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Imran A, Ghosh A. Evolutionary expansion, functional diversification, and transcript profiling of plant Glutathione Peroxidases. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:111991. [PMID: 38266716 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) play a crucial role in combating activated oxygen species and have been widely studied for their involvement in stress responses. In addition to their stress-related functions, GPXs exhibit diverse roles such as immunological response, and involvement in growth and development. These enzymes are found in both animals and plants, with multiple families identified in the evolutionarily diverse species. These families consist of conserved genes as well as unique members, highlighting the evolutionary diversification of GPX members. While animals have eight GPX families, plants possess five families. Notably, plant genomes undergo duplication and expansion events, leading to an increase in the number of GPX genes and the overall size of the GPX superfamily. This expansion suggests a wide range of functional roles for GPX. In this study, the evolutionary diversification, family expansion, and diverse functional roles of GPX enzymes have been investigated. Additionally, the expression profile of Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa GPX genes were analyzed in different developmental stages, tissues, and abiotic stress conditions. Further extensive research has been required to unravel the intricate interplay between GPX and other proteins, to gain the comprehensive mechanism governing the physiological and developmental roles of GPX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Imran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Ajit Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
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2
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Naidu AS, Wang CK, Rao P, Mancini F, Clemens RA, Wirakartakusumah A, Chiu HF, Yen CH, Porretta S, Mathai I, Naidu SAG. Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:19. [PMID: 38555403 PMCID: PMC10981760 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Satyanarayan Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA.
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA.
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1, Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuqing City, Fujian, China
| | - Fabrizio Mancini
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President-Emeritus, Parker University, 2540 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX, 75229, USA
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy/D. K. Kim International Center for Regulatory & Quality Sciences, 1540 Alcazar St., CHP 140, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aman Wirakartakusumah
- International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Guelph, ON, Canada
- IPMI International Business School Jakarta; South East Asian Food and Agriculture Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health & Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastiano Porretta
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President, Italian Association of Food Technology (AITA), Milan, Italy
- Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Department of Consumer Science, Viale Tanara 31/a, I-43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Issac Mathai
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- Soukya International Holistic Health Center, Whitefield, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreus A G Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA
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Tyagi S, Shumayla, Sharma Y, Madhu, Sharma A, Pandey A, Singh K, Upadhyay SK. TaGPX1-D overexpression provides salinity and osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 337:111881. [PMID: 37806453 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are known to play an essential role in guarding cells against oxidative stress by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides. The current study aims functional characterization of the TaGPX1-D gene of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) for salinity and osmotic stress tolerance. To achieve this, we initially performed the spot assays of TaGPX1-D expressing yeast cells. The growth of recombinant TaGPX1-D expressing yeast cells was notably higher than the control cells under stress conditions. Later, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the TaGPX1-D gene and investigated their tolerance to various stress conditions. The transgenic plants exhibited improved tolerance to both salinity and osmotic stresses compared to the wild-type plants. The higher germination rates, increased antioxidant enzymes activities, improved chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline and relative water contents, and reduced hydrogen peroxide and MDA levels in the transgenic lines supported the stress tolerance mechanism. Overall, this study demonstrated the role of TaGPX1-D in abiotic stress tolerance, and it can be used for improving the tolerance of crops to environmental stressors, such as salinity and osmotic stress in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivi Tyagi
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Shumayla
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Yashraaj Sharma
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Madhu
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Alok Sharma
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Fang YH, Zhang YM, Yue SY, Peng JJ, Liu CX, Wang CH. Improving Catalytic Activity, Acid-Tolerance, and Thermal Stability of Glutathione Peroxidase by Systematic Site-Directed Selenocysteine Incorporation. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1644-1652. [PMID: 36737554 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is an important antioxidant enzyme. Selenocysteine (Sec)-containing GPxs (Sec-GPxs) are usually superior to their conventional cysteine-containing counterparts (Cys-GPxs), which make up the majority of the natural GPxs but display unsuitable activity and stability for industrial applications. This study first heterologously expressed and characterized a Cys-GPx from Lactococcus lactis (LlGPx), systematically exchanged all the three Cys to Sec and introduced an extra Sec. The results showed that the insertion of Sec at the active site could effectively increase the enzyme activity and confer a lower optimal pH value on the mutants. The double mutant C36U/L157U increased by 2.65 times (5.12 U/mg). The thermal stability of the C81U mutant was significantly improved. These results suggest that site-directed Sec incorporation can effectively improve the enzymatic properties of LlGPx, which may be also used for the protein engineering of other industrial enzymes containing catalytic or other functional cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Fang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Shi-Yang Yue
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jing-Jing Peng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Chen-Xing Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Cheng-Hua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Wang W, Cheng Y, Ruan M, Ye Q, Yao Z, Wang R, Zhou G, Liu D, Wan H. Comprehensive identification of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) gene family in response to abiotic stress in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Gene 2023:147625. [PMID: 37433355 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutathione peroxidase (GPX) plays an important role in the maintenance of cell homeostasis and in the antioxidant response in plants. In this study, the peroxidase (GPX) gene family was identified in the whole genome of pepper using bioinformatic method. As a result, a total of 5 CaGPX genes were identified, which were unevenly distributed on 3 of the 12 chromosomes of pepper genome. Based on phylogenetic analysis, 89 GPX genes in 17 species from lower plants to higher plants can be divided into 4 groups GroupⅠ, Group Ⅱ, Group Ⅲ, Group Ⅳ). The MEME Suite analysis of GPX proteins shows that all these proteins contain four highly conserved motifs, as well as other conserved sequences and amino acid residues. Gene structure analysis revealed the conservative exon-intron organization pattern of these genes. In the promoter region of CaGPX genes, many cis elements of plant hormone and abiotic stress response were identified in each of CaGPX proteins. In addition, expression patterns of CaGPX genes in different tissues, developmental stages and responses to abiotic stress were also performed. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the transcripts of CaGPX genes varied greatly under abiotic stress at different time points. There results suggest that the GPX gene family of pepper may play a role in plant development andstress response. In conclusion, our research provides new insights into the evolution of pepper GPX gene family, and understanding for functional of these genes in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; College of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Meiying Ruan
