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Chen Z, Yang H, Fu H, Wu L, Liu M, Jiang H, Liu Q, Wang Y, Xiong S, Zhou M, Sun X, Chen C, Huang L. Gut bacterial species in late trimester of pregnant sows influence the occurrence of stillborn piglet through pro-inflammation response. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1101130. [PMID: 36741405 PMCID: PMC9890068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal gut microbiota is an important regulator for the metabolism and immunity of the fetus during pregnancy. Recent studies have indicated that maternal intestinal microbiota is closely linked to the development of fetus and infant health. Some bacterial metabolites are considered to be directly involved in immunoregulation of fetus during pregnancy. However, the detailed mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we exploited the potential correlation between the gut microbiota of pregnant sows and the occurrence of stillborn piglets by combining the 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing data, and fecal metabolome in different cohorts. The results showed that several bacterial species from Bacteroides, potential pathogens, and LPS-producing bacteria exhibited significantly higher abundances in the gut of sows giving birth to stillborn piglets. Especially, Bacteroides fragilis stood out as the key driver in both tested cohorts and showed the most significant association with the occurrence of stillborn piglets in the DN1 cohort. However, several species producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as Prevotella copri, Clostridium butyricum and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were enriched in the gut of normal sows. Functional capacity analysis of gut microbiome revealed that the pathways associated with infectious diseases and immune diseases were enriched in sows giving birth to stillborn piglets. However, energy metabolism had higher abundance in normal sows. Fecal metabolome profiling analysis found that Lysophosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine which are the main components of cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria showed significantly higher concentration in stillbirth sows, while SCFAs had higher concentration in normal sows. These metabolites were significantly associated with the stillborn-associated bacterial species including Bacteroides fragilis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL-1β, IL-6, FABP2, and zonulin had higher concentration in the serum of stillbirth sows, indicating increased intestinal permeability and pro-inflammatory response. The results from this study suggested that certain sow gut bacterial species in late trimester of pregnancy, e.g., an excess abundance of Bacteroides fragilis, produced high concentration of LPS which induced sow pro-inflammatory response and might cause the death of the relatively weak piglets in a farrow. This study provided novel evidences about the effect of maternal gut microbiota on the fetus development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Yang
- *Correspondence: Lusheng Huang, ; Congying Chen, ; Hui Yang,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Congying Chen
- *Correspondence: Lusheng Huang, ; Congying Chen, ; Hui Yang,
| | - Lusheng Huang
- *Correspondence: Lusheng Huang, ; Congying Chen, ; Hui Yang,
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2
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The Association between Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance with Possible Ingenious Bio-Remedial Approaches. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070930. [PMID: 35884186 PMCID: PMC9312340 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm has garnered a lot of interest due to concerns in various sectors such as public health, medicine, and the pharmaceutical industry. Biofilm-producing bacteria show a remarkable drug resistance capability, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. This results in enormous economic pressure on the healthcare sector. The development of biofilms is a complex phenomenon governed by multiple factors. Several attempts have been made to unravel the events of biofilm formation; and, such efforts have provided insights into the mechanisms to target for the therapy. Owing to the fact that the biofilm-state makes the bacterial pathogens significantly resistant to antibiotics, targeting pathogens within biofilm is indeed a lucrative prospect. The available drugs can be repurposed to eradicate the pathogen, and as a result, ease the antimicrobial treatment burden. Biofilm formers and their infections have also been found in plants, livestock, and humans. The advent of novel strategies such as bioinformatics tools in treating, as well as preventing, biofilm formation has gained a great deal of attention. Development of newfangled anti-biofilm agents, such as silver nanoparticles, may be accomplished through omics approaches such as transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics. Nanoparticles’ anti-biofilm properties could help to reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This approach may also be integrated for a better understanding of biofilm biology, guided by mechanistic understanding, virtual screening, and machine learning in silico techniques for discovering small molecules in order to inhibit key biofilm regulators. This stimulated research is a rapidly growing field for applicable control measures to prevent biofilm formation. Therefore, the current article discusses the current understanding of biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacterial biofilm, and the novel therapeutic strategies to combat biofilm-mediated infections.
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3
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RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS AND THEIR UTILIZATION BY MICROORGANISMS. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech14.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of antibiotics application, their spread in the natural environment increases dramatically. The presence of antibiotics in the environment changes microorganism and other living beings ratio and composition, which causes a negative impact on biochemical processes that take place in the environment. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental microorganisms is a growing problem of environmental safety and human health. Aim. The objective of the work was to analyze the adaptation mechanisms of microorganisms to the influence of antibiotics and methods for antibiotics utilization. Results. The mechanisms of microorganisms’ adaptation to antibiotics are shown. The conditions for utilization of different antibiotics classes by microorganisms are provided. Conclusions. Methods of antibiotics destruction depend on its structure and physicochemical properties. Physico-chemical methods are used for local waste purification and are not suitable for antibiotics disposal in the natural environment. The decomposition products can also have a negative effect on the microorganisms’ cells. Depending on the class of antibiotics, their biodegradation occurs by different types of microorganisms. It has been shown that sulfonamides and amphinecoles are easily destroyed by many heterotrophic bacteria; biodegradation of aminoglycosides occurs by a strain of Pseudomonas spp.; tetracyclines - mushrooms; β-lactams - through the microorganisms’ association including: Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales, Enterobacteriales, Actinomycetales, Rhizobiales, Sphingobacteriales. A consortium of destructors must be created to dispose of a specific classes of antibiotics.
