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Xu Z, Yang HH, Chen HZ, Huang BZ, Yang M, Liao ZH, Xiao BQ, Chen HQ, Ran J. ZEB1 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Endometrial Epithelial Cells and Plays a Critical Role in Embryo Implantation in Mice. Reprod Sci 2024:10.1007/s43032-024-01646-0. [PMID: 39218837 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in carcinogenesis, but its role in embryo implantation has not yet been well studied. In the present study we evaluated the hypothesis that ZEB1-induced EMT is essential for embryo implantation in vivo. Endometrial epithelium from female Kunming mice (non-pregnant, and pregnant from day 2.5 to 6.5) were collected for assessment of mRNA/protein expression of ZEB1, and EMT markers E-cadherin and vimentin, by employment of real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining. To test if knockdown of ZEB1 affects embryo implantation in vivo, mice received intrauterine injection of shZEB1 before the number of embryos implanted was counted. The results showed that, ZEB1 was highly expressed at both mRNA and protein levels in the mouse endometrium on day 4.5 of pregnancy, paralleled with down-regulated E-cadherin and up-regulated vimentin expression (P < 0.05). Intrauterine injection of shZEB1 markedly suppressed embryo implantation in mice (P < 0.01). Conclusively, the present work demonstrated that ZEB1 is essential for embryo implantation under in vivo condition, and is possibly due to its effect on modulation of endometrial receptivity through EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, PR China
| | - Huan-Huan Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, PR China
| | - Hou-Zhi Chen
- Duke Kunshan University, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Bi-Zhen Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, PR China
| | - Zhen-Hua Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, PR China
| | - Bi-Qing Xiao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, PR China
| | - Hong-Qin Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jing Ran
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, PR China.
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, PR China.
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Sanguedolce F, Falagario UG, Zanelli M, Palicelli A, Zizzo M, Ascani S, Tortorella S, Busetto GM, Cormio A, Carrieri G, Cormio L. Prognostic Value of P63 Expression in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer and Association with Molecular Subtypes-Preliminary Report. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2456-2467. [PMID: 38534771 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for biomarkers that could reliably predict the outcome of BC and that could guide the management of this disease. In this setting, we aimed to explore the prognostic value of the transcription factor P63 in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) having undergone radical cystectomy. The correlation between P63 expression and clinicopathological features (tumor stage, nodes involvement, patterns of muscularis propria invasion, papillary architecture, anaplasia, concomitant carcinoma in situ, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, necrosis) and molecular subtyping (basal and luminal type tumors) was tested in 65 radical cystectomy specimens and matched with cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). P63-negative tumors displayed significantly higher rates of pattern 2 of muscularis propria invasion (50% vs. 14%, p = 0.002) and variant histology (45% vs. 19%, p = 0.022) compared to P63-positive ones. According to the combined expression of CK5/6 and CK20 (Algorithm #1), P63-positive and P63-negative tumors were mostly basal-like and double-negative, respectively (p = 0.004). Using Algorithm #2, based on the combined expression of CK5/6 and GATA3, the vast majority of tumors were luminal overall and in each group (p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in CSS and OS between P63-positive and P63-negative tumors, but the former featured a trend towards longer OS. Though associated with pathological features harboring negative prognostic potential, P63 status as such failed to predict CSS and OS. That said, it may contribute to better molecular subtyping of MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugo Giovanni Falagario
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Policlinico Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Magda Zanelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Palicelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zizzo
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Ascani
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Simona Tortorella
- Pathology Unit, Policlinico Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Busetto
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Policlinico Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Angelo Cormio
- Urology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Di Ancona, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrieri
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Policlinico Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Cormio
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Policlinico Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Department of Urology, Bonomo Teaching Hospital, 76123 Andria, Italy