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Qingjing Ye
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhuping Yao
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Rongqing Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guozhi Zhou
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Hongjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Madabeni A, Orian L. The Key Role of Chalcogenurane Intermediates in the Reduction Mechanism of Sulfoxides and Selenoxides by Thiols Explored In Silico. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097754. [PMID: 37175462 PMCID: PMC10178455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfoxides and selenoxides oxidize thiols to disulfides while being reduced back to sulfides and selenides. While the reduction mechanism of sulfoxides to sulfides has been thoroughly explored experimentally as well as computationally, less attention has been devoted to the heavier selenoxides. In this work, we explore the reductive mechanism of dimethyl selenoxide, as an archetypal selenoxide and, for the sake of comparison, the reductive mechanism of dimethyl sulfoxide to gain insight into the role of the chalcogen on the reaction substrate. Particular attention is devoted to the key role of sulfurane and selenurane intermediates. Moreover, the capacity of these system to oxidize selenols rather than thiols, leading to the formation of selenyl sulfide bridges, is explored in silico. Notably, this analysis provides molecular insight into the role of selenocysteine in methionine sulfoxide reductase selenoenzyme. The activation strain model of chemical reactivity is employed in the studied reactions as an intuitive tool to bridge the computationally predicted effect of the chalcogen on the chalcogenoxide as well as on the chalcogenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Madabeni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Hewitt OH, Degnan SM. Antioxidant enzymes that target hydrogen peroxide are conserved across the animal kingdom, from sponges to mammals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2510. [PMID: 36781921 PMCID: PMC9925728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is the sustenance of aerobic life and yet is highly toxic. In early life, antioxidants functioned solely to defend against toxic effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Later, as aerobic metabolisms evolved, ROS became essential for signalling. Thus, antioxidants are multifunctional and must detoxify, but also permit ROS signalling for vital cellular processes. Here we conduct metazoan-wide genomic assessments of three enzymatic antioxidant families that target the predominant ROS signaller, hydrogen peroxide: namely, monofunctional catalases (CAT), peroxiredoxins (PRX), and glutathione peroxidases (GPX). We reveal that the two most evolutionary ancient families, CAT and PRX, exhibit metazoan-wide conservation. In the basal animal lineage, sponges (phylum Porifera), we find all three antioxidant families, but with GPX least abundant. Poriferan CATs are distinct from bilaterian CATs, but the evolutionary divergence is small. Amongst PRXs, subfamily PRX6 is the most conserved, whilst subfamily AhpC-PRX1 is the largest; PRX4 is the only core member conserved from sponges to mammals and may represent the ancestral animal AhpC-PRX1. Conversely, for GPX, the most recent family to arise, only the cysteine-dependent subfamily GPX7 is conserved across metazoans, and common across Porifera. Our analyses illustrate that the fundamental functions of antioxidants have resulted in gene conservation throughout the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia H Hewitt
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Sandie M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Ursini F, Bosello Travain V, Cozza G, Miotto G, Roveri A, Toppo S, Maiorino M. A white paper on Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx4) forty years later. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:117-133. [PMID: 35718302 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purification of a protein inhibiting lipid peroxidation led to the discovery of the selenoperoxidase GPx4 forty years ago. Thus, the evidence of the enzymatic activity was reached after identifying the biological effect and unambiguously defined the relationship between the biological function and the enzymatic activity. In the syllogism where GPx4 inhibits lipid peroxidation and its inhibition is lethal, cell death is operated by lipid peroxidation. Based on this rationale, this form of cell death emerged as regulated iron-enforced oxygen toxicity and was named ferroptosis in 2012. In the last decades, we learned that reduction of lipid hydroperoxides is indispensable and, in cooperation with prooxidant systems, controls the critical steady state of lipid peroxidation. This concept defined the GPx4 reaction as both the target for possible anti-cancer therapy and if insufficient, as cause of degenerative diseases. We know the reaction mechanism, but the details of the interaction at the membrane cytosol interface are still poorly defined. We know the gene structure, but the knowledge about expression control is still limited. The same holds true for post-transcriptional modifications. Reverse genetics indicate that GPx4 has a role in inflammation, immunity, and differentiation, but the observations emerging from these studies need a more specifically addressed biochemical evidence. Finally, the role of GPx4 in spermatogenesis disclosed an area unconnected to lipid peroxidation. In its mitochondrial and nuclear form, the peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of protein thiols in two specific aspects of sperm maturation: stabilization of the mid-piece and chromatin compaction. Thus, although available evidence converges to the notion that GPx4 activity is vital due to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, it is reasonable to foresee other unknown aspects of the GPx4 reaction to be disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Roveri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Matilde Maiorino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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Flohé L, Toppo S, Orian L. The glutathione peroxidase family: Discoveries and mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 187:113-122. [PMID: 35580774 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discoveries leading to our present understanding of the glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) are recalled. The cytosolic GPx, now GPx1, was first described by Mills in 1957 and claimed to depend on selenium by Rotruck et al., in 1972. With the determination of a stoichiometry of one selenium per subunit, GPx1 was established as the first selenoenzyme of vertebrates. In the meantime, the GPxs have grown up to a huge family of enzymes that prevent free radical formation from hydroperoxides and, thus, are antioxidant enzymes, but they are also involved in regulatory processes or synthetic functions. The kinetic mechanism of the selenium-containing GPxs is unusual in neither showing a defined KM nor any substrate saturation. More recently, the reaction mechanism has been investigated by the density functional theory and nuclear magnetic resonance of model compounds mimicking the reaction cycle. The resulting concept sees a selenolate oxidized to a selenenic acid. This very fast reaction results from a concerted dual attack on the hydroperoxide bond, a nucleophilic one by the selenolate and an electrophilic one by a proton that is unstably bound in the reaction center. Postulated intermediates have been identified either in the native enzymes or in model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Flohé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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GPX4: old lessons, new features. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1205-1213. [PMID: 35758268 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
GPX4 is a selenocysteine-containing protein that plays an essential role in repairing peroxidised phospholipids. Its role in organismal homeostasis has been known for decades, and it has been reported to play a pivotal role in cell survival and mammalian embryonic development. In recent years, GPX4 has been associated with a cell death modality dubbed ferroptosis. The framing of this molecular pathway of cell death was essential for understanding the conditions that determine GPX4 dependency and ultimately to the process of lipid peroxidation. Since its discovery, ferroptosis has been gaining momentum as a promising target for yet-incurable diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Given the current interest, in the present review, we provide newcomers in the field with an overview of the biology of GPX4 and cover some of its most recent discoveries.
