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Padron AS, Neto RAL, Pantaleão TU, de Souza dos Santos MC, Araujo RL, de Andrade BM, da Silva Leandro M, de Castro JPSW, Ferreira ACF, de Carvalho DP. Administration of 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) causes central hypothyroidism and stimulates thyroid-sensitive tissues. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:415-27. [PMID: 24692290 PMCID: PMC4045230 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In general, 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) increases the resting metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, exerting short-term beneficial metabolic effects on rats subjected to a high-fat diet. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of chronic 3,5-T2 administration on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, body mass gain, adipose tissue mass, and body oxygen consumption in Wistar rats from 3 to 6 months of age. The rats were treated daily with 3,5-T2 (25, 50, or 75 μg/100 g body weight, s.c.) for 90 days between the ages of 3 and 6 months. The administration of 3,5-T2 suppressed thyroid function, reducing not only thyroid iodide uptake but also thyroperoxidase, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and thyroid type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1 (DIO1)) activities and expression levels, whereas the expression of the TSH receptor and dual oxidase (DUOX) were increased. Serum TSH, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were reduced in a 3,5-T2 dose-dependent manner, whereas oxygen consumption increased in these animals, indicating the direct action of 3,5-T2 on this physiological variable. Type 2 deiodinase activity increased in both the hypothalamus and the pituitary, and D1 activities in the liver and kidney were also increased in groups treated with 3,5-T2. Moreover, after 3 months of 3,5-T2 administration, body mass and retroperitoneal fat pad mass were significantly reduced, whereas the heart rate and mass were unchanged. Thus, 3,5-T2 acts as a direct stimulator of energy expenditure and reduces body mass gain; however, TSH suppression may develop secondary to 3,5-T2 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Souto Padron
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ruy Andrade Louzada Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilLaboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Urgal Pantaleão
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina de Souza dos Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Lopes Araujo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Moulin de Andrade
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monique da Silva Leandro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Saar Werneck de Castro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kohn LD, Napolitano G, Singer DS, Molteni M, Scorza R, Shimojo N, Kohno Y, Mozes E, Nakazato M, Ulianich L, Chung HK, Matoba H, Saunier B, Suzuki K, Schuppert F, Saji M. Graves' disease: a host defense mechanism gone awry. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 19:633-64. [PMID: 11129119 DOI: 10.3109/08830180009088516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this report we summarize evidence to support a model for the development of Graves' disease. The model suggests that Graves' disease is initiated by an insult to the thyrocyte in an individual with a normal immune system. The insult, infectious or otherwise, causes double strand DNA or RNA to enter the cytoplasm of the cell. This causes abnormal expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) class I as a dominant feature, but also aberrant expression of MHC class II, as well as changes in genes or gene products needed for the thyrocyte to become an antigen presenting cell (APC). These include increased expression of proteasome processing proteins (LMP2), transporters of antigen peptides (TAP), invariant chain (Ii), HLA-DM, and the co-stimulatory molecule, B7, as well as STAT and NF-kappaB activation. A critical factor in these changes is the loss of normal negative regulation of MHC class I, class II, and thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene expression, which is necessary to maintain self-tolerance during the normal changes in gene expression involved in hormonally-increased growth and function of the cell. Self-tolerance to the TSHR is maintained in normals because there is a population of CD8- cells which normally suppresses a population of CD4+ cells that can interact with the TSHR if thyrocytes become APCs. This is a host self-defense mechanism that we hypothesize leads to autoimmune disease in persons, for example, with a specific viral infection, a genetic predisposition, or even, possibly, a TSHR polymorphism. The model is suggested to be important to explain the development of other autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Kohn
