1
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Zorov DB, Abramicheva PA, Andrianova NV, Babenko VA, Zorova LD, Zorov SD, Pevzner IB, Popkov VA, Semenovich DS, Yakupova EI, Silachev DN, Plotnikov EY, Sukhikh GT. Mitocentricity. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:223-240. [PMID: 38622092 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide, interest in mitochondria is constantly growing, as evidenced by scientific statistics, and studies of the functioning of these organelles are becoming more prevalent than studies of other cellular structures. In this analytical review, mitochondria are conditionally placed in a certain cellular center, which is responsible for both energy production and other non-energetic functions, without which the existence of not only the eukaryotic cell itself, but also the entire organism is impossible. Taking into account the high multifunctionality of mitochondria, such a fundamentally new scheme of cell functioning organization, including mitochondrial management of processes that determine cell survival and death, may be justified. Considering that this issue is dedicated to the memory of V. P. Skulachev, who can be called mitocentric, due to the history of his scientific activity almost entirely aimed at studying mitochondria, this work examines those aspects of mitochondrial functioning that were directly or indirectly the focus of attention of this outstanding scientist. We list all possible known mitochondrial functions, including membrane potential generation, synthesis of Fe-S clusters, steroid hormones, heme, fatty acids, and CO2. Special attention is paid to the participation of mitochondria in the formation and transport of water, as a powerful biochemical cellular and mitochondrial regulator. The history of research on reactive oxygen species that generate mitochondria is subject to significant analysis. In the section "Mitochondria in the center of death", special emphasis is placed on the analysis of what role and how mitochondria can play and determine the program of death of an organism (phenoptosis) and the contribution made to these studies by V. P. Skulachev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Zorov
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Polina A Abramicheva
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nadezda V Andrianova
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina A Babenko
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Ljubava D Zorova
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Savva D Zorov
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Irina B Pevzner
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Vasily A Popkov
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Semenovich
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elmira I Yakupova
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Denis N Silachev
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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2
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Valach M, Benz C, Aguilar LC, Gahura O, Faktorová D, Zíková A, Oeffinger M, Burger G, Gray MW, Lukeš J. Miniature RNAs are embedded in an exceptionally protein-rich mitoribosome via an elaborate assembly pathway. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:6443-6460. [PMID: 37207340 PMCID: PMC10325924 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) has diverged drastically from its evolutionary progenitor, the bacterial ribosome. Structural and compositional diversity is particularly striking in the phylum Euglenozoa, with an extraordinary protein gain in the mitoribosome of kinetoplastid protists. Here we report an even more complex mitoribosome in diplonemids, the sister-group of kinetoplastids. Affinity pulldown of mitoribosomal complexes from Diplonema papillatum, the diplonemid type species, demonstrates that they have a mass of > 5 MDa, contain as many as 130 integral proteins, and exhibit a protein-to-RNA ratio of 11:1. This unusual composition reflects unprecedented structural reduction of ribosomal RNAs, increased size of canonical mitoribosomal proteins, and accretion of three dozen lineage-specific components. In addition, we identified >50 candidate assembly factors, around half of which contribute to early mitoribosome maturation steps. Because little is known about early assembly stages even in model organisms, our investigation of the diplonemid mitoribosome illuminates this process. Together, our results provide a foundation for understanding how runaway evolutionary divergence shapes both biogenesis and function of a complex molecular machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matus Valach
- Department of Biochemistry and Robert-Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Corinna Benz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Lisbeth C Aguilar
- Center for Genetic and Neurological Diseases, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ondřej Gahura
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Drahomíra Faktorová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Marlene Oeffinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Robert-Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Genetic and Neurological Diseases, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gertraud Burger
- Department of Biochemistry and Robert-Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael W Gray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Comparative Genomics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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3
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Schniertshauer D, Wespel S, Bergemann J. Natural Mitochondria Targeting Substances and Their Effect on Cellular Antioxidant System as a Potential Benefit in Mitochondrial Medicine for Prevention and Remediation of Mitochondrial Dysfunctions. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3911-3932. [PMID: 37232719 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the knowledge that many diseases are caused by defects in the metabolism of the cells and, in particular, in defects of the mitochondria, mitochondrial medicine starts precisely at this point. This new form of therapy is used in numerous fields of human medicine and has become a central focus within the field of medicine in recent years. With this form of therapy, the disturbed cellular energy metabolism and an out-of-balance antioxidant system of the patient are to be influenced to a greater extent. The most important tool here is mitotropic substances, with the help of which attempts are made to compensate for existing dysfunction. In this article, both mitotropic substances and accompanying studies showing their efficacy are summarized. It appears that the action of many mitotropic substances is based on two important properties. First, on the property of acting antioxidantly, both directly as antioxidants and via activation of downstream enzymes and signaling pathways of the antioxidant system, and second, via enhanced transport of electrons and protons in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schniertshauer
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Susanne Wespel
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
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4
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Chen B, Das NK, Talukder I, Singhal R, Castillo C, Andren A, Mancias JD, Lyssiotis CA, Shah YM. PTEN-induced kinase PINK1 supports colorectal cancer growth by regulating the labile iron pool. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104691. [PMID: 37037306 PMCID: PMC10196865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a cargo-specific autophagic process that recycles damaged mitochondria to promote mitochondrial turnover. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) mediates the canonical mitophagic pathway. However, the role of PINK1 in diseases where mitophagy has been purported to play a role, such as colorectal cancer, is unclear. Our results here demonstrate that higher PINK1 expression is positively correlated with decreased colon cancer survival, and mitophagy is required for colon cancer growth. We show that doxycycline-inducible knockdown (KD) of PINK1 in a panel of colon cancer cell lines inhibited proliferation, whereas disruption of other mitophagy receptors did not impact cell growth. We observed that PINK KD led to a decrease in mitochondrial respiration, membrane hyperpolarization, accumulation of mitochondrial DNA, and depletion of antioxidant glutathione. In addition, mitochondria are important hubs for the utilization of iron and synthesizing iron-dependent cofactors such as heme and iron sulfur clusters. We observed an increase in the iron storage protein ferritin and a decreased labile iron pool in the PINK1 KD cells, but total cellular iron or markers of iron starvation/overload were not affected. Finally, cellular iron storage and the labile iron pool are maintained via autophagic degradation of ferritin (ferritinophagy). We found overexpressing nuclear receptor coactivator 4, a key adaptor for ferritinophagy, rescued cell growth and the labile iron pool in PINK1 KD cells. These results indicate that PINK1 integrates mitophagy and ferritinophagy to regulate intracellular iron availability and is essential for maintaining intracellular iron homeostasis to support survival and growth in colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nupur K Das
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Indrani Talukder
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rashi Singhal
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cristina Castillo
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony Andren
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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5
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Tachezy J, Makki A, Hrdý I. The hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12922. [PMID: 35567536 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the discovery of hydrogenosomes by Miklós Müller and Donald Lindmark, which we will celebrate the following year. It was a long journey from the first observation of enigmatic rows of granules in trichomonads at the end of the 19th century to their first biochemical characterization in 1973. The key experiments by Müller and Lindmark revealed that the isolated granules contain hydrogen-producing hydrogenase, similar to some anaerobic bacteria-a discovery that gave birth to the field of hydrogenosomes. It is also important to acknowledge the parallel work of the team of Apolena Čerkasovová, Jiří Čerkasov, and Jaroslav Kulda, who demonstrated that these granules, similar to mitochondria, produce ATP. However, the evolutionary origin of hydrogenosomes remained enigmatic until the turn of the millennium, when it was finally accepted that hydrogenosomes and mitochondria evolved from a common ancestor. After a historical introduction, the review provides an overview of hydrogenosome biogenesis, hydrogenosomal protein import, and the relationship between the peculiar structure of membrane translocases and its low inner membrane potential due to the lack of respiratory complexes. Next, it summarizes the current state of knowledge on energy metabolism, the oxygen defense system, and iron/sulfur cluster assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Abhijith Makki