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Deng Y, Fu Y, Chua SL, Khoo BL. Biofilm Potentiates Cancer-Promoting Effects of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in a 3D Multi-Faceted Tumor Model. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205904. [PMID: 36748304 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), influence tumor progression. The specific polarization and phenotypic transition of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment lead to two-pronged impacts that can promote or hinder cancer development and treatment. Here, a novel microfluidic multi-faceted bladder tumor model (TAMPIEB ) is developed incorporating TAMs and cancer cells to evaluate the impact of bacterial distribution on immunomodulation within the tumor microenvironment in vivo. It is demonstrated for the first time that biofilm-induced inflammatory conditions within tumors promote the transition of macrophages from a pro-inflammatory M1-like to an anti-inflammatory/pro-tumor M2-like state. Consequently, multiple roles and mechanisms by which biofilms promote cancer by inducing pro-tumor phenotypic switch of TAMs are identified, including cancer hallmarks such as reducing susceptibility to apoptosis, enhancing cell viability, and promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Furthermore, biofilms formed by extratumoral bacteria can shield tumors from immune attack by TAMs, which can be visualized through various imaging assays in situ. The study sheds light on the underlying mechanism of biofilm-mediated inflammation on tumor progression and provides new insights into combined anti-biofilm therapy and immunotherapy strategies in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yatian Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, Kowloon, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, Kowloon, 999077, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
- Research Centre for Deep Space Explorations (RCDSE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, Kowloon, 999077, China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen-Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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Lai YH, Liu WL, Lee TY, Kuo CW, Liu YR, Huang CY, Chen YH, Chen IL, Wu SH, Wang SC, Lee PY, Liu CC, Lo J, Chang YC, Kuo HF, Hsieh CC, Li CY, Liu PL. Magnolol regulates miR-200c-3p to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition and retinoblastoma progression by modulating the ZEB1/E-cadherin axis in vitro and in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 110:154597. [PMID: 36603340 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma, the most common pediatric intraocular malignancy, can develop during embryogenesis, with most children being diagnosed at 3-4 years of age. Multimodal therapies are typically associated with high levels of cytotoxicity and side effects. Therefore, the development of novel treatments with minimal side effects is crucial. Magnolol has a significant anti-tumor effect on various cancers. However, its antitumor effect on retinoblastoma remains unclear. PURPOSE The study aimed to determine the effects of magnolol on the regulation of EMT, migration, invasion, and cancer progression in retinoblastoma and the modulation of miR-200c-3p expression and the Wnt/ zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1)/E-cadherin axis in vivo and in vitro. METHODS The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay was used to evaluate magnolol-induced cell toxicity in the Y79 retinoblastoma cell line. Flow cytometry and immunostaining assays were performed to investigate the magnolol-regulated mitochondrial membrane potential and the intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels in Y79 retinoblastoma cells. Orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft experiments were performed in eight-week-old male null mice to study retinoblastoma progression and metastasis. In situ hybridization and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays were performed to evaluate the level of the anti-cancer miRNA miR-200c-3p. The mRNA and protein levels of E-cadherin, β-catenin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin-1, and ZEB1 were analyzed using RT-qPCR, immunoblot, immunocytochemistry, and immunohistochemistry assays in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Magnolol increased E-cadherin levels and reduced the activation of the EMT signaling pathway, EMT, tumor growth, metastasis, and cancer progression in the Y79 retinoblastoma cell line as well as in the orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft animal models. Furthermore, magnolol increased the expression of miR-200c-3p. Our results demonstrate that miRNA-200c-3p inhibits EMT progression through the Wnt16/β-catenin/ZEB1/E-cadherin axis, and the ZEB1 silencing response shows that miR-200c-3p regulates ZEB1-mediated EMT in retinoblastoma. CONCLUSION Magnolol has an antitumor effect by increasing E-cadherin and miRNA-200c-3p expression to regulate ZEB1-mediated EMT and cancer progression in retinoblastoma. The anti-tumor effect of magnolol by increasing E-cadherin and miRNA-200c-3p expression to regulate ZEB1-mediated EMT and cancer progression in retinoblastoma has been elucidated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Liu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying Lee
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wen Kuo
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ru Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Chen
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hui Wu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chi Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Jung Lo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Fu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Chao Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Len Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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Khalil H, Hammam OA, Kamel A. Detection of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Markers in High Grade Bladder Cancer and Special Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:2079-2087. [PMID: 35763651 PMCID: PMC9587820 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.6.