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Reid M, Lin A, Farhat LC, Fernandez TV, Olfson E. The genetics of trichotillomania and excoriation disorder: A systematic review. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 133:152506. [PMID: 38833896 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichotillomania (TTM) and excoriation disorder (ED) are impairing obsessive-compulsive related disorders that are common in the general population and for which there are no clear first-line medications, highlighting the need to better understand the underlying biology of these disorders to inform treatments. Given the importance of genetics in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), evaluating genetic factors underlying TTM and ED may advance knowledge about the pathophysiology of these body-focused repetitive behaviors. AIM In this systematic review, we summarize the available evidence on the genetics of TTM and ED and highlight gaps in the field warranting further research. METHOD We systematically searched Embase, PsycInfo, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science for original studies in genetic epidemiology (family or twin studies) and molecular genetics (candidate gene and genome-wide) published up to June 2023. RESULTS Of the 3536 records identified, 109 studies were included in this review. These studies indicated that genetic factors play an important role in the development of TTM and ED, some of which may be shared across the OCD spectrum, but there are no known high-confidence specific genetic risk factors for either TTM or ED. CONCLUSIONS Our review underscores the need for additional genome-wide research conducted on the genetics of TTM and ED, for instance, genome-wide association and whole-genome/whole-exome DNA sequencing studies. Recent advances in genomics have led to the discovery of risk genes in several psychiatric disorders, including related conditions such as OCD, but to date, TTM and ED have remained understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Reid
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; The University of the South, USA
| | - Ashley Lin
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luis C Farhat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas V Fernandez
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily Olfson
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Zhang YD, Shi DD, Wang Z. Neurobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder from Genes to Circuits: Insights from Animal Models. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01252-9. [PMID: 38982026 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, severe psychiatric disorder that has been ranked by the World Health Organization as one of the leading causes of illness-related disability, and first-line interventions are limited in efficacy and have side-effect issues. However, the exact pathophysiology underlying this complex, heterogeneous disorder remains unknown. This scenario is now rapidly changing due to the advancement of powerful technologies that can be used to verify the function of the specific gene and dissect the neural circuits underlying the neurobiology of OCD in rodents. Genetic and circuit-specific manipulation in rodents has provided important insights into the neurobiology of OCD by identifying the molecular, cellular, and circuit events that induce OCD-like behaviors. This review will highlight recent progress specifically toward classic genetic animal models and advanced neural circuit findings, which provide theoretical evidence for targeted intervention on specific molecular, cellular, and neural circuit events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Dong-Dong Shi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201108, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201108, China.
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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3
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Mondragón-González SL, Schreiweis C, Burguière E. Closed-loop recruitment of striatal interneurons prevents compulsive-like grooming behaviors. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1148-1156. [PMID: 38693349 PMCID: PMC11156588 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Compulsive behaviors have been associated with striatal hyperactivity. Parvalbumin-positive striatal interneurons (PVIs) in the striatum play a crucial role in regulating striatal activity and suppressing prepotent inappropriate actions. To investigate the potential role of striatal PVIs in regulating compulsive behaviors, we assessed excessive self-grooming-a behavioral metric of compulsive-like behavior-in male Sapap3 knockout mice (Sapap3-KO). Continuous optogenetic activation of PVIs in striatal areas receiving input from the lateral orbitofrontal cortex reduced self-grooming events in Sapap3-KO mice to wild-type levels. Aiming to shorten the critical time window for PVI recruitment, we then provided real-time closed-loop optogenetic stimulation of striatal PVIs, using a transient power increase in the 1-4 Hz frequency band in the orbitofrontal cortex as a predictive biomarker of grooming onsets. Targeted closed-loop stimulation at grooming onsets was as effective as continuous stimulation in reducing grooming events but required 87% less stimulation time, paving the way for adaptive stimulation therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirenia Lizbeth Mondragón-González
