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Renner N, Schöb F, Pape R, Suciu I, Spreng AS, Ückert AK, Cöllen E, Bovio F, Chilian B, Bauer J, Röpcke S, Bergemann J, Leist M, Schildknecht S. Modeling ferroptosis in human dopaminergic neurons: Pitfalls and opportunities for neurodegeneration research. Redox Biol 2024; 73:103165. [PMID: 38688061 PMCID: PMC11070765 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of ferroptosis is being pursued in cancer research as a strategy to target apoptosis-resistant cells. By contrast, in various diseases that affect the cardiovascular system, kidneys, liver, and central and peripheral nervous systems, attention is directed toward interventions that prevent ferroptotic cell death. Mechanistic insights into both research areas stem largely from studies using cellular in vitro models. However, intervention strategies that show promise in cellular test systems often fail in clinical trials, which raises concerns regarding the predictive validity of the utilized in vitro models. In this study, the human LUHMES cell line, which serves as a model for human dopaminergic neurons, was used to characterize factors influencing the activation of ferroptosis. Erastin and RSL-3 induced cell death that was distinct from apoptosis. Parameters such as the differentiation state of LUHMES cells, cell density, and the number and timing of medium changes were identified as determinants of sensitivity to ferroptosis activation. In differentiated LUHMES cells, interventions at mechanistically divergent sites (iron chelation, coenzyme Q10, peroxidase mimics, or inhibition of 12/15-lipoxygenase) provide almost complete protection from ferroptosis. LUHMES cells allowed the experimental modulation of intracellular iron concentrations and demonstrated a correlation between intracellular iron levels, the rate of lipid peroxidation, as well as the sensitivity of the cells to ferroptotic cell death. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the various factors that influence ferroptosis activation and highlight the need for well-characterized in vitro models to enhance the reliability and predictive value of observations in ferroptosis research, particularly when translating findings into in vivo contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Renner
- Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Faculty of Life Sciences, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schöb
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Regina Pape
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ilinca Suciu
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophie Spreng
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Ückert
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Eike Cöllen
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Federica Bovio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Bruno Chilian
- TRI Thinking Research Instruments GmbH, Große Freiheit 77, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Bauer
- TRI Thinking Research Instruments GmbH, Große Freiheit 77, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Röpcke
- Stemick GmbH, Byk-Gulden Str. 2, 78467, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Faculty of Life Sciences, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Faculty of Life Sciences, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany.
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Hochecker B, Molinski N, Matt K, Meßmer A, Scherer M, von Ardenne A, Bergemann J. Heat treatment in health and disease: How water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation affects key cellular mechanisms in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients compared to healthy donors. J Therm Biol 2024; 120:103813. [PMID: 38412735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Heat treatment or hyperthermia is a promising therapy for many diseases, especially cancer, and can be traced back thousands of years. Despite its long history, little is known about the cellular and molecular effects of heat on human cells. Therefore, we investigated the impact of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation (39 °C, 60 min) on key cellular mechanisms, namely autophagy, mitochondrial function and mRNA expression, in human fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients. Our results show an induction of autophagy in healthy fibroblasts and PBMCs from healthy donors and ME/CFS patients. ME/CFS patients have higher mitochondrial function compared to healthy donors. The wIRA treatment leads to a slight reduction in mitochondrial function in PBMCs from ME/CFS patients, thereby approaching the level of mitochondrial function of healthy donors. Furthermore, an activation of the mRNA expression of the autophagy-related genes MAP1LC3B and SIRT1 as well as for HSPA1, which codes for a heat shock protein, can be observed. These results confirm an impact of heat treatment in human cells on key cellular mechanisms, namely autophagy and mitochondrial function, in health and disease, and provide hope for a potential treatment option for ME/CFS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hochecker
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany.
| | - Noah Molinski
- Von Ardenne Institute of Applied Medical Research GmbH, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Katja Matt
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany.
| | - Alica Meßmer
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany.
| | - Melanie Scherer
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany.
| | | | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany.
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Schniertshauer D, Bergemann J. A Novel Method for Measuring Mitochondrial Respiratory Parameters in Wheat Paleae (Paleae Superior) Using the XF24 Analyzer. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4767. [PMID: 37575392 PMCID: PMC10415212 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the influence of secondary metabolites from fungi on the mitochondria of the host plant during infection is of great importance for the knowledge of fungus-plant interactions in general; it could help generate resistant plants in the future and in the development of specifically acting plant protection products. For this purpose, it must first be possible to record the mitochondrial parameters in the host plant. As of the date of this protocol, no measurements of mitochondrial respiration parameters have been performed in wheat paleae. The protocol shown here describes the measurements using the XF24 analyzer, which measures the rate of oxygen consumption in the sample by changes in the fluorescence of solid-state fluorophores. This procedure covers the preparation of samples for the XF24 analyzer and the measurement of mitochondrial parameters by adding specific mitochondrial inhibitors. It also shows the necessary approach and steps to be followed to obtain reliable, reproducible results. This is a robust protocol that allows the analysis of mitochondrial respiration directly in the wheat paleae. It demonstrates an important add-on method to existing screenings and also offers the possibility to test the effects of early infection of plants by harmful fungi (e.g., Fusarium graminearum) on mitochondrial respiration parameters. Key features This protocol offers the possibility of testing the effects of early infection of plants by pathogens on mitochondrial respiration parameters. This protocol requires a Seahorse XF24 Flux Analyzer with Islet Capture Microplates and the Seahorse Capture Screen Insert Tool. Graphical overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schniertshauer
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Schniertshauer D, Wespel S, Bergemann J. Natural Mitochondria Targeting Substances and Their Effect on Cellular Antioxidant System as a Potential Benefit in Mitochondrial Medicine for Prevention and Remediation of Mitochondrial Dysfunctions. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3911-3932. [PMID: 37232719 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the knowledge that many diseases are caused by defects in the metabolism of the cells and, in particular, in defects of the mitochondria, mitochondrial medicine starts precisely at this point. This new form of therapy is used in numerous fields of human medicine and has become a central focus within the field of medicine in recent years. With this form of therapy, the disturbed cellular energy metabolism and an out-of-balance antioxidant system of the patient are to be influenced to a greater extent. The most important tool here is mitotropic substances, with the help of which attempts are made to compensate for existing dysfunction. In this article, both mitotropic substances and accompanying studies showing their efficacy are summarized. It appears that the action of many mitotropic substances is based on two important properties. First, on the property of acting antioxidantly, both directly as antioxidants and via activation of downstream enzymes and signaling pathways of the antioxidant system, and second, via enhanced transport of electrons and protons in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schniertshauer