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transitional cell carcinoma is considered the most predominant type of bladder cancer. Bladder can cer can also be found as squamous cell carcinoma that accounts for 5% of the total bladder cancer due to its etiology. The biomarkers associated with grade, prognosis, and stage of the disease are not well proved and known however, many studies have pointed to the association between SNAL/SLUG and Twist2 to the overall survival in patients with bladder cancer. These biomarkers were found to have a crucial role in inhibiting cadherin mediators specifically E-cadherin which are found normally in high level to integrate cell adhesion and normal function of the bladder. This research aims to detect SNAL/SLUG and Twist2 biomarkers in specimens of patients with bladder cancer and to detect their impact on E-cadherin, a tumor suppressor mediator responsible for improving survival and prevent metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using 150 archival tissue blocks from human bladder cancer cases to detect expression of SNAIL/SLUG and Twist2 in relation to loss of E-cadherin by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS Our results have revealed that in squamous cell carcinoma 40 specimens showed marked Twist 2 expression, and 30 specimens showed marked snail/slug biomarkers expression while poorly differentiated cancer cases showed marked expression of Twist 2 in 60 specimens and marked expression of Snail/slug marked expression in 50 specimens. Both were associated with E-cadherin loss. Among the 100 specimens with transitional cell carcinoma, 70 specimens showed divergent differentiation with 7 subtypes each showed different medium to high expression of Snail/Slug and Twist 2 biomarkers with the loss of E-cadherin. E-cadherin was strongly associated with the inverse increase in SNAL/SLUG and Twist2 biomarkers in urothelial carcinoma. CONCLUSION Detection of SNAIL/SLUG and Twist 2 biomarkers in urothelial cancer is an important predictor for the loss of E-cadherin, a cornerstone in urinary bladder cell adhesion and its loss in urothelial carcinoma may contribute to cancer invasion and poor prognosis. <br />.
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Takahashi H, Oshi M, Yan L, Endo I, Takabe K. Gastric cancer with enhanced apical junction pathway has increased metastatic potential and worse clinical outcomes. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:2146-2159. [PMID: 35693068 PMCID: PMC9185607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive intercellular connection at confluency may be limiting further cell growth or a sign of aggressive biology in the cell culture. As apical junction complex is a main component of cell-to-cell connection, we aimed to investigate gastric cancer biology using Apical Junction Pathway score that we generated using Gene set variant analysis (GSVA) of the "Hallmark Apical Junction" gene set. 1,239 gastric cancer patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and two GSE cohorts were included in this study. The cohorts were dichotomized using the median of the score. Apical Junction Pathway score high gastric cancer was not consistently associated with increased cell proliferation or immune cell infiltration. On the other hand, Apical Junction Pathway score high gastric cancer was associated with significantly higher infiltration of stromal cells, such as endothelial cells; hence, increased neovascularization and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment (TME) were speculated. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) confirmed increased expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis in the high Apical Junction Pathway score group (false discovery rate (FDR) <0.25). Lastly, the high Apical Junction Pathway score group was associated with more aggressive clinicopathological characteristics, such as significantly higher American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) T-category and higher pathological stage, leading to worse disease-specific survival and overall survival (P<0.05, respectively). In conclusion, enhanced Apical Junction Pathway score gastric cancer was associated with aggressive clinical characteristics leading to shorter survival likely due to increased metastatic potential from EMT and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Takahashi
- Department of SurgeryMount Sinai South Nassau, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterNY, USA
| | - Masanori Oshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterNY, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterNY, USA
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterNY, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata, Japan
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, the State University of New YorkBuffalo, NY, USA
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Cadherin switches during epithelial-mesenchymal transition: CDH4/RCAD downregulation reduces bladder cancer progression. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:135-149. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Fernandez-Ferreira R, Dorantes-Heredia R, Motola-Kuba D, Ruiz-Morales JM, Alvarado-Luna G, Kinney-Novelo IM, Munoz-Montano WR, Fuentes-Calvo KJ. Epithelial-Cadherin Expression Is Associated With Better Recurrence-Free and Overall Survival in Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer in Mexican Women. World J Oncol 2022; 12:214-224. [PMID: 35059081 PMCID: PMC8734502 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are different clinicopathological characteristics that are associated with the prognosis in patients with breast cancer. To date, the prognostic valor of for epithelial cadherin (E cadherin) expression in invasive lobular breast cancer remains unknown. Methods A retrospective single-center study that included 207 patients with primary invasive lobular breast cancer was conducted. The primary outcome was to report the correlation of the different clinical pathological characteristics including the expression of epithelial-cadherin (E-cadherin) in invasive lobular breast cancer in Mexican women with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Results After 11 