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Wahyuni DK, Wacharasindhu S, Bankeeree W, Punnapayak H, Prasongsuk S. In silico anti-SARS-CoV-2, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of crude extracts and homopterocarpin from heartwood of Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13644. [PMID: 36789389 PMCID: PMC9912040 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products play an essential role in new drug discovery. In the present study, we determined the anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2), antioxidant, antiplasmodial, and antimicrobial activities of Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz. heartwood and structurally characterized the bioactive compounds. P. macrocarpus Kurz. heartwood was macerated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively, for 7 days, three times. The compounds were isolated by recrystallization with n-hexane and evaluated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Ethyl acetate, ethanol, n-hexane extracts, and homopterocarpin exhibited antiplasmodial activity at 1.78, 2.21, 7.11, and 0.52 μg/ml, respectively, against P. falciparum 3D7 with low toxicity (selectivity index/SI ≥ 28.46). GC-MS identified compound showed in silico anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding affinity with stigmasterol and SARS-CoV-2 helicase of -8.2 kcal/mol. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited the best antioxidant activity against DPPH (0.76 ± 0.92 μg/ml) and ABTS (0.61 ± 0.46 μg/ml). They also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts against E. coli and C. albicans, and ethanol extract against S. aureus with diameter zone of inhibition of more than 1 cm. The results highlighted antiplasmodial activity of extracts and homopterocarpin from P. macrocarpus Kurz. heartwood and its potent binding in silico to anti-SARS-CoV-2 proteins with low toxicity. This study also confirmed that extracts exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Further studies are needed to assess the safety and clinical trial of P. macrocarpus Kurz. for development as new drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Kusuma Wahyuni
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Sumrit Wacharasindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wichanee Bankeeree
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Hunsa Punnapayak
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sehanat Prasongsuk
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Corresponding author. Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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Martinez J, Ramírez C, Gil J, Quiñones W, Durango D. Antifungal activity against anthracnose-causing species of homopterocarpin derivatives. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13082. [PMID: 36798775 PMCID: PMC9925875 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of 3,9-dimethoxypterocarpan (1, homopterocarpin) were prepared by nitration, amination, and oxidation reactions, among others, and their antifungal activity was evaluated against the phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. lindemuthianum. Derivatives were purified by chromatographic techniques and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eight derivatives were obtained from 1 corresponding to 3,9-dimethoxy-8-nitropterocarpan (2), 3,9-dimethoxy-2,8-dinitropterocarpan (3), 3,9-dimethoxy-2,8,10-trinitropterocarpan (4), 2,8-diamino-3,9-dimethoxypterocarpan (5), 3,9-dimethylcoumestan (6), medicarpin (7), 2'-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavan (8), and 4-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-7,2',4'-trimethoxyisoflavan (9). The in vitro antifungal activity of the derivatives was determined at concentrations between 35 and 704 μM. Compounds 7 and 8 at 704 μM, showed an inhibition of radial growth and spore germination close to 100%, exceeding that found for the starting compound 1, which was 46%. Growth inhibition assays were also performed for the derivative 8 on papaya fruits (Carica papaya L. cv. Hawaiana) and mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Hilacha) infected with C. gloeosporioides. Compound 8 showed fungal growth inhibition in fruits higher than that found for 1 and thymol (a recognized natural antifungal), under the same conditions. In general, derivatives that exhibited greater antifungal activity correspond to the compounds containing hydroxyl groups in the structure. Some of the compounds obtained could be considered promising for the control of phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janio Martinez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Química, Carrera 65, 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia,Corresponding author.
| | - Cesar Ramírez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Química, Carrera 65, 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jesús Gil
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Alimentos, Carrera 65, 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Winston Quiñones
- Grupo de Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70, Medellín P.O. Box 1226, Colombia
| | - Diego Durango
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Química, Carrera 65, 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia,Corresponding author.