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Cui C, Yang F, Li Q. Post-Translational Modification of GPX4 is a Promising Target for Treating Ferroptosis-Related Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:901565. [PMID: 35647032 PMCID: PMC9133406 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.901565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes. As the key regulator of ferroptosis, GPX4 has attracted considerable attention in the fields of cancer, cardiovascular, and neuroscience research in the past 10 years. How to regulate GPX4 activity has become a hot topic nowadays. GPX4 protein level is regulated transcriptionally by transcription factor SP2 or Nrf2. GPX4 activity can be upregulated by supplementing intracellular selenium or glutathione, and also be inhibited by ferroptosis inducers such as ML162 and RSL3. These regulatory mechanisms of GPX4 level/activity have already shown a great potential for treating ferroptosis-related diseases in preclinical studies, especially in cancer cells. Until recently, research show that GPX4 can undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as ubiquitination, succination, phosphorylation, and glycosylation. PTMs of GPX4 affect the protein level/activity of GPX4, indicating that modifying these processes can be a potential therapy for treating ferroptosis-related diseases. This article summarizes the protein characteristics, enzyme properties, and PTMs of GPX4. It also provides a hypothetical idea for treating ferroptosis-related diseases by targeting the PTMs of GPX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Li,
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12
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Zhou H, Zhang F, Zhai F, Su Y, Zhou Y, Ge Z, Tilak P, Eirich J, Finkemeier I, Fu L, Li Z, Yang J, Shen W, Yuan X, Xie Y. Rice GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE1-mediated oxidation of bZIP68 positively regulates ABA-independent osmotic stress signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:651-670. [PMID: 34793984 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic stress caused by drought and high salinity is a significant environmental threat that limits plant growth and agricultural yield. Redox regulation plays an important role in plant stress responses, but the mechanisms by which plants perceive and transduce redox signals are still underexplored. Here, we report a critical function for the thiol peroxidase GPX1 in osmotic stress response in rice, where it serves as a redox sensor and transducer. GPX1 is quickly oxidized upon exposure to osmotic stress and forms an intramolecular disulfide bond, which is required for the activation of bZIP68, a VRE-like basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor involved in the ABA-independent osmotic stress response pathway. The disulfide exchange between GPX1 and bZIP68 induces homo-tetramerization of bZIP68 and thus positively regulates osmotic stress response by regulating osmotic-responsive gene expression. Furthermore, we discovered that the nuclear translocation of GPX1 is regulated by its acetylation under osmotic stress. Taken together, our findings not only uncover the redox regulation of the GPX1-bZIP68 module during osmotic stress but also highlight the coordination of protein acetylation and redox signaling in plant osmotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Fengchao Zhai
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ye Su
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenglin Ge
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Priyadarshini Tilak
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Ling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center 17 for Protein Sciences ⋅ Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zongmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center 17 for Protein Sciences ⋅ Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center 17 for Protein Sciences ⋅ Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yanjie Xie
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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13
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Orian L, Flohé L. Selenium-Catalyzed Reduction of Hydroperoxides in Chemistry and Biology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1560. [PMID: 34679695 PMCID: PMC8533274 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the chalcogens, selenium is the key element for catalyzed H2O2 reduction. In organic synthesis, catalytic amounts of organo mono- and di-selenides are largely used in different classes of oxidations, in which H2O2 alone is poorly efficient. Biological hydroperoxide metabolism is dominated by peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases, which balance hydroperoxide challenge and contribute to redox regulation. When their selenocysteine is replaced by cysteine, the cellular antioxidant defense system is impaired. Finally, classes of organoselenides have been synthesized with the aim of mimicking the biological strategy of glutathione peroxidases, but their therapeutic application has so far been limited. Moreover, their therapeutic use may be doubted, because H2O2 is not only toxic but also serves as an important messenger. Therefore, over-optimization of H2O2 reduction may lead to unexpected disturbances of metabolic regulation. Common to all these systems is the nucleophilic attack of selenium to one oxygen of the peroxide bond promoting its disruption. In this contribution, we revisit selected examples from chemistry and biology, and, by using results from accurate quantum mechanical modelling, we provide an accurate unified picture of selenium's capacity of reducing hydroperoxides. There is clear evidence that the selenoenzymes remain superior in terms of catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Leopold Flohé
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
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14
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Song W, Xin S, He M, Pfeiffer S, Cao A, Li H, Schick JA, Jin X. Evolutionary and functional analyses demonstrate conserved ferroptosis protection by Arabidopsis GPXs in mammalian cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21550. [PMID: 33960023 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000856r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Species have evolved unique mechanisms to combat the effects of oxidative stress inside cells. A particularly devastating consequence of an unhindered oxidation of membrane lipids in the presence of iron results in cell death, known as ferroptosis. Hallmarks of ferroptosis, including peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, are conserved among animals and plants, however, early divergence of an ancestral mammalian GPX4 (mGPX4) has complicated our understanding of mechanistic similarities between species. To this end, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis and identified that orthologous Arabidopsis GPXs (AtGPXs) are more highly related to mGPX4 than mGPX4 is to other mammalian GPXs. This high degree of conservation suggested that experimental substitution may be possible. We, therefore, ectopically expressed AtGPX1-8 in ferroptosis-sensitive mouse fibroblasts. This substitution experiment revealed highest protection against ferroptosis induction by AtGPX5, as well as moderate protection by AtGPX2, -7, and -8. Further analysis of these cells revealed substantial abatement of lipid peroxidation in response to pharmacological challenge. The results suggest that the presence of ancestral GPX4 resulted in later functional divergence and specialization of GPXs in plants. The results also challenge a strict requirement for selenocysteine activity and suggest thioredoxin as a potent parallel antioxidant system in both plants and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shan Xin
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Genetics and Cellular Engineering Group, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Meng He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Susanne Pfeiffer
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Genetics and Cellular Engineering Group, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Joel A Schick
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Genetics and Cellular Engineering Group, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xiang Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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15
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Sassetti E, Clausen MH, Laraia L. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Reactive Oxygen Species Production. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5252-5275. [PMID: 33856791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in physiological cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis by acting as signaling molecules or regulators of transcription factors. The maintenance of appropriate cellular ROS levels is termed redox homeostasis, a balance between their production and neutralization. High concentrations of ROS may contribute to severe pathological events including cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, approaches to target the sources of ROS production directly in order to develop tool compounds or potential therapeutics have been explored. Herein, we briefly outline the major sources of cellular ROS production and comprehensively review the targeting of these by small-molecule inhibitors. We critically assess the value of ROS inhibitors with different mechanisms-of-action, including their potency, mode-of-action, known off-target effects, and clinical or preclinical status, while suggesting future avenues of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sassetti
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luca Laraia
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Moosmayer D, Hilpmann A, Hoffmann J, Schnirch L, Zimmermann K, Badock V, Furst L, Eaton JK, Viswanathan VS, Schreiber SL, Gradl S, Hillig RC. Crystal structures of the selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 4 in its apo form and in complex with the covalently bound inhibitor ML162. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:237-248. [PMID: 33559612 PMCID: PMC7869902 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320016125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-type human glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was co-expressed with SBP2 (selenocysteine insertion sequence-binding protein 2) in human HEK cells to achieve efficient production of this selenocysteine-containing enzyme on a preparative scale for structural biology. The protein was purified and crystallized, and the crystal structure of the wild-type form of GPX4 was determined at 1.0 Å resolution. The overall fold and the active site are conserved compared with previously determined crystal structures of mutated forms of GPX4. A mass-spectrometry-based approach was developed to monitor the reaction of the active-site selenocysteine Sec46 with covalent inhibitors. This, together with the introduction of a surface mutant (Cys66Ser), enabled the crystal structure determination of GPX4 in complex with the covalent inhibitor ML162 [(S)-enantiomer]. The mass-spectrometry-based approach described here opens the path to further co-complex crystal structures of this potential cancer drug target in complex with covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Moosmayer
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Hilpmann
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Hoffmann
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennart Schnirch
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Zimmermann
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Badock
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Furst
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Gradl
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman C. Hillig