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
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6
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Yang JH, Friederich MW, Ellsworth KA, Frederick A, Foreman E, Malicki D, Dimmock D, Lenberg J, Prasad C, Yu AC, Rupar CA, Hegele RA, Manickam K, Koboldt DC, Crist E, Choi SS, Farhan SM, Harvey H, Sattar S, Karp N, Wong T, Haas R, Van Hove JL, Wigby K. Expanding the phenotypic and molecular spectrum of NFS1-related disorders that cause functional deficiencies in mitochondrial and cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster containing enzymes. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:305-315. [PMID: 35026043 PMCID: PMC8863643 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur cluster proteins are involved in critical functions for gene expression regulation and mitochondrial bioenergetics including the oxidative phosphorylation system. The c.215G>A p.(Arg72Gln) variant in NFS1 has been previously reported to cause infantile mitochondrial complex II and III deficiency. We describe three additional unrelated patients with the same missense variant. Two infants with the same homozygous variant presented with hypotonia, weakness and lactic acidosis, and one patient with compound heterozygous p.(Arg72Gln) and p.(Arg412His) variants presented as a young adult with gastrointestinal symptoms and fatigue. Skeletal muscle biopsy from patients 1 and 3 showed abnormal mitochondrial morphology, and functional analyses demonstrated decreased activity in respiratory chain complex II and variably in complexes I and III. We found decreased mitochondrial and cytosolic aconitase activities but only mildly affected lipoylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase enzymes. Our studies expand the phenotypic spectrum and provide further evidence for the pathogenicity and functional sequelae of NFS1-related disorders with disturbances in both mitochondrial and cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster containing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Division of Child Neurology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Marisa W. Friederich
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, 13121 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Aliya Frederick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Division of Child Neurology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Emily Foreman
- Division of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Denise Malicki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Dimmock
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Jerica Lenberg
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Chitra Prasad
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Andrea C. Yu
- Division of Metabolics and Newborn Screening, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - C. Anthony Rupar
- Department of Pathology, London Health Science Centre, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada,London Health Sciences Centre, Children’s Health Research Institute London, Ontario N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Kandamurugu Manickam
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | - Daniel C. Koboldt
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Erin Crist
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Samantha S. Choi
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Sali M.K. Farhan
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, and Human Genetics, the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Helen Harvey
- Division of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shifteh Sattar
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Division of Child Neurology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Natalya Karp
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Terence Wong
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Richard Haas
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Division of Child Neurology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Johan L.K. Van Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, 13121 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kristen Wigby
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123, USA,Division of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
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7
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Mitochondrial iron-sulfur clusters: Structure, function, and an emerging role in vascular biology. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102164. [PMID: 34656823 PMCID: PMC8577454 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential cofactors most commonly known for their role mediating electron transfer within the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The Fe-S cluster pathways that function within the respiratory complexes are highly conserved between bacteria and the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Within the electron transport chain, Fe-S clusters play a critical role in transporting electrons through Complexes I, II and III to cytochrome c, before subsequent transfer to molecular oxygen. Fe-S clusters are also among the binding sites of classical mitochondrial inhibitors, such as rotenone, and play an important role in the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial Fe-S clusters also play a critical role in the pathogenesis of disease. High levels of ROS produced at these sites can cause cell injury or death, however, when produced at low levels can serve as signaling molecules. For example, Ndufs2, a Complex I subunit containing an Fe-S center, N2, has recently been identified as a redox-sensitive oxygen sensor, mediating homeostatic oxygen-sensing in the pulmonary vasculature and carotid body. Fe-S clusters are emerging as transcriptionally-regulated mediators in disease and play a crucial role in normal physiology, offering potential new therapeutic targets for diseases including malaria, diabetes, and cancer.
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8
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Learning from Yeast about Mitochondrial Carriers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102044. [PMID: 34683364 PMCID: PMC8539049 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that play an important role in both energetic and synthetic metabolism of eukaryotic cells. The flow of metabolites between the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix is controlled by a set of highly selective carrier proteins localised in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As defects in the transport of these molecules may affect cell metabolism, mutations in genes encoding for mitochondrial carriers are involved in numerous human diseases. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a traditional model organism with unprecedented impact on our understanding of many fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. As such, the yeast is also exceptionally well suited for investigation of mitochondrial carriers. This article reviews the advantages of using yeast to study mitochondrial carriers with the focus on addressing the involvement of these carriers in human diseases.
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9
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Braymer JJ, Freibert SA, Rakwalska-Bange M, Lill R. Mechanistic concepts of iron-sulfur protein biogenesis in Biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118863. [PMID: 33007329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins are present in virtually all living organisms and are involved in numerous cellular processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, metabolic reactions, nitrogen fixation, radical biochemistry, protein synthesis, antiviral defense, and genome maintenance. Their versatile functions may go back to the proposed role of their Fe/S cofactors in the origin of life as efficient catalysts and electron carriers. More than two decades ago, it was discovered that the in vivo synthesis of cellular Fe/S clusters and their integration into polypeptide chains requires assistance by complex proteinaceous machineries, despite the fact that Fe/S proteins can be assembled chemically in vitro. In prokaryotes, three Fe/S protein biogenesis systems are known; ISC, SUF, and the more specialized NIF. The former two systems have been transferred by endosymbiosis from bacteria to mitochondria and plastids, respectively, of eukaryotes. In their cytosol, eukaryotes use the CIA machinery for the biogenesis of cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S proteins. Despite the structural diversity of the protein constituents of these four machineries, general mechanistic concepts underlie the complex process of Fe/S protein biogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive and comparative overview of the various known biogenesis systems in Biology, and summarizes their common or diverging molecular mechanisms, thereby illustrating both the conservation and diverse adaptions of these four machineries during evolution and under different lifestyles. Knowledge of these fundamental biochemical pathways is not only of basic scientific interest, but is important for the understanding of human 'Fe/S diseases' and can be used in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Braymer
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven A Freibert
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany; SYNMIKRO Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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10
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Waltz F, Giegé P. Striking Diversity of Mitochondria-Specific Translation Processes across Eukaryotes. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 45:149-162. [PMID: 31780199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles that act as energy conversion powerhouses and metabolic hubs. Their gene expression machineries combine traits inherited from prokaryote ancestors and specific features acquired during eukaryote evolution. Mitochondrial research has wide implications ranging from human health to agronomy. We highlight recent advances in mitochondrial translation. Functional, biochemical, and structural data have revealed an unexpected diversity of mitochondrial translation systems, particularly of their key players, the mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes). Ribosome assembly and translation mechanisms, such as initiation, are discussed and put in perspective with the prevalence of eukaryote-specific families of mitochondrial translation factors such as pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Waltz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Institut Européen de Chimie et de Biologie, l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bordeaux, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France.