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4
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Targeted polymer-based antibiotic delivery system: A promising option for treating bacterial infections via macromolecular approaches. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Nardi P, Laanbroek HJ, Nicol GW, Renella G, Cardinale M, Pietramellara G, Weckwerth W, Trinchera A, Ghatak A, Nannipieri P. Biological nitrification inhibition in the rhizosphere: determining interactions and impact on microbially mediated processes and potential applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:874-908. [PMID: 32785584 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrification is the microbial conversion of reduced forms of nitrogen (N) to nitrate (NO3-), and in fertilized soils it can lead to substantial N losses via NO3- leaching or nitrous oxide (N2O) production. To limit such problems, synthetic nitrification inhibitors have been applied but their performance differs between soils. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the occurrence of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), a natural phenomenon according to which certain plants can inhibit nitrification through the release of active compounds in root exudates. Here, we synthesize the current state of research but also unravel knowledge gaps in the field. The nitrification process is discussed considering recent discoveries in genomics, biochemistry and ecology of nitrifiers. Secondly, we focus on the 'where' and 'how' of BNI. The N transformations and their interconnections as they occur in, and are affected by, the rhizosphere, are also discussed. The NH4+ and NO3- retention pathways alternative to BNI are reviewed as well. We also provide hypotheses on how plant compounds with putative BNI ability can reach their targets inside the cell and inhibit ammonia oxidation. Finally, we discuss a set of techniques that can be successfully applied to solve unresearched questions in BNI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfrancesco Nardi
- Consiglio per la ricerca e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Via della Navicella 2-4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Hendrikus J Laanbroek
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Graeme W Nicol
- Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully, 69134, France
| | - Giancarlo Renella
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies - DiSTeBA, University of Salento, Centro Ecotekne - via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietramellara
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, P.le delle Cascine 28, Firenze 50144, Italy
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria; Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Alessandra Trinchera
- Consiglio per la ricerca e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Via della Navicella 2-4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Arindam Ghatak
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Paolo Nannipieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, P.le delle Cascine 28, Firenze 50144, Italy
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6
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Lin TL, Shu CC, Chen YM, Lu JJ, Wu TS, Lai WF, Tzeng CM, Lai HC, Lu CC. Like Cures Like: Pharmacological Activity of Anti-Inflammatory Lipopolysaccharides From Gut Microbiome. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:554. [PMID: 32425790 PMCID: PMC7212368 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome maintains local gut integrity and systemic host homeostasis, where optimal control of intestinal lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activity may play an important role. LPS mainly produced from gut microbiota are a group of lipid-polysaccharide chemical complexes existing in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Traditionally, LPS mostly produced from Proteobacteria are well known for their ability in inducing strong inflammatory responses (proinflammatory LPS, abbreviated as P-LPS), leading to septic shock or even death in animals and humans. Although the basic structures and chemical properties of P-LPS derived from different bacterial species generally show similarity, subtle and differential immune activation activities are observed. On the other hand, frequently ignored, a group of LPS molecules mainly produced by certain microbiota bacteria such as Bacteroidetes show blunt or even antagonistic activity in initiating pro-inflammatory responses (anti-inflammatory LPS, abbreviated as A-LPS). In this review, besides the immune activation properties of P-LPS, we also focus on the description of anti-inflammatory effects of A-LPS, and their potential antagonistic mechanism. We address the possibility of using native or engineered A-LPS for immune modulation in prevention or even treatment of P-LPS induced chronic inflammation related diseases. Understanding the exquisite interactive relationship between structure-activity correlation of P- and A-LPS not only contributes to molecular understanding of immunomodulation and homeostasis, but also re-animates the development of novel LPS-based pharmacological strategy for prevention and therapy of chronic inflammation related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Lung Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Mao Chen
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shu Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Lai
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Meng Tzeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Allergology Consortium, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Chest Medicine, Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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7
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Ahmad B, Hanif Q, Xubiao W, Lulu Z, Shahid M, Dayong S, Rijun Z. Expression and Purification of Hybrid LL-37Tα1 Peptide in Pichia pastoris and Evaluation of Its Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory Activities by LPS Neutralization. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1365. [PMID: 31258535 PMCID: PMC6587124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study pertains to the new approach for the development of hybrid peptide LL-37Tα1 and its biomedical applications. A linear cationic hybrid peptide, LL-37Tα1 was derived from two parental peptides (LL-37 and Tα1) recognized as potent anti-endotoxin without any hemolytic or cytotoxic activity. We successfully cloned the gene of hybrid peptide LL-37Tα1 in PpICZαA vector and expressed in the Pichia pastoris. The recombinant peptide was purified by Ni-affinity column and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with an estimated molecular mass of 3.9 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. We analyzed the LPS neutralization by limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) activity and the results indicate that the hybrid peptide LL-37Tα1 directly binds endotoxin and significantly (p < 0.05) neutralizes the effect of LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay revealed that LL-37Tα1 successfully reduces the LPS-induced cytotoxicity in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, it significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the levels of nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and diminished the number of apoptotic cells in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results suggest that the P. pastoris expression system is cost-effective for commercial production of the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory hybrid peptide (IAHP) LL-37Tα1 and the peptide may serve as effective anti-endotoxin/anti-inflammatory agent with minimal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baseer Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Quratulain Hanif