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Flohé L. Looking Back at the Early Stages of Redox Biology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1254. [PMID: 33317108 PMCID: PMC7763103 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The beginnings of redox biology are recalled with special emphasis on formation, metabolism and function of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in mammalian systems. The review covers the early history of heme peroxidases and the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide, the discovery of selenium as integral part of glutathione peroxidases, which expanded the scope of the field to other hydroperoxides including lipid hydroperoxides, the discovery of superoxide dismutases and superoxide radicals in biological systems and their role in host defense, tissue damage, metabolic regulation and signaling, the identification of the endothelial-derived relaxing factor as the nitrogen monoxide radical (more commonly named nitric oxide) and its physiological and pathological implications. The article highlights the perception of hydrogen peroxide and other hydroperoxides as signaling molecules, which marks the beginning of the flourishing fields of redox regulation and redox signaling. Final comments describe the development of the redox language. In the 18th and 19th century, it was highly individualized and hard to translate into modern terminology. In the 20th century, the redox language co-developed with the chemical terminology and became clearer. More recently, the introduction and inflationary use of poorly defined terms has unfortunately impaired the understanding of redox events in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Flohé
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, v.le G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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18
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Dalla Tiezza M, Bickelhaupt FM, Flohé L, Orian L. Proton Transfer and S N 2 Reactions as Steps of Fast Selenol and Thiol Oxidation in Proteins: A Model Molecular Study Based on GPx. Chempluschem 2020; 86:525-532. [PMID: 33215863 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The so-called peroxidatic cysteines and selenocysteines in proteins reduce hydroperoxides through a dual attack to the peroxide bond in a two-step mechanism. First, a proton dislocation from the thiol/selenol to a close residue of the enzymatic pocket occurs. Then, a nucleophilic attack of the anionic cysteine/selenocysteine to one O atom takes place, while the proton is shuttled back to the second O atom, promoting the formation of a water molecule. In this computational study, we use a molecular model of GPx to demonstrate that the enzymatic environment significantly lowers the barrier of the latter SN 2 step. Particularly, in our Se-based model the energy barriers for the two steps are 29.82 and 2.83 kcal mol-1 , both higher than the corresponding barriers computed in the enzymatic cluster, i. e., 21.60 and null, respectively. Our results, obtained at SMD-B3LYP-D3(BJ)/6-311+G(d,p), cc-pVTZ//B3LYP-D3(BJ)/6-311G(d,p), cc-pVTZ level of theory, show that the mechanistic details can be well reproduced using an oversimplified model, but the energetics is definitively more favorable in the GPx active site. In addition, we pinpoint the role of the chalcogen in the peroxide reduction process, rooting the advantages of the presence of selenium in its acidic and nucleophilic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | - Leopold Flohé
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, v.le G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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19
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Buday K, Conrad M. Emerging roles for non-selenium containing ER-resident glutathione peroxidases in cell signaling and disease. Biol Chem 2020; 402:271-287. [PMID: 33055310 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of cellular redox control is pivotal for normal cellular functions and cell fate decisions including cell death. Among the key cellular redox systems in mammals, the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) family of proteins is the largest conferring multifaceted functions and affecting virtually all cellular processes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident GPXs, designated as GPX7 and GPX8, are the most recently added members of this family of enzymes. Recent studies have provided exciting insights how both enzymes support critical processes of the ER including oxidative protein folding, maintenance of ER redox control by eliminating H2O2, and preventing palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity. Consequently, numerous pathological conditions, such as neurodegeneration, cancer and metabolic diseases have been linked with altered GPX7 and GPX8 expression. Studies in mice have demonstrated that loss of GPX7 leads to increased differentiation of preadipocytes, increased tumorigenesis and shortened lifespan. By contrast, GPX8 deficiency in mice results in enhanced caspase-4/11 activation and increased endotoxic shock in colitis model. With the increasing recognition that both types of enzymes are dysregulated in various tumor entities in man, we deem a review of the emerging roles played by GPX7 and GPX8 in health and disease development timely and appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Buday
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764Neuherberg, Germany.,National Research Medical University, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Ostrovityanova 1, 117997Moscow, Russia
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20
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Guloyan V, Oganesian B, Baghdasaryan N, Yeh C, Singh M, Guilford F, Ting YS, Venketaraman V. Glutathione Supplementation as an Adjunctive Therapy in COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100914. [PMID: 32992775 PMCID: PMC7601802 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are due in large part to severe cytokine storm and hypercoagulable state brought on by dysregulated host-inflammatory immune response, ultimately leading to multi-organ failure. Exacerbated oxidative stress caused by increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) along with decreased levels of interferon α and interferon β (IFN-α, IFN-β) are mainly believed to drive the disease process. Based on the evidence attesting to the ability of glutathione (GSH) to inhibit viral replication and decrease levels of IL-6 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) patients, as well as beneficial effects of GSH on other pulmonary diseases processes, we believe the use of liposomal GSH could be beneficial in COVID-19 patients. This review discusses the epidemiology, transmission, and clinical presentation of COVID-19 with a focus on its pathogenesis and the possible use of liposomal GSH as an adjunctive treatment to the current treatment modalities in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vika Guloyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (V.G.); (B.O.); (N.B.); (C.Y.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Buzand Oganesian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (V.G.); (B.O.); (N.B.); (C.Y.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Nicole Baghdasaryan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (V.G.); (B.O.); (N.B.); (C.Y.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Christopher Yeh
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (V.G.); (B.O.); (N.B.); (C.Y.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St Barnabas Hospital, Bronx, NY 10457, USA;
| | | | - Yu-Sam Ting
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (V.G.); (B.O.); (N.B.); (C.Y.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA; (V.G.); (B.O.); (N.B.); (C.Y.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-909-706-3736; Fax: +1-909-469-5698
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21
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Dalla Tiezza M, Bickelhaupt FM, Flohé L, Maiorino M, Ursini F, Orian L. A dual attack on the peroxide bond. The common principle of peroxidatic cysteine or selenocysteine residues. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101540. [PMID: 32428845 PMCID: PMC7231847 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The (seleno)cysteine residues in some protein families react with hydroperoxides with rate constants far beyond those of fully dissociated low molecular weight thiol or selenol compounds. In case of the glutathione peroxidases, we could demonstrate that high rate constants are achieved by a proton transfer from the chalcogenol to a residue of the active site [Orian et al. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 87 (2015)]. We extended this study to three more protein families (OxyR, GAPDH and Prx). According to DFT calculations, a proton transfer from the active site chalcogenol to a residue within the active site is a prerequisite for both, creating a chalcogenolate that attacks one oxygen of the hydroperoxide substrate and combining the delocalized proton with the remaining OH or OR, respectively, to create an ideal leaving group. The “parking postions” of the delocalized proton differ between the protein families. It is the ring nitrogen of tryptophan in GPx, a histidine in GAPDH and OxyR and a threonine in Prx. The basic principle, however, is common to all four families of proteins. We, thus, conclude that the principle outlined in this investigation offers a convincing explanation for how a cysteine residue can become peroxidatic. In some protein families, (seleno)cysteine residues react with hydroperoxides with very high rate constants. In GPx, DFT models of the oxidation of the catalytic site support a two-step mechanism for the H2O2 reduction. This mechanism is here found to operate in other thiol-based enzymes, i.e. OxyR, GAPDH and Prx.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dalla Tiezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - F M Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - L Flohé
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Maiorino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - F Ursini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, V.le G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - L Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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22
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Conrad M, Proneth B. Selenium: Tracing Another Essential Element of Ferroptotic Cell Death. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:409-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Tiezza MD, Ribaudo G, Orian L. Organodiselenides: Organic Catalysis and Drug Design Learning from Glutathione Peroxidase. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272822666180803123137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Organodiselenides are an important class of compounds characterized by the
presence of two adjacent covalently bonded selenium nuclei. Among them,
diaryldiselenides and their parent compound diphenyl diselenide attract continuing interest
in chemistry as well as in close disciplines like medicinal chemistry, pharmacology and
biochemistry. A search in SCOPUS database has revealed that in the last three years 105
papers have been published on the archetypal diphenyl diselenide and its use in organic
catalysis and drug tests. The reactivity of the Se-Se bond and the redox properties of selenium
make diselenides efficient catalysts for numerous organic reactions, such as Bayer-
Villiger oxidations of aldehydes/ketones, epoxidations of alkenes, oxidations of alcohols
and nitrogen containing compounds. In addition, organodiselenides might find application
as mimics of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a family of enzymes, which, besides performing other functions,
regulate the peroxide tone in the cells and control the oxidative stress level. In this review, the essential synthetic
and reactivity aspects of organoselenides are collected and rationalized using the results of accurate
computational studies, which have been carried out mainly in the last two decades. The results obtained in