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Susanne Wespel
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
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Schöller-Mann A, Matt K, Hochecker B, Bergemann J. Ex vivo Assessment of Mitochondrial Function in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using XF Analyzer. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3980. [PMID: 33889674 PMCID: PMC8054202 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular health and function, as we know today, depend on a large extent on mitochondrial function. The essential function of mitochondria is the energy production, more precisely ATP production, via oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial energy production parameters therefore represent important biomarkers. Studies on human cells have mainly been performed on in vitro cell cultures. However, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are particularly suitable for such examinations. That's why this protocol describes a method to measure key parameters of mitochondrial function in freshly isolated PBMCs with the latest technology, the XF Analyzer. For this ex vivo approach PBMCs are first isolated out of human anticoagulated blood. Next, they are attached to the surface of special microplates pre-coated with Poly-D-Lysine. During the subsequent measurement of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) as well as extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) the stress reagents oligomycin, carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), rotenone and antimycin A are injected. Several mitochondrial parameters can be calculated from the results obtained. The application of this protocol allows the analysis of various influences, such as pharmaceuticals or environmental factors, on human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alica Schöller-Mann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Katja Matt
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Barbara Hochecker
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Schniertshauer D, Gebhard D, Bergemann J. Real-time Base Excision Repair Assay to Measure the Activity of the 8-oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase 1 in Isolated Mitochondria of Human Skin Fibroblasts. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3954. [PMID: 33855116 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is one of the most common and mutagenic oxidative DNA damages induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since ROS is mainly produced in the inner membranes of the mitochondria, these organelles and especially the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contained therein are particularly affected by this damage. Insufficient elimination of 8-oxoG can lead to mutations and thus to severe mitochondrial dysfunctions. To eliminate 8-oxoG, the human body uses the enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), which is the main antagonist to oxidative damage to DNA. However, previous work suggests that the activity of the human OGG1 (hOGG1) decreases with age, leading to an age-related accumulation of 8-oxoG. A better understanding of the exact mechanisms of hOGG1 could lead to the discovery of new targets and thus be of great importance for the development of preventive therapies. Because of this, we developed a real-time base excision repair assay with a specially designed double-stranded reporter oligonucleotides to measure the activity of hOGG1 in lysates of isolated mitochondria. This system presented here differs from the classical assays, in which an endpoint determination is performed via a denaturing acrylamide gel, by the possibility to measure the hOGG1 activity in real-time. In addition, to determine the activity of each enzymatic step (N-glycosylase and AP-lyase activity) of this bifunctional enzyme, a melting curve analysis can also be performed. After isolation of mitochondria from human fibroblasts using various centrifugation steps, they are lysed and then incubated with specially designed reporter oligonucleotides. The subsequent measurement of hOGG1 activity is performed in a conventional real-time PCR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schniertshauer
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Daniel Gebhard
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Matt K, Hochecker B, Schöller-Mann A, Bergemann J. mRNA expression of ageing-associated genes in calorie reduction is subject to donor variability and can be induced by calorie restriction mimetics. Nutr Health 2020; 26:253-262. [PMID: 32552390 DOI: 10.1177/0260106020932732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finding ways to a healthier ageing are increasingly becoming the focus of geriatric research. One way to accomplish this could be calorie restriction, as this is known to positively influence the ageing of model organisms. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of calorie reduction (F. X. Mayr therapy) and of the calorie restriction mimetics resveratrol and spermidine on the expression of ageing-associated genes. METHODS mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 18 participants taking part in an F. X. Mayr therapy was analysed. The PBMCs of one additional participant were treated ex vivo with spermidine or resveratrol. mRNA expression of SIRT1, SIRT3, FOXO3 and SOD2 was determined for these two calorie restriction mimetics. For the F. X. Mayr therapy samples, mRNA of XPA was analysed additionally. RESULTS mRNA expression of the ageing-associated genes showed a distinct donor variation during F. X. Mayr therapy, with a significant increase in mRNA expression of SIRT1. Expression of XPA was similar to SIRT1, with a significant correlation at the last time point tested. Spermidine treatment of PBMCs resulted in a significantly increased expression of all genes tested, whereas resveratrol treatment caused a significant increase of SIRT3, FOXO3 and SOD2 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS By increasing SIRT1 and XPA mRNA expression, calorie reduction in the form of F. X. Mayr therapy could contribute to a healthier ageing; however, the donor variability observed showed that not everyone benefited from this. Calorie restriction mimetics may be an option for promote healthier ageing for those who do not benefit from calorie reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Matt
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Barbara Hochecker
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Alica Schöller-Mann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Schöller-Mann A, Matt K, Schniertshauer D, Hochecker B, Bergemann J. 12 days of in vivo caloric reduction can improve important parameters of aging in humans. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 188:111238. [PMID: 32272119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Caloric reduction (CR) is considered as the most reasonable intervention to delay aging and age-related diseases. Numerous studies in various model organisms provide the main basis for this hypothesis. Human studies exist, but they differ widely in study design, characteristics of test persons and study outcome. In this study we investigated CR in humans on a molecular level to gain a better understanding in these processes. For that purpose, we analyzed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy people fasting according to F.X. Mayr. In a previous study our group could show a significantly improved DNA repair capacity after fasting. Here we were able to confirm these findings despite a slightly modified fasting therapy. Furthermore, the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the mRNA levels of the mitochondria-associated genes SIRT3 and NDUFS1 were significantly affected by CR. However, these changes were only detectable in people who exhibited no improvement in DNA repair capacity. In contrast to that we could not observe any changes in ROS levels, mitochondrial DNA copy number and non-mitochondrial respiration. Altogether our results reveal that CR in form of F. X. Mayr therapy is able to positively influence several cellular parameters and especially mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alica Schöller-Mann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany.