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Schreiweis
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Burguière
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Robbins TW, Banca P, Belin D. From compulsivity to compulsion: the neural basis of compulsive disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:313-333. [PMID: 38594324 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Compulsive behaviour, an apparently irrational perseveration in often maladaptive acts, is a potential transdiagnostic symptom of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction, and may reflect the severe manifestation of a dimensional trait termed compulsivity. In this Review, we examine the psychological basis of compulsions and compulsivity and their underlying neural circuitry using evidence from human neuroimaging and animal models. Several main elements of this circuitry are identified, focused on fronto-striatal systems implicated in goal-directed behaviour and habits. These systems include the orbitofrontal, prefrontal, anterior cingulate and insular cortices and their connections with the basal ganglia as well as sensoriomotor and parietal cortices and cerebellum. We also consider the implications for future classification of impulsive-compulsive disorders and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Paula Banca
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Belin
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Pickenhan L, Milton AL. Opening new vistas on obsessive-compulsive disorder with the observing response task. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 24:249-265. [PMID: 38316708 PMCID: PMC11039534 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a highly prevalent and debilitating disorder, is incompletely understood in terms of underpinning behavioural, psychological, and neural mechanisms. This is attributable to high symptomatic heterogeneity; cardinal features comprise obsessions and compulsions, including clinical subcategories. While obsessive and intrusive thoughts are arguably unique to humans, dysfunctional behaviours analogous to those seen in clinical OCD have been examined in nonhuman animals. Genetic, ethological, pharmacological, and neurobehavioural approaches all contribute to understanding the emergence and persistence of compulsive behaviour. One behaviour of particular interest is maladaptive checking, whereby human patients excessively perform checking rituals despite these serving no purpose. Dysfunctional and excessive checking is the most common symptom associated with OCD and can be readily operationalised in rodents. This review considers animal models of OCD, the neural circuitries associated with impairments in habit-based and goal-directed behaviour, and how these may link to the compulsions observed in OCD. We further review the Observing Response Task (ORT), an appetitive instrumental learning procedure that distinguishes between functional and dysfunctional checking, with translational application in humans and rodents. By shedding light on the psychological and neural bases of compulsive-like checking, the ORT has potential to offer translational insights into the underlying mechanisms of OCD, in addition to being a platform for testing psychological and neurochemical treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Pickenhan
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Amy L Milton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
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Gattuso JJ, Wilson C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T. Acute administration of the NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and MK-801 reveals dysregulation of glutamatergic signalling and sensorimotor gating in the Sapap3 knockout mouse model of compulsive-like behaviour. Neuropharmacology 2023; 239:109689. [PMID: 37597609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterised by excessive intrusive thoughts that may cause an individual to engage in compulsive behaviours. Frontline pharmacological treatments (i.e., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)) leave approximately 40% of patients refractory to treatment. To investigate the possibility of novel pharmacological therapies for OCD, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying its pathology, we used the Sapap3 knockout (KO) mouse model of OCD, which exhibits increased anxiety and compulsive grooming behaviours. Firstly, we investigated whether administration of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine (30 mg/kg), would reduce anxiety and grooming behaviour in Sapap3 KO mice. Anxiety-like behaviour was measured via time spent in the light component of the light-dark box test. Grooming behaviour was recorded and scored in freely moving mice. In line with previous works conducted in older animals (i.e. typically between 6 and 9 months of age), we confirmed here that Sapap3 KO mice exhibit an