| | - Philippe Giegé
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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11
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Tsaousis AD. On the Origin of Iron/Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2478. [PMID: 31781051 PMCID: PMC6857552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron and sulfur are indispensable elements of every living cell, but on their own these elements are toxic and require dedicated machineries for the formation of iron/sulfur (Fe/S) clusters. In eukaryotes, proteins requiring Fe/S clusters (Fe/S proteins) are found in or associated with various organelles including the mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol, and the nucleus. These proteins are involved in several pathways indispensable for the viability of each living cell including DNA maintenance, protein translation and metabolic pathways. Thus, the formation of Fe/S clusters and their delivery to these proteins has a fundamental role in the functions and the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. Currently, most eukaryotes harbor two (located in cytosol and mitochondrion) or three (located in plastid) machineries for the assembly of Fe/S clusters, but certain anaerobic microbial eukaryotes contain sulfur mobilization (SUF) machineries that were previously thought to be present only in archaeal linages. These machineries could not only stipulate which pathway was present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), but they could also provide clues regarding presence of an Fe/S cluster machinery in the proto-eukaryote and evolution of Fe/S cluster assembly machineries in all eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios D Tsaousis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, ResistAnce Pathogenicity and Infectious Diseases (RAPID) Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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12
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Alfadhel M, Nashabat M, Abu Ali Q, Hundallah K. Mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis from molecular understanding to clinical disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 22:4-13. [PMID: 28064324 PMCID: PMC5726836 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2017.1.20160542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Iron–sulfur clusters (ISCs) are known to play a major role in various protein functions. Located in the mitochondria, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus, they contribute to various core cellular functions. Until recently, only a few human diseases related to mitochondrial ISC biogenesis defects have been described. Such diseases include Friedreich ataxia, combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 19, infantile complex II/III deficiency defect, hereditary myopathy with lactic acidosis and mitochondrial muscle myopathy, lipoic acid biosynthesis defects, multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndromes and non ketotic hyperglycinemia due to glutaredoxin 5 gene defect. Disorders of mitochondrial import, export and translation, including sideroblastic anemia with ataxia, EVEN-PLUS syndrome and mitochondrial complex I deficiency due to nucleotide-binding protein-like protein gene defect, have also been implicated in ISC biogenesis defects. With advances in next generation sequencing technologies, more disorders related to ISC biogenesis defects are expected to be elucidated. In this article, we aim to shed the light on mitochondrial ISC biogenesis, related proteins and their function, pathophysiology, clinical phenotypes of related disorders, diagnostic approach, and future implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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13
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Alfadhel M. Multiple Mitochondrial Dysfunctions Syndrome 4 Due to ISCA2 Gene Defects: A Review. Child Neurol Open 2019; 6:2329048X19847377. [PMID: 31106229 PMCID: PMC6506909 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x19847377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome 4, caused by ISCA2 gene
defects (OMIM #616370), was first described by Al-Hassnan et al in 2015. To date, 20 cases
have been reported: 13 females and 7 males from 18 different families. All cases are from
Saudi Arabia except those from one Italian family. Typically, the patients have normal
antenatal and birth history and attain normal development initially. Rapid deterioration
occurs between 2 and 7 months of age, with the triad of neurodevelopmental regression,
optic atrophy with nystagmus, and diffuse white matter disease. Magnetic resonance imaging
findings include 75% of patients have cerebellar white matter abnormalities, and the
spinal cord was affected in 55%. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed elevated glycine
peaks in 2 (10%) cases and elevated lactate peaks in 5 (25%) cases. Biochemical
abnormalities include high cerebrospinal fluid glycine and lactate and high plasma glycine
and lactate, but these findings were not consistent. Diagnosis is based on the detection
of biallelic mutations in the ISCA2 gene. To date, no curative treatment
has been discovered, and disease management is exclusively supportive. In this report, the
authors review the published cases of ISCA2 gene defects and
retrospectively characterize disease phenotypes, the affected biochemical pathways,
neuroradiological abnormalities, diagnosis, genetics, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (NGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Han THL, Camadro JM, Barbault F, Santos R, El Hage Chahine JM, Ha-Duong NT. In Vitro interaction between yeast frataxin and superoxide dismutases: Influence of mitochondrial metals. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:883-892. [PMID: 30797804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Friedreich's ataxia results from a decreased expression of the nuclear gene encoding the mitochondrial protein, frataxin. Frataxin participates in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters and heme cofactors, as well as in iron storage and protection against oxidative stress. How frataxin interacts with the antioxidant defence components is poorly understood. METHODS Therefore, we have investigated by kinetic, thermodynamic and modelling approaches the molecular interactions between yeast frataxin (Yfh1) and superoxide dismutases, Sod1 and Sod2, and the influence of Yfh1 on their enzymatic activities. RESULTS Yfh1 interacts with cytosolic Sod1 with a dissociation constant, Kd = 1.3 ± 0.3 μM, in two kinetic steps. The first step occurs in the 200 ms range and corresponds to the Yfh1-Sod1 interaction, whereas the second is slow and is assumed to be a change in the conformation of the protein-protein adduct. Furthermore, computational investigations confirm the stability of the Yfh1-Sod1 complex. Yfh1 forms two protein complexes with mitochondrial Sod2 with 1:1 and 2:1 Yfh1/Sod2 stoichiometry (Kd1 = 1.05 ± 0.05 and Kd2 = 6.6 ± 0.1 μM). Furthermore, Yfh1 increases the enzymatic activity of Sod1 while slightly affecting that of Sod2. Finally, the stabilities of the protein-protein adducts and the effect of Yfh1 on superoxide dismutase activities depend on the nature of the mitochondrial metal. CONCLUSIONS This work confirms the participation of Yfh1 in cellular defence against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hong Lien Han
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS UMR 7086, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Michel Camadro
- Mitochondries, Métaux et Stress Oxydant, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Hélène Brion, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Florent Barbault
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS UMR 7086, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Renata Santos
- Mitochondries, Métaux et Stress Oxydant, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Hélène Brion, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Michel El Hage Chahine
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS UMR 7086, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nguyet-Thanh Ha-Duong
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS UMR 7086, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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15
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Issitt T, Bosseboeuf E, De Winter N, Dufton N, Gestri G, Senatore V, Chikh A, Randi AM, Raimondi C. Neuropilin-1 Controls Endothelial Homeostasis by Regulating Mitochondrial Function and Iron-Dependent Oxidative Stress. iScience 2018; 11:205-223. [PMID: 30623799 PMCID: PMC6327076 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein neuropilin-1 (NRP1) promotes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and extracellular matrix signaling in endothelial cells (ECs). Although it is established that NRP1 is essential for angiogenesis, little is known about its role in EC homeostasis. Here, we report that NRP1 promotes mitochondrial function in ECs by preventing iron accumulation and iron-induced oxidative stress through a VEGF-independent mechanism in non-angiogenic ECs. Furthermore, NRP1-deficient ECs have reduced growth and show the hallmarks of cellular senescence. We show that a subcellular pool of NRP1 localizes in mitochondria and interacts with the mitochondrial transporter ATP-binding cassette B8 (ABCB8). NRP1 loss reduces ABCB8 levels, resulting in iron accumulation, iron-induced mitochondrial superoxide production, and iron-dependent EC senescence. Treatment of NRP1-deficient ECs with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant compound mitoTEMPO or with the iron chelator deferoxamine restores mitochondrial activity, inhibits superoxide production, and protects from cellular senescence. This finding identifies an unexpected role of NRP1 in EC homeostasis. A subcellular pool of NRP1 localizes in the mitochondria of endothelial cells (ECs) NRP1 regulates mitochondrial function via ABCB8 transporter NRP1 loss induces iron accumulation and iron-dependent oxidative stress in ECs NRP1 protects ECs from iron-dependent premature cellular senescence
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Issitt
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Emy Bosseboeuf
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Natasha De Winter
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Neil Dufton
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gaia Gestri
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Valentina Senatore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Anissa Chikh
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Anna M Randi
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Claudio Raimondi
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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16
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Swidah R, Ogunlabi O, Grant CM, Ashe MP. n-Butanol production in S. cerevisiae: co-ordinate use of endogenous and exogenous pathways. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9857-9866. [PMID: 30171268 PMCID: PMC6208969 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
n-Butanol represents a key commodity chemical and holds significant potential as a biofuel. It can be produced naturally by Clostridia species via the ABE pathway. However, butanol production via such systems can be associated with significant drawbacks. Therefore, substantial efforts have been made toward engineering a suitable industrial host for butanol production. For instance, we previously generated a metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that produces ~300 mg/L butanol from combined endogenous and exogenous pathways. In this current study, the endogenous and exogenous pathways of butanol production were further characterised, and their relative contribution to the overall butanol titre was assessed. Deletion of any single component of the exogenous ABE pathway was sufficient to significantly reduce butanol production. Further evidence for a major contribution from the ABE pathway came with the discovery that specific yeast deletion mutants only affected butanol production from this pathway and had a significant impact on butanol levels. In previous studies, the threonine-based ketoacid (TBK) pathway has been proposed to explain endogenous butanol synthesis in ADH1 mutants. However, we find that key mutants in this pathway have little impact on endogenous butanol production; hence, this pathway does not explain endogenous butanol production in our strains. Instead, endogenous butanol production appears to rely on glycine metabolism via an α-ketovalerate intermediate. Indeed, yeast cells can utilise α-ketovalerate as a supplement to generate high butanol titres (> 2 g/L). The future characterisation and optimisation of the enzymatic activities required for this pathway provides an exciting area in the generation of robust butanol production strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Swidah
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - O Ogunlabi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - C M Grant
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - M P Ashe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., M13 9PT, Manchester, UK.