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Wei Xubiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Lulu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Dayong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Rijun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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8
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Payne SR, Pau DI, Whiting AL, Kim YJ, Pharoah BM, Moi C, Boddy CN, Bernal F. Inhibition of Bacterial Gene Transcription with an RpoN-Based Stapled Peptide. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1059-1066.e4. [PMID: 29887265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to environmental and other stresses, the σ54 subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) controls expression of several genes that play a significant role in the virulence of both plant and animal pathogens. Recruitment of σ54 to RNAP initiates promoter-specific transcription via the double-stranded DNA denaturation mechanism of the cofactor. The RpoN box, a recognition helix found in the C-terminal region of σ54, has been identified as the component necessary for major groove insertion at the -24 position of the promoter. We employed the hydrocarbon stapled peptide methodology to design and synthesize stapled σ54 peptides capable of penetrating Gram-negative bacteria, binding the σ54 promoter, and blocking the interaction between endogenous σ54 and its target DNA sequence, thereby reducing transcription and activation of σ54 response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling R Payne
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel I Pau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Amanda L Whiting
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ye Joon Kim
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Blaze M Pharoah
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christina Moi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christopher N Boddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Federico Bernal
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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9
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Livingstone PG, Millard AD, Swain MT, Whitworth DE. Transcriptional changes when Myxococcus xanthus preys on Escherichia coli suggest myxobacterial predators are constitutively toxic but regulate their feeding. Microb Genom 2018; 4:e000152. [PMID: 29345219 PMCID: PMC5857379 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Predation is a fundamental ecological process, but within most microbial ecosystems the molecular mechanisms of predation remain poorly understood. We investigated transcriptome changes associated with the predation of Escherichia coli by the myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus using mRNA sequencing. Exposure to pre-killed prey significantly altered expression of 1319 predator genes. However, the transcriptional response to living prey was minimal, with only 12 genes being significantly up-regulated. The genes most induced by prey presence (kdpA and kdpB, members of the kdp regulon) were confirmed by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR to be regulated by osmotic shock in M. xanthus, suggesting indirect sensing of prey. However, the prey showed extensive transcriptome changes when co-cultured with predator, with 40 % of its genes (1534) showing significant changes in expression. Bacteriolytic M. xanthus culture supernatant and secreted outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) also induced changes in expression of large numbers of prey genes (598 and 461, respectively). Five metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in prey genes up-regulated on exposure to OMVs, supernatant and/or predatory cells, including those for ribosome and lipopolysaccharide production, suggesting that the prey cell wall and protein production are primary targets of the predator's attack. Our data suggest a model of the myxobacterial predatome (genes and proteins associated with predation) in which the predator constitutively produces secretions which disable its prey whilst simultaneously generating a signal that prey is present. That signal then triggers a regulated feeding response in the predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Livingstone
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Cledwyn Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DD, UK
| | | | - Martin T. Swain
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Cledwyn Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DD, UK
| | - David E. Whitworth
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Cledwyn Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DD, UK
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10
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Chen G, Xu Y, Jing J, Mackie B, Zheng X, Zhang X, Wang J, Li X. The anti-sepsis activity of the components of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction with high lipid A-binding affinity. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 46:87-96. [PMID: 28278436 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HJD), one of the classic recipes for relieving toxicity and fever, is a common method for treating sepsis in China. However, the effective components of HJD have not yet been identified. This experiment was carried out to elucidate the effective components of HJD against sepsis. Thus, seven fractions from HJD were tested using a biosensor to test their affinity for lipid A. The components obtained that had high lipid A-binding fractions were further separated, and their affinities to lipid A were assessed with the aid of a biosensor. The levels of LPS in the blood were measured, and pathology experiments were conducted. The LPS levels and mRNA expression analysis of TNF-α and IL-6 of the cell supernatant and animal tissue were evaluated to investigate the molecular mechanisms. Palmatine showed the highest affinity to lipid A and was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results of the in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the levels of LPS, TNF-α and IL-6 of the palmatine group were significantly lower than those of the sepsis model group (p<0.01). The group treated with palmatine showed strong neutralizing LPS activity in vivo. The palmatine group exhibited stronger protective activity on vital organs compared to the LPS-induced animal model. This verifies that HJD is a viable treatment option for sepsis given that there are multiple components in HJD that neutralize LPS, decrease the release of IL-6 and TNF-α induced by LPS, and protect vital organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Yubin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China.