anxious, compulsive grooming, hypolocomotive and reduced body weight phenotype even at a younger age (i.e., 2-3 months of age). However, we found that acute administration of ketamine did not cause a reduction in anxiety or grooming behaviour. We then investigated in vivo glutamatergic function via the administration of a different NMDAR antagonist, MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg), prior to locomotion and prepulse inhibition assays. We found evidence of altered functional NMDAR activity, as well as sexually dimorphic prepulse inhibition, a measure of sensorimotor gating, in Sapap3 KO mice. These results are suggestive of in vivo glutamatergic dysfunction and their functional consequences, enabling future research to further investigate novel treatments for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Gattuso
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Carey Wilson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Shivakumar AB, Kumari S, Mehak SF, Gangadharan G. Compulsive-like Behaviors in Amyloid-β 1-42-Induced Alzheimer's Disease in Mice Are Associated With Hippocampo-cortical Neural Circuit Dysfunction. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:773-784. [PMID: 37881551 PMCID: PMC10593884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to memory deficits, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) experience neuropsychiatric disturbances. Recent studies have suggested the association of obsessive-compulsive disorder with the early stages of AD. However, there is a lack of understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of compulsive-like behaviors at the neuronal circuit level and their relationship with AD. Methods We have addressed this issue in an amyloid-β 1-42-induced mouse model of AD by studying compulsive-like behaviors. Next, we compared the hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) local field potential pattern and coherence between these regions of control and AD mice. We also assessed the expression pattern of acetylcholine and glutamatergic signaling in these regions, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Our findings show that AD mice exhibit compulsive-like behaviors, as evidenced by enhanced marble burying, nest building, and burrowing. Furthermore, AD mice exhibited hippocampo-cortical circuit dysfunction demonstrated by decreased power of rhythmic oscillations at the theta (4-12 Hz) and gamma (25-50 Hz) frequencies in the hippocampus and mPFC, two functionally interconnected brain regions involved both in AD and compulsive behaviors. Importantly, coherence between the hippocampus and mPFC in the theta band of AD animals was significantly reduced. Furthermore, we found reduced cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus and mPFC of AD mice. Conclusions We conclude that the hippocampo-cortical functional alterations may play a significant role in mediating the compulsive-like behaviors observed in AD mice. These findings may help in understanding the underlying circuit mechanisms of obsessive-compulsive disorder-like phenotypes associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Bettagere Shivakumar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sparsha Kumari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sonam Fathima Mehak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Gireesh Gangadharan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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The Sapap3 -/- mouse reconsidered as a comorbid model expressing a spectrum of pathological repetitive behaviours. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:26. [PMID: 36717540 PMCID: PMC9886949 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptom comorbidity is present amongst neuropsychiatric disorders with repetitive behaviours, complicating clinical diagnosis and impeding appropriate treatments. This is of particular importance for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome. Here, we meticulously analysed the behaviour of Sapap3 knockout mice, the recent rodent model predominantly used to study compulsive-like behaviours, and found that its behaviour is more complex than originally and persistently described. Indeed, we detected previously unreported elements of distinct pathologically repetitive behaviours, which do not form part of rodent syntactic cephalo-caudal self-grooming. These repetitive behaviours include sudden, rapid body and head/body twitches, resembling tic-like movements. We also observed that another type of repetitive behaviour, aberrant hindpaw scratching, might be responsible for the flagship-like skin lesions of this mouse model. In order to characterise the symptomatological nature of observed repetitive behaviours, we pharmacologically challenged these phenotypes by systemic aripiprazole administration, a first-line treatment for tic-like symptoms in Tourette syndrome and trichotillomania. A single treatment of aripiprazole significantly reduced the number of head/body twitches, scratching, and single-phase grooming, but not syntactic grooming events. These observations are in line with the high comorbidity of tic- and compulsive-like symptoms in Tourette, OCD and trichotillomania patients.