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17
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Río Bártulos C, Rogers MB, Williams TA, Gentekaki E, Brinkmann H, Cerff R, Liaud MF, Hehl AB, Yarlett NR, Gruber A, Kroth PG, van der Giezen M. Mitochondrial Glycolysis in a Major Lineage of Eukaryotes. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2310-2325. [PMID: 30060189 PMCID: PMC6198282 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of the mitochondrion is seen as a transformational step in the origin of eukaryotes. With the mitochondrion came bioenergetic freedom to explore novel evolutionary space leading to the eukaryotic radiation known today. The tight integration of the bacterial endosymbiont with its archaeal host was accompanied by a massive endosymbiotic gene transfer resulting in a small mitochondrial genome which is just a ghost of the original incoming bacterial genome. This endosymbiotic gene transfer resulted in the loss of many genes, both from the bacterial symbiont as well the archaeal host. Loss of genes encoding redundant functions resulted in a replacement of the bulk of the host’s metabolism for those originating from the endosymbiont. Glycolysis is one such metabolic pathway in which the original archaeal enzymes have been replaced by bacterial enzymes from the endosymbiont. Glycolysis is a major catabolic pathway that provides cellular energy from the breakdown of glucose. The glycolytic pathway of eukaryotes appears to be bacterial in origin, and in well-studied model eukaryotes it takes place in the cytosol. In contrast, here we demonstrate that the latter stages of glycolysis take place in the mitochondria of stramenopiles, a diverse and ecologically important lineage of eukaryotes. Although our work is based on a limited sample of stramenopiles, it leaves open the possibility that the mitochondrial targeting of glycolytic enzymes in stramenopiles might represent the ancestral state for eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Río Bártulos
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig.,Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
| | - Matthew B Rogers
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom.,Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,School of Science and Human Gut Microbiome for Health Research Unit, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Henner Brinkmann
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal C.P. 6128, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Cerff
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig
| | | | - Adrian B Hehl
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nigel R Yarlett
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University
| | - Ansgar Gruber
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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18
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Inorganic iron-sulfur clusters enhance electron transport when used for wiring the NAD-glucose dehydrogenase based redox system. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:337. [PMID: 29946767 PMCID: PMC6019433 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Wiring the active site of an enzyme directly to an electrode is the key to ensuring efficient electron transfer for the proper performance of enzyme-based bioelectronic systems. Iron-sulfur complexes, the first link between proteins and mediating molecules in the biological electron transport chain(s), possess an intrinsic electron transport capability. The authors demonstrate the application of inorganic iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) viz. FeS, FeS2, Fe2S3, and Fe3S4, as molecular wires to mediate electron transport between a glucose-selective redox enzyme and the gold electrode. It is shown that Fe-S can emulate the functionality of the natural electron transport chain. Voltammetric studies indicate a significant improvement in electron transport, surface coverage, and resilience achieved by the Fe-S-based glucose anodes when compared to a conventional pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-based electrode. The Fe-S-based glucose anodes showed glucose oxidation at a potential of +0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8) acting as a carrier. The current densities positively correlated with the concentrations of glucose in the range 0.1–100 mM displaying detection limits of 0.77 mM (FeS), 1.22 mM (FeS2), 2.95 mM (Fe2S3), and 14.57 mM (Fe3S4). The metal-anchorable sulfur atom, the strong π-coordinating iron atom, the favorable redox properties, low cost, and natural abundance make Fe-S an excellent electron-mediating relay capable of wiring redox active sites to electrode surfaces. Schematic representation of inorganic iron-sulfur clusters used as molecular wires to facilitate direct electron transfer between NAD-glucose dehydrogenase and the gold electrode. The iron-sulfur based glucose anodes improve current response to selectively sense glucose concentrations in the range 0.1–100 mM. ![]()
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19
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Dos Santos PC. B. subtilis as a Model for Studying the Assembly of Fe-S Clusters in Gram-Positive Bacteria. Methods Enzymol 2018; 595:185-212. [PMID: 28882201 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complexes of iron and sulfur (Fe-S clusters) are widely distributed in nature and participate in essential biochemical reactions. The biological formation of Fe-S clusters involves dedicated pathways responsible for the mobilization of sulfur, the assembly of Fe-S clusters, and the transfer of these clusters to target proteins. Genomic analysis of Bacillus subtilis and other Gram-positive bacteria indicated the presence of only one Fe-S cluster biosynthesis pathway, which is distinct in number of components and organization from previously studied systems. B. subtilis has been used as a model system for the characterization of cysteine desulfurases responsible for sulfur mobilization reactions in the biogenesis of Fe-S clusters and other sulfur-containing cofactors. Cysteine desulfurases catalyze the cleavage of the C-S bond from the amino acid cysteine and subsequent transfer of sulfur to acceptor molecules. These reactions can be monitored by the rate of alanine formation, the first product in the reaction, and sulfide formation, a byproduct of reactions performed under reducing conditions. The assembly of Fe-S clusters on protein scaffolds and the transfer of these clusters to target acceptors are determined through a combination of spectroscopic methods probing the rate of cluster assembly and transfer. This chapter provides a description of reactions promoting the assembly of Fe-S clusters in bacteria as well as methods used to study functions of each biosynthetic component and identify mechanistic differences employed by these enzymes across different pathways.
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20
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Dutkiewicz R, Nowak M. Molecular chaperones involved in mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein biogenesis. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 23:569-579. [PMID: 29124426 PMCID: PMC6006194 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (FeS) clusters are prosthetic groups critical for the function of many proteins in all domains of life. FeS proteins function in processes ranging from oxidative phosphorylation and cofactor biosyntheses to DNA/RNA metabolism and regulation of gene expression. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria play a central role in the process of FeS biogenesis and support maturation of FeS proteins localized within mitochondria and in other cellular compartments. In humans, defects in mitochondrial FeS cluster biogenesis lead to numerous pathologies, which are often fatal. The generation of FeS clusters in mitochondria is a complex process. The [2Fe-2S] cluster is first assembled on a dedicated scaffold protein (Isu1) by the action of protein factors that interact with Isu1 to form the "assembly complex". Next, the FeS cluster is transferred onto a recipient apo-protein. Genetic and biochemical evidence implicates participation of a specialized J-protein co-chaperone Jac1 and its mitochondrial (mt)Hsp70 chaperone partner, and the glutaredoxin Grx5 in the FeS cluster transfer process. Finally, various specialized ISC components assist in the generation of [4Fe-4S] clusters and cluster insertion into specific target apoproteins. Although a framework of protein components that are involved in the mitochondrial FeS cluster biogenesis has been established based on genetic and biochemical studies, detailed molecular mechanisms involved in this important and medically relevant process are not well understood. This review summarizes our molecular knowledge on chaperone proteins' functions during the FeS protein biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Dutkiewicz
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Nowak
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
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21
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Hsiao CP, Chen MK, Meyers KJ, Saligan LN. Symptoms predicting health-related quality of life in prostate cancer patients treated with localized radiation therapy. Fam Med Community Health 2017; 5:119-128. [PMID: 30263893 PMCID: PMC6155995 DOI: 10.15212/fmch.2017.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Patient-reported health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) measures can provide guidance for treatment decision making, symptom management, and discharge planning. HRQOL is often influenced by the distress experienced by patients from disease or treatment-related symptoms. This study aimed to identify symptoms that can predict changes in HRQOL in men undergoing external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for nonmetastatic prostate cancer (NMPC). Methods Fifty-one men with NMPC scheduled for EBRT were assessed at the baseline, at the midpoint of EBRT, and at the end of EBRT. All participants received 38–42 daily doses of EBRT (five times a week), depending on the stage of their disease. Validated questionnaires were administered to evaluate depressive symptoms, urinary and sexual functions, bowel issues, symptom-related distress, fatigue, and HRQOL. Pearson correlations, repeated-measures ANOVA, and multiple regressions examined the relationships among variables. Results Intensification of symptoms and increased symptom-related distress, with a corresponding decline in HRQOL, were observed during EBRT in men with NMPC. Changes in symptoms and symptom distress were associated with changes in HRQOL at the midpoint of EBRT (r=−0.37 to −0.6, P=0.05) and at the end of EBRT (r=−0.3 to −0.47, P=0.01) compared with the baseline. The regression model comprising age, body mass index, Gleason score, T category, androgen-deprivation therapy use, radiation dose received, symptoms (urinary/sexual/bowel problems, fatigue), and overall symptom distress explained 70% of the variance in predicting HRQOL. Urinary problems and fatigue significantly predicted the decline in HRQOL during EBRT. Conclusion Identifying specific symptoms that can influence HRQOL during EBRT for NMPC can provide feasible interventional targets to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Pin Hsiao
- The Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mea-Kuang Chen
- University of Arizona, 3009 E 4th St. Tucson, AZ 85716, USA
| | - Kathy J Meyers
