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Carsi Kuhangana T, Cheyns K, Muta Musambo T, Banza Lubaba Nkulu C, Smolders E, Hoet P, Van Loco J, Nemery B, Demaegdt H. Cottage industry as a source of high exposure to lead: A biomonitoring study among people involved in manufacturing cookware from scrap metal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118493. [PMID: 38378125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In low-income countries, a widespread but poorly studied type of cottage industry consists of melting scrap metal for making cookware. We assessed the exposure to lead (Pb) among artisanal workers, and their families, involved in manufacturing cookware from scrap metal. In a cross-sectional survey, we compared artisanal cookware manufacturing foundries with carpentry workshops (negative controls) and car battery repair workshops (positive controls), all located in residential areas, in Lubumbashi (DR Congo). We collected surface dust in the workspaces, and blood and urine samples among workers, as well as residents living in the cookware workshops. Trace elements were quantified in the samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In surface dust, median Pb concentrations were higher in cookware foundries (347 mg/kg) than in carpentries (234 mg/kg) but lower than in battery repair workshops (22,000 mg/kg). In workers making the cookware (n = 24), geometric mean (GM) Pb blood cencentration was 118 μg/L [interquartile range (IQR) 78.4-204], i.e. nearly twice as high as among carpenters [60.2 μg/L (44.4-84.7), n = 33], and half the concentration of battery repair workers [255 μg/L (197-362), n = 23]. Resident children from the cookware foundries, had higher urinary Pb [6.2 μg/g creatinine (2.3-19.3), n = 6] than adults [2.3 (2.2-2.5), n = 3]. Our investigation confirms the high Pb hazard linked to car battery repair and reveals a high exposure to Pb among artisanal cookware manufacturers and their families, especially children, in residential areas of a city in a low-income country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trésor Carsi Kuhangana
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Université de Kolwezi, Kolwezi, DR Congo; Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo.
| | - Karlien Cheyns
- Service of Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Sciensano, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Taty Muta Musambo
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | | | - Erik Smolders
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heidi Demaegdt
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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France Štiglic A, Falnoga I, Briški AS, Žavbi M, Osredkar J, Skitek M, Marc J. Reference intervals of 24 trace elements in blood, plasma and erythrocytes for the Slovenian adult population. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:946-957. [PMID: 38008765 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to establish the population- and laboratory-specific reference intervals (RIs) for the Slovenian adult population for 24 trace elements (TEs) in blood, plasma and erythrocytes and to evaluate the impact of gender, age, seafood consumption, smoking habits and amalgam fillings on TEs levels. METHODS TEs (Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo, Li, Be, V, Cr, Ni, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sn, Cs, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and U) were determined in 192 a priori selected blood donors (107 women and 85 men, aged 18-65 years), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with the Octopole Reaction System. Participants filled out a questionnaire, and RIs were established according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines for TEs. RESULTS Uniform RIs for non-essential and gender-specific for essential TEs in blood, plasma and erythrocytes were established. In our population, higher blood and plasma Cu, and erythrocyte Mn levels in women were found. In men, blood Zn, plasma Zn, Mn and Se, and erythrocyte Cu levels were higher. Zn levels were higher in 30-39 years age group. Pb and Sr increased with age. Smoking positively affected Cd, Pb, Cs and Rb; seafood consumption increased As, Hg and Zn; and amalgam increased Hg, Ag and Cu levels. CONCLUSIONS Essential TEs were inside recommended levels, and the non-essential ones were far below critical levels. Established RIs will provide an important foundation for clinical diagnostics, safety erythrocyte transfusions assessment, toxicology and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka France Štiglic
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ingrid Falnoga
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Sešek Briški
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Žavbi
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joško Osredkar
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Skitek
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Marc
- Clinical Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Perrais M, Trächsel B, Lenglet S, Pruijm M, Ponte B, Vogt B, Augsburger M, Rousson V, Bochud M, Thomas A. Reference values for plasma and urine trace elements in a Swiss population-based cohort. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 0:cclm-2023-1433. [PMID: 38641868 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Trace elements (TEs) are ubiquitous. TE concentrations vary among individuals and countries, depending on factors such as living area, workplaces and diet. Deficit or excessive TEs concentrations have consequences on the proper functioning of human organism so their biomonitoring is important. The aim of this project was to provide reference values for TEs concentrations in the Swiss population. METHODS The 1,078 participants to the SKiPOGH cohort included in this study were aged 18-90 years. Their 24-h urine and/or plasma samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine 24 TEs concentrations: Ag, Al, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, I, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V and Zn. Statistical tests were performed to evaluate the influence of covariates (sex, age, BMI, smoking) on these results. Reference intervals for the Swiss adult population were also defined. RESULTS TEs concentrations were obtained for respectively 994 and 903 persons in plasma and urine matrices. It was possible to define percentiles of interest (P50 and P95) for almost all the TEs. Differences in TEs distribution between men and women were noticed in both matrices; age was also a cofactor. CONCLUSIONS This first Swiss biomonitoring of a large TEs-panel offers reference values in plasma and in urine for the Swiss population. The results obtained in this study were generally in line with clinical recommendations and comparable to levels reported in other population-based surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïwenn Perrais