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9
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Bai Y, Wang H, Li C. SAPAP Scaffold Proteins: From Synaptic Function to Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233815. [PMID: 36497075 PMCID: PMC9740047 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory (glutamatergic) synaptic transmission underlies many aspects of brain activity and the genesis of normal human behavior. The postsynaptic scaffolding proteins SAP90/PSD-95-associated proteins (SAPAPs), which are abundant components of the postsynaptic density (PSD) at excitatory synapses, play critical roles in synaptic structure, formation, development, plasticity, and signaling. The convergence of human genetic data with recent in vitro and in vivo animal model data indicates that mutations in the genes encoding SAPAP1-4 are associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, and that dysfunction of SAPAP scaffolding proteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and bipolar disorder. Here, we review recent major genetic, epigenetic, molecular, behavioral, electrophysiological, and circuitry studies that have advanced our knowledge by clarifying the roles of SAPAP proteins at the synapses, providing new insights into the mechanistic links to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Bai
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
- Correspondence:
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Walker CD, Sexton HG, Hyde J, Greene B, Risher ML. Diverging Effects of Adolescent Ethanol Exposure on Tripartite Synaptic Development across Prefrontal Cortex Subregions. Cells 2022; 11:3111. [PMID: 36231073 PMCID: PMC9561972 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period that encompasses, but is not limited to, puberty and continues into early adulthood. During this period, maturation and refinement are observed across brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which is critical for cognitive function. Adolescence is also a time when excessive alcohol consumption in the form of binge drinking peaks, increasing the risk of long-term cognitive deficits and the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder later in life. Animal models have revealed that adolescent ethanol (EtOH) exposure results in protracted disruption of neuronal function and performance on PFC-dependent tasks that require higher-order decision-making. However, the role of astrocytes in EtOH-induced disruption of prefrontal cortex-dependent function has yet to be elucidated. Astrocytes have complex morphologies with an extensive network of peripheral astrocyte processes (PAPs) that ensheathe pre- and postsynaptic terminals to form the 'tripartite synapse.' At the tripartite synapse, astrocytes play several critical roles, including synaptic maintenance, dendritic spine maturation, and neurotransmitter clearance through proximity-dependent interactions. Here, we investigate the effects of adolescent binge EtOH exposure on astrocyte morphology, PAP-synaptic proximity, synaptic stabilization proteins, and dendritic spine morphology in subregions of the PFC that are important in the emergence of higher cognitive function. We found that adolescent binge EtOH exposure resulted in subregion specific changes in astrocyte morphology and astrocyte-neuronal interactions. While this did not correspond to a loss of astrocytes, synapses, or dendritic spines, there was a corresponding region-specific and EtOH-dependent shift in dendritic spine phenotype. Lastly, we found that changes in astrocyte-neuronal interactions were not a consequence of changes in the expression of key synaptic structural proteins neurexin, neuroligin 1, or neuroligin 3. These data demonstrate that adolescent EtOH exposure results in enduring effects on neuron-glia interactions that persist into adulthood in a subregion-specific PFC manner, suggesting selective vulnerability. Further work is necessary to understand the functional and behavioral implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Douglas Walker
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Hershel ‘Woody’ Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
| | - Hannah Gray Sexton
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Hershel ‘Woody’ Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
| | - Jentre Hyde
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - Brittani Greene
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - Mary-Louise Risher
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Hershel ‘Woody’ Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
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Schmidt D, English G, Gent TC, Yanik MF, von der Behrens W. Machine learning reveals interhemispheric somatosensory coherence as indicator of anesthetic depth. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:971231. [PMID: 36172256 PMCID: PMC9510780 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.971231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify features in mouse electrocorticogram recordings that indicate the depth of anesthesia as approximated by the administered anesthetic dosage. Anesthetic depth in laboratory animals must be precisely monitored and controlled. However, for the most common lab species (mice) few indicators useful for monitoring anesthetic depth have been established. We used electrocorticogram recordings in mice, coupled with peripheral stimulation, in order to identify features of brain activity modulated by isoflurane anesthesia and explored their usefulness in monitoring anesthetic depth through machine learning techniques. Using a gradient boosting regressor framework we identified interhemispheric somatosensory coherence as the most informative and reliable electrocorticogram feature for determining anesthetic depth, yielding good generalization and performance over many subjects. Knowing that interhemispheric somatosensory coherence indicates the effectively administered isoflurane concentration is an important step for establishing better anesthetic monitoring protocols and closed-loop systems for animal surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schmidt
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (D-ITET), ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gwendolyn English