silico provide a clear explanation of the anti-oxidant activity of organodiselenides and more in general of their
ability to reduce hydroperoxides. At the same time, they are useful to gain insight into some aspects of the enzymatic
activity of the GPx, inspiring novel elements for rational catalyst and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita degli Studi di, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita degli Studi di, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Zeida A, Trujillo M, Ferrer-Sueta G, Denicola A, Estrin DA, Radi R. Catalysis of Peroxide Reduction by Fast Reacting Protein Thiols. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10829-10855. [PMID: 31498605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Life on Earth evolved in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, and other peroxides also emerged before and with the rise of aerobic metabolism. They were considered only as toxic byproducts for many years. Nowadays, peroxides are also regarded as metabolic products that play essential physiological cellular roles. Organisms have developed efficient mechanisms to metabolize peroxides, mostly based on two kinds of redox chemistry, catalases/peroxidases that depend on the heme prosthetic group to afford peroxide reduction and thiol-based peroxidases that support their redox activities on specialized fast reacting cysteine/selenocysteine (Cys/Sec) residues. Among the last group, glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are the most widespread and abundant families, and they are the leitmotif of this review. After presenting the properties and roles of different peroxides in biology, we discuss the chemical mechanisms of peroxide reduction by low molecular weight thiols, Prxs, GPxs, and other thiol-based peroxidases. Special attention is paid to the catalytic properties of Prxs and also to the importance and comparative outlook of the properties of Sec and its role in GPxs. To finish, we describe and discuss the current views on the activities of thiol-based peroxidases in peroxide-mediated redox signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Darío A Estrin
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física and INQUIMAE-CONICET , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , 2160 Buenos Aires , Argentina
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25
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Lamani DS, Badiger SG, Singh M. Formation of diaryl sulfides and sulfoxides: Synthesis, characterization and structure activity correlation studies. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2018.1547720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devappa S. Lamani
- Department of Chemistry, Basaveshawar Science College, Bagalkot. Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Srikant G. Badiger
- Department of Chemistry, Basaveshawar Science College, Bagalkot. Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Mamata Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management University (GITAM), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Bortoli M, Zaccaria F, Dalla Tiezza M, Bruschi M, Fonseca Guerra C, Bickelhaupt FM, Orian L. Oxidation of organic diselenides and ditellurides by H 2O 2 for bioinspired catalyst design. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 20:20874-20885. [PMID: 30066704 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02748j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of diselenides and ditellurides of general formula (RX)2 (X = Se, Te; R = H, CH3, Ph) toward hydrogen peroxide was studied through a computational approach based on accurate Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The aliphatic and aromatic dichalcogenides have been chosen in light of their activity in glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like catalytic cycles and their promising features as efficient antioxidant compounds. The reaction products, the energetics and the mechanistic details of these oxidations are discussed. Analogous disulfides are included in our analysis for completeness. We find that the barrier for oxidation of dichalcogenides decreases from disulfides to diselenides to ditellurides. On the other hand, variation of the substituents at the chalcogen nucleus has relatively little effect on the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Guerriero G, Parisi C, Abdel-Gawad FK, Hentati O, D'Errico G. Seasonal and pharmaceutical-induced changes in selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 4 activity in the reproductive dynamics of the soil biosentinel Podarcis sicula (Chordata: Reptilia). Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1378-1387. [PMID: 30957323 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is rising concern for the interaction of environmental contaminants with brain transcriptome and the potential effect on reproductive processes. The present study sought to determine selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 4 (gpx4) transcriptional activity in the brain and testis of the soil biosentinel, Podarcis sicula, through the main phases of the reproductive cycle and whether pharmaceuticals exert an endocrine disruption. Based on gpx4 cloned amminoacids sequence (GenBank AEX09236.1.), we used a bioinformatic approach to assess the structural role. Specifically, we detected seasonally the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level using electron spin resonance spectroscopy and gpx4 transcriptional activity using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the impact of pharmaceuticals was assessed after 21-days of treatment with ICI 182,780 and human chorionic gonadotropin administration in mating and winter stasis, respectively. Bioinformatic data shows the gpx4 proteic activity and a phylogenetic profile. ROS contents in lizard brain are significantly less than in testis and display higher levels after treatments. Brain gpx4 expression gives statistically significant seasonal differences, opposite trends in testis and altered expression in both tissues, with evidence of testis morphological and DNA disruption. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that gpx4 in P. sicula plays a seasonal regulatory role and may be a reliable biomarker for reproductive health toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guerriero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center for Environment, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Costantino Parisi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Fagr Kh Abdel-Gawad
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy.,Department of Water Pollution, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences (CEAS), National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Olfa Hentati
- Department of Biotechnology and Health, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
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Procópio L, Pádula M, van Elsas JD, Seldin L. Oxidative damage induced by H2O2 reveals SOS adaptive transcriptional response of Dietzia cinnamea strain P4. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Borchert A, Kalms J, Roth SR, Rademacher M, Schmidt A, Holzhutter HG, Kuhn H, Scheerer P. Crystal structure and functional characterization of selenocysteine-containing glutathione peroxidase 4 suggests an alternative mechanism of peroxide reduction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1095-1107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Maiorino M, Conrad M, Ursini F. GPx4, Lipid Peroxidation, and Cell Death: Discoveries, Rediscoveries, and Open Issues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:61-74. [PMID: 28462584 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Iron-dependent lipid peroxidation is a complex oxidative process where phospholipid hydroperoxides (PLOOH) are produced in membranes and finally transformed into a series of decomposition products, some of which are endowed with biological activity. It is specifically prevented by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), the selenoenzyme that reduces PLOOH by glutathione (GSH). PLOOH is both a product and the major initiator of peroxidative chain reactions, as well as an activator of lipoxygenases. α-Tocopherol both specifically breaks peroxidative chain propagation and inhibits lipoxygenases. Thus, GPx4, GSH, and α-tocopherol are integrated in a concerted anti-peroxidant mechanism. Recent Advances: Ferroptosis has been recently identified as a cell death subroutine that is specifically activated by missing GPx4 activity and inhibited by iron chelation or α-tocopherol supplementation. Ferroptosis induction may underlie spontaneous human diseases, such as major neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, causing an excessive cell death. The basic mechanism of ferroptosis, therefore, fits the features of activation of lipid peroxidation. CRITICAL ISSUES Still lacking are convincing proofs that lipoxygenases are involved in ferroptosis. Also, unknown are the molecules eventually killing cells and the mechanisms underlying the drop of the cellular anti-peroxidant capacity. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Molecular events and mechanisms of ferroptosis to be unraveled and validated on animal models are GPx4 inactivation, role of GSH concentration, increased iron availability, and membrane structure and composition. This is expected to drive drug discovery that is aimed at halting cell death in degenerative diseases or boosting it in cancer cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 61-74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Maiorino
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova, Italy
| | - Marcus Conrad
- 2 Institute of Developmental Genetics , Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova, Italy
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On elongation factor eEFSec, its role and mechanism during selenium incorporation into nascent selenoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2463-2472. [PMID: 29555379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium, an essential dietary micronutrient, is incorporated into proteins as the amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) in response to in-frame UGA codons. Complex machinery ensures accurate recoding of Sec codons in higher organisms. A specialized elongation factor eEFSec is central to the process. SCOPE OF REVIEW Selenoprotein synthesis relies on selenocysteinyl-tRNASec (Sec-tRNASec), selenocysteine inserting sequence (SECIS) and other selenoprotein mRNA elements, an in-trans SECIS binding protein 2 (SBP2) protein factor, and eEFSec. The exact mechanisms of discrete steps of the Sec UGA recoding are not well understood. However, recent studies on mammalian model systems have revealed the first insights into these mechanisms. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge about the structure and role of mammalian eEFSec. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS eEFSec folds into a chalice-like structure resembling that of the archaeal and bacterial orthologues SelB and the initiation protein factor IF2/eIF5B. The three N-terminal domains harbor major functional sites and adopt an EF-Tu-like fold. The C-terminal domain 4 binds to Sec-tRNASec and SBP2, senses distinct binding domains, and modulates the GTPase activity. Remarkably, GTP hydrolysis does not induce a canonical conformational change in eEFSec, but instead promotes a slight ratchet of domains 1 and 2 and a lever-like movement of domain 4, which may be critical for the release of Sec-tRNASec on the ribosome. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Based on current findings, a non-canonical mechanism for elongation of selenoprotein synthesis at the Sec UGA codon is proposed. Although incomplete, our understanding of this fundamental biological process is significantly improved, and it is being harnessed for biomedical and synthetic biology initiatives. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Selenium research" in celebration of 200 years of selenium discovery, edited by Dr. Elias Arnér and Dr. Regina Brigelius-Flohe.