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Chilvery S, Yelne A, Khurana A, Saifi MA, Bansod S, Anchi P, Godugu C. Acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity: An overview of the promising protective effects of natural products and herbal formulations. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154510. [PMID: 36332383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver plays an important role in regulating the metabolic processes and is the most frequently targeted organ by toxic chemicals. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a well-known anti-allergic, anti-pyretic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which upon overdose leads to hepatotoxicity, the major adverse event of this over-the-counter drug. PURPOSE APAP overdose induced acute liver injury is the second most common cause that often requires liver transplantation worldwide, for which N-acetyl cysteine is the only synthetic drug clinically approved as an antidote. So, it was felt that there is a need for the novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of liver diseases with less adverse effects. This review provides detailed analysis of the different plant extracts; phytochemicals and herbal formulations for the amelioration of APAP-induced liver injury. METHOD The data was collected using different online resources including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Springer, and Web of Science using keywords given below. RESULTS Over the past decades various reports have revealed that plant-based approaches may be a better treatment choice for the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in pre-clinical experimental conditions. Moreover, herbal compounds provide several advantages over the synthetic drugs with fewer side effects, easy availability and less cost for the treatment of life-threatening diseases. CONCLUSION The current review summarizes the hepatoprotective effects and therapeutic mechanisms of various plant extracts, active phytoconstituents and herbal formulations with potential application against APAP induced hepatotoxicity as the numbers of hepatoprotective natural products are more without clinical relativity. Further, pre-clinical pharmacological research will contribute to the designing of natural products as medicines with encouraging prospects for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilekha Chilvery
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Yelne
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sapana Bansod
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pratibha Anchi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Medicarpin and Homopterocarpin Isolated from Canavalia lineata as Potent and Competitive Reversible Inhibitors of Human Monoamine Oxidase-B. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010258. [PMID: 36615451 PMCID: PMC9822396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirteen compounds were isolated from the Canavalia lineata pods and their inhibitory activities against human monoamine oxidase-A (hMAO-A) and -B (hMAO-B) were evaluated. Among them, compounds 8 (medicarpin) and 13 (homopterocarpin) showed potent inhibitory activity against hMAO-B (IC50 = 0.45 and 0.72 µM, respectively) with selectivity index (SI) values of 44.2 and 2.07, respectively. Most of the compounds weakly inhibited MAO-A, except 9 (prunetin) and 13. Compounds 8 and 13 were reversible competitive inhibitors against hMAO-B (Ki = 0.27 and 0.21 µM, respectively). Structurally, the 3-OH group at A-ring of 8 showed higher hMAO-B inhibitory activity than 3-OCH3 group at the A-ring of 13. However, the 9-OCH3 group at B-ring of 13 showed higher hMAO-B inhibitory activity than 8,9-methylenedioxygroup at the B-ring of 12 (pterocarpin). In cytotoxicity study, 8 and 13 showed non-toxicity to the normal (MDCK) and cancer (HL-60) cells and moderate toxicity to neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell. Molecular docking simulation revealed that the binding affinities of 8 and 13 for hMAO-B (-8.7 and -7.7 kcal/mol, respectively) were higher than those for hMAO-A (-3.4 and -7.1 kcal/mol, respectively). These findings suggest that compounds 8 and 13 be considered potent reversible hMAO-B inhibitors to be used for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Аrbаin D, Saputri GA, Syahputra GS, Widiyastuti Y, Susanti D, Taher M. Genus Pterocarpus: A review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, and clinical evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114316. [PMID: 34116190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Pterocarpus (Fabaceae) has about 46 species that are distributed over Asia, especially Indonesia, Africa, and several countries in America. Particularly, P. indicus and P. santalinus have been recorded as ancestor recipe in the old Indonesian book (Cabe puyang warisan nenek moyang). These plants have found application in traditional medicine, such as in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, gonorrhoea, infection, coughs, mouth ulcers, boils, diarrhoea, as well as in the management of pain (as an analgesic). AIM OF THE REVIEW The present review aimed to comprehensively summarise the current researches on the traditional and scientific applications of the genus Pterocarpus with regard to the phytochemical content, in vivo and in vitro bioactivities, as well as clinical evidence that may be useful for future drug development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information about the Pterocarpus genus were obtained from local classic herbal literature and electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The scientific name of the species and its synonyms were checked with the information of The Plant List. Additionally, clinical trial results were obtained from the Cochrane library. RESULTS Several phytochemical constituents of the plants, e.g., flavonoids, isoflavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids have been reported. There are about 11 species of Pterocarpus that have been scientifically studied for their biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, analgesic, and anti-hyperglycemic. Of which, the anti-hyperglycemic activity of the extracts and phytochemicals of P. indicus and P. marsupium is particularly remarkable, allowing them to be further studied under clinical trial. CONCLUSION The present review has provided an insight into the traditional applications of the plants and some of them have been validated by scientific evidence, particularly their applications as anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agents. In addition, the genus has demonstrated notable anti-diabetic activity in various clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dаyаr Аrbаin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945, Jakarta, 14350, Indonesia.
| | - Gita Ayu Saputri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945, Jakarta, 14350, Indonesia.
| | | | - Yuli Widiyastuti
- Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine Research and Development Center, Jl. Raya Lawu 11, Tawangmangu, Karanganyar, Central Java, 57792, Indonesia.
| | - Deny Susanti
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia.