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (D-ITET), ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas C. Gent
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (D-ITET), ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Anaesthesiology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mehmet Fatih Yanik
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (D-ITET), ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfger von der Behrens
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (D-ITET), ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Wolfger von der Behrens
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Kammen A, Cavaleri J, Lam J, Frank AC, Mason X, Choi W, Penn M, Brasfield K, Van Noppen B, Murray SB, Lee DJ. Neuromodulation of OCD: A review of invasive and non-invasive methods. Front Neurol 2022; 13:909264. [PMID: 36016538 PMCID: PMC9397524 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.909264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Early research into neural correlates of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has focused on individual components, several network-based models have emerged from more recent data on dysfunction within brain networks, including the the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC)-ventromedial caudate, limbic, salience, and default mode networks. Moreover, the interplay between multiple brain networks has been increasingly recognized. As the understanding of the neural circuitry underlying the pathophysiology of OCD continues to evolve, so will too our ability to specifically target these networks using invasive and noninvasive methods. This review discusses the rationale for and theory behind neuromodulation in the treatment of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kammen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonathon Cavaleri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Lam
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Adam C. Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xenos Mason
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wooseong Choi
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marisa Penn
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kaevon Brasfield
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Barbara Van Noppen
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Darrin Jason Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Ketamine increases activity of a fronto-striatal projection that regulates compulsive behavior in SAPAP3 knockout mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6040. [PMID: 34654803 PMCID: PMC8519915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions), is associated with dysfunction in fronto-striatal circuits. There are currently no fast-acting pharmacological treatments for OCD. However, recent clinical studies demonstrated that an intravenous infusion of ketamine rapidly reduces OCD symptoms. To probe mechanisms underlying ketamine’s therapeutic effect on OCD-like behaviors, we used the SAPAP3 knockout (KO) mouse model of compulsive grooming. Here we recapitulate the fast-acting therapeutic effect of ketamine on compulsive behavior, and show that ketamine increases activity of dorsomedial prefrontal neurons projecting to the dorsomedial striatum in KO mice. Optogenetically mimicking this increase in fronto-striatal activity reduced compulsive grooming behavior in KO mice. Conversely, inhibiting this circuit in wild-type mice increased grooming. Finally, we demonstrate that ketamine blocks the exacerbation of grooming in KO mice caused by optogenetically inhibiting fronto-striatal activity. These studies demonstrate that ketamine increases activity in a fronto-striatal circuit that causally controls compulsive grooming behavior, suggesting this circuit may be important for ketamine’s therapeutic effects in OCD. Intravenous infusion of ketamine rapidly reduces obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms. Here, the authors show in mice that ketamine acts by increasing activity in a fronto-striatal circuit that causally controls compulsive grooming behaviour.
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Mitra S, Bult-Ito A. Bidirectional Behavioral Selection in Mice: A Novel Pre-clinical Approach to Examining Compulsivity. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:716619. [PMID: 34566718 PMCID: PMC8458042 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.716619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders (OCRD) is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders with no definitive etiology. The pathophysiological attributes of OCD are driven by a multitude of factors that involve polygenic mechanisms, gender, neurochemistry, physiological status, environmental exposures and complex interactions among these factors. Such complex intertwining of contributing factors imparts clinical heterogeneity to the disorder making it challenging for therapeutic intervention. Mouse strains selected for excessive levels of nest- building behavior exhibit a spontaneous, stable and predictable compulsive-like behavioral phenotype. These compulsive-like mice exhibit heterogeneity in expression of compulsive-like and other adjunct behaviors that might serve as a valuable animal equivalent for examining the interactions of genetics, sex and environmental factors in influencing the pathophysiology of OCD. The current review summarizes the existing findings on the compulsive-like mice that bolster their face, construct and predictive validity for studying various dimensions of compulsive and associated behaviors often reported in clinical OCD and OCRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
- OCRD Biomed LLC, Fairbanks, AK, United States