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Oxidative Stress, Selenium Redox Systems Including GPX/TXNRD Families. MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95390-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Barbosa NV, Nogueira CW, Nogara PA, de Bem AF, Aschner M, Rocha JBT. Organoselenium compounds as mimics of selenoproteins and thiol modifier agents. Metallomics 2017; 9:1703-1734. [PMID: 29168872 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element for animals and its role in the chemistry of life relies on a unique functional group: the selenol (-SeH) group. The selenol group participates in critical redox reactions. The antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) exemplify important selenoproteins. The selenol group shares several chemical properties with the thiol group (-SH), but it is much more reactive than the sulfur analogue. The substitution of S by Se has been exploited in organic synthesis for a long time, but in the last 4 decades the re-discovery of ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one) and the demonstration that it has antioxidant and therapeutic properties has renovated interest in the field. The ability of ebselen to mimic the reaction catalyzed by GPx has been viewed as the most important molecular mechanism of action of this class of compound. The term GPx-like or thiol peroxidase-like reaction was previously coined in the field and it is now accepted as the most important chemical attribute of organoselenium compounds. Here, we will critically review the literature on the capacity of organoselenium compounds to mimic selenoproteins (particularly GPx) and discuss some of the bottlenecks in the field. Although the GPx-like activity of organoselenium compounds contributes to their pharmacological effects, the superestimation of the GPx-like activity has to be questioned. The ability of these compounds to oxidize the thiol groups of proteins (the thiol modifier effects of organoselenium compounds) and to spare selenoproteins from inactivation by soft-electrophiles (MeHg+, Hg2+, Cd2+, etc.) might be more relevant for the explanation of their pharmacological effects than their GPx-like activity. In our view, the exploitation of the thiol modifier properties of organoselenium compounds can be harnessed more rationally than the use of low mass molecular structures to mimic the activity of high mass macromolecules that have been shaped by millions to billions of years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilda V Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Pablo A Nogara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Andreza F de Bem
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Cozza G, Rossetto M, Bosello-Travain V, Maiorino M, Roveri A, Toppo S, Zaccarin M, Zennaro L, Ursini F. Glutathione peroxidase 4-catalyzed reduction of lipid hydroperoxides in membranes: The polar head of membrane phospholipids binds the enzyme and addresses the fatty acid hydroperoxide group toward the redox center. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:1-11. [PMID: 28709976 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
GPx4 is a monomeric glutathione peroxidase, unique in reducing the hydroperoxide group (-OOH) of fatty acids esterified in membrane phospholipids. This reaction inhibits lipid peroxidation and accounts for enzyme's vital role. Here we investigated the interaction of GPx4 with membrane phospholipids. A cationic surface near the GPx4 catalytic center interacts with phospholipid polar heads. Accordingly, SPR analysis indicates cardiolipin as the phospholipid with maximal affinity to GPx4. Consistent with the electrostatic nature of the interaction, KCl increases the KD. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation shows that a -OOH posed in the core of the membrane as 13 - or 9 -OOH of tetra-linoleoyl cardiolipin or 15 -OOH stearoyl-arachidonoyl-phosphaphatidylcholine moves to the lipid-water interface. Thereby, the -OOH groups are addressed toward the GPx4 redox center. In this pose, however, the catalytic site facing the membrane would be inaccessible to GSH, but the consecutive redox processes facilitate access of GSH, which further primes undocking of the enzyme, because GSH competes for the binding residues implicated in docking. During the final phase of the catalytic cycle, while GSSG is produced, GPx4 is disconnected from the membrane. The observation that GSH depletion in cells induces GPx4 translocation to the membrane, is in agreement with this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Rossetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Matilde Maiorino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Roveri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Zaccarin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Lucio Zennaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy.
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Guan T, Song J, Wang Y, Guo L, Yuan L, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Lin L, Wang Y, Wei J. Expression and characterization of recombinant bifunctional enzymes with glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 110:188-195. [PMID: 28603086 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To balance the production and decomposition of reactive oxygen species, living organisms have generated antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are two important antioxidant enzymes. Apart from their catalytic functions, they protect each other, resulting in more efficient removal of reactive oxygen species, protection of cells against injury, and maintenance of the normal metabolism of reactive oxygen species. SOD catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion (O2•-) to oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H2O2 is then detoxified to water by GPx. In this study, human GPx1Ser and the Alvinella pompejana SOD (ApSOD) gene were used to design and generate several recombinant proteins with both GPx and SOD activities by combining traditional fusion protein technology, a cysteine auxotrophic expression system, and a single protein production (SPP) system. Among the fusion proteins, Se-hGPx1Ser-L-ApSOD exhibited the highest SOD and GPx activities. Additional research was conducted to better understand the properties of Se-hGPx1Ser-L-ApSOD. The synergism of Se-hGPx1Ser-L-ApSOD was evaluated by using an in vitro model. This research may facilitate future studies on the cooperation and catalytic mechanisms of GPx and SOD. We believe that the bifunctional enzyme has potential applications as a potent antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuchen Guan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jian Song
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, PR China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Liying Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yingding Zhao
- Eighth High School of Changchun, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Liangru Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yali Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jingyan Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, PR China.
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Crystal structures of the human elongation factor eEFSec suggest a non-canonical mechanism for selenocysteine incorporation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12941. [PMID: 27708257 PMCID: PMC5059743 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenocysteine is the only proteinogenic amino acid encoded by a recoded in-frame UGA codon that does not operate as the canonical opal stop codon. A specialized translation elongation factor, eEFSec in eukaryotes and SelB in prokaryotes, promotes selenocysteine incorporation into selenoproteins by a still poorly understood mechanism. Our structural and biochemical results reveal that four domains of human eEFSec fold into a chalice-like structure that has similar binding affinities for GDP, GTP and other guanine nucleotides. Surprisingly, unlike in eEF1A and EF-Tu, the guanine nucleotide exchange does not cause a major conformational change in domain 1 of eEFSec, but instead induces a swing of domain 4. We propose that eEFSec employs a non-canonical mechanism involving the distinct C-terminal domain 4 for the release of the selenocysteinyl-tRNA during decoding on the ribosome.