- The Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leorey N Saligan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 3, Room 5E14, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Van Vranken JG, Jeong MY, Wei P, Chen YC, Gygi SP, Winge DR, Rutter J. The mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (ACP) coordinates mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis with iron sulfur cluster biogenesis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27540631 PMCID: PMC4991935 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (FASII) and iron sulfur cluster (FeS) biogenesis are both vital biosynthetic processes within mitochondria. In this study, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (ACP), which has a well-known role in FASII, plays an unexpected and evolutionarily conserved role in FeS biogenesis. ACP is a stable and essential subunit of the eukaryotic FeS biogenesis complex. In the absence of ACP, the complex is destabilized resulting in a profound depletion of FeS throughout the cell. This role of ACP depends upon its covalently bound 4’-phosphopantetheine (4-PP)-conjugated acyl chain to support maximal cysteine desulfurase activity. Thus, it is likely that ACP is not simply an obligate subunit but also exploits the 4-PP-conjugated acyl chain to coordinate mitochondrial fatty acid and FeS biogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17828.001 Like animals and plants, yeast cells contain structures called mitochondria. These structures are commonly referred to as the powerhouses of the cell because they provide much of the energy that cells need to survive. All mitochondria contain a protein called acyl carrier protein (ACP), which cells need in order to live. The ACP protein has a number of known roles including manufacturing the molecules that make up certain fats and helping to organise other proteins that are important for energy production. However, neither of these roles explain why yeast cells require ACP because the other proteins required for these processes are not required for survival. Mitochondria are also the sites where iron and sulfur atoms are joined together to make the iron sulfur clusters that many proteins need in order to carry out their roles. Van Vranken, Jeong et al. now show that the ACP protein associates with a molecular machine that makes iron sulfur clusters in the mitochondria of budding yeast cells. The experiments show that this interaction is needed to produce iron sulfur clusters, and without it the other proteins involved in the process are not able to work together. Since iron sulfur clusters are essential for life, this could explain why cells cannot survive without ACP. Van Vranken et al. also showed that ACP is only able to efficiently produce iron sulfur clusters when a chemical called a “4-PP-conjugated acyl chain” is attached to it. It is possible to separate the activity of ACP in making iron sulfur clusters from its previously known roles. Van Vranken et al. suggest that the addition of the 4-PP-conjugated acyl chain to ACP may help to balance the use of ACP between its different activities. Moving forward, Van Vranken et al. hope to determine the structure of ACP in more detail to understand how it contributes to iron sulfur cluster formation, and why this single protein has evolved to perform so many distinct roles. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17828.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Van Vranken
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Mi-Young Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Yu-Chan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Dennis R Winge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
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Abstract
Mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) have arisen independently in a wide range of anaerobic protist lineages. Only a few of these organelles and their functions have been investigated in detail, and most of what is known about MROs comes from studies of parasitic organisms such as the parabasalid Trichomonas vaginalis. Here, we describe the MRO of a free-living anaerobic jakobid excavate, Stygiella incarcerata. We report an RNAseq-based reconstruction of S. incarcerata’s MRO proteome, with an associated biochemical map of the pathways predicted to be present in this organelle. The pyruvate metabolism and oxidative stress response pathways are strikingly similar to those found in the MROs of other anaerobic protists, such as Pygsuia and Trichomonas. This elegant example of convergent evolution is suggestive of an anaerobic biochemical ‘module’ of prokaryotic origins that has been laterally transferred among eukaryotes, enabling them to adapt rapidly to anaerobiosis. We also identified genes corresponding to a variety of mitochondrial processes not found in Trichomonas, including intermembrane space components of the mitochondrial protein import apparatus, and enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and cardiolipin biosynthesis. In this respect, the MROs of S. incarcerata more closely resemble those of the much more distantly related free-living organisms Pygsuia biforma and Cantina marsupialis, likely reflecting these organisms’ shared lifestyle as free-living anaerobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Leger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Laura Eme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Laura A Hug
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Andrew J Roger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Hsiao CP, Daly B, Saligan LN. The Etiology and management of radiotherapy-induced fatigue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:323-328. [PMID: 29651466 DOI: 10.1080/23809000.2016.1191948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is one of the most common side-effects accompanying radiotherapy, but arguably the least understood. Radiotherapy-induced fatigue (RIF) is a clinical subtype of cancer treatment-related fatigue. It is described as a pervasive, subjective sense of tiredness persisting over time, interferes with activities of daily living, and is not relieved by adequate rest or sleep. RIF is one of the early side-effects and long-lasting for cancer patients treated with localized radiation. Although the underlying mechanisms of fatigue have been studied in several disease conditions, the etiology, mechanisms, and risk factors of RIF remain elusive, and this symptom remains poorly managed. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss recent articles that defined, proposed biologic underpinnings and mechanisms to explain the pathobiology of RIF, as well as articles that proposed interventions to manage RIF. Understanding the mechanisms of RIF can describe promising pathways to identify at-risk individuals and identify potential therapeutic targets to alleviate and prevent RIF using a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Pin Hsiao
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Barbara Daly
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leorey N Saligan
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Higgins KA, Peng H, Luebke JL, Chang FMJ, Giedroc DP. Conformational Analysis and Chemical Reactivity of the Multidomain Sulfurtransferase, Staphylococcus aureus CstA. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2385-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadine A. Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Justin L. Luebke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Feng-Ming James Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - David P. Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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26
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Attene-Ramos MS, Huang R, Michael S, Witt KL, Richard A, Tice RR, Simeonov A, Austin CP, Xia M. Profiling of the Tox21 chemical collection for mitochondrial function to identify compounds that acutely decrease mitochondrial membrane potential. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:49-56. [PMID: 25302578 PMCID: PMC4286281 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Understanding whether different environmental chemicals and druglike molecules impact mitochondrial function represents an initial step in predicting exposure-related toxicity and defining a possible role for such compounds in the onset of various diseases. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify individual chemicals and general structural features associated with changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). METHODS We used a multiplexed [two end points in one screen; MMP and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content] quantitative high throughput screening (qHTS) approach combined with informatics tools to screen the Tox21 library of 10,000 compounds (~ 8,300 unique chemicals) at 15 concentrations each in triplicate to identify chemicals and structural features that are associated with changes in MMP in HepG2 cells. RESULTS Approximately 11% of the compounds (913 unique compounds) decreased MMP after 1 hr of treatment without affecting cell viability (ATP content). In addition, 309 compounds decreased MMP over a concentration range that also produced measurable cytotoxicity [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in MMP assay/IC50 in viability assay ≤ 3; p < 0.05]. More than 11% of the structural clusters that constitute the Tox21 library (76 of 651 clusters) were significantly enriched for compounds that decreased the MMP. CONCLUSIONS Our multiplexed qHTS approach allowed us to generate a robust and reliable data set to evaluate the ability of thousands of drugs and environmental compounds to decrease MMP. The use of structure-based clustering analysis allowed us to identify molecular features that are likely responsible for the observed activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias S Attene-Ramos
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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27
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Chen X, Huang Z, Zhou B, Wang H, Jia G, Liu G, Zhao H. STEAP4 and insulin resistance. Endocrine 2014; 47:372-9. [PMID: 24627165 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease that caused by the interactions between genetic susceptibility genes and environmental cues. Obesity is considered as a major risk factor of insulin resistance. STEAP4 is a novel anti-obesity gene that is significantly down-regulated in adipose tissue of obese patients. Over-expression of STEAP4 can improve glucose uptake and mitochondrial function, and increase insulin sensitivity. STEAP4 expression is regulated by a variety of inflammatory cytokines, hormones, or adipokines. In this review, we discuss function of STEAP4 in regulating insulin resistance in adipose tissue in vivo, as well as in adipocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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28
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Attene-Ramos MS, Huang R, Sakamuru S, Witt KL, Beeson GC, Shou L, Schnellmann RG, Beeson CC, Tice RR, Austin CP, Xia M. Systematic study of mitochondrial toxicity of environmental chemicals using quantitative high throughput screening. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1323-32. [PMID: 23895456 DOI: 10.1021/tx4001754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A goal of the Tox21 program is to transit toxicity testing from traditional in vivo models to in vitro assays that assess how chemicals affect cellular responses and toxicity pathways. A critical contribution of the NIH Chemical Genomics center (NCGC) to the Tox21 program is the implementation of a quantitative high throughput screening (qHTS) approach, using cell- and biochemical-based assays to generate toxicological profiles for thousands of environmental compounds. Here, we evaluated the effect of chemical compounds on mitochondrial membrane potential in HepG2 cells by screening a library of 1,408 compounds provided by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in a qHTS platform. Compounds were screened over 14 concentrations, and results showed that 91 and 88 compounds disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential after treatment for 1 or 5 h, respectively. Seventy-six compounds active at both time points were clustered by structural similarity, producing 11 clusters and 23 singletons. Thirty-eight compounds covering most of the active chemical space were more extensively evaluated. Thirty-six of the 38 compounds were confirmed to disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential using a fluorescence plate reader, and 35 were confirmed using a high content imaging approach. Among the 38 compounds, 4 and 6 induced LDH release, a measure of cytotoxicity, at 1 or 5 h, respectively. Compounds were further assessed for mechanism of action (MOA) by measuring changes in oxygen consumption rate, which enabled the identification of 20 compounds as uncouplers. This comprehensive approach allows for the evaluation of thousands of environmental chemicals for mitochondrial toxicity and identification of possible MOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias S Attene-Ramos
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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29
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Abstract
Transition metals are frequently used as cofactors for enzymes and oxygen-carrying proteins that take advantage of their propensity to gain and lose single electrons. Metals are particularly important in mitochondria, where they play essential roles in the production of ATP and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. At the same time, transition metals (particularly Fe and Cu) can promote the formation of harmful radicals, necessitating meticulous control of metal concentration and subcellular compartmentalization. We summarize our current understanding of Fe and Cu in mammalian mitochondrial biology and discuss human diseases associated with aberrations in mitochondrial metal homeostasis.