| | - Jing Jing
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Brianna Mackie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23219, USA
| | - Xinchuan Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Xuetao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
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11
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Park J, Kim H, Kim S, Lee D, Shin DH. Expression and crystallographic studies of D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase from Burkholderia pseudomallei. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:90-94. [PMID: 28177319 PMCID: PMC5297929 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. D-glycero-β-D-manno-Heptose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (HldC) is the fourth enzyme of the ADP-L-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis pathway, which produces an essential carbohydrate comprising the inner core of lipopolysaccharide. Therefore, HldC is a potential target of antibiotics against melioidosis. In this study, HldC from B. pseudomallei has been cloned, expressed, purified and crystallized. Synchrotron X-ray data from a selenomethionine-substituted HldC crystal were also collected to 2.8 Å resolution. The crystal belonged to the primitive triclinic space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 74.0, b = 74.0, c = 74.9 Å, α = 108.4, β = 108.4, γ = 108.0°. Eight protomers are present in the unit cell and three out of five selenomethionines were found in each protomer using the PHENIX software suite. A full structural determination is in progress to elucidate the structure-function relationship of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha W. University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha W. University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha W. University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha W. University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hae Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha W. University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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12
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Wiese A, Grünewald P, Schaper KJ, Seydel U. Influence of acyl chain fluidity on the lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of complement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519010070020901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs, endotoxins) are the major amphiphilic constituents of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are known to activate the complement cascade to form lytic membrane pores. Here, we study the influence of the fluidity of the acyl chains of LPSs and lipid As on the formation of lytic pores. To this end, we have performed electrical measurements on asymmetric planar endotoxin/phospholipid bilayers as a reconstitution model of the outer membrane using two deep rough mutant LPSs (from Escherichia coli strains WBB01 and WBB25) and two lipid As (from E. coli WBB25 and Rhodobacter sphaeroides). The two LPSs and the two lipid As each differ in their acylation pattern which is correlated with the fluidity. The addition of human serum to the endotoxin side of the bilayers led to the formation of membrane pores, and pore formation correlated in each case with acyl chain fluidity, i.e. time required for the first lytic pore to be formed was shorter for the more fluid endotoxin. Furthermore, in the case of LPSs, the activation rate was higher for the more fluid membrane and the respective bacteria had a higher susceptibility to the growth inhibitory action of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Wiese
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Division of Biophysics, Borstel, Germany
| | - Petra Grünewald
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Division of Biophysics, Borstel, Germany
| | - Klaus-Jürgen Schaper
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Division of Biophysics, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Seydel
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Division of Biophysics, Borstel, Germany,
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13
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Chen GR, Zhang G, Li MY, Jing J, Wang J, Zhang X, Mackie B, Dou DQ. The effective components of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction against sepsis evaluated by a lipid A-based affinity biosensor. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 186:369-376. [PMID: 27045865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HJD), the classical recipe for relieving fever and toxicity, has been used for treating sepsis in China for sixteen years. However, the effective components of HJD have not been elucidated until now. Therefore, there is a need to elucidate the effective components of HJD against sepsis on animal models induced by endotoxin (LPS). The affinity force of the effective components of HJD with lipid A was evaluated by a biosensor. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipid A is regarded as the bioactive center of LPS and is always used as a drug target. In order to obtain the effective components of HJD against sepsis, seven fractions from HJD were tested by a biosensor method for assessing the affinity for lipid A. After further separation, the components were isolated from high lipid A-binding fractions and their affinities to lipid A were assessed with the aid of a biosensor. Their activities were then assayed by an in vivo experiment administered through a tail vein injection. The levels of LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 from the blood were found and pathology experiments were performed. RESULTS Three out of the seven fractions exhibited high lipid A-binding affinities. Berberine, baicalin and geniposide were obtained from the three high lipid A-binding fractions. The animal experiments indicated that the levels of LPS, TNF-α and IL-6 in the medicated treatment groups were much lower than that of the model group ((**)P<0.01). The medicated treatment groups exhibited stronger protective activities on varying organs in the animal model. CONCLUSIONS Berberine, baicalin and geniposide could neutralize LPS by binding with lipid A and then reduce the release of IL-6 and TNF-α induced by LPS. Furthermore, berberine, baicalin and geniposide exhibited protective activities on varying organs compared to the animal model established by the LPS-induced. These results validate that the components from HJD neutralized LPS and then depressed the release of IL-6 and TNF-α induced by LPS. This gives further evidence that HJD would be a suitable treatment for sepsis and protecting vital organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Rong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23219, USA
| | - Ming-Yu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Jing Jing
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Brianna Mackie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23219, USA
| | - De-Qiang Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life One Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
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14
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Luna AL, Acosta-Saavedra LC, Martínez M, Torres-Avilés N, Gómez R, Calderón-Aranda ES. TLR4 is a target of environmentally relevant concentration of lead. Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Structural and mechanistic analysis of the membrane-embedded glycosyltransferase WaaA required for lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6253-8. [PMID: 22474366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119894109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
WaaA is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of LPS, a critical component of the outer envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. Embedded in the cytoplasmic face of the inner membrane, WaaA catalyzes the transfer of 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) to the lipid A precursor of LPS. Here we present crystal structures of the free and CMP-bound forms of WaaA from Aquifex aeolicus, an ancient Gram-negative hyperthermophile. These structures reveal details of the CMP-binding site and implicate a unique sequence motif (GGS/TX(5)GXNXLE) in Kdo binding. In addition, a cluster of highly conserved amino acid residues was identified which represents the potential membrane-attachment and acceptor-substrate binding site of WaaA. A series of site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed critical roles for glycine 30 and glutamate 31 in Kdo transfer. Our results provide the structural basis of a critical reaction in LPS biosynthesis and allowed the development of a detailed model of the catalytic mechanism of WaaA.