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Pellizzari L, D'Elia A, Rustighi A, Manfioletti G, Tell G, Damante G. Expression and function of the homeodomain-containing protein Hex in thyroid cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:2503-11. [PMID: 10871399 PMCID: PMC102703 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.13.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2000] [Revised: 05/11/2000] [Accepted: 05/11/2000] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain-containing protein Hex (also named Prh) is expressed in primitive endoderm (during the early phases of development), in some endoderm-derived tissues and in endothelial and hematopoietic precursors. Hex expression is exting-uished during terminal differentiation of endothelial and hematopoietic cells as well as in adult lung. Previous investigations have demonstrated that Hex is expressed during early thyroid gland development. No information has been reported on Hex expression in adult thyroid gland or on the function of this protein in follicular thyroid cells. These issues represent the focus of the present study. We demonstrate that Hex mRNA is present in rat and human adult thyroid gland as well as in differentiated follicular thyroid cell lines. In FRTL-5 cells TSH reduces Hex expression. In thyroid cell lines transformed by several oncogenes Hex expression is completely abolished. By using co-transfection assays we demonstrate that Hex is a repressor of the thyroglobulin promoter and that it is able to abolish the activating effects of both TTF-1 and Pax8. These data would suggest that Hex may play an important role in thyroid cell differentiation. Protein-DNA interaction experiments indicate that Hex is able to bind sites of the thyroglobulin promoter containing either the core sequence 5'-TAAT-3' or 5'-CAAG-3'. The DNA binding specificity of the Hex homeodomain, therefore, is more 'relaxed' than that observed in the majority of other homeo-domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pellizzari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Udine, Italy
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Joba W, Spitzweg C, Schriever K, Heufelder AE. Analysis of human sodium/iodide symporter, thyroid transcription factor-1, and paired-box-protein-8 gene expression in benign thyroid diseases. Thyroid 1999; 9:455-66. [PMID: 10365677 DOI: 10.1089/thy.1999.9.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to concentrate iodide, a fundamental property of normally functioning thyroid tissue, is altered in various thyroid diseases. Given the critical role of the Na+/I- symporter (NIS) in controlling iodide access to the thyroid gland, altered expression of NIS may be responsible, at least in part, for an enhanced or diminished capacity to concentrate iodide. In this study, we used Northern blot analysis, a newly established quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and in addition hNIS-directed immunohistochemical analysis to assess the levels of hNIS mRNA and protein expression in various localized and diffuse benign thyroid abnormalities, including Graves' disease (GD), scintigraphically cold solitary benign thyroid nodule (CBTN), nontoxic multinodular goiter (NMNG), solitary autonomously functioning thyroid nodule (AFTN), and mild diffuse iodine deficiency goiter (IDG). In addition, in view of the recent identification of putative binding sites for the transcription factors thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and human paired-box-protein-8 (Pax-8) in the human NIS gene promoter, we used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess in these same samples the levels of TTF-1 and Pax-8 gene expression. Northern blot analysis revealed high levels of hNIS gene expression in thyroid specimens derived from patients with GD and AFTN. In contrast, levels of hNIS mRNA expression were moderate in NMNG, low in diffuse IDG, and very low in CBTN. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of hNIS mRNA transcripts revealed variable but generally low levels of hNIS gene expression in IDG and NMNG, and undetectable or very low levels of hNIS mRNA in all scintigraphically CBTN studied. In contrast, markedly elevated levels of hNIS mRNA transcripts were detected in active GD (up to 17-fold) and AFTN (up to 25-fold). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed abundant hNIS protein expression by thyroid follicular cells in GD, moderate and heterogeneous levels in NMNG, and very low levels in CBTN. hNIS mRNA levels were correlated with TTF-1 and Pax-8 gene expression in GD and, to a lesser degree, in AFTN, NMNG, and IDG, but not in CBTN. In general, hNIS gene expression was more closely correlated with TTF-1 as compared to Pax-8 gene expression. In conclusion, the abundance of hNIS mRNA and protein expression in a broad range of benign thyroid pathologies correlated well with their functional state as assessed by thyroid scintigraphy. In addition to TTF-1 and Pax-8, other transcription factors and enhancer elements may contribute to regulation of NIS gene promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Joba
- Molecular Thyroid Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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Ohe K, Ikuyama S, Takayanagi R, Kohn LD, Nawata H. Nicotinamide potentiates TSHR and MHC class II promoter activity in FRTL-5 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999; 149:141-51. [PMID: 10375026 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that nicotinamide modulates the promoter activity of rat thyrotropin (TSHR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells, and have identified a novel mechanism for its action. TSHR and MHC class II, are potentiated through reduced expression of a common repressor of these two genes, TSEP-1 (TSHR suppressor element binding protein-1)/YB-1. Thus we show that TSHR mRNA is increased and TSHR promoter activity was concentration-dependently activated from 0 to 40 mM nicotinamide. The promoter lengths of TSHR and MHC class II containing TSEP/YB-1 binding sites were enhanced by 40 mM nicotinamide, but not the ones deleted of these binding sites. TSEP-1/YB-1 binding to the recognition sites in both TSHR and MHC class II promoters was reduced in nicotinamide-treated FRTL-5 nuclear extracts. Nicotinamide reduced the expression of TSEP-1/YB-1 mRNA and TSEP-1/YB-1 protein in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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