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30
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Disruption of ATP-binding cassette B8 in mice leads to cardiomyopathy through a decrease in mitochondrial iron export. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4152-7. [PMID: 22375032 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119338109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial iron levels are tightly regulated, as iron is essential for the synthesis of Fe/S clusters and heme in the mitochondria, but high levels can cause oxidative stress. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB8 is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein with an unknown function. Here, we show that ABCB8 is involved in mitochondrial iron export and is essential for baseline cardiac function. Induced genetic deletion of ABCB8 in mouse hearts resulted in mitochondrial iron accumulation and cardiomyopathy, as assessed by echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics. Mice with ABCB8 deletion in the heart also displayed mitochondrial damage, and higher levels of reactive oxygen species and cell death. Down-regulation of ABCB8 in vitro resulted in decreased iron export from isolated mitochondria, whereas its overexpression had the opposite effect. Furthermore, ABCB8 is needed for the maturation of the cytosolic Fe/S proteins, as its deletion in vitro and in vivo led to decreased activity of cytosolic, but not mitochondrial, iron-sulfur-containing enzymes. These results indicate that ABCB8 is essential for normal cardiac function, maintenance of mitochondrial iron homeostasis and maturation of cytosolic Fe/S proteins. In summary, this report provides characterization of a protein involved in mitochondrial iron export.
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31
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Isobe T, Baba E, Arita S, Komoda M, Tamura S, Shirakawa T, Ariyama H, Takaishi S, Kusaba H, Ueki T, Akashi K. Human STEAP3 maintains tumor growth under hypoferric condition. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2582-91. [PMID: 21871451 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential in cellular proliferation and survival based on its crucial roles in DNA and ATP synthesis. Tumor cells proliferate rapidly even in patients with low serum iron, although their actual mechanisms are not well known. To elucidate molecular mechanisms of efficient tumor progression under the hypoferric condition, we studied the roles of six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate family member 3 (STEAP3), which was reported to facilitate iron uptake. Using Raji cells with low STEAP3 mRNA expression, human STEAP3-overexpressing cells were established. The impact of STEAP3 expression was analyzed about the amount of iron storage, the survival under hypoferric conditions in vitro and the growth of tumor in vivo. STEAP3 overexpression increased ferritin, an indicator of iron storage, in STEAP3-overexpressing Raji cells. STEAP3 gave Raji cells the resistance to iron deprivation-induced apoptosis. These STEAP3-overexpressing Raji cells preserved efficient growth even in hypoferric mice, while parental Raji cells grew less rapidly. In addition, iron deficiency enhanced STEAP3 mRNA expression in tumor cells. Furthermore, human colorectal cancer tissues exhibited more STEAP3 mRNA expression and iron storage compared with normal colon mucosa. These findings indicate that STEAP3 maintains iron storage in human malignant cells and tumor proliferation under the hypoferric condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Isobe
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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32
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Xu XM, Møller SG. Iron-sulfur clusters: biogenesis, molecular mechanisms, and their functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:271-307. [PMID: 20812788 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters [Fe-S] are small, ubiquitous inorganic cofactors representing one of the earliest catalysts during biomolecule evolution and are involved in fundamental biological reactions, including regulation of enzyme activity, mitochondrial respiration, ribosome biogenesis, cofactor biogenesis, gene expression regulation, and nucleotide metabolism. Although simple in structure, [Fe-S] biogenesis requires complex protein machineries and pathways for assembly. [Fe-S] are assembled from cysteine-derived sulfur and iron onto scaffold proteins followed by transfer to recipient apoproteins. Several predominant iron-sulfur biogenesis systems have been identified, including nitrogen fixation (NIF), sulfur utilization factor (SUF), iron-sulfur cluster (ISC), and cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA), and many protein components have been identified and characterized. In eukaryotes ISC is mainly localized to mitochondria, cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly to the cytosol, whereas plant sulfur utilization factor is localized mainly to plastids. Because of this spatial separation, evidence suggests cross-talk mediated by organelle export machineries and dual targeting mechanisms. Although research efforts in understanding iron-sulfur biogenesis has been centered on bacteria, yeast, and plants, recent efforts have implicated inappropriate [Fe-S] biogenesis to underlie many human diseases. In this review we detail our current understanding of [Fe-S] biogenesis across species boundaries highlighting evolutionary conservation and divergence and assembling our knowledge into a cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ming Xu
- Centre for Organelle Research CORE, University of Stavanger, Norway
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33
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Marzetti E, Hwang JCY, Lees HA, Wohlgemuth SE, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Carter CS, Bernabei R, Leeuwenburgh C. Mitochondrial death effectors: relevance to sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:235-44. [PMID: 19450666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated apoptosis in skeletal muscle is increasingly recognized as a potential mechanism contributing to the development of sarcopenia of aging and disuse muscle atrophy. Given their central role in the regulation of apoptosis, mitochondria are regarded as key players in the pathogenesis of myocyte loss during aging and other atrophying conditions. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial constituents, impaired respiration and altered mitochondrial turnover have been proposed as potential triggering events for mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. In addition, iron accumulation within mitochondria may enhance the susceptibility to apoptosis during the development of sarcopenia and possibly acute muscle atrophy, likely through exacerbation of oxidative stress. Mitochondria can induce myocyte apoptosis via both caspase-dependent and independent pathways, although the apoptogenic mediators involved may be different depending on age, muscle type and specific atrophying conditions. Despite the considerable advances made, additional research is necessary to establish a definite causal link between apoptotic signaling and the development of sarcopenia and acute atrophy. Furthermore, a translational effort is required to determine the role played by apoptosis in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and disuse-induced muscle loss in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Aging and Geriatrics, Institute on Aging, Division of Biology of Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0143, USA.
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VAN DER GIEZEN MARK. Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Conservation and Evolution of Functions. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56:221-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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González-Cabo P, Llorens JV, Palau F, Moltó MD. Friedreich ataxia: an update on animal models, frataxin function and therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 652:247-61. [PMID: 20225031 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2813-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive progressively debilitating degenerative disease that principally affects the nervous system and the heart. Although FRDA is considered a rare disease, is the most common inherited ataxia. It is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the FXN gene, mainly an expanded GAA triplet repeat in the intron 1. The genetic defect results in the reduction of frataxin levels, a protein targeted to the mitochondria. Frataxin deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and iron accumulation. Studies of the yeast and animal models of the disease have led to propose several different roles for frataxin. Animal models have also been important for dissecting the steps of pathogenesis in FRDA and they are essential for the development of effective therapies. Currently, antioxidant and iron chelation therapies are under evaluation in clinical trials. Gene reactivation, gene therapy and protein replacement strategies for FRDA are promising approaches. This review focuses on the current models developed for FRDA, the different roles proposed for frataxin and the progress of potential treatment strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar González-Cabo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, C/Jaume Roig 11, Valencia, Spain.