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16
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Amaral L, Fanning S, Pagès JM. Efflux pumps of gram-negative bacteria: genetic responses to stress and the modulation of their activity by pH, inhibitors, and phenothiazines. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:61-108. [PMID: 21692367 DOI: 10.1002/9780470920541.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Amaral
- Unit of Mycobacteriology, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Seong SK, Kim HW. Potentiation of Innate Immunity by β-Glucans. MYCOBIOLOGY 2010; 38:144-148. [PMID: 23956643 PMCID: PMC3741566 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2010.38.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucans have been known to exhibit antitumor activities by potentiating host immunity by an unknown mechanism. The C-type lectin dectin-1, a β-glucan receptor, is found on the macrophage and can recognize various β-glucans. Previously, we demonstrated the presence of β-glucan receptor, dectin-1, on the Raw 264.7 cells as well as on murine mucosal organs, such as the thymus, the lung, and the spleen. In order to investigate immunopotentiation of innate immunity by β-glucan, we stimulated a murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cell line with β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Laminaria digitata. Then, we analyzed cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition we analyzed gene expression patterns in β-glucan-treated Raw 264.7 cells by applying total mRNA to cDNA microarray to investigate the expression of 7,000 known genes. When stimulated with β-glucans, the macrophage cells increased TNF-α expression. When co-stimulation of the cells with β-glucan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a synergy effect was observed by increased TNF-α expression. In IL-6 expression, any of the β-glucans tested could not induce IL-6 expression by itself. However, when co-stimulation occurred with β-glucan and LPS, the cells showed strong synergistic effects by increased IL-6 expression. Chip analysis showed that β-glucan of P. ostreatus increased gene expressions of immunomodulating gene families such as kinases, lectin associated genes and TNF-related genes in the macrophage cell line. Induction of TNF receptor expression by FACS analysis was synergized only when co-stimulated with β-glucan and LPS, not with β-glucan alone. From these data, β-glucan increased expressions of immunomodulating genes and showed synergistic effect with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kyoung Seong
- Center for Drug Development Assistance, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul 122-704, Korea
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18
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Mezghani S, Lesouhaitier O, Merieau A, Chevalier S, Orange N, Feuilloley M, Cazin L. Pseudomonas fluorescens alter whole-voltage-activated currents of cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03178343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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19
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Vorobeva EV, Krasikova IN, Solov'eva TF. Influence of lipopolysaccharides and lipids A from some marine bacteria on spontaneous and Escherichia coli LPS-induced TNF-alpha release from peripheral human blood cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:759-66. [PMID: 16903830 DOI: 10.1134/s000629790607008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Some endotoxic properties of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipids A (LA) from the marine bacteria Marinomonas communis ATCC 27118(T), Marinomonas mediterranea ATCC 700492(T), and Chryseobacterium indoltheticum CIP 103168(T) were studied. The preparations tested were shown to have high 50% lethal doses (4 microg per mouse for LPS from M. mediterranea and more than 12 microg per mouse for two other LPS and LA from C. indoltheticum) and were moderate (371 +/- 37 pg/ml at 10 microg/ml of C. indoltheticum LPS), weak (148 +/- 5 pg/ml at 1 microg/ml of M. mediterranea LPS), and zero (LA and LPS from M. communis and LA from C. indoltheticum) inducers of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release from peripheral human blood cells. The capacity of the LA and LPS samples from marine bacteria to inhibit TNF-alpha release induced by LPS from Escherichia coli O55 : B5 (10 ng/ml) was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Vorobeva
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
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20
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Selander B, Mårtensson U, Weintraub A, Holmström E, Matsushita M, Thiel S, Jensenius JC, Truedsson L, Sjöholm AG. Mannan-binding lectin activates C3 and the alternative complement pathway without involvement of C2. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1425-34. [PMID: 16670774 PMCID: PMC1451204 DOI: 10.1172/jci25982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectin pathway activation of C3 is known to involve target recognition by mannan-binding lectin (MBL) or ficolins and generation of classical pathway C3 convertase via cleavage of C4 and C2 by MBL-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2). We investigated C3 activation in C2-deficient human sera and in sera with other defined defects of complement to assess other mechanisms through which MBL might recruit complement. The capacity of serum to support C3 deposition was examined by ELISA using microtiter plates coated with O antigen-specific oligosaccharides derived from Salmonella typhimurium, S. thompson, and S. enteritidis corresponding to serogroups B, C, and D (BO, CO, and DO). MBL bound to CO, but not to BO and DO, and efficiently supported C3 deposition in the absence of C2, C4, or MASP-2. The existence of an MBL-dependent C2 bypass mechanism for alternative pathway-mediated C3 activation was clearly demonstrated using CO, solid-phase mannan, and E. coli LPS. MASP-1 might contribute, but was not required for C3 deposition in the model used. Independent of MBL, specific antibodies to CO supported C3 deposition through classical and alternative pathways. MBL-dependent C2 bypass activation could be particularly important in various inherited and acquired complement deficiency states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbro Selander
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
Institute of Glycotechnology and Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulla Mårtensson
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
Institute of Glycotechnology and Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrej Weintraub
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
Institute of Glycotechnology and Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva Holmström
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
Institute of Glycotechnology and Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Misao Matsushita
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
Institute of Glycotechnology and Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
Institute of Glycotechnology and Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens C. Jensenius
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
Institute of Glycotechnology and Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lennart Truedsson