| | - Katja Matt
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schniertshauer
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Barbara Hochecker
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Schniertshauer D, Gebhard D, van Beek H, Nöth V, Schon J, Bergemann J. The activity of the DNA repair enzyme hOGG1 can be directly modulated by ubiquinol. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 87:102784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Matt K, Bergemann J. Ex vivo Analysis of DNA Repair Capacity of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by a Modified Host Cell Reactivation Assay. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3325. [PMID: 33654832 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of humans to repair DNA damages decreases with increasing age. In order to be able to repair daily occurring DNA damages, it becomes more and more important to preserve repair capability of cells with aging. The preservation of DNA repair processes contributes to preventing DNA mutations and subsequently the onset of age-related diseases such as cancer. For the determination of DNA repair of human cells, mostly in vitro cell cultures are used. However, an ex vivo approach can provide a more accurate result compared with in vitro cell cultures, since the DNA repair ability is measured directly without the influence of prolonged culture time. Published protocols use in vitro cultured cells with a single reporter plasmid or a luciferase reporter. Our modified host cell reactivation assay enables the measurement of DNA repair capacity (nucleotide excision repair) of ex vivo isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). For this purpose, PBMCs are isolated out of human anticoagulated blood by density gradient centrifugation. Directly after isolation, the PBMCs are co-transfected with two plasmids, one being previously damaged by UVC irradiation and one remaining undamaged. PBMCs are incubated for 24 h and subsequently analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The ability of cells to repair the DNA damages leads to a functional reactivation of the reporter gene. The assay presented here provides a solution to determine human DNA repair capacity ex vivo directly out of the human body. Furthermore, it can be used to research the ex vivo influence of different substances on DNA repair capacity of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Matt
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Schniertshauer D, Gebhard D, Bergemann J. A New Efficient Method for Measuring Oxygen Consumption Rate Directly ex vivo in Human Epidermal Biopsies. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3185. [PMID: 33654987 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cells are constantly exposed to environmental influences such as air pollution, chemicals, pathogens and UV radiation. UV radiation can damage different biological structures, but most importantly cellular DNA. Mitochondria contain their own genome and accumulate UV-induced DNA mutations to a large extent. This can result, e.g., in accelerated skin aging. Understanding the impact of harmful external influences on mitochondrial function is therefore essential for a better view on the development of age-related diseases. Previous studies have been carried out on cell cultures derived from primary cells, which does not fully represent the real situation in the skin, while the mitochondrial parameters were considered barely or not at all. Here we describe a method to measure mitochondrial respiratory parameters in epithelial tissue derived from human skin biopsies using an Agilent Seahorse XF24 Flux Analyzer. Before the assay, epidermis and dermis are separated enzymatically, we then used the XF24 Islet capture microplates to position the epidermis samples to measure oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR). In these plates, small nets can be fixed to the plate bottom. The epidermis was placed with the vital-basal-side on the net. Active ingredients in the three ports were injected consecutively to determine the effect of each compound. This allows determining the efficiency of the individual complexes within the respiratory chain. This protocol enables the testing of toxic substances and their influence on the mitochondrial respiration parameters in human epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schniertshauer
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Daniel Gebhard
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Ladenburger EM, Dehmer M, Grünberg R, Waiblinger HU, Stoll D, Bergemann J. Highly Sensitive Matrix-Independent Quantification of Major Food Allergens Peanut and Soy by Competitive Real-Time PCR Targeting Mitochondrial DNA. J AOAC Int 2018; 101:170-184. [PMID: 29202921 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.17-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of two competitive real-time PCR assays for the quantitative detection of trace amounts of two major food allergens, peanut and soybean, is reported. In order to achieve very low detection levels for both allergens, we established PCR primers and probes targeting mitochondrial DNA sequences. We were able to demonstrate that this approach led to an increase in detection sensitivity in the range of at least 1 order of magnitude compared with published assays targeting nuclear DNA. Furthermore, we generated corresponding competitor molecules, which were used as internal standards to compete with matrix effects that are evident during DNA extraction and PCR amplification in heterogeneous analytical matrixes like food. According to the recently described competitive quantitative PCR method published by Holzhauser et al. (2014), we performed threshold calibration against milk powder spiked with 10 ppm peanut and soy. Matrix-independent quantitative determination of peanut and soy could be demonstrated for three different calibrated food matrix standards in a range between 1 and 100 ppm. The data presented indicate that both assay concepts are powerful analytical tools for the quantitative detection of trace amounts of peanut and soy in commercial food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Ladenburger
- University of Applied Sciences Albstadt-Sigmaringen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Anton-Günther-Strasse 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Markus Dehmer
- University of Applied Sciences Albstadt-Sigmaringen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Anton-Günther-Strasse 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Ruben Grünberg
- University of Applied Sciences Albstadt-Sigmaringen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Anton-Günther-Strasse 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Waiblinger
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Freiburg, Bissierstrasse 5, 79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Stoll
- University of Applied Sciences Albstadt-Sigmaringen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Anton-Günther-Strasse 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- University of Applied Sciences Albstadt-Sigmaringen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Anton-Günther-Strasse 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
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Delp J, Gutbier S, Cerff M, Zasada C, Niedenführ S, Zhao L, Smirnova L, Hartung T, Borlinghaus H, Schreiber F, Bergemann J, Gätgens J, Beyss M, Azzouzi S, Waldmann T, Kempa S, Nöh K, Leist M. Stage-specific metabolic features of differentiating neurons: Implications for toxicant sensitivity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 354:64-80. [PMID: 29278688 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) may be induced when chemicals disturb a key neurodevelopmental process, and many tests focus on this type of toxicity. Alternatively, DNT may occur when chemicals are cytotoxic only during a specific neurodevelopmental stage. The toxicant sensitivity is affected by the expression of toxicant targets and by resilience factors. Although cellular metabolism plays an important role, little is known how it changes during human neurogenesis, and how potential alterations affect toxicant sensitivity of mature vs. immature neurons. We used immature (d0) and mature (d6) LUHMES cells (dopaminergic human neurons) to provide initial answers to these questions. Transcriptome profiling and characterization of energy metabolism suggested a switch from predominantly glycolytic energy generation to a more pronounced contribution of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) during neuronal maturation. Therefore, we used pulsed stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (pSIRM) to determine intracellular metabolite pool sizes (concentrations), and isotopically non-stationary 13C-metabolic flux analysis (INST 13C-MFA) to calculate metabolic fluxes. We found that d0 cells mainly use glutamine to fuel the TCA. Furthermore, they rely on extracellular pyruvate to allow continuous growth. This metabolic situation does not allow for mitochondrial or glycolytic spare capacity, i.e. the ability to adapt energy generation to altered needs. Accordingly, neuronal precursor cells displayed a higher sensitivity to several mitochondrial toxicants than mature neurons differentiated from them. In summary, this study shows that precursor cells lose their glutamine dependency during differentiation while they gain flexibility of energy generation and thereby increase their resistance to low concentrations of mitochondrial toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Delp
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Cerff
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Christin Zasada
- Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Sebastian Niedenführ
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Liang Zhao
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hanna Borlinghaus
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Falk Schreiber
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jochem Gätgens
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Martin Beyss
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Salah Azzouzi
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Tanja Waldmann
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Katharina Nöh
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany.