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36
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Formigari A, Irato P, Santon A. Zinc, antioxidant systems and metallothionein in metal mediated-apoptosis: biochemical and cytochemical aspects. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146:443-59. [PMID: 17716951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Copper, zinc and iron are essential metals for different physiological functions, even though their excess can lead to biological damage. This review provides a background of toxicity related to copper, iron and zinc excess, biological mechanisms of their homeostasis and their respective roles in the apoptotic process. The antioxidant action of metallothionein has been highlighted by summarizing the most important findings that confirm the role of zinc in cellular protection in relation to metallothionein expression and apoptotic processes. In particular, we show that a complex and efficient antioxidant system, the induction of metallothionein and the direct action of zinc have protective roles against oxidative damage and the resulting apoptosis induced by metals with redox proprieties. In addition, to emphasize the protective effects of Zn and Zn-MT in Cu and Fe-mediated oxidative stress-dependent apoptosis, some aspects of apoptotic cell death are shown. The most widely used cytochemical techniques also have been examined in order to critically evaluate the available data from a methodological point of view. The observations on the role of Zn and MT could potentially develop new applications for this metal and MT in biomedical research.
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37
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Vignais PM, Billoud B. Occurrence, Classification, and Biological Function of Hydrogenases: An Overview. Chem Rev 2007; 107:4206-72. [PMID: 17927159 DOI: 10.1021/cr050196r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1025] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulette M. Vignais
- CEA Grenoble, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biophysique des Systèmes Intégrés, UMR CEA/CNRS/UJF 5092, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France, and Atelier de BioInformatique Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 12 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Billoud
- CEA Grenoble, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biophysique des Systèmes Intégrés, UMR CEA/CNRS/UJF 5092, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France, and Atelier de BioInformatique Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 12 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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38
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Cooper JM, Schapira AHV. Friedreich's ataxia: coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E therapy. Mitochondrion 2007; 7 Suppl:S127-35. [PMID: 17485244 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the genetic mutation causing Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) our understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis have improved markedly. The genetic abnormality results in the deficiency of frataxin, a protein targeted to the mitochondrion. There is extensive evidence that mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, oxidative damage and iron accumulation play significant roles in the disease mechanism. There remains considerable debate as to the normal function of frataxin, but it is likely to be involved in mitochondrial iron handling, antioxidant regulation, and/or iron sulphur centre regulation. Therapeutic avenues for patients with FRDA are beginning to be explored in particular targeting antioxidant protection, enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, iron chelation and more recently increasing FRDA transcription. The use of quinone therapy has been the most extensively studied to date with clear benefits demonstrated using evaluations of both disease biomarkers and clinical symptoms, and this is the topic that will be covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cooper
- University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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39
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Alves R, Sorribas A. In silico pathway reconstruction: Iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2007; 1:10. [PMID: 17408500 PMCID: PMC1839888 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Current advances in genomics, proteomics and other areas of molecular biology make the identification and reconstruction of novel pathways an emerging area of great interest. One such class of pathways is involved in the biogenesis of Iron-Sulfur Clusters (ISC). Results Our goal is the development of a new approach based on the use and combination of mathematical, theoretical and computational methods to identify the topology of a target network. In this approach, mathematical models play a central role for the evaluation of the alternative network structures that arise from literature data-mining, phylogenetic profiling, structural methods, and human curation. As a test case, we reconstruct the topology of the reaction and regulatory network for the mitochondrial ISC biogenesis pathway in S. cerevisiae. Predictions regarding how proteins act in ISC biogenesis are validated by comparison with published experimental results. For example, the predicted role of Arh1 and Yah1 and some of the interactions we predict for Grx5 both matches experimental evidence. A putative role for frataxin in directly regulating mitochondrial iron import is discarded from our analysis, which agrees with also published experimental results. Additionally, we propose a number of experiments for testing other predictions and further improve the identification of the network structure. Conclusion We propose and apply an iterative in silico procedure for predictive reconstruction of the network topology of metabolic pathways. The procedure combines structural bioinformatics tools and mathematical modeling techniques that allow the reconstruction of biochemical networks. Using the Iron Sulfur cluster biogenesis in S. cerevisiae as a test case we indicate how this procedure can be used to analyze and validate the network model against experimental results. Critical evaluation of the obtained results through this procedure allows devising new wet lab experiments to confirm its predictions or provide alternative explanations for further improving the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Alves
- Departament de Ciencies Mediques Basiques, Universidad de Lleida, Montserrat Roig 2, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - Albert Sorribas
- Departament de Ciencies Mediques Basiques, Universidad de Lleida, Montserrat Roig 2, 25008 Lleida, Spain
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40
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Pierrel F, Cobine PA, Winge DR. Metal Ion availability in mitochondria. Biometals 2007; 20:675-82. [PMID: 17225062 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-006-9052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal ions are required for many aspects of mitochondrial physiology. Copper, iron, manganese and zinc are cofactors in metalloenzymes and metalloproteins within the organelle. Little is known how cells maintain optimal pools of these metal ions for mitochondrial function. This review documents the available literature on mitochondrial metal ion pools and protein metallation reactions. Upon perturbation in metal pools, mis-metallation reactions do occur. Thus, regulation of metal ion accessibility and bioavailability must exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Pierrel
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Koc M, Nad’ová Z, Kovář J. Sensitivity of cells to apoptosis induced by iron deprivation can be reversibly changed by iron availability. Cell Prolif 2007; 39:551-61. [PMID: 17109638 PMCID: PMC6495871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the effect of iron deprivation on cell death induction in human Raji cells pre-adapted to differing availability of extracellular iron. Iron deprivation was achieved by incubation in a defined iron-free medium. Original Raji cells have previously been adapted to long-term culture in a defined medium with 5 microg/ml of iron-saturated human transferrin as a source of iron. Raji/lowFe cells were derived from original Raji cells by subsequent adaptation to culture in the medium with 50 microm ferric citrate as a source of iron. Raji/lowFe-re cells were derived from Raji/lowFe cells by re-adaptation to the transferrin-containing (5 microg/ml) medium. Iron deprivation induced cell death in both Raji cells and Raji/lowFe-re cells; that is, cells pre-adapted to a near optimum source of extracellular iron (5 microg/ml of transferrin). However, Raji/lowFe cells preadapted to a limited source of extracellular iron (50 microm ferric citrate) became resistant to the induction of cell death by iron deprivation. We demonstrated that cell death induction by iron deprivation in Raji cells correlates with the activation of executioner caspase-3 and the cleavage of caspase-3 substrate, poly-ADP ribose polymerase. Two other executioner caspases, caspase-7 and caspase-6, were not activated. Taken together, we suggest that in human Raji cells, iron deprivation induces apoptotic cell death related to caspase-3 activation. However, the sensitivity of the cells to death induction by iron deprivation can be reversibly changed by extracellular iron availability. The cells pre-adapted to a limited source of extracellular iron became resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Koc
- Department of Cell Signalling and Apoptosis, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, and
| | - Z. Nad’ová
- Department of Cell Signalling and Apoptosis, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, and
| | - J. Kovář
- Department of Cell Signalling and Apoptosis, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, and
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Third Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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42
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Wu SP, Cowan JA. Iron–sulfur cluster stability. Kinetics and mechanism of ligand-promoted cluster degradation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:82-4. [PMID: 17279268 DOI: 10.1039/b610665j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactivity studies of iron-sulfur cluster proteins with chelating ligands model the reactivity of cluster scaffold proteins such as ISU, and suggest a rate law [k(obs) = k2[ligand]n/{[ligand]n + K(D)}] consistent with formation of a pre-reaction complex between the Fe-S protein and one chelate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-pao Wu
- Evans Laboratory of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 100 West, 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Stojanovski
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellforschung, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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44
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Schauen M, Spitkovsky D, Schubert J, Fischer JH, Hayashi JI, Wiesner RJ. Respiratory chain deficiency slows down cell-cycle progression via reduced ROS generation and is associated with a reduction of p21CIP1/WAF1. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:103-12. [PMID: 16775840 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have used HeLa cells without mitochondrial DNA (rho0-cells) and transient rho0-phenocopies, obtained from wild-type cells by short-term treatment with ethidium bromide, to analyze how the absence of a functional mitochondrial respiratory chain slows down proliferation. We ruled out an energetic problem (ATP/ADP content) as well as defective synthesis of pyrimidine, iron-sulfur clusters or heme as important causes for the proliferative defect. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that reactive oxygen species were reduced in rho0-cells and in rho0-phenocopies, and that, quite unusually, all stages of the cell cycle were slowed down. Specific quenching of mitochondrial ROS with the ubiquinone analog MitoQ also resulted in slower growth. Some important cell-cycle regulators were reduced in rho0-cells: cyclin D3, cdk6, p18INK4C, p27KIP1, and p21CIP1/WAF1. In the rho0-phenocopies, the expression pattern did not fully duplicate the complex response observed in rho0-cells, and mainly p21CIP1/WAF1 was downregulated. Activities of the growth regulatory PKB/Akt and MAPK/ERK-signaling pathways did not correlate with proliferation rates of rho0-cells and rho0-phenocopies. Our study demonstrates that loss of a functional mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibits cell-cycle progression, and we postulate that this occurs through the decreased concentration of reactive oxygen species, leading to downregulation of p21CIP1/WAF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schauen
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Köln, Köln, Germany.