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Fan L, Wu L, Yu XH, Chen YB, Lin L, Li SG. The ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the genus Erycibe (Convolvulaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114312. [PMID: 34107330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Erycibe belongs to the Convolvulaceae family that contains approximately 70 species mainly distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to north of Australia. Several Erycibe species are traditionally used in folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments, including rheumatic arthralgia, primary glaucoma, hepatopathies, and infectious and malignant diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to summarize comprehensive and updated information on traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Erycibe species to provide a reference for the further research and application of the Erycibe genus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The scientific and extensive literatures between 1975 and 2020 were systematically gathered from scientific databases such as SciFinder Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer Link and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), as well as Chinese herbal classic books, PhD and MSc theses, and several official websites. RESULTS Erycibe species have been used for the treatment of various rheumatoid diseases, glaucoma, a variety of hepatic diseases, infectious diseases and various malignancies in the traditional and local medicine. Since the 1970s, 153 compounds, including coumarins, quinic acid derivatives, flavonoids, alkaloids, lignans, and others have been isolated from five species of the Erycibe genus. Pharmacological studies have shown that these extracts and compounds from the Erycibe genus have extensive activities consistent with the traditional and local applications, such as anti-glaucoma, anti-arthritic, hepatoprotective and anti-cancer activities, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and neuroprotective properties. CONCLUSIONS Although there are extensive data on the genus Erycibe, certain specific gaps still exist. For herbal preparations containing Erycibe species, clinical toxicological investigation is required for the safety of these herbal preparation therapies, as well as further investigations on pharmacokinetics and bioavailability for guideline for clinical application. Furthermore, more detailed pharmacological, toxicological and clinical researches are needed to assess the alternatives to Erycibe species. Systematic and comprehensive pre-clinical studies are similarly required to estimate the possibility of extracts and compounds from the genus Erycibe with bioactivity developing into new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xu-Hua Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Shuo-Guo Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Chang L, Xu D, Zhu J, Ge G, Kong X, Zhou Y. Herbal Therapy for the Treatment of Acetaminophen-Associated Liver Injury: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32218738 PMCID: PMC7078345 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury worldwide, and mitochondrial oxidative stress is considered the major event responsible for APAP-associated liver injury (ALI). Despite the identification of N-acetyl cysteine, a reactive oxygen species scavenger that is regarded as an effective clinical treatment, therapeutic effectiveness remains limited due to rapid disease progression and diagnosis at a late phase, which leads to the need to explore various therapeutic approaches. Since the early 1990s, a number of natural products and herbs have been found to have hepatoprotective effects against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in terms of acute liver failure prevention and therapeutic amelioration of ALI. In this review, we summarize the hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of medicinal plants, including herbs and fruit extracts, along with future perspectives that may provide guidance to improve the current status of herbal therapy against ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongwei Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoni Kong
- Central Laboratory, Department of Liver Diseases, Institute of Clinical Immunology, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Subramanya SB, Venkataraman B, Meeran MFN, Goyal SN, Patil CR, Ojha S. Therapeutic Potential of Plants and Plant Derived Phytochemicals against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123776. [PMID: 30486484 PMCID: PMC6321362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), which is also known as paracetamol or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol is a safe and potent drug for fever, pain and inflammation when used at its normal therapeutic doses. It is available as over-the-counter drug and used by all the age groups. The overdose results in acute liver failure that often requires liver transplantation. Current clinical therapy for APAP-induced liver toxicity is the administration of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a sulphydryl compound an approved drug which acts by replenishing cellular glutathione (GSH) stores in the liver. Over the past five decades, several studies indicate that the safety and efficacy of herbal extracts or plant derived compounds that are used either as monotherapy or as an adjunct therapy along with conventional medicines for hepatotoxicity have shown favorable responses. Phytochemicals mitigate necrotic cell death and protect against APAP-induced liver toxicityby restoring cellular antioxidant defense system, limiting oxidative stress and subsequently protecting mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Recent experimental evidences indicat that these phytochemicals also regulate differential gene expression to modulate various cellular pathways that are implicated in cellular protection. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the role of the phytochemicals, which are shown to be efficacious in clinically relevant APAP-induced hepatotoxicity experimental models. In this review, we have made comprehensive attempt to delineate the molecular mechanism and the cellular targets that are modulated by the phytochemicals to mediate the cytoprotective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. In this review, we have also defined the challenges and scope of phytochemicals to be developed as drugs to target APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep B Subramanya
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
| | - Balaji Venkataraman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra 424 001, India.
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India.
| | - Chandragouda R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
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