head Quarters, Nr. Lekawada Bus Stop, Gandhinagar-Chiloda Road, Gandhinagar - 382042. Mob: 9924264500,
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Professor, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Dileep Mavalankar
- Director, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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22
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Chakrabarti SS, Kaur U, Singh A, Chakrabarti S, Krishnatreya M, Agrawal BK, Mittal A, Singh A, Khanna R, Gambhir IS, Jin K, Chakrabarti S. Of Cross-immunity, Herd Immunity and Country-specific Plans: Experiences from COVID-19 in India. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1339-1344. [PMID: 33269091 PMCID: PMC7673860 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
India has witnessed a high number of COVID-19 cases, but mortality has been quite low, and most cases have been asymptomatic or mild. In early April, we had hypothesized a low COVID-19 mortality in India, based on the concept of cross-immunity. The presence of cross-immunity is presumed to lead to a milder course of disease and allow the time necessary for the development of adaptive immunity by the body to eliminate the virus. Evidence supporting our hypothesis has started showing up. Multiple studies have shown the generation of different T cell subsets and B cells responding to epitopes of viral proteins, especially of the spike protein, as a part of adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Cross-reactive T-cells have been demonstrated in patients who have been previously exposed to endemic coronaviruses. The interplay of cross-immunity and herd immunity is apparent in the COVID-19 scenario in India from the presence of a large number of asymptomatic or mild cases, a low infection-fatality ratio and a generally flat curve of percentage positivity of cases with respect to total testing, both in periods of strict lock-down and step-wise unlocking. It seems that cross-immunity resulted in faster generation of herd immunity. Although the initial restrictive measures such as lockdown prevented the rapid spread of the outbreak, further extension of such measures and overly expensive ones such as enhanced testing in India will result in a huge burden on the health economics as well as the society. Hence, we propose a restructuring of the health services and approach to COVID-19. The restructured health services should move away from indiscriminate testing, isolation and quarantine, and instead, the emphasis should be on improving facilities for testing and management of only critical COVID cases and the replacement of complete lockdowns by the selective isolation and quarantine of susceptible persons such as the aged and those with co-morbidities. In the process of describing India-specific plans, we emphasize why the development of country-specific plans for tackling epidemics is important, instead of adopting a "one policy fits all" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Shubhra Chakrabarti
- 1Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Upinder Kaur
- 2Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anup Singh
- 3Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Manigreeva Krishnatreya
- 5Department of Cancer Registry and Epidemiology, Dr. B Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Agrawal
- 6Department of General Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- 7Department of Radiodiagnosis, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, India
| | - Amit Singh
- 8Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rahul Khanna
- 9Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Indrajeet Singh Gambhir
- 10Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 11Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- 12Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, India
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Parashar NC, Poddar J, Chakrabarti S, Parashar G. Repurposing of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein specific nuclease resistant RNA aptamer for therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104497. [PMID: 32791240 PMCID: PMC7417262 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly advancing among human population. Development of new interventions including therapeutics and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will require time and validation before it could be made available for public use. Keeping in view of the emergent and evolving situation the motive is to repurpose and test the immediate efficacy of available drugs and therapeutics against COVID-19. Through this article we propose and discuss the possibility of repurposing the available nuclease resistant RNA aptamer against the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV as a potential therapeutic agent for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jit Poddar
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, MM Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, MM Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Gaurav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, Haryana, India.
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He F, Quan Y, Lei M, Liu R, Qin S, Zeng J, Zhao Z, Yu N, Yang L, Cao J. Clinical features and risk factors for ICU admission in COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular diseases. Aging Dis 2020; 11:763-769. [PMID: 32765943 PMCID: PMC7390529 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have focused on the general population. However, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common comorbidity that has rarely been investigated in detail. This study aims to describe clinical characteristics and determine risk factors for intensive care unit (ICU) admission of COVID-19 patients with CVD. In this retrospective cohort study, we included 288 adult patients with COVID-19 in Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital from January 15, 2020 to March 10, 2020. Demographic characteristics, laboratory results, radiographic findings, complications, and treatments were recorded and compared between CVD and non-CVD groups. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors associated with ICU admission for infected patients with underlying CVD. COVID-19 patients in the CVD group were older and had higher levels of troponin I (TnI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and creatinine. They were also more prone to develop into severe or critically severe cases, receive ICU admission, and require respiratory support treatment. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the following were risk factors for ICU admission in COVID-19 patients with CVD: each 1-year increase in age (odds ratio (OR), 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.17; p = 0.018); respiratory rate over 24 times per min (OR, 25.52; 95% CI, 5.48-118.87; p < 0.0001); CRP higher than 10 mg/L (OR, 8.12; 95% CI, 1.63-40.49; p = 0.011); and TnI higher than 0.03 μg/L (OR, 9.14; 95% CI, 2.66-31.43; p < 0.0001). Older age, CRP greater than 10 mg/L, TnI higher than 0.03 μg/L, and respiratory rate over 24 times per minute were associated with increasing odds of ICU admission in COVID-19 patients with CVD. Investigating and monitoring these factors could assist in the risk stratification of COVID-19 patients with CVD at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- 1Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yibo Quan