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Schniertshauer D, Müller S, Mayr T, Sonntag T, Gebhard D, Bergemann J. Accelerated Regeneration of ATP Level after Irradiation in Human Skin Fibroblasts by Coenzyme Q10. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:488-94. [PMID: 26946184 DOI: 10.1111/php.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human skin is exposed to a number of harmful agents of which the ultraviolet (UV) component of solar radiation is most important. UV-induced damages include direct DNA lesions as well as oxidative damage in DNA, proteins and lipids caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Being the main site of ROS generation in the cell, mitochondria are particularly affected by photostress. The resulting mitochondrial dysfunction may have negative effects on many essential cellular processes. To counteract these effects, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 ) is used as a potent therapeutic in a number of diseases. We analyzed the mitochondrial respiration profile, the mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP level in skin fibroblasts after irradiation. We observed an accelerated regeneration of cellular ATP level, a decrease in mitochondrial dysfunction as well as a preservation of the mitochondrial membrane potential after irradiation in human skin fibroblasts by treatment with CoQ10 . We conclude that the faster regeneration of the ATP level was achieved by a preservation of mitochondrial function by the addition of CoQ10 and that the protective effect of CoQ10 is primarily mediated via its antioxidative function. We suggest also that it might be further dependent on a stimulation of DNA repair enzymes by CoQ10 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schniertshauer
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Sonja Müller
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Tobias Mayr
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Tanja Sonntag
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Daniel Gebhard
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Matt K, Burger K, Gebhard D, Bergemann J. Influence of calorie reduction on DNA repair capacity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 154:24-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Gebhard D, Bönnighausen J, Bergemann J, Schäfer W, Bormann J. A Highly Efficient Method for Measuring Oxygen Consumption Rate in Fusarium graminearum. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Bönnighausen J, Gebhard D, Kröger C, Hadeler B, Tumforde T, Lieberei R, Bergemann J, Schäfer W, Bormann J. Disruption of the GABA shunt affects mitochondrial respiration and virulence in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:1115-32. [PMID: 26305050 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum threatens food and feed production worldwide. It reduces the yield and poisons the remaining kernels with mycotoxins, notably deoxynivalenol (DON). We analyzed the importance of gamma-aminobutanoic acid (GABA) metabolism for the life cycle of this fungal pathogen. GABA metabolism in F. graminearum is partially regulated by the global nitrogen regulator AreA. Genetic disruption of the GABA shunt by deletion of two GABA transaminases renders the pathogen unable to utilize the plant stress metabolites GABA and putrescine. The mutants showed increased sensitivity against oxidative stress, GABA accumulation in the mycelium, downregulation of two key enzymes of the TCA cycle, disturbed potential gradient in the mitochondrial membrane and lower mitochondrial oxygen consumption. In contrast, addition of GABA to the wild type resulted in its rapid turnover and increased mitochondrial steady state oxygen consumption. GABA concentrations are highly upregulated in infected wheat tissues. We conclude that GABA is metabolized by the pathogen during infection increasing its energy production, whereas the mutants accumulate GABA intracellularly resulting in decreased energy production. Consequently, the GABA mutants are strongly reduced in virulence but, because of their DON production, are able to cross the rachis node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bönnighausen
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Gebhard
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, D-72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Cathrin Kröger
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Hadeler
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tumforde
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Applied Plant Ecology and Biodiversity of Useful Plants, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Lieberei
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Applied Plant Ecology and Biodiversity of Useful Plants, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, D-72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Bormann
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
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Gebhard D, Mahler B, Matt K, Burger K, Bergemann J. Mitochondrial DNA copy number - but not a mitochondrial tandem CC to TT transition - is increased in sun-exposed skin. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:209-11. [PMID: 24443988 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are causatively associated with photo-ageing and are used as biomarkers of UV exposure. The most prominent mitochondrial mutation is the common deletion (CD), which is induced in many tissues by oxidative stress. More photo-specific mutations might be CC to TT tandem transitions which arise from UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. As nucleotide excision repair is absent in mitochondria, this DNA damage can presumably not be repaired resulting in high mitochondrial mutation levels. Here, we analysed levels of the CD, a mitochondrial and a chromosomal tandem transition in epidermis and dermis from exposed and less UV-exposed skin. We also analysed mtDNA copy number, for which changes as a result of oxidative stress have been described in different experimental settings. Whereas mitochondrial tandem transition levels were surprisingly low with no discernible correlation with UV exposure, mtDNA copy number and CD were significantly increased in UV-exposed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gebhard
- Department of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Fischer JMF, Popp O, Gebhard D, Veith S, Fischbach A, Beneke S, Leitenstorfer A, Bergemann J, Scheffner M, Ferrando-May E, Mangerich A, Bürkle A. Poly(ADP-ribose)-mediated interplay of XPA and PARP1 leads to reciprocal regulation of protein function. FEBS J 2014; 281:3625-41. [PMID: 24953096 PMCID: PMC4160017 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP‐ribose) (PAR) is a complex and reversible post‐translational modification that controls protein function and localization through covalent modification of, or noncovalent binding to target proteins. Previously, we and others characterized the noncovalent, high‐affinity binding of the key nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein XPA to PAR. In the present study, we address the functional relevance of this interaction. First, we confirm that pharmacological inhibition of cellular poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation (PARylation) impairs NER efficacy. Second, we demonstrate that the XPA–PAR interaction is mediated by specific basic amino acids within a highly conserved PAR‐binding motif, which overlaps the DNA damage‐binding protein 2 (DDB2) and transcription factor II H (TFIIH) interaction domains of XPA. Third, biochemical studies reveal a mutual regulation of PARP1 and XPA functions showing that, on the one hand, the XPA–PAR interaction lowers the DNA binding affinity of XPA, whereas, on the other hand, XPA itself strongly stimulates PARP1 enzymatic activity. Fourth, microirradiation experiments in U2OS cells demonstrate that PARP inhibition alters the recruitment properties of XPA‐green fluorescent protein to sites of laser‐induced DNA damage. In conclusion, our results reveal that XPA and PARP1 regulate each other in a reciprocal and PAR‐dependent manner, potentially acting as a fine‐tuning mechanism for the spatio‐temporal regulation of the two factors during NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M F Fischer
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany; Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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Gebhard D, Matt K, Burger K, Bergemann J. Shortwave UV-Induced Damage as Part of the Solar Damage Spectrum Is Not a Major Contributor to Mitochondrial Dysfunction. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 28:256-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gebhard
- Department of Life Sciences; Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences; 72488 Sigmaringen Germany
| | - Katja Matt
- Department of Life Sciences; Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences; 72488 Sigmaringen Germany