years of follow-up of patients with invasive lobular breast cancer, RFS was 89.4% and OS of 96.1%. The best prognosis in RFS was in patients with negative nodes 95.2% (P = 0.0001) and OS was 98.6-100% (P = 0.0001). Regarding tumor size, an RFS of 98.3% was observed in those measuring ≤ 2 cm (P = 0.0001) and OS of 99.2% (P = 0.0001). Negative Her2 was related to an RFS of 92.1% (P = 0.0001), and had better OS of 98.3% (P = 0.0001). Ki67 proliferation index ≤ 14% was associated with an RFS of 93.2% (P = 0.005). Negative lymph vascular invasion (LVI) increases the RFS of 91.8% (P = 0.032). The rate of positive expression of E-cadherin was associated with an increase in the RFS of 97.4%, with a mean of 128.6 ± 2.4 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 123.75 - 133.45 months) compared to the absence of expression E-cadherin: signal log ratio (SLR) 68.9%, a mean of 95 ± 6 months (95% CI: 83.28 - 106.88 months), P <0.001. When the OS was analyzed, the presence of E-cadherin expression increased the OS of 100% vs. 86.9% with the absence, P = 0.015. Conclusions The prognostic impact of the different clinicopathological characteristics known worldwide was confirmed. Results of the analysis in the presented study indicate that positive expression of E-cadherin correlates with an improvement in OS and RFS in invasive lobular breast cancer in Mexican women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Fernandez-Ferreira
- Oncology Medicine Department, Comprehensive Oncology Center "Diana Laura Riojas de Colosio", Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rita Dorantes-Heredia
- Service of Anatomical Pathology, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Motola-Kuba
- Oncology Medicine Department, Comprehensive Oncology Center "Diana Laura Riojas de Colosio", Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose-Manuel Ruiz-Morales
- Oncology Medicine Department, Comprehensive Oncology Center "Diana Laura Riojas de Colosio", Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Alvarado-Luna
- Oncology Medicine Department, Comprehensive Oncology Center "Diana Laura Riojas de Colosio", Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ileana Mac Kinney-Novelo
- Oncology Medicine Department, Comprehensive Oncology Center "Diana Laura Riojas de Colosio", Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Wendy-Rossemary Munoz-Montano
- Oncology Medicine Department, Comprehensive Oncology Center "Diana Laura Riojas de Colosio", Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kevin-Joseph Fuentes-Calvo
- Oncology Medicine Department, Comprehensive Oncology Center "Diana Laura Riojas de Colosio", Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
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Oshi M, Gandhi S, Tokumaru Y, Yan L, Yamada A, Matsuyama R, Ishikawa T, Endo I, Takabe K. Conflicting roles of EGFR expression by subtypes in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5094-5110. [PMID: 34765314 PMCID: PMC8569361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the receptors that belong to the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbBs). Several malignancies including breast cancer that express EGFR have poor prognosis. Our study examined the EGFR expression among 5176 breast cancer patients from GSE96058 and METABRIC cohorts and the contribution of tumor immune microenvironment in different subtypes. We found that among different breast cancer subtypes, EGFR expression in TNBC was the highest compared to other subtypes. EGFR high ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer had significantly higher survival compared to EGFR low ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer. It was also associated with high level of intratumor heterogeneity and homologous recombination defects (HRD). This group was also enriched in immune-related gene sets. On the other hand, low EGFR tumor was enriched in cell proliferation-related gene sets. However, these findings were not observed in TNBC. Interestingly, there was a greater infiltration of anti-cancer immune cells in high EGFR ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancers, while, TNBC with higher EGFR expression had lower fraction of immune cells along with low level of cytolytic activity. Tumor cells have significantly higher EGFR expression compared to immune cells in single cell sequencing data. There was higher expression of immune checkpoint molecules in high EGFR ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer but lower expression in TNBC. High EGFR metastatic tumor was significantly associated with worse survival, but no association with infiltrating immune cells was observed. Our study shows that higher EGFR expression in ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer is associated with improved outcomes and an anti-cancer immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Oshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shipra Gandhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterElm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Akimitsu Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterElm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New YorkBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
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10