- Unit of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, 658784 University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva , Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Unit of Toxicology, 658784 University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva , Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Trächsel
- 569258 Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Lenglet
- Unit of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, 658784 University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva , Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospitals and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Belen Ponte
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vogt
- 27252 University Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Augsburger
- Unit of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, 658784 University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva , Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Rousson
- 569258 Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- 569258 Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Thomas
- Unit of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, 658784 University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva , Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Unit of Toxicology, 658784 University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva , Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kayembe-Kitenge T, Nkulu CBL, Musanzayi SM, Kasole TL, Ngombe LK, Obadia PM, Van Brusselen D, Mukoma DKW, Musambo TM, Mulangu AM, Banza PN, Katoto PDMC, Smolders E, Nemery B, Nawrot T. Transplacental transfer of cobalt: Evidence from a study of mothers and their neonates in the African Copperbelt. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 80:127294. [PMID: 37677922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer of the trace metal cobalt (Co) from mother to foetus has not been documented in populations with high environmental exposure to Co, as is the case in the African Copperbelt mining region. We analysed data obtained from 246 mother-infant pairs included (at delivery) in a previously published case-control study on birth defects, done in Lubumbashi (Democratic Republic of Congo) between March 1, 2013, and Feb 28, 2015. METHODS Co was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in maternal blood, maternal urine, umbilical cord blood and placental tissue, as available. RESULTS The Co concentrations [geometric mean (GM) with interquartile range (IQR)] in maternal blood (GM 1.77 µg/L, IQR 1.07-2.93) and urine (GM 7.42 µg/g creatinine, IQR 4.41-11.0) were highly correlated (Spearman r = 0.71, n = 166; p < 0.001) and considerably higher than reference values determined for general populations elsewhere in the world. The concentrations of Co in umbilical cord blood (GM 2.41 µg/L) were higher (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.001) than in maternal blood (GM 1.37 µg/L), with a correlation between both values (Spearman r = 0.34; n = 127, p < 0.001). Co concentrations in placental tissue (geometric mean 0.02 µg/g wet weight) correlated with concentrations in maternal blood (Spearman r = 0.50, n = 86, p < 0.001) and in neonatal blood (Spearman r = 0.23, n = 83, p = 0.039). CONCLUSION This first study of maternal and neonatal Co concentrations in the African Copperbelt provides strong evidence of a high transfer of Co from mother to foetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Kayembe-Kitenge
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Belgium; Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Célestin Banza Lubaba Nkulu
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Toni Lubala Kasole
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Leon Kabamba Ngombe
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Kamina, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Paul Musa Obadia
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daan Van Brusselen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of (Tropical) Paediatrics, ZAS Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel Kyanika Wa Mukoma
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Taty Muta Musambo
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Patient Nkulu Banza
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - P D M C Katoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Erik Smolders
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tim Nawrot
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Génard-Walton M, Warembourg C, Duros S, Ropert-Bouchet M, Lefebvre T, Guivarc'h-Levêque A, Le Martelot MT, Jacquemin B, Cordier S, Costet N, Multigner L, Garlantézec R. Heavy metals and diminished ovarian reserve: single-exposure and mixture analyses amongst women consulting in French fertility centres. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 47:103241. [PMID: 37451971 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Do heavy metals affect the risk of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) in women of reproductive age? DESIGN A total of 139 cases and 153 controls were included between 2016 and 2020. The participants were aged between 18 and 40 years and attended consultations for couple infertility in one of four fertility centres in western France. Cases of DOR were defined as women with an antral follicle count less than 7, anti-Müllerian hormone levels 1.1 ng/ml or less, or both. Controls were frequency matched on age groups and centres, and were women with normal ovarian reserve evaluations, no malformations and menstrual cycles between 26 and 35 days. Heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium) were measured in whole blood at inclusion. Single-exposure associations were examined with multivariable logistic regressions adjusted on potential confounders. Mixture effects were investigated with quantile g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). RESULTS Chromium as a continuous exposure was significantly associated with DOR in unadjusted models (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.04 to 4.13) but the association was no longer significant when confounders were controlled for (adjusted OR 2.75, 95% CI 0.88 to 8.60). Similarly, a statistically significant association was observed for the unadjusted second tercile of cadmium exposure (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.30); however, this association was no longer statistically significant after adjustment. None of the other associations tested were statistically significant. Quantile g-computation and BKMR both yielded no significant change of risk of DOR for the mixture of metals, with no evidence of interaction. CONCLUSIONS Weak signals that some heavy metals could be associated with DOR were detected. These findings should be replicated in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Génard-Walton