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
Institute of Glycotechnology and Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders G. Sjöholm
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
Institute of Glycotechnology and Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Stewart I, Schluter PJ, Shaw GR. Cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharides and human health - a review. Environ Health 2006; 5:7. [PMID: 16563160 PMCID: PMC1489932 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharide/s (LPS) are frequently cited in the cyanobacteria literature as toxins responsible for a variety of heath effects in humans, from skin rashes to gastrointestinal, respiratory and allergic reactions. The attribution of toxic properties to cyanobacterial LPS dates from the 1970s, when it was thought that lipid A, the toxic moiety of LPS, was structurally and functionally conserved across all Gram-negative bacteria. However, more recent research has shown that this is not the case, and lipid A structures are now known to be very different, expressing properties ranging from LPS agonists, through weak endotoxicity to LPS antagonists. Although cyanobacterial LPS is widely cited as a putative toxin, most of the small number of formal research reports describe cyanobacterial LPS as weakly toxic compared to LPS from the Enterobacteriaceae. We systematically reviewed the literature on cyanobacterial LPS, and also examined the much lager body of literature relating to heterotrophic bacterial LPS and the atypical lipid A structures of some photosynthetic bacteria. While the literature on the biological activity of heterotrophic bacterial LPS is overwhelmingly large and therefore difficult to review for the purposes of exclusion, we were unable to find a convincing body of evidence to suggest that heterotrophic bacterial LPS, in the absence of other virulence factors, is responsible for acute gastrointestinal, dermatological or allergic reactions via natural exposure routes in humans. There is a danger that initial speculation about cyanobacterial LPS may evolve into orthodoxy without basis in research findings. No cyanobacterial lipid A structures have been described and published to date, so a recommendation is made that cyanobacteriologists should not continue to attribute such a diverse range of clinical symptoms to cyanobacterial LPS without research confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Stewart
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment, PMB 3, Salisbury, SA 5108, Australia
| | - Philip J Schluter
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1020, New Zealand
| | - Glen R Shaw
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment, PMB 3, Salisbury, SA 5108, Australia
- School of Public Health, Griffith University, University Drive, Meadowbrook, QLD 4131, Australia
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Meredith TC, Aggarwal P, Mamat U, Lindner B, Woodard RW. Redefining the requisite lipopolysaccharide structure in Escherichia coli. ACS Chem Biol 2006; 1:33-42. [PMID: 17163638 DOI: 10.1021/cb0500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria possess an asymmetric lipid bilayer surrounding the cell wall, the outer membrane (OM). The OM inner leaflet is primarily composed of various glycerophospholipids, whereas the outer leaflet predominantly contains the unique amphiphilic macromolecule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin). The majority of all gram-negative bacteria elaborate LPS containing at least one 2-keto 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (Kdo) molecule. The minimal LPS structure required for growth of Escherichia coli has long been recognized as two Kdo residues attached to lipid A, inextricably linking viability to toxicity. Here we report the construction and characterization of the nonconditional E. coli K-12 suppressor strain KPM22 that lacks Kdo and is viable despite predominantly elaborating the endotoxically inactive LPS precursor lipid IV(A). Our results challenge the established E. coli Kdo2-lipid A dogma, indicating that the previously observed and well-documented dependence of cell viability on the synthesis of Kdo stems from a lethal pleiotropy precipitated after the depletion of the carbohydrate, rather than an inherent need for the Kdo molecule itself as an indispensable structural component of the OM LPS layer. Inclusion of the inner membrane LPS transporter MsbA on a multicopy plasmid partially suppresses the lethal deltaKdo phenotype directly in the auxotrophic parent strain, suggesting increased rates of nonglycosylated lipid A transport can, in part, compensate for Kdo depletion. The unprecedented nature of a lipid IV(A) OM redefines the requisite LPS structure for viability in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Meredith
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
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Meredith TC, Woodard RW. Identification of GutQ from Escherichia coli as a D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:6936-42. [PMID: 16199563 PMCID: PMC1251629 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.20.6936-6942.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucitol operon (gutAEBDMRQ) of Escherichia coli encodes a phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system that metabolizes the hexitol D-glucitol (sorbitol). The functions for all but the last gene, gutQ, have been previously assigned. The high sequence similarity between GutQ and KdsD, a D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase (API) from the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (KDO)-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic pathway, suggested a putative activity, but its role within the context of the gut operon remained unclear. Accordingly, the enzyme was cloned, overexpressed, and characterized. Recombinant GutQ was shown to indeed be a second copy of API from the E. coli K-12 genome with biochemical properties similar to those of KdsD, catalyzing the reversible aldol-ketol isomerization between D-ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P) and D-arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P). Genomic disruptions of each API gene were constructed in E. coli K-12. TCM11[(deltakdsD)] was capable of sustaining essential LPS synthesis at wild-type levels, indicating that GutQ functions as an API inside the cell. The gut operon remained inducible in TCM7[(deltagutQ)], suggesting that GutQ is not directly involved in d-glucitol catabolism. The conditional mutant TCM15[(deltagutQdeltakdsD)] was dependent on exogenous A5P both for LPS synthesis/growth and for upregulation of the gut operon. The phenotype was suppressed by complementation in trans with a plasmid encoding a functional copy of GutQ or by increasing the amount of A5P in the medium. As there is no obvious obligatory role for GutQ in the metabolism of d-glucitol and there is no readily apparent link between D-glucitol metabolism and LPS biosynthesis, it is suggested that A5P is not only a building block for KDO biosynthesis but also may be a regulatory molecule involved in expression of the gut operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Meredith
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry and Staedler Minerva Center for Mesoscopic Macromolecular Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel.