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Shih CW, Chang CH. Medial or lateral orbitofrontal cortex activation during fear extinction differentially regulates fear renewal. Behav Brain Res 2021; 412:113412. [PMID: 34118296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Some anxiety-related disorders, such as panic disorder, specific phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), develop because of the poor regulation and inappropriate expression of fear-related behavior at the wrong place and wrong time. In clinical settings, exposure therapy, which consists of repeated presentation of trauma-related stimuli without real threats in the therapeutic context, is commonly used to treat these disorders. However, 30-50 % of patients suffer from the recurrence of anxiety symptoms after they leave the therapeutic context. This behavioral phenomenon is called renewal. In this study, ABA Pavlovian fear renewal paradigm was used to assess the role of the aberrant orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activation, a symptom of OCD patients, on fear regulation in laboratory settings. The rats were fear conditioned in one context (context A), extinguished to the tones in another context (context B), and then tested in either context A or B. During extinction, rats were subjected to lateral or medial OFC activation. We found that rats that underwent extinction with either lateral or medial OFC activation were unable to use the context to determine whether it was a safe or dangerous context during renewal test. Interestingly, the rats with lateral OFC activation during extinction showed generally high fear, whereas the rats with medial OFC activation during extinction showed generally low fear. In conclusion, our results suggested that aberrant activation of specifically the lateral OFC may have a negative impact during exposure therapy treatments and results in their poor regulation of fear-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Shih
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsihchu, 30013, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hui Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsihchu, 30013, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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Benzina N, N'Diaye K, Pelissolo A, Mallet L, Burguière E. A cross-species assessment of behavioral flexibility in compulsive disorders. Commun Biol 2021; 4:96. [PMID: 33479495 PMCID: PMC7820021 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of behavioral flexibility has been proposed as one underlying cause of compulsions, defined as repetitive behaviors performed through rigid rituals. However, experimental evidence has proven inconsistent across human and animal models of compulsive-like behavior. In the present study, applying a similarly-designed reversal learning task in two different species, which share a common symptom of compulsivity (human OCD patients and Sapap3 KO mice), we found no consistent link between compulsive behaviors and lack of behavioral flexibility. However, we showed that a distinct subgroup of compulsive individuals of both species exhibit a behavioral flexibility deficit in reversal learning. This deficit was not due to perseverative, rigid behaviors as commonly hypothesized, but rather due to an increase in response lability. These cross-species results highlight the necessity to consider the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits in compulsive disorders and call for reconsidering the role of behavioral flexibility in the aetiology of compulsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Benzina
- Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Karim N'Diaye
- Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Pelissolo
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, DMU IMPACT, Département Médical-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, IMRB, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil cedex, France
| | - Luc Mallet
- Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, DMU IMPACT, Département Médical-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000, Créteil, France
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Global Health Institute, University of Geneva, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Burguière
- Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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Yang Z, Wu G, Liu M, Sun X, Xu Q, Zhang C, Lei H. Dysfunction of Orbitofrontal GABAergic Interneurons Leads to Impaired Reversal Learning in a Mouse Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Curr Biol 2021; 31:381-393.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Evidence for Distinct Forms of Compulsivity in the SAPAP3 Mutant-Mouse Model for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0245-19.2020. [PMID: 32234806 PMCID: PMC7189488 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0245-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific mechanisms underlying compulsive behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are unknown. It has been suggested that such compulsivity may have its origin in cognitive dysfunction such as impaired processing of feedback information, received after the completion of goal-directed actions. The signal attenuation (SA) task models such a processing deficit in animals by attenuating the association strength between food reward and audiovisual feedback (signal) presented after performance of an operant response. The compulsive-like responding resulting from SA is well characterized in rats, but was so far not established in mice, a species for which powerful genetic OCD models exist. Thus, first, we demonstrate that the SA task can be implemented in mice and show that attenuation of reward-associated response feedback produces similar behavior in C57BL/6 mice as previously reported in rats. Second, we tested the hypothesis that SAPAP3 knock-out mice (SAPAP3-/-), prone to exhibit several OCD-like abnormalities including excessive grooming, show enhanced compulsive-like behavior in the SA task compared with their wild-type (WT) littermates. However, task-related compulsivity measures in SAPAP3-/- and WT did not yield significant differences, neither following SA nor during “regular” extinction of operant behavior. Thus, compulsive-like instrumental behavior following feedback distortion was not potentiated in compulsively grooming mice, implicating specifically that (1) a general deficit in feedback processing is not related to excessive grooming in SAPAP3-/- and (2) different manifestations of compulsivity may be driven by independent mechanisms.
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