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Charline Warembourg
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Solène Duros
- Reproductive Medicine, CHU Rennes, 35200 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Bénédicte Jacquemin
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Costet
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Luc Multigner
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Garlantézec
- Université de Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Tan H, Piao J, Yang L, Yang X. The Time Trend of Blood Lead and Cadmium Levels in Rural Chinese Children: China Nutrition and Health Survey 2002 and 2012. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2162-2169. [PMID: 35725995 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate blood lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels and time trend in rural Chinese children derived from the China Nutrition and Health Survey 2002 and 2012 (CNHS 2002, CNHS 2012). In total, 1698 and 1581 of rural Chinese children were selected from the CNHS 2002 and the CNHS 2012 databases, respectively. The blood Pb and Cd levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), whilst the prevalence of blood Pb levels >5 µg/dL and blood Cd levels >0.5 µg/L and the corresponding reference values (RV95s: the upper limit of 95% confidence interval of 95th percentile) were together calculated. From the CNHS 2002 to the CNHS 2012, median concentrations in blood were severally decreased from 6.3 to 3.1 µg/dL for Pb and from 0.64 to 0.39 µg/L for Cd. The prevalence of blood Pb levels >5 µg/dL had decreased from 63.6 to 14.2%, together with blood Cd levels >0.5 µg/L prevalence from 62.7 to 33.5%, respectively. The RV95s of blood Pb and Cd levels were 15.2 µg/dL and 1.54 µg/L in the CNHS 2002, as well as 6.3 µg/dL and 1.12 µg/L in the CNHS 2012. In conclusion, blood Pb and Cd levels had been obviously improved in rural Chinese children during the past 10 years. However, the risks of Pb and Cd exposure are still serious and required to have continuous health monitoring and evaluation, even call for greater collaboration of the government and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Liu
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Huidi Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Food and Drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hongxing Tan
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Piao
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lichen Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
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San Martín SP, Bauçà JM, Martinez-Morillo E. Determination of aluminum concentrations in biological specimens: application in the clinical laboratory. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2022; 3:153-166. [PMID: 37361866 PMCID: PMC10197291 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2022-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum enters the body primarily through diet or occupational exposure, and is cleared through urine. However, this trace element may accumulate and cause toxicity in subjects with renal insufficiency, and even in dialysis patients. The mechanism of aluminum toxicity is related to increased oxidative and inflammatory stress, iron and calcium dyshomeostasis, or cholinergic dysregulation, among other. A review was conducted on the specimens and analytical methods used to determine aluminum in biological specimens and dialysis water. This paper describes the most relevant aspects related to quality assurance. This is a practical guideline for the development and implementation of a reliable method for determination of aluminum in the clinical laboratory. Serum aluminum is the main biomarker of toxicity. For cases of chronic exposure, urine testing is recommended. At present, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the gold-standard determination method, since it has been proven to have the best quantification limits, selectivity and robustness. Clear recommendations are provided in relation to the specimens used for aluminum determination. Relevant pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical considerations are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Pérez San Martín
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
- Comisión de Elementos traza, Sociedad Española de Medicina de Laboratorio, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Miquel Bauçà
- Comisión de Elementos traza, Sociedad Española de Medicina de Laboratorio, Barcelona, Spain
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martinez-Morillo
- Comisión de Elementos traza, Sociedad Española de Medicina de Laboratorio, Barcelona, Spain
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos y Bioquímica Clínica, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Cao Y, Zhang H, Yang J, Man Q, Song P, Mao D, Lu J, Yang L. Reference Ranges of Selenium in Plasma and Whole Blood for Child-Bearing-Aged Women in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4908. [PMID: 35457774 PMCID: PMC9028777 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a "dual-surface" element. Both Se-deficiency and Se-overload have bad effects on humans. The amount of Se in the blood is a good indicator of Se intake, and there are considerable differences in the reference ranges among different regions and populations. The purpose of this study was to establish the age-specific reference interval of blood Se in healthy child-bearing-aged women in China. A total of 187 healthy women aged 18-45 years old were enrolled with strict inclusion criteria from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (2015 CACDNS) database to establish the reference interval of Se. Plasma and whole-blood Se were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The reference range (RR) estimated as P2.5-P97.5 percentiles (geometric mean) was 73.81-140.75 (100.94) μg/L and P2.5-P97.5 percentiles (median) 81.06-164.75 (121.05) μg/L for plasma and whole-blood Se, respectively. The proposed RR of plasma Se in this study was used to evaluate the Se nutritional status of a representative sample of 1950 women of child-bearing age who were randomly selected from 2015 CACDNS. The proportion of Se level lower than P2.5 cut-off value was 24.05%, and there were 5.08% child-bearing-aged women with plasma Se higher than the upper limit of RR. Women in the western and rural areas tend to have lower Se levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lichen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Committee, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.C.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (Q.M.); (P.S.); (D.M.); (J.L.)
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