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Kusmardi K, Wiyarta E, Rusdi NK, Maulana AM, Estuningtyas A, Sunaryo H. The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1. F1000Res 2021; 10:902. [PMID: 34691393 PMCID: PMC8506221 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.55385.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Research in natural substances for their anticancer potential has become increasingly popular. Lunasin, a soybean protein, is known to inhibit cancer progression via various pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lunasin Extract (LE) on the expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and epithelial cadherins (E-Cadherin) in breast cancer. Methods: In this true-experimental in vivo study, 24 Sprague-Dawley rats that were induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), were used. Based on the therapy given, the groups were divided into, normal, positive control (PC), negative control (NC), adjuvant, curative, and preventive. Lunasin was extracted from soybean seeds of the Grobogan variety in Indonesia. Tissue samples were obtained, processed, stained with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-E-Cadherin antibodies, examined under a microscope, and quantified using H-score. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, which was then followed by Duncan's test. Results: Statistically significant difference in ICAM-1 expression was observed between the following groups: adjuvant and NC, normal and NC, PC and NC, adjuvant and preventive, normal and preventive, PC and preventive, adjuvant and curative, normal and curative, PC and curative. E-Cadherin expression was significantly different between preventive and NC, adjuvant and NC, PC and NC, normal and NC, adjuvant and curative, PC and curative, normal and curative, normal and preventive. Significant negative correlation was found between ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin [-0.616 (-0.8165; -0.283)] with p = 0.001. Conclusion: Preventive dose of LE was able to reduce ICAM-1 expression while increasing E-Cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusmardi Kusmardi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Drug Development Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Human Cancer Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Elvan Wiyarta
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Numlil Khaira Rusdi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka, Limau II Street, Jakarta, 12130, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Andi Muh. Maulana
- Doctoral Program for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Purwakarta, KH. Ahmad Dahlan Street, Central Java, 53182, Indonesia
| | - Ari Estuningtyas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Hadi Sunaryo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka, Limau II Street, Jakarta, 12130, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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11
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Chong ZX, Yeap SK, Ho WY. Unraveling the roles of miRNAs in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in osteosarcoma. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105818. [PMID: 34400316 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most prevalent primary bone tumors with a high metastatic and recurrence rate with poor prognosis. MiRNAs are short and non-coding RNAs that could regulate various cellular activities and one of them is the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Osteosarcoma cells that have undergone EMT would lose their cellular polarity and acquire invasive and metastatic characteristics. Our literature search showed that many pre-clinical and clinical studies have reported the roles of miRNAs in modulating the EMT process in osteosarcoma and compared to other cancers like breast cancer, there is a lack of review article which effectively summarizes the various roles of EMT-regulating miRNAs in osteosarcoma. This review, therefore, was aimed to discuss and summarize the EMT-promoting and EMT-suppressing roles of different miRNAs in osteosarcoma. The review would begin with the discussion on the concepts and principles of EMT, followed by the exploration of the diverse roles of EMT-regulating miRNAs in osteosarcoma. Subsequently, the potential use of miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers in osteosarcoma to predict the likelihood of metastases and as therapeutic agents would be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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12
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ZEB2 facilitates peritoneal metastasis by regulating the invasiveness and tumorigenesis of cancer stem-like cells in high-grade serous ovarian cancers. Oncogene 2021; 40:5131-5141. [PMID: 34211089 PMCID: PMC8363099 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is a common issue in the progression of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs), yet the underlying mechanism remains unconfirmed. We demonstrated that ZEB2, the transcription factor of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), was upregulated in ascites cells from HGSOC patients and in CD133+ cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) from epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cell lines. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of ZEB2 in EOC cells decreased the percentage of CSLCs and reduced the colony forming potential, cell invasion capacity and expression of pluripotent genes Oct4 and Nanog. Inhibition of ZEB2 also induced cellular apoptosis and impacted the tumorigenicity of ovarian CSLCs. The mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin were downregulated, while the epithelial marker E-cadherin was upregulated after ZEB2 knockdown. MiR-200a, a molecule that downregulates ZEB2, had the opposite effect of ZEB2 expression in EOC-CSLCs. A retrospective study of 98 HGSOC patients on the relationship of ascites volume, pelvic and abdominal metastasis, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and the malignant involvement of abdominal organs and lymph nodes was performed. Patients with high expression of ZEB2 in tumour tissues had a higher metastasis rate and a poorer prognosis than those with low expression. The parameters of ZEB2 expression and ascites volume were strongly linked with the prognostic outcome of HGSOC patients and had higher hazard ratios. These findings illustrated that ZEB2 facilitates the invasive metastasis of EOC-CSLCs and can predict peritoneal metastasis and a poor prognosis in HGSOC patients.