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37
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Janowski R, Scanu S, Niessing D, Madl T. Crystal and solution structural studies of mouse phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase 4. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:743-749. [PMID: 27710939 PMCID: PMC5053159 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16013686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian glutathione peroxidase (GPx) family is a key component of the cellular antioxidative defence system. Within this family, GPx4 has unique features as it accepts a large class of hydroperoxy lipid substrates and has a plethora of biological functions, including sperm maturation, regulation of apoptosis and cerebral embryogenesis. In this paper, the structure of the cytoplasmic isoform of mouse phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (O70325-2 GPx4) with selenocysteine 46 mutated to cysteine is reported solved at 1.8 Å resolution using X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, solution data of an isotope-labelled GPx protein are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Janowski
- Group Intracellular Transport and RNA Biology, Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Scanu
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Group Intracellular Transport and RNA Biology, Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology at the Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Madl
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Bhowmick D, Mugesh G. Insights into the catalytic mechanism of synthetic glutathione peroxidase mimetics. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:10262-72. [PMID: 26372527 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01665g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) is a key selenoenzyme that protects biomolecules from oxidative damage. Extensive research has been carried out to design and synthesize small organoselenium compounds as functional mimics of GPx. While the catalytic mechanism of the native enzyme itself is poorly understood, the synthetic mimics follow different catalytic pathways depending upon the structures and reactivities of various intermediates formed in the catalytic cycle. The steric as well as electronic environments around the selenium atom not only modulate the reactivity of these synthetic mimics towards peroxides and thiols, but also the catalytic mechanisms. The catalytic cycle of small GPx mimics is also dependent on the nature of peroxides and thiols used in the study. In this review, we discuss how the catalytic mechanism varies with the substituents attached to the selenium atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Bhowmick
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
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Abstract
The authors were asked by the Editors of ACS Chemical Biology to write an article titled "Why Nature Chose Selenium" for the occasion of the upcoming bicentennial of the discovery of selenium by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 and styled after the famous work of Frank Westheimer on the biological chemistry of phosphate [Westheimer, F. H. (1987) Why Nature Chose Phosphates, Science 235, 1173-1178]. This work gives a history of the important discoveries of the biological processes that selenium participates in, and a point-by-point comparison of the chemistry of selenium with the atom it replaces in biology, sulfur. This analysis shows that redox chemistry is the largest chemical difference between the two chalcogens. This difference is very large for both one-electron and two-electron redox reactions. Much of this difference is due to the inability of selenium to form π bonds of all types. The outer valence electrons of selenium are also more loosely held than those of sulfur. As a result, selenium is a better nucleophile and will react with reactive oxygen species faster than sulfur, but the resulting lack of π-bond character in the Se-O bond means that the Se-oxide can be much more readily reduced in comparison to S-oxides. The combination of these properties means that replacement of sulfur with selenium in nature results in a selenium-containing biomolecule that resists permanent oxidation. Multiple examples of this gain of function behavior from the literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. Reich
- University of Wisconsin—Madison, Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Robert J. Hondal
- University of Vermont, Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Laboratory, Room B413, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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41
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Orian L, Mauri P, Roveri A, Toppo S, Benazzi L, Bosello-Travain V, De Palma A, Maiorino M, Miotto G, Zaccarin M, Polimeno A, Flohé L, Ursini F. Selenocysteine oxidation in glutathione peroxidase catalysis: an MS-supported quantum mechanics study. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:1-14. [PMID: 26163004 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) are enzymes working with either selenium or sulfur catalysis. They adopted diverse functions ranging from detoxification of H(2)O(2) to redox signaling and differentiation. The relative stability of the selenoenzymes, however, remained enigmatic in view of the postulated involvement of a highly unstable selenenic acid form during catalysis. Nevertheless, density functional theory calculations obtained with a representative active site model verify the mechanistic concept of GPx catalysis and underscore its efficiency. However, they also allow that the selenenic acid, in the absence of the reducing substrate, reacts with a nitrogen in the active site. MS/MS analysis of oxidized rat GPx4 complies with the predicted structure, an 8-membered ring, in which selenium is bound as selenenylamide to the protein backbone. The intermediate can be re-integrated into the canonical GPx cycle by glutathione, whereas, under denaturing conditions, its selenium moiety undergoes β-cleavage with formation of a dehydro-alanine residue. The selenenylamide bypass prevents destruction of the redox center due to over-oxidation of the selenium or its elimination and likely allows fine-tuning of GPx activity or alternate substrate reactions for regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Louise Benazzi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Antonella De Palma
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Zaccarin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Leopold Flohé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
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Takeda T. Post-translational activation of non-selenium glutathione peroxidase of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by specific incorporation of selenium. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 4:39-43. [PMID: 29124185 PMCID: PMC5668893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) plays a pivotal role in the protection of cells against oxidative damage. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii expresses both selenocysteine-containing GPX and the non-selenium GPX homolog (GPXH). We previously reported that supplementation of selenium to algal culture induces GPXH to exhibit GPX activity. Here we investigated the incorporation of selenium into GPXH and its causal relationship with the upregulation of the enzymatic activity. GPXH was purified from algal cells grown with selenium and proteolytically digested into four fragments. Selenium content analysis for these proteolytic fragments confirmed that GPXH-incorporated selenium is predominantly enriched in a fragment that carries the putative catalytic residue Cys-38. We next constructed three kinds of engineered GPXH proteins by substituting Ser for one of three Cys residues in native GPXH, Cys-38, -66, and -84, using a bacterial overexpression system, resulting in Cys38Ser, Cys66Ser, and Cys84Ser derivatives, respectively. Of these, the Cys66Ser and Cys84Ser derivatives exhibited the same level of selenium-dependent GPX activity as the normal recombinant GPXH, whereas the Cys38Ser mutant GPXH not only lost its activity completely but also demonstrated severely impaired incorporation of selenium. These findings strongly suggest that selenium is post-translationally assimilated into the Cys-38 of the GPXH protein, thereby enhancing its enzymatic activity. Non-Se algal GPX was characterized in terms of Se-associated structure–function. Se was found to be specifically bound to the catalytic Cys of the GPX. Se-binding targeted to the active site was required for GPX up-regulation. This is the first evidence for Se-mediated post-translational activation of plant GPX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takeda
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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Gonzalez-Flores JN, Shetty SP, Dubey A, Copeland PR. The molecular biology of selenocysteine. Biomol Concepts 2015; 4:349-65. [PMID: 25436585 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element that is incorporated into 25 human proteins as the amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). The incorporation of this amino acid turns out to be a fascinating problem in molecular biology because Sec is encoded by a stop codon, UGA. Layered on top of the canonical translation elongation machinery is a set of factors that exist solely to incorporate this important amino acid. The mechanism by which this process occurs, put into the context of selenoprotein biology, is the focus of this review.