| | - Katharina Burger
- Department of Life Sciences; Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences; 72488 Sigmaringen Germany
| | - Jörg Bergemann
- Department of Life Sciences; Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences; 72488 Sigmaringen Germany
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Levine DM, Garden AL, Truong HT, Bergemann J, Eames P. Influence of multi-lumen extensions on fluid flow through intravenous cannulae. Anaesthesia 2013; 68:1239-42. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Levine
- Wellington Regional Hospital; Wellington New Zealand
| | - A. L. Garden
- Wellington Regional Hospital; Wellington New Zealand
| | - H. T. Truong
- Wellington Regional Hospital; Wellington New Zealand
| | - J. Bergemann
- Wellington Regional Hospital; Wellington New Zealand
| | - P. Eames
- Hutt Hospital; Lower Hutt New Zealand
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Kenk M, Panter S, Engler-Blum G, Bergemann J. Sensitive DNA-based allergen detection depends on food matrix and DNA isolation method. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tewari A, Lahmann C, Sarkany R, Bergemann J, Young AR. Human erythema and matrix metalloproteinase-1 mRNA induction, in vivo, share an action spectrum which suggests common chromophores. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 11:216-23. [PMID: 22080054 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05243h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) is widely regarded as a biomarker of photoageing. We tested the hypothesis that MMP-1 mRNA expression and erythema share a common action spectrum by comparing the effects of erythemally equivalent doses of UVB, UVA1 and solar simulated radiation (SSR) on acute MMP-1 mRNA expression in whole human skin in vivo. Our results show comparable MMP-1 expression with all three spectra, which supports our hypothesis. The sharing of an action spectrum implies common chromophores, one of which is likely to be DNA. We have previously shown that all spectra that we used readily induce cyclobutane thymine dimers (T<>T) in human epidermis in vivo but we lack quantitative data on damage to dermal DNA. This is important because we do not know if dermal MMP-1 induction occurs via direct damage to the dermis, or indirectly via damage to the epidermis. Our results show that UVB induces about 3 times more T<>T compared with erythemally equivalent doses of UVA1, which is similar to our published epidermal data. This supports previously published work that also implicates an unknown UVA1 chromophore for erythema and MMP-1 induction. However, the distribution of the dermal DNA damage varies considerably with spectrum. In the case of UVB it is primarily in the upper dermis, but with UVA1 it is evenly distributed. Thus, irrespective of chromophores, MMP-1 induction by direct dermal damage by both spectra is possible. The practical conclusions of our data are that the small (<5%) UVB content of solar UVR is likely to be the main cause of photoageing, at least in terms of MMP-1 expression. Furthermore, prevention of erythema by sunscreen use is likely to result in reduced MMP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Tewari
- King's College London (KCL), King's College London School of Medicine, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
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Bauer T, Kirschbaum K, Panter S, Kenk M, Bergemann J. Sensitive detection of soy (Glycine max) by real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the mitochondrial atpA gene. J AOAC Int 2011; 94:1863-73. [PMID: 22320094 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.10-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Detection of trace amounts of allergens is essential for correct labeling of food products by the food industry. PCR-based detection methods currently used for this purpose are targeting sequences of DNA present in the cell nucleus. In addition to nuclear DNA, a substantial amount of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies are present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The nuclear DNA usually consists of a set of DNA molecules present in two copies per cell, whereas mitochondrial DNA is present in a few hundred copies per cell. Thus, an increase in sensitivity can be expected when mtDNA is used as the target. In this study, we present a reporter probe-based real-time PCR method amplifying the mitochondrial gene of the alpha chain of adenosine triphosphate synthetase from soy. Increase in sensitivity was examined by determining the minimal amount of soy DNA detectable by mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nDNA) amplification. Additionally, the LOD of soy in a food matrix was determined for mtDNA amplification and compared to the LOD determined by nDNA amplification. As food matrix, a model spice spiked with soy flour was used. Sensitivity of PCR-based soy detection can be increased by using mtDNA as the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bauer
- University of Applied Sciences Albstadt-Sigmaringen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anton-Günther-Strasse 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
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Burger K, Matt K, Kieser N, Gebhard D, Bergemann J. A modified fluorimetric host cell reactivation assay to determine the repair capacity of primary keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:46. [PMID: 20569452 PMCID: PMC2900224 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Host Cell Reactivation Assay (HCRA) is widely used to identify circumstances and substances affecting the repair capacity of cells, however, it is restricted by the transfection procedure used and the sensitivity of the detection method. Primary skin cells are particularly difficult to transfect, and therefore sensitive methods are needed to detect any variations due to the cell-type or inter-individual differences or changes induced by diverse substances.A sensitive and repeatable method to detect the repair capacity of skin cells would be useful in two different aspects: On the one hand, to identify substances influencing the repair capacity in a positive manner (these substances could be promising ingredients for cosmetic products) and on the other hand, to exclude the negative effects of substances on the repair capacity (this could serve as one step further towards replacing or at least reducing animal testing). RESULTS In this paper, we present a rapid and sensitive assay to determine the repair capacity of primary keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts based on two wave-length Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and DsRed reporter technology in order to test different substances and their potential to influence the DNA repair capacity. For the detection of plasmid restoration, we used FACS technology, which, in comparison to luminometer technology, is highly sensitive and allows single cell based analysis.The usefulness of this assay and studying the repair capacity is demonstrated by the evidence that DNA repair is repressed by Cyclosporin A in fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS The methodology described in this paper determines the DNA repair capacity in different types of human skin cells. The described transfection protocol is suitable for the transfection of melanocytes, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, reaching efficacies suitable for the detection of the restored plasmids by FACS technology. Therefore the repair capacity of different cell types can be compared with each other. The described assay is also highly flexible, and the activity of other repair mechanisms can be determined using modifications of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Burger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Anton-Günther-Strasse 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany
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Mösseler A, Bergemann J, Becker C, Stemme K, Gregory PC, Kamphues J. NBT-PABA test to assess efficiency and kinetics of substituted proteolytic enzyme action in pancreatic duct ligated minipigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 92:399-404. [PMID: 18477323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The NBT-PABA test is an established method for diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. In the present study the NBT-PABA test was used to test and compare the efficacy of two multienzyme preparations (product A and B) differing in galenic preparation in minipigs in which pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) was induced by pancreatic duct ligation. Without enzyme substitution no distinct increase in PABA was found in blood after oral administration of NBT-PABA. Administration of both enzyme preparations led to a clear dose dependent rise in PABA-concentrations in blood. Interestingly, the two preparations showed different time curves of serum PABA concentration, indicating differences in the kinetic of proteolytic enzyme action. It is concluded that the NBT-PABA test can be a very useful test for indirectly evaluating proteolytic enzyme efficacy in vivo, and also gives information about the kinetics of enzyme action, not only the end-result of enzyme action (like digestibility trials which were used traditionally). A single test is performed in a few hours and there is no need for fistulated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mösseler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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Zhang Z, Burger K, Hellwig S, Bergemann J. A UVB fingerprint mutation on the p53 tumor suppressor gene decreases in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2008; 188:280-6. [PMID: 18367825 DOI: 10.1159/000122466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The culture of tissue-derived human cells is an important aspect of tissue engineering. Prior to transplantation, the quality of the cultured cells/tissue should be routinely tested so that any enrichment of procarcinogenic cells can be excluded. On this account, a UVB-induced p53 fingerprint mutation would be a valuable quality control marker for skin cells cultured for use in tissue engineering. We developed an allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction assay based on SYBR Green which can quantitatively detect CC-TT transitions in the tumor suppressor gene p53. To analyze the transition 281/282, we used DNA from HaCaT cells, a keratinocyte cell line containing the investigated mutation, as a standard to determine the mutation frequency in cultured cutaneous cells. We analyzed a variety of skin cells grown in culture and found a notable decrease in the UVB fingerprint mutation in fibroblasts during proliferation. Furthermore, we quantified the total amount of mutated DNA in different cutaneous cells and detected a significantly higher level in melanocytes. These results are consistent with findings obtained in our laboratory concerning the common deletion, the most frequently reported mutation in the mitochondrial genome, which suggest a positive influence of prolonged in vitro cell proliferation on the quality of genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Will K, Neben M, Schmidt-Rose T, Deppert W, Wittern KP, Bergemann J. P53-Dependent UVB Responsiveness of Human Keratinocytes Can Be Altered by Cultivation on Cell Cycle-arrested Dermal Fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710321pduroh2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lahmann C, Young AR, Wittern KP, Bergemann J. Induction of mRNA for Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1 in Human Skin in vivo by Solar Simulated Radiation¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730657iomfmm2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Burger K, Kieser N, Gallinat S, Mielke H, Knott S, Bergemann J. The influence of folic acid depletion on the Nucleotide Excision Repair capacity of human dermal fibroblasts measured by a modified Host Cell Reactivation Assay. Biofactors 2007; 31:181-90. [PMID: 18997281 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520310305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal and human studies have shown that low levels of folic acid are associated with an impaired DNA Repair Capacity (DRC) and an increased cancer risk. However, the molecular evidence that folic acid enhances the DRC of cultured human cells is still limited because of a paucity of in vitro studies. We investigated the effect of folic acid depletion in vitro on the DRC of human dermal fibroblasts derived from 17 donors of different ages. To assess the cellular Nucleotide Excision DRC, we used a modified Host Cell-Reactivation Assay (HCRA), adapted to the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-technology, which is highly sensitive in comparison to luminometer-technology and allows single cell based analysis. We used DsRed as a reporter (irradiated with UVC light) and pEGFP to control the performance of the transformations. Folic acid had a statistically significant effect on the DRC in all of the 17 donors, however, the levels varied considerably between individuals (2.0-19.6%). When the effect of folic acid substituted on the DRC was compared to donor age, we observed that there was less DNA repair in old donors compared to the younger donors, although this was only significant at lower levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Burger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Hantke B, Lahmann C, Venzke K, Fischer T, Kocourek A, Windsor LJ, Bergemann J, Stäb F, Tschesche H. Influence of flavonoids and vitamins on the MMP- and TIMP-expression of human dermal fibroblasts after UVA irradiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:826-33. [PMID: 12656486 DOI: 10.1039/b207731k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UV irradiation leads to distinct changes in skin connective tissue by degradation of collagen, for example. Many of these alterations in the extracellular matrix are mediated by MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) with reduced content of their antagonist TIMPs (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases). Potential candidates to reduce MMP activity in the skin after solar stimulation were examined. The influence of vitamin C, vitamin E and the flavonoids AGR (alpha-glucosylrutin) and 8-prenylnaringenine on the MMP and TIMP expression was investigated. Human dermal fibroblasts were incubated with these additives and irradiated with UVA [10 J cm(-2)]. The gene expression of MMP-1 (collagenase-1) and TIMP-1, the protein expression of MMP-1, MMP-2 (gelatinase-A), TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 as well as the enzyme activity of MMP-1 and MMP-2 were examined. AGR and vitamins C and E were shown to reduce MMP expression and activity, whereas 8-prenylnaringenine appeared to be responsible for the opposite effect. None of the substances considerably influenced the TIMP levels. AGR represented the most effective additive in reducing the collagenase protein expression to 60% and may be useful to level out the MMP activity in the skin after sun exposure. Furthermore, no protein expression of MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-12 and MMP-13 could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Hantke
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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Koch H, Wittern KP, Bergemann J. In human keratinocytes the Common Deletion reflects donor variabilities rather than chronologic aging and can be induced by ultraviolet A irradiation. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:892-7. [PMID: 11676829 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA mutations play a major role in human aging processes and degenerative diseases. The most frequently reported marker for mutations of the mitochondrial DNA in human skin is a 4977 bp large-scale deletion, called the Common Deletion. Although this deletion is rarely detectable and constitutes only one example of the multitude of about 50,000 known mutations in mitochondrial DNA, it can represent "the tip of the iceberg" of all types of mitochondrial DNA mutations. We established a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the Common Deletion in vitro as well as in vivo/ex vivo. In contrast to previous studies, we were able to demonstrate that the Common Deletion is frequently abundant in keratinocytes isolated from various donors. Quantitative analysis of the mutation indicated interperson variations but obviously no relation to the donors' ages. Prolonged proliferation of keratinocytes led to a distinct reduction in the amount of the Common Deletion. Single ultraviolet A irradiation (12 J per cm2 and 15 J per cm2) neither in vitro nor in vivo increased the incidence of the mutation in keratinocytes, whereas repetitive irradiation resulted in a clear increase in vitro. Again, prolonged cultivation of these irradiated cells caused a significant reduction in the amounts of the deletion. In view of these results, the Common Deletion appears to be a useful marker rather for ultraviolet-A-induced alterations than for chronologic aging in human skin keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Koch
- Beiersdorf AG, Paul Gerson Unna Skin Research Center, Hamburg, Germany