- 1Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Lei
- 2Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Riguang Liu
- 1Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuguang Qin
- 1Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- 1Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwen Zhao
- 1Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Yu
- 1Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuping Yang
- 2Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Cao
- 1Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Luo W, Zhang JW, Zhang W, Lin YL, Wang Q. Circulating levels of IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and C-reactive protein are not associated with severity of COVID-19 symptoms. J Med Virol 2020; 93:89-91. [PMID: 32519779 PMCID: PMC7300996 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jia-Wen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuan-Long Lin
- Department of Infection, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Li G, Deng Q, Feng J, Li F, Xiong N, He Q. Clinical Characteristics of Diabetic Patients with COVID-19. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:1652403. [PMID: 32851093 PMCID: PMC7436283 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1652403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since December 2019, novel coronavirus- (SARS-CoV-2) infected pneumonia (COVID-19) has rapidly spread throughout China. This study is aimed at describing the characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan. METHODS 199 COVID-19 patients were admitted to Wuhan Red Cross Hospital in China from January 24th to March 15th. The cases were divided into diabetic and nondiabetic groups according to the history of taking antidiabetic drugs or by plasma fasting blood glucose level at admission, and the difference between groups were compared. RESULTS Among 199 COVID-19 patients, 76 were diabetic and 123 were nondiabetic. Compared with nondiabetics, patients with diabetes had an older age, high levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), D-dimer, white blood cell, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total bilirubin (TBIL), lower levels of lymphocyte, albumin and oxygen saturation (SaO2), and higher mortality (P < 0.05). The two groups showed no difference in clinical symptoms. Diabetes, higher level of D-dimer at admission, and lymphocyte count less than 0.6 × 109/L at admission were associated with increasing odds of death. Antidiabetic drugs were associated with decreasing odds of death. Treatment with low molecular weight heparin was not related to odds of death. CONCLUSION The mortality rate of COVID-19 patients with diabetes was significantly higher than those without diabetes. Diabetes, higher level of D-dimer, and lymphocyte count less than 0.6 × 109/L at admission were the risk factors associated with in-hospital death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Red Cross Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Red Cross Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Red Cross Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Red Cross Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Red Cross Hospital, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Red Cross Hospital, Wuhan, China
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Lei M, Lin K, Pi Y, Huang X, Fan L, Huang J, Liu R, Liu L, Shao X, Hu K, Yang L, Qin S, He F. Clinical Features and Risk Factors of ICU Admission for COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:5237840. [PMID: 33381599 PMCID: PMC7755491 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5237840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have focused on the general population. However, diabetes (DM) as one of the most common comorbidities is rarely studied in detail. This study is aimed at describing clinical characteristics and determining risk factors of ICU admission for COVID-19 patients with DM. METHODS Data were extracted from 288 adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital. Demographic characteristics, laboratory results, radiographic findings, complications, and treatments were collected and compared between DM and non-DM groups. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors associated with ICU admission for COVID-19 patients with DM or non-DM. RESULTS COVID-19 patients with DM showed as older ages, higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), myoglobin, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST). They were also more prone to transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) for treatment. Multiple regression analysis showed that the following were the independent risk factors for COVID-19 patients with DM that received ICU admission: each 1-year increase in age (odds ratio (OR), 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13; P = 0.007), respiratory rate over 24 times per minute (OR, 5.22; 95% CI, 2.26-16.58; P = 0.016), HbA1c greater than 7% (OR, 4.58; 95% CI, 1.82-10.55; P = 0.012), and AST higher than 40 U/L (OR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.58-8.85; P = 0.022). In addition, each 1-year increase in age (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.10; P = 0.006), diarrhea (OR, 4.62; 95% CI, 2.01-9.36; P = 0.022), respiratory rate over 24 times per minute (OR, 5.13; 95% CI, 1.18-16.82; P = 0.035), CRP greater than 10 mg/L (OR, 5.19; 95% CI, 1.37-13.25, P = 0.009), and TnI higher than 0.03 μg/L (OR, 6.48; 95% CI, 1.17-21.38; P = 0.036) were risk factors for ICU admission of COVID-19 patients with non-DM. CONCLUSIONS The older age, respiratory rate over 24 times per minute, HbA1c greater than 7%, and AST higher than 40 U/L were risk factors of ICU admission for COVID-19 patients with diabetes. Investigating and monitoring these factors could assist in the risk stratification of COVID-19 patients with DM at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kashuai Lin
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoqiu Pi
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomei Huang
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixin Fan
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Riguang Liu
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinning Shao
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyuan Hu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuping Yang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuguang Qin
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng He
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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