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Yamazaki V, Sirenko O, Schafer RJ, Nguyen L, Gutsmann T, Brade L, Groves JT. Cell membrane array fabrication and assay technology. BMC Biotechnol 2005; 5:18. [PMID: 15960850 PMCID: PMC1177928 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-5-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microarray technology has been used extensively over the past 10 years for assessing gene expression, and has facilitated precise genetic profiling of everything from tumors to small molecule drugs. By contrast, arraying cell membranes in a manner which preserves their ability to mediate biochemical processes has been considerably more difficult. Results In this article, we describe a novel technology for generating cell membrane microarrays for performing high throughput biology. Our robotically-arrayed supported membranes are physiologically fluid, a critical property which differentiates this technology from other previous membrane systems and makes it useful for studying cellular processes on an industrialized scale. Membrane array elements consist of a solid substrate, above which resides a fluid supported lipid bilayer containing biologically-active molecules of interest. Incorporation of transmembrane proteins into the arrayed membranes enables the study of ligand/receptor binding, as well as interactions with live intact cells. The fluidity of these molecules in the planar lipid bilayer facilitates dimerization and other higher order interactions necessary for biological signaling events. In order to demonstrate the utility of our fluid membrane array technology to ligand/receptor studies, we investigated the multivalent binding of the cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) to the membrane ganglioside GM1. We have also displayed a number of bona fide drug targets, including bacterial endotoxin (also referred to as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and membrane proteins important in T cell activation. Conclusion We have demonstrated the applicability of our fluid cell membrane array technology to both academic research applications and industrial drug discovery. Our technology facilitates the study of ligand/receptor interactions and cell-cell signaling, providing rich qualitative and quantitative information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Yamazaki
- Synamem Corporation, 863 Mitten Road – Suite 101, Burlingame, CA94010, USA
| | - Oksana Sirenko
- Synamem Corporation, 863 Mitten Road – Suite 101, Burlingame, CA94010, USA
| | - Robert J Schafer
- Synamem Corporation, 863 Mitten Road – Suite 101, Burlingame, CA94010, USA
| | - Luat Nguyen
- Synamem Corporation, 863 Mitten Road – Suite 101, Burlingame, CA94010, USA
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lore Brade
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jay T Groves
- Synamem Corporation, 863 Mitten Road – Suite 101, Burlingame, CA94010, USA
- Department of Chemistry, 109 Lewis Hall, University of California – Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Jiang Z, Hong Z, Guo W, Xiaoyun G, Gengfa L, Yongning L, Guangxia X. A synthetic peptide derived from bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein neutralizes endotoxin in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:527-37. [PMID: 15099530 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS [endotoxin]), a structural component of gram-negative bacteria, is implicated in the pathogenesis of septic shock. Lipid A is an evolutionarily conserved region of LPS that has been identified as the toxic component of LPS. Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of septic shock in humans are currently focused on neutralization of LPS. Here, the anti-endotoxin activity of BNEP, a synthetic peptide derived from the human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI; aa 148-161) was investigated in vitro and in experimental animal endotoxemia models in vivo. The ability of BNEP to bind LPS from Escherichia coli O55:B5 and lipid A from Salmonella Re 595 was tested using an affinity sensor assay, and its ability to neutralize LPS was tested using a sensitive Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Polymyxin B (PMB) was used as the positive control in the in vitro experiments and in mouse experiments. We found that BNEP and PMB bound LPS with a similar affinity (Kd values of 25.4 and 25.8 nM, respectively). In contrast, BNEP bound lipid A with a slightly lower affinity than that of PMB (Kd values of 8 and 5.6 nM, respectively). The exact capacity of BNEP binding to LPS was approximately 0.53 microg peptide per 1 ng of LPS, as shown by affinity sensor assay. The LAL test showed that 256 microg of BNEP almost completely neutralized 2 ng LPS. In vivo, mice were randomized, intravenously injected with BNEP (0.5-10 mg/kg) or 1 mg/kg PMB, and then lethally challenged with 20 mg/kg LPS. We found that 5 mg/kg BNEP significantly protected mice from LPS challenge. In an endotoxemia rat model, animals were co-treated with 5 or 10 mg/kg BNEP and 10 mg/kg LPS via cardiac catheter. BNEP treatment resulted in significant reduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-6, compared with LPS-only control animals. In addition, 10 mg/kg BNEP-treated animals showed a significant decrease in plasma endotoxin levels in comparison to animals treated with LPS alone. These results provide evidence that BNEP effectively neutralizes LPS in vitro and in vivo, and could protect animals from the lethal effects of LPS via decreasing plasma endotoxin and proinflammatory cytokines. Our work suggests that this peptide is worthy of further investigation as a possible novel treatment for septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Russell AD. Bacterial outer membrane and cell wall penetration and cell destruction by polluting chemical agents and physical conditions. Sci Prog 2003; 86:283-311. [PMID: 15508894 PMCID: PMC10367465 DOI: 10.3184/003685003783238608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the environment, bacteria and other microorganisms are subjected to a variety of constantly changing chemical and physical agencies. Chemical ones include antimicrobial compounds (both biocides and antibiotics), pollutants, drugs, cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients and pesticides. The physical agents include desiccation and drying, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, temperature and pH changes and radiations (ultraviolet, sunlight, ionizing). Bacteria must thus adapt to survive these inimicable conditions. Organisms such as bacterial spores usually survive, whereas other types of microorganisms may be much more susceptible. Depending on the type of organism, the bacterial cell wall, outer membrane or the spore outer layers may act as permeability barriers to the intracellular uptake of antibiotics and biocides. Some antibacterial agents interact with, and damage or modify, the outer components. Physical agencies are known to damage the cytoplasmic membrane or to produce alterations in DNA or proteins or enzymes. Nevertheless, significant damage to the cell wall or outer membrane may also occur. Four types of organisms are considered: cocci, mycobactria, Gram-negative bacteria and bacterial spores. The nature of the damage inflicted on, or in some cases prevented by, their outer cell layers is discussed for each type of organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Russell
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
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Engstad CS, Engstad RE, Olsen JO, Osterud B. The effect of soluble beta-1,3-glucan and lipopolysaccharide on cytokine production and coagulation activation in whole blood. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1585-97. [PMID: 12433059 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Soluble beta-1,3-glucan has been demonstrated to protect against infection and shock in rats and mice, and clinical studies suggest that administration of soluble glucans to trauma/surgical patients decreases septic complications and improves survival. However, little is known about the precise mechanisms by which glucans influence the state of activation of blood cells, which are responsible for the fulminant cytokine production and the activation of the coagulation system observed in serious gram-negative infection. We studied therefore the effect of an underivatized, soluble yeast beta-1,3-glucan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), either alone or in combination, on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and IL-10 secretion and monocyte tissue factor (TF) expression in human whole blood. As expected, LPS induced the secretion of substantial amounts of all measured parameters, whereas only minor amounts of TNFalpha, IL-6, and IL-10 were induced by beta-glucan itself. However, beta-glucan itself induced the production of significant amounts of IL-8 and TF. Soluble beta-1,3-glucan had a strong synergistic effect on the LPS-induced secretion of IL-8, IL-10, and on monocyte TF activity, but not on TNFalpha and 1L-6 production. On the other hand, soluble beta-glucan strongly primed LPS stimulation of all parameters, including TNFalpha and IL-6. beta-Glucan also induced detectable neutrophil degranulation within 15 min, whereas a response to LPS was first detected after 90 min. In conclusion, soluble beta-1,3-glucan upregulated leukocyte activity, both on its own and in concert with LPS.