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Prassolov V, Meyer J, Brandenburg G, Hannemann J, Bergemann J, Ostertag W, Stocking C. Functional identification of secondary mutations inducing autonomous growth in synergy with a truncated interleukin-3 receptor Implications for multi-step oncogenesis. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:756-65. [PMID: 11378271 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A truncated common beta chain (Deltabeta(C)) of the interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor complex was previously identified as a key factor in inducing autonomous growth of IL-3-independent mutants. Expression of Deltabeta(C) in IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cells does not result in immediate factor-independent growth, but increases the frequency of obtaining autonomous mutants by three to four orders of magnitude. This study was designed to delineate the mechanisms by which Deltabeta(C) increases the frequency to autonomous growth. DESIGN AND METHODS Retroviral vectors were used to express Deltabeta(C) into IL-3-dependent myeloid cells, which were then tested for factor-independent growth. To determine if secondary genetic events were required for conversion to autonomous growth, elements of the Cre-loxP recombinant system were used to excise Deltabeta(C) in factor-independent clones. RESULTS Excision of Deltabeta(C) in factor-independent clones revealed two types of phenotypes: reversion to factor-dependent growth (1/8) or continued IL-3-dependent growth (7/8). Analysis of cells that remained factor independent revealed constitutive activation of STAT5, not observed in factor-dependent revertants. Analysis of revertant cells demonstrated the presence of interacting secondary mutations that synergize with Deltabeta(C)-induced proliferation. A cysteine residue within the truncated extracellular domain of Deltabeta(C) was also found to be required for its oncogenic potential, supporting a model of dimerization for receptor activation. CONCLUSIONS The high incidence of obtaining factor-independent mutants from cells expressing Deltabeta(C) results from the selection of mutations that either complement Deltabeta(C) expression to promote proliferation or that singly or in synergy with other secondary mutations negate the requirement of Deltabeta(C) expression for proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Prassolov
- Department of Cell and Virus Genetics, Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie und Virologie an der Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Lahmann C, Young AR, Wittern KP, Bergemann J. Induction of mRNA for matrix metalloproteinase 1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 in human skin in vivo by solar simulated radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:657-63. [PMID: 11421072 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0657:iomfmm>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation results in premature skin aging due, in part, to the degradation of dermal collagen by fibroblast collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1 [MMP-1]). We have established TaqMan reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems to quantify the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of MMP-1 and its specific inhibitor TIMP-1 in human buttock skin exposed in vivo to solar simulated radiation (SSR). A time-course study (n = 6) with two minimal erythema doses (MED) of SSR showed maximal induction of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 at 24 h. A dose-response study (n = 6) sampled at 24 h revealed that doses of about 1 MED were necessary to induce expression of MMP-1 mRNA, and our data suggest that the response is saturated at about 2 MED. We also investigated SSR-induced gene expression in the dermis and epidermis separately (n = 5). MMP-1 was present in both tissues, but TIMP-1 was only detected in the dermis. In general, we could only measure MMP-1 mRNA in the nonirradiated control skin of volunteers who were smokers. We hypothesize very large interpersonal variation with MMP-1 induction compared with TIMP-1 which was detected in all the control sites. This suggests a lack of relationship between MMP-1 and TIMP-1 mRNA expression. The large donor variability for MMP-1 in all the studies demonstrates that it is important to analyze gene expression individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lahmann
- Beiersdorf AG, Paul Gerson Unna Skin Research Center, 4212 Molecular Biology, Unnastrasse 48, 20245 Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Smokers look older than non-smokers of the same age. We have compared the concentrations of mRNA for matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) in the buttock skin of smokers and non-smokers with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. MMP-1 degrades collagen, which accounts for at least 70% of the dry weight of dermis. We report significantly more MMP-1 mRNA in the skin of smokers than non-smokers whereas no difference was seen for the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) or the housekeeping gene GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). We suggest that smoking-induced MMP-1 might be important in the skin-ageing effects of tobacco smoking.
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Brink N, Szamel M, Young AR, Wittern KP, Bergemann J. Comparative quantification of IL-1beta, IL-10, IL-10r, TNFalpha and IL-7 mRNA levels in UV-irradiated human skin in vivo. Inflamm Res 2000; 49:290-6. [PMID: 10939619 DOI: 10.1007/pl00000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Ultraviolet (UV) exposure induces local immunosuppression and inflammation in human skin. Cytokines are, in part, responsible for these responses. To investigate the effects of UV-induced gene expression at the molecular level we established a sensitive in vivo/ex vivo method for a comparative quantification of cytokines and receptors involved in the local skin immune reactions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Specific mRNA levels of human UV-irradiated skin were determined by real time quantification (TaqMan RT-PCR). Highly efficient PCR-reaction conditions were obtained by designing very short PCR-templates (72-87 bp). The most sensitive PCR-conditions were obtained by optimisation of primer and Mn(OAc)2-concentrations, which led to significant PCR signals (C(T)-value) of less than 36 cycles. A strong correlation between PCR efficiency of the internal control (GAPDH) compared to targets (IL-1beta, IL-10, IL-10r, TNFalpha, IL-7) allowed the use of deltadelta C(T)-method to quantify comparable mRNA levels. RESULTS Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) mRNA levels were increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Interleukin-1beta induction reached a maximum (approx. 44-fold) 6 h after a UV-dose equivalent to 3 times the minimal erythemal doses just perceptible (MEDjp). Maximal TNFalpha mRNA expression (approx. 14-fold) was also detected 6 h after UV exposure. Interleukin-10 mRNA induction reached a maximum of approximately 14-fold 24 h after UV-irradiation of 3 MEDjp. Time- and dose-dependent changes in Interleukin-7 and Interleukin-10 receptor mRNA levels did not occur after UV-irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Time-distinct gene induction of IL-1beta, TNFalpha and IL-1beta is involved in UV-induced immune reactions, but no considerable changes were found for IL-10r or IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Brink
- Beiersdorf AG, Paul Gerson Unna Skin Research Center, Hamburg, Germany
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Will K, Neben M, Schmidt-Rose T, Deppert W, Wittern KP, Bergemann J. P53-dependent UVB responsiveness of human keratinocytes can be altered by cultivation on cell cycle-arrested dermal fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 71:321-6. [PMID: 10732450 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)071<0321:pduroh>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In cultured human keratinocytes, the tumor suppressor p53 acts as a control element in the protective response to UVB radiation and is affected by a variety of factors linked to cellular adhesion and differentiation. Because keratinocytes within the epidermis are not a homogeneous population but differ in their proliferative capacity and differentiation status, we compared the UVB responsiveness of primary keratinocyte populations isolated from various skin biopsies using p53 expression as a marker for their sensitivity to UVB. Besides keratinocytes exhibiting a UVB dose- and time-dependent upregulation of p53, keratinocyte populations were detected with high p53 expression levels even without irradiation. Such keratinocytes did not regulate p53 expression in response to UVB. Furthermore their p53-mediated UVB response was influenced by cocultivation with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) but not with cell cycle-arrested human normal keratinocytes or HaCaT keratinocytes. When these cells were cultivated together with arrested HDF, they did not only reveal increased p53 expression levels after UVB treatment but also a more pronounced transcriptional activation of the p53 downstream target gene p21. These findings indicate that the UVB response of keratinocytes, specifically the activation of the tumor suppressor p53, is heterogeneous and can be affected by growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Will
- Paul Gerson Unna Research Center, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany.