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45
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Karlberg T, Schagerlöf U, Gakh O, Park S, Ryde U, Lindahl M, Leath K, Garman E, Isaya G, Al-Karadaghi S. The structures of frataxin oligomers reveal the mechanism for the delivery and detoxification of iron. Structure 2006; 14:1535-46. [PMID: 17027502 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the mitochondrial protein frataxin are responsible for Friedreich ataxia, a neurodegenerative and cardiac disease that affects 1:40,000 children. Here, we present the crystal structures of the iron-free and iron-loaded frataxin trimers, and a single-particle electron microscopy reconstruction of a 24 subunit oligomer. The structures reveal fundamental aspects of the frataxin mechanism. The trimer has a central channel in which one atom of iron binds. Two conformations of the channel with different metal-binding affinities suggest that a gating mechanism controls whether the bound iron is delivered to other proteins or transferred to detoxification sites. The trimer constitutes the basic structural unit of the 24 subunit oligomer. The architecture of this oligomer and several features of the trimer structure demonstrate striking similarities to the iron-storage protein ferritin. The data reveal how stepwise assembly provides frataxin with the structural flexibility to perform two functions: metal delivery and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Karlberg
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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46
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Huang XP, O'Brien PJ, Templeton DM. Mitochondrial involvement in genetically determined transition metal toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 163:68-76. [PMID: 16797509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Iron that is not specifically chaperoned through its essential functional pathways is damaging to biological systems, in major part by catalyzing the production of reactive oxygen species. Iron serves in several essential roles in the mitochondrion, as an essential cofactor for certain enzymes of electron transport, and through its involvement in the assembly of iron-sulfur clusters and iron-porphyrin (heme) complexes, both processes occurring in the mitochondrion. Therefore, there are mechanisms that deliver iron specifically to mitochondria, although these are not well understood. Under normal circumstances the mitochondrion has levels of stored iron that are higher than other organelles, though lower than in cytosol, while in some disorders of iron metabolism, mitochondrial iron levels exceed those in the cytosol. Under these circumstances of excess iron, protective mechanisms are overwhelmed and mitochondrial damage ensues. This may take the form of acute oxidative stress with structural damage and functional impairment, but also may result in long-term damage to the mitochondrial genome. This review discusses the evidence that mitochondria do indeed accumulate iron in several genetic disorders, and are a direct target for iron toxicity when it is present in excess. We then consider two classes of genetic disorders involving iron and the mitochondrion. The first include defects in genes directly regulating mitochondrial iron metabolism that lead to Friedreich's ataxia and the various sideroblastic anemias, with excessive mitochondrial iron accumulation. Under the second class, we discuss various primary hemochromatoses that lead to direct mitochondrial damage, with reference to mutations in genes encoding HFE, hepcidin, hemojuvelin, transferrin receptor-2, ferroportin, transferrin, and ceruloplasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ont. M5S 1A8, Canada
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47
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Embley TM. Multiple secondary origins of the anaerobic lifestyle in eukaryotes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361:1055-67. [PMID: 16754614 PMCID: PMC1578728 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical ideas for early eukaryotic evolution often posited a period of anaerobic evolution producing a nucleated phagocytic cell to engulf the mitochondrial endosymbiont, whose presence allowed the host to colonize emerging aerobic environments. This idea was given credence by the existence of contemporary anaerobic eukaryotes that were thought to primitively lack mitochondria, thus providing examples of the type of host cell needed. However, the groups key to this hypothesis have now been shown to contain previously overlooked mitochondrial homologues called hydrogenosomes or mitosomes; organelles that share common ancestry with mitochondria but which do not carry out aerobic respiration. Mapping these data on the unfolding eukaryotic tree reveals that secondary adaptation to anaerobic habitats is a reoccurring theme among eukaryotes. The apparent ubiquity of mitochondrial homologues bears testament to the importance of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis, perhaps as a founding event, in eukaryotic evolution. Comparative study of different mitochondrial homologues is needed to determine their fundamental importance for contemporary eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Martin Embley
- The Devonshire Building, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Division of Biology, NE1 7RU, UK.
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48
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Kaplan J, McVey Ward D, Crisp RJ, Philpott CC. Iron-dependent metabolic remodeling in S. cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:646-51. [PMID: 16697062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotes require iron although iron is not readily bioavailable. Organisms expend much effort in acquiring iron and in response have evolved multiple mechanisms to acquire iron. Because iron is essential, organisms prioritize the iron use when iron is limiting; iron-sparing enzymes or metabolic pathways are utilized at the expense of iron-rich enzymes. A large percentage of cellular iron containing proteins is devoted to oxygen binding or metabolism, therefore, changes in oxygen availability affect iron usage. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms have been shown to affect the concentration of iron-containing proteins under iron or oxygen limiting conditions. In this review, we describe how the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizes multiple mechanisms to optimize iron usage under iron limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2501, USA.
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49
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Boyer ME, Wang CW, Swartz JR. Simultaneous expression and maturation of the iron-sulfur protein ferredoxin in a cell-free system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:128-38. [PMID: 16570319 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The model iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein ferredoxin (Fd) from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 has been simultaneously produced and matured in a cell-free production system. After 6 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, Fd accumulated to >450 microg/mL. Essentially all was soluble, and 85% was active. Production and maturation of the protein in the cell-free system were found to be dependent in a coupled manner on the concentration of the supplemented iron and sulfur sources, ferrous ammonium sulfate and cysteine, respectively. The recombinant expression of ISC helper proteins during cell extract preparation did not increase cell-free Fd accumulation or activity, although the efficiency of iron and cysteine utilization increased. Fd maturation was independent of protein production rate, and proceeded at a constant rate throughout the period of active translation. In addition, incubation of denatured apo Fd with cell-free reaction components resulted in recovery of Fd activity, supporting the interpretation that maturation mechanisms did not act co-translationally. Incubation at 28 degrees C increased total and active protein accumulation, but decreased the ratio of active to total Fd produced. In summary, the high product yields and folding efficiency make the cell-free system described here an attractive platform for the study of Fe-S protein production and maturation. The system enables both small-volume, high throughput investigations as well as larger scale production. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of directed, high-yield production and maturation of an Fe-S protein in a cell-free system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus E Boyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
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50
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Nie G, Chen G, Sheftel AD, Pantopoulos K, Ponka P. In vivo tumor growth is inhibited by cytosolic iron deprivation caused by the expression of mitochondrial ferritin. Blood 2006; 108:2428-34. [PMID: 16757684 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-018341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial ferritin (MtFt) is a mitochondrial iron-storage protein whose function and regulation is largely unknown. Our previous results have shown that MtFt overexpression markedly affects intracellular iron homeostasis in mammalian cells. Using tumor xenografts, we examined the effects of MtFt overexpression on tumor iron metabolism and growth. The expression of MtFt dramatically reduced implanted tumor growth in nude mice. Mitochondrial iron deposition in MtFt-expressing tumors was directly observed by transmission electron microscopy. A cytosolic iron starvation phenotype in MtFt-expressing tumors was revealed by increased RNA-binding activity of iron regulatory proteins, and concomitantly both an increase in transferrin receptor levels and a decrease in cytosolic ferritin. MtFt overexpression also led to decreases in total cellular heme content and heme oxygenase-1 levels. In addition, elevated MtFt in tumors was also associated with a decrease in total aconitase activity and lower frataxin protein level. In conclusion, our study shows that high MtFt levels can significantly affect tumor iron homeostasis by shunting iron into mitochondria; iron scarcity resulted in partially deficient heme and iron-sulfur cluster synthesis. It is likely that deprivation of iron in the cytosol is the cause for the significant inhibition of xenograft tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Nie
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital and Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste-Catherine Rd, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
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