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Maiorino M, Bosello-Travain V, Cozza G, Miotto G, Roveri A, Toppo S, Zaccarin M, Ursini F. Understanding mammalian glutathione peroxidase 7 in the light of its homologs. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:352-60. [PMID: 25724691 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione peroxidase homologs (GPxs) efficiently reduce hydroperoxides using electrons from glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (Trx), or protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Trx is preferentially used by the GPxs of the majority of bacteria, invertebrates, plants, and fungi. GSH or PDI, instead, is preferentially used by vertebrate GPxs that operate by Sec or Cys catalysis, respectively. Mammalian GPx7 and GPx8 are unique homologs that contain a peroxidatic Cys (CP). Being reduced by PDI and located within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), these enzymes have been involved in oxidative protein folding. Kinetic analysis indicates that oxidation of PDI by recombinant GPx7 occurs at a much faster rate than that of GSH. Nonetheless, activity measurement suggests that, at physiological concentrations, a competition between these two substrates takes place, with the rate of PDI oxidation by GPx7 controlled by the concentration of GSH, whereas the GSSG produced in the competing reaction contributes to the ER redox buffer. A mechanism has been proposed for GPx7 involving two Cys residues, in which an intramolecular disulfide of the CP is formed with an alleged resolving Cys (CR) located in the strongly conserved FPCNQ motif (C86 in humans), a noncanonical position in GPxs. Kinetic measurements and comparison with the other thiol peroxidases containing a functional CR suggest that a resolving function of C86 in the catalytic cycle is very unlikely. We propose that GPx7 is catalytically active as a 1-Cys-GPx, in which CP both reduces H2O2 and oxidizes PDI, and that the CP-C86 disulfide has instead the role of stabilizing the oxidized peroxidase in the absence of the reducing substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Maiorino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Roveri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Zaccarin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
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Bela K, Horváth E, Gallé Á, Szabados L, Tari I, Csiszár J. Plant glutathione peroxidases: emerging role of the antioxidant enzymes in plant development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 176:192-201. [PMID: 25638402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant glutathione peroxidase (GPX) family consists of multiple isoenzymes with distinct subcellular locations which exhibit different tissue-specific expression patterns and environmental stress responses. Contrary to most of their counterparts in animal cells, plant GPXs contain cysteine instead of selenocysteine in their active site and while some of them have both glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin peroxidase functions, the thioredoxin regenerating system is much more efficient in vitro than the glutathione system. At present, the function of these enzymes in plants is not completely understood. The occurrence of thiol-dependent activities of plant GPX isoenzymes suggests that - besides detoxification of H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides - they may be involved in regulation of the cellular redox homeostasis by maintaining the thiol/disulfide or NADPH/NADP(+) balance. GPXs may represent a link existing between the glutathione- and the thioredoxin-based system. The various thiol buffers, including Trx, can affect a number of redox reactions in the cells most probably via modulation of thiol status. It is still required to identify the in vivo reductant for particular GPX isoenzymes and partners that GPXs interact with specifically. Recent evidence suggests that plant GPXs does not only protect cells from stress induced oxidative damage but they can be implicated in plant growth and development. Following a more general introduction, this study summarizes present knowledge on plant GPXs, highlighting the results on gene expression analysis, regulation and signaling of Arabidopsis thaliana GPXs and also suggests some perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Bela
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Horváth
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Gallé
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of HAS, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jolán Csiszár
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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Guo X, Song J, Guan T, Wang S, Wang Y, Meng Y, Guo J, Li T, Ma C, Wei J. Characterization of recombinant human gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase mutant produced inEscherichia coli. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:228-35. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.995182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sakamoto T, Maebayashi K, Nakagawa Y, Imai H. Deletion of the four phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase genes accelerates aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Cells 2014; 19:778-92. [PMID: 25200408 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) family is a major antioxidant enzyme family that catalyzes the reduction of a variety of hydroperoxides. GPxs are divided into selenium- and nonselenium-containing GPxs. Because of their efficient antioxidant activity, which depends on the presence of the amino acid residue selenocysteine, selenium-containing GPxs have been the subject of many studies. However, the physiological roles of the nonselenium GPxs remain unclear. Here, we report that the deletion of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) homologues causes accelerated aging that leads to a shortened lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. PHGPx is an antioxidant enzyme that directly reduces the phospholipid hydroperoxides generated in biomembranes. The quadruple phgpx mutant gpx-1; gpx-2; gpx-6; gpx-7 developed normally, reached adulthood and reproduced as well as the wild type. However, a lifespan analysis showed that the quadruple phgpx mutant had a short maximum lifespan, with an age-related increase in its mortality rate. The intestine is the primary tissue expressing gpx-1, gpx-2, gpx-6 and gpx-7 in C. elegans, and the expression of gpx-6 is greatly enhanced under starvation conditions. These results suggest that the C. elegans PHGPx homologues have important functions in the regulation of aging, probably by reducing oxidative damage in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Sakamoto
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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Labunskyy VM, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. Selenoproteins: molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:739-77. [PMID: 24987004 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential micronutrient with important functions in human health and relevance to several pathophysiological conditions. The biological effects of selenium are largely mediated by selenium-containing proteins (selenoproteins) that are present in all three domains of life. Although selenoproteins represent diverse molecular pathways and biological functions, all these proteins contain at least one selenocysteine (Sec), a selenium-containing amino acid, and most serve oxidoreductase functions. Sec is cotranslationally inserted into nascent polypeptide chains in response to the UGA codon, whose normal function is to terminate translation. To decode UGA as Sec, organisms evolved the Sec insertion machinery that allows incorporation of this amino acid at specific UGA codons in a process requiring a cis-acting Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element. Although the basic mechanisms of Sec synthesis and insertion into proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have been studied in great detail, the identity and functions of many selenoproteins remain largely unknown. In the last decade, there has been significant progress in characterizing selenoproteins and selenoproteomes and understanding their physiological functions. We discuss current knowledge about how these unique proteins perform their functions at the molecular level and highlight new insights into the roles that selenoproteins play in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav M Labunskyy
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dolph L Hatfield
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Yu Y, Song J, Guo X, Wang S, Yang X, Chen L, Wei J. Characterization and structural analysis of human selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase 4 mutant expressed in Escherichia coli. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:332-338. [PMID: 24681209 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) is a monomeric selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase highly expressed in mammalian cells, which can reduce phospholipid hydroperoxides. However, it has been difficult to express recombinant mammalian GPx4 in Escherichia coli because of the differences in the selenocysteine (Sec) incorporation machinery between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In this study, an E. coli BL21(DE3)cys auxotrophic strain was used to express GPx4 mutants. We found that untargeted substitution of Cys-2, Cys-37, Cys-75, Cys-107, and Cys-148 with Sec led to loss of activity, suggesting that mutation of any of these Cys residues in GPx4 could result in a structural change. Additionally, we found that the catalytic activity of GPx4 mutants increased as the number of noncatalytic Sec residues decreased, indicating that the negative effects could be mitigated by replacing these Cys residues with Ser residues. A GPx4 mutant with all Cys residues converted to Ser exhibited a "Ping-Pong" mechanism and structure similar to that of native GPx4, indicating that it could act as a substitute for GPx4, when heterologously expressing the protein in E. coli. This research provides an important foundation for biosynthesis of selenium-dependent GPx4 mutants in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jian Song
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shuan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jingyan Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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50
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Molecular cloning of four glutathione peroxidase (GPx) homologs and expression analysis during stress exposure of the marine teleost Sparus aurata. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 168:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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