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Schmidt-Rose T, Pollet D, Will K, Bergemann J, Wittern KP. Analysis of UV-B-induced DNA damage and its repair in heat-shocked skin cells. J Photochem Photobiol B 1999; 53:144-52. [PMID: 10672538 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(99)00141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The heat-shock response is a cellular defence mechanism against environmental stresses that is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to man. Numerous reports demonstrate the beneficial effects of heat-shock protein induction on cell survival under toxic or oxidative stress, e.g., in cardiac and cerebral ischemia or prior to organ transplantation. However, there is little data on the effects of heat treatment on damage caused by UV irradiation. Applying three independent techniques, we have tested the influence of thermal pretreatment of skin cells (1 h, 43 degrees C) on the initial extent of UV-B-induced DNA damage and its subsequent repair. For cultured human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts we can show reduced levels of nucleotide-excision-repair-associated DNA strand incision in the comet assay. Moreover, immunostaining and flow cytometric quantitation of thymidine dimers immediately and one day after irradiation, respectively, reveal that the initial DNA damage is not (keratinocytes) or only moderately (fibroblasts) lower in heat-shocked cells as compared to untreated controls. However, excision repair of dimers is significantly attenuated during the first 24 h in both cell types. Furthermore, using a modified host-cell reactivation assay, we are able to demonstrate that repair of UV-B-damaged plasmid DNA is lower if the transfected cells are previously heat shocked. In summary, heat treatment (1 h, 43 degrees C) inducing heat-shock proteins reduces nucleotide excision repair of UV-B-mediated DNA lesions in fibroblasts and keratinocytes during the following 24 h. This is not necessarily caused by elevated heat-shock protein levels themselves. Possibly the direct thermal damage of repair enzymes is more severe than the potential protective effects of heat-shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schmidt-Rose
- Paul Gerson Unna-Skin Research Center, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany.
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Siefken W, Hoppe U, Bergemann J. Semiquantitative chemiluminescent detection of UV-B-induced point mutations in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. Biotechniques 1999; 26:528-30. [PMID: 10090995 DOI: 10.2144/99263cr01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The technique of allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) enables the detection of a small number of mutant alleles in a large number of wild-type (WT) alleles. We used the AS-PCR technique and Southern blotting, using a nonradioactive labeled probe to analyze the formation of point mutations in the tumor-suppressor gene p53 of primary keratinocytes after UV-B irradiation. These permanent mutations resulting from CC dimers occur at distinct "hot-spots", one of which is affected in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. This enabled us to establish the method with a defined positive control template, which also allowed semiquantitative determination of the mutation frequency. This, and the determination of the detection limit, was done with the use of serial dilutions of WT genomic DNA from primary keratinocytes with mutant genomic HaCaT DNA in the AS-PCR assay.
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Hoppe U, Bergemann J, Diembeck W, Ennen J, Gohla S, Harris I, Jacob J, Kielholz J, Mei W, Pollet D, Schachtschabel D, Sauermann G, Schreiner V, Stäb F, Steckel F. Coenzyme Q10, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer. Biofactors 1999; 9:371-8. [PMID: 10416055 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520090238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The processes of aging and photoaging are associated with an increase in cellular oxidation. This may be in part due to a decline in the levels of the endogenous cellular antioxidant coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone, CoQ10). Therefore, we have investigated whether topical application of CoQ10 has the beneficial effect of preventing photoaging. We were able to demonstrate that CoQ10 penetrated into the viable layers of the epidermis and reduce the level of oxidation measured by weak photon emission. Furthermore, a reduction in wrinkle depth following CoQ10 application was also shown. CoQ10 was determined to be effective against UVA mediated oxidative stress in human keratinocytes in terms of thiol depletion, activation of specific phosphotyrosine kinases and prevention of oxidative DNA damage. CoQ10 was also able to significantly suppress the expression of collagenase in human dermal fibroblasts following UVA irradiation. These results indicate that CoQ10 has the efficacy to prevent many of the detrimental effects of photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hoppe
- Paul Gerson Unna Research Center, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
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Bergemann J, Brink N, Kolbe L, Hoppe U. Investigations into effective protection from photoaging. J Dermatol Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(98)84386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bergemann J, Florian V, Kremser T, Klein A. Two different macronuclear EF-1 alpha-encoding genes of the ciliate Euplotes crassus are very dissimilar in their sequences, copy numbers and transcriptional activities. Gene X 1996; 168:109-12. [PMID: 8626055 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes (EFA) encoding the translation elongation factor EF-1 alpha (EFA) or the prokaryotic homolog EFTu frequently occur in multiple copies in the same organism. This has been interpreted either in terms of a potential of differential gene expression during different phases of development, or as gene dosage adaptation to the need of high-level production of the gene products. Since ciliates can differentially amplify their genes, the latter argument would lead to the expectation of only one EFA gene in the macronucleus. However, we have found two such genes which strongly differ in both copy number and codon usage. Both transcripts are detectable at very different levels. The expression of the genes takes place both in the vegetative and sexual phases, i.e.,during conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bergemann
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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Bergemann J, Kühlcke K, Fehse B, Ratz I, Ostertag W, Lother H. Excision of specific DNA-sequences from integrated retroviral vectors via site-specific recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:4451-6. [PMID: 7501469 PMCID: PMC307403 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.21.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vectors for gene transfer and gene therapy were developed which combine the advantages of the integrase and recombinase systems. This was achieved by inserting two loxP sites for specific DNA excision into an MESV based retroviral vector. We show that this 'retroviral lox system' allows the infection of cells and the expression of transferred genes. In addition, we constructed an efficient retrovirus-based expression system for a modified Cre recombinase. Functional tests for DNA excision from integrated retroviral lox vectors were performed by the use of a negative selectable marker gene (thymidine kinase). Cre expression in cells infected with retroviral lox vectors and subsequent BrdU selection for cells in which site-specific recombination has occurred results in large numbers of independent cell clones. These results were confirmed by detailed molecular analysis. In addition we developed retroviral suicide vectors in which the enhancer/promoter elements of both LTRs were replaced by lox sequences. We show that lox-sequences located in the LTRs of retroviral vectors are stable during retroviral replication. Potential applications of this system would be the establishment of revertants of retrovirus-infected cells by controlled excision of nearly the complete proviral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bergemann
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Universität Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
In U. maydis the multiallelic b locus controls sexual and pathogenic development. In the b locus a gene coding for a regulatory protein had been identified, and it was suggested that the interaction of two b polypeptides specified by different alleles programs sexual development in this fungus. We now demonstrate the existence of a second regulatory gene in the b locus. We term this gene bW and refer to the former as the bE gene. Both genes exist in many alleles. Although unrelated in primary sequence, both genes are similar in their overall organization. The gene products display allele-specific variability in their N-terminal domains, show a high degree of sequence conservation in the C-terminal domains, and contain a homeodomain-related motif. Genetic evidence is provided to show that the pair of bE and bW polypeptides encoded by different b alleles is the key regulatory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gillissen
- Institut für Genbiologische Forschung Berlin GmbH, Federal Republic of Germany
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