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TP63 basal cells are indispensable during endoderm differentiation into proximal airway cells on acellular lung scaffolds. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:12. [PMID: 33674599 PMCID: PMC7935966 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of decellularized whole-organ scaffolds for bioengineering of organs is a promising avenue to circumvent the shortage of donor organs for transplantation. However, recellularization of acellular scaffolds from multicellular organs like the lung with a variety of different cell types remains a challenge. Multipotent cells could be an ideal cell source for recellularization. Here we investigated the hierarchical differentiation process of multipotent ES-derived endoderm cells into proximal airway epithelial cells on acellular lung scaffolds. The first cells to emerge on the scaffolds were TP63+ cells, followed by TP63+/KRT5+ basal cells, and finally multi-ciliated and secretory airway epithelial cells. TP63+/KRT5+ basal cells on the scaffolds simultaneously expressed KRT14, like basal cells involved in airway repair after injury. Removal of TP63 by CRISPR/Cas9 in the ES cells halted basal and airway cell differentiation on the scaffolds. These findings suggest that differentiation of ES-derived endoderm cells into airway cells on decellularized lung scaffolds proceeds via TP63+ basal cell progenitors and tracks a regenerative repair pathway. Understanding the process of differentiation is key for choosing the cell source for repopulation of a decellularized organ scaffold. Our data support the use of airway basal cells for repopulating the airway side of an acellular lung scaffold.
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14
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Lobo J, Monteiro-Reis S, Guimarães-Teixeira C, Lopes P, Carneiro I, Jerónimo C, Henrique R. Practicability of clinical application of bladder cancer molecular classification and additional value of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: prognostic value of vimentin expression. J Transl Med 2020; 18:303. [PMID: 32758253 PMCID: PMC7405371 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02475-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BlCa) taxonomy has proved its impact in patient outcome and selection for targeted therapies, but such transcriptomic-based classification has not yet translated to routine practice. Moreover, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has shown relevance in acquisition of more aggressive BlCa phenotype. We aimed to test the usefulness of the molecular classification, as defined by immunohistochemistry (a routinely performed and easy-to-implement technique), in a well-defined BlCa cohort of both non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle invasive (MIBC) disease. Also, we aimed to assess the additional prognostic value of the mesenchymal marker vimentin to the stratification strategy. METHODS A total of 186 samples were available. Immunohistochemistry/RT-qPCR for luminal markers GATA3/FOXA1, basal markers KRT5/KRT6A and vimentin were performed. RESULTS mRNA expression levels of the markers positively correlated with immunoexpression scores. We found substantial overlapping in immunoexpression of luminal and basal markers, evidencing tumor heterogeneity. In MIBC, basal tumors developed recurrence more frequently. NMIBC patients with higher vimentin immunoexpression endured poorer disease-free survival, and increased expression was observed from normal bladder-NMIBC-MIBC-metastases. CONCLUSIONS The classification has the potential to be implemented in routine, but further adjustments in practical scoring should be defined; focusing on additional markers, including those related to EMT, may further refine BlCa molecular taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lobo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Monteiro-Reis
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Guimarães-Teixeira
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Lopes
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isa Carneiro
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513, Porto, Portugal.
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