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Denyer S, Maillard JY. Cellular impermeability and uptake of biocides and antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.19.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yamamoto S, Ishida T, Inoue A, Mikami J, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Kiwada H. HEPC-based liposomes trigger cytokine release from peripheral blood cells: effects of liposomal size, dose and lipid composition. Int J Pharm 2002; 236:125-33. [PMID: 11891076 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The immune response caused by liposome stimulation was studied by assessing the level of several cytokines released from human peripheral blood cells. Liposome stimulation resulted in the release of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. The size of the liposomes affected the degree of the cytokine releases with larger sized liposomes causing higher levels of cytokine induction. In addition, it appears that the lipid composition of liposomes had no effect on the degree of cytokine release. The release of cytokines occurred even in the absence of serum, suggesting that serum proteins did not contribute to liposome stimulation in peripheral blood cells. The release of cytokines induced by liposome stimulation was inhibited by the presence of either protein kinase-C (PKC) or protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, but not by the presence of an endocytosis inhibitor. This indicates that signal transduction via PKC or PTK is necessary, in order for human peripheral blood cells to release cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma) as the result of liposome stimulation. These quantitative data on the release of cytokines by liposomal stimulation provide useful information for the development of rational drug delivery systems and the safety of cytokine induction via the use of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, 770-8505, Tokushima, Japan
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Yoon BH, Romero R, Moon JB, Shim SS, Kim M, Kim G, Jun JK. Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185:1130-6. [PMID: 11717646 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2001.117680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and clinical significance of intraamniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. STUDY DESIGN Amniocentesis was performed in 206 patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Amniotic fluid was cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and mycoplasmas. The diagnosis of intraamniotic inflammation was made in patients with a negative amniotic fluid culture on the basis of amniotic fluid concentrations of interleukin-6 (>2.6 ng/mL, derived from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis). Statistical analysis was conducted with contingency tables and survival techniques. RESULTS Intra-amniotic inflammation (negative amniotic fluid culture but elevated amniotic fluid interleukin-6) was more common than intra-amniotic infection (positive amniotic fluid culture regardless of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 concentration; 21% [44/206 women] vs 10% [21/206 women]; P <.001). The amniocentesisto-delivery interval was significantly shorter in patients with intra-amniotic inflammation than in patients with a negative culture and without an inflammation (median, 20 hours [range, 0.1-2328 hours] vs median, 701 hours [range, 0.1-3252 hours], respectively; P <.0001). Spontaneous preterm delivery of <37 weeks was more frequent in patients with intra-amniotic inflammation than in those with a negative culture and without inflammation (98% vs 35%; P <.001). Patients with intra-amniotic inflammation had a significantly higher rate of adverse outcome than patients with a negative culture and without intra-amniotic inflammation. Adverse outcomes included clinical and histologic chorioamnionitis, funisitis, early preterm birth, and significant neonatal morbidity. There were no significant differences in the rate of adverse outcomes between patients with a negative culture but with intra-amniotic inflammation and patients with intra-amniotic infection (positive culture regardless of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 concentration). CONCLUSION Intra-amniotic inflammation/infection complicates one third of the patients with preterm labor (32%; 65/206 women), and its presence is a risk factor for adverse outcome. The outcome of patients with microbiologically proven intra-amniotic infection is similar to that of patients with intra-amniotic inflammation and a negative amniotic fluid culture. We propose that the treatment of patients in preterm labor be based on the operational diagnosis of intra-amniotic inflammation rather than the diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection because the latter diagnosis cannot be undertaken rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
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Baumann H, Wang Y, Richards CD, Jones CA, Black TA, Gross KW. Endotoxin-induced renal inflammatory response. Oncostatin M as a major mediator of suppressed renin expression. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:22014-9. [PMID: 10806209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002830200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The systemic response to endotoxin is characterized by hypotension and severe reductions in blood pressure, leading to cardiovascular collapse that can accompany septicemia. The renin/angiotensin system would normally be expected to respond to hypotensive challenge; however, inflammation appears to modify this response. This study identifies a strong acute phase response of the kidney that is characterized by enhanced expression of serum amyloid A, haptoglobin and tissue inhibitor for metalloproteinase-1 and a reduced expression of renin. Equivalent regulatory effects were observed for the immortalized As4.1 kidney cell line that models certain features of juxtaglomerular cells. Oncostatin M, a known endotoxin-responsive proinflammatory cytokine, proved to be an effective inhibitor of renin gene expression. Suppression by oncostatin M involves activated STAT5 and requires an inhibitory element in the renin promoter that functions separately from cell type-specific enhancer elements. The renal acute phase reaction, unlike the liver acute phase reaction, is more strongly dependent on locally produced inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Baumann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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