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Association of high BMI with subclinical hypothyroidism in young, first-episode and drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:183-190. [PMID: 35546358 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is known to be associated with obesity, but the reliability of this relationship is easily affected by drug treatment, age, and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) with no apparent symptoms. Our research aims to compare obese and overweight BMI ranges with SCH and without SCH in a large sample of young, first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), which has received little systemic investigation. A total of 1289 FEDN MDD young outpatients were recruited for this study. Serum thyroid function and lipid level parameters were measured; HAMD and PANSS scales were used to assess patients' depression and positive symptoms. A self-administered questionnaire collected other clinical and demographic data. The prevalence of SCH in FEDN MDD young patients was 58.26%. Compared to patients without SCH, the patients with SCH had a more prolonged illness duration, higher BMI levels, increased prevalence of overweight and obesity, higher HAMD score and PANSS-positive symptom scores, higher levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, and lower levels of HDL-C. Further logistic regression indicated that overweight BMI, obese BMI, illness duration, HAMD score, HDL-C, and TC were significantly associated with SCH. Our results indicate that obesity and overweight may be associated with SCH in young, FEDN MDD patients. The importance of regular thyroid function assessment in young FEDN MDD patients with high BMI should be taken into account.
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Golob Jančič S, Močnik M, Švigelj M, Marčun Varda N. Body Composition and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Paediatric Population. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:603. [PMID: 35626780 PMCID: PMC9139520 DOI: 10.3390/children9050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate associations between body composition parameters and several clinical parameters. A total of 206 children and adolescents (120 male, 86 female) were prospectively included. Body impedance measurement was performed in all participants. During the hospital work-up, several clinical parameters such as anthropometric measurements and laboratory and ultrasound findings were obtained and correlated to body composition parameters. There was a significant association between body composition parameters and anthropometric measurements, systolic blood pressure, insulin levels, serum creatinine, urate, liver function tests, triglycerides, cholesterols and apolipoproteins, homocysteine, vitamin D and proteins in 24-h urine. Body composition differed by gender, between participants with and without hepatic steatosis and between patients with and without left ventricular hypertrophy. Interestingly, body composition did not correlate with diastolic blood pressure, pulse wave velocity and intima media thickness. This study showed that several clinical parameters are associated with body composition in children. Obesity and body composition play an important role in the development of other cardiovascular risk factors and are not dependent on fat mass alone, and the latter might be used for cardiovascular risk determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Golob Jančič
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.G.J.); (N.M.V.)
| | - Mirjam Močnik
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.G.J.); (N.M.V.)
| | - Marjetka Švigelj
- Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Nataša Marčun Varda
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (S.G.J.); (N.M.V.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
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Močnik M, Marčun Varda N. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children with Obesity, Preventive Diagnostics and Possible Interventions. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080551. [PMID: 34436493 PMCID: PMC8398426 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing burden of obesity plays an essential role in increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The effects of obesity on the cardiovascular system have also been demonstrated in childhood, where prevention is even more important. Obesity is associated with hormonal changes and vascular dysfunction, which eventually lead to hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia and cardiac dysfunction—all associated with increased cardiovascular risk, leading to potential cardiovascular events in early adulthood. Several preventive strategies are being implemented to reduce the cardiovascular burden in children. This paper presents a comprehensive review of obesity-associated cardiovascular morbidity with the preventive diagnostic workup at our hospital and possible interventions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Močnik
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-40323726
| | - Nataša Marčun Varda
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Bokulić A, Zec I, Marijančević D, Goreta S, Požgaj Šepec M, La Grasta Sabolić L. Establishing paediatric reference intervals for thyroid function tests in Croatian population on the Abbott Architect i2000. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2021; 31:030702. [PMID: 34393595 PMCID: PMC8340503 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2021.030702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Evaluation of thyroid function is often requested and therefore defining paediatric reference intervals (RIs) is of vital importance. Currently, there is a distinct lack of paediatric RIs for thyroid function tests in Croatia. Thus, we established RIs for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) in the Croatian paediatric population. Materials and methods Reference intervals were calculated from 397 apparently healthy children, aged from 2 days to < 19 years. Serum samples were analysed for thyroid function tests on the Abbott Architect i2000. Age- and sex-specific 95% RIs with 90% confidence intervals were established according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. To express the magnitude of sex and age variation, standard deviation ratio (SDR) was calculated using two-level nested ANOVA. The criterion for considering partitioning reference values was set to SDR > 0.3. Results All thyroid function tests required age partitioning, confirmed by SDR above 0.3. There was no need for sex partitioning, confirmed by SDR below 0.3. Still, FT3 was partitioned due to visually noticeable sex related difference for the oldest group (12 years to < 19 years). Conclusion This is the first study to establish RIs for thyroid function tests in the Croatian paediatric population. We propose RIs for widely used Abbott platform, thus giving laboratories method- and population-specific paediatric RIs for thyroid function tests that should improve clinical test interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Bokulić
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Zec
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Marijančević
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Goreta
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Požgaj Šepec
- Department of Paediatrics, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
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Babić Leko M, Gunjača I, Pleić N, Zemunik T. Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6521. [PMID: 34204586 PMCID: PMC8234807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual variations in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function. This review discusses studies that have analyzed the impact of environmental factors on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults. We included lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and exercise) and pollutants (chemicals and heavy metals). Many inconsistencies in the results have been observed between studies, making it difficult to draw a general conclusion about how a particular environmental factor influences TSH and thyroid hormone levels. However, lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with TSH and thyroid hormones were smoking, body mass index (BMI) and iodine (micronutrient taken from the diet). Smoking mainly led to a decrease in TSH levels and an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, while BMI levels were positively correlated with TSH and free T3 levels. Excess iodine led to an increase in TSH levels and a decrease in thyroid hormone levels. Among the pollutants analyzed, most studies observed a decrease in thyroid hormone levels after exposure to perchlorate. Future studies should continue to analyze the impact of environmental factors on thyroid function as they could contribute to understanding the complex background of gene-environment interactions underlying the pathology of thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (N.P.)
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Özcabi B, Tarçın G, Şengenç E, Tahmiscioğlu Bucak F, Ercan O, Bolayırlı İM, Evliyaoğlu O. Is Waist-height Ratio Associated with Thyroid Antibody Levels in Children with Obesity? J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2021; 13:152-159. [PMID: 33006550 PMCID: PMC8186330 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is known to affect thyroid function. Recently, waist-height ratio (WHtR) has been considered as a useful marker of subclinical hypothyroidism in obese cases, but its relation with thyroid autoimmunity still remains unclear. We evaluated the effect of body fat mass, WHtR, and metabolic parameters on thyroid autoantibody levels in children with obesity. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study carried out with an obese [n=56, male/female (M/F): 29/26] and a healthy group (n=38, M/F: 19/19). All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements, laboratory investigations for thyroid function tests, thyroid peroxidase (TPO-ab) and thyroglobulin-antibodies (Tg-ab), transaminases, blood glucose, insulin levels, and lipids after overnight fasting; homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated for assessment of insulin resistance. Fat mass was estimated by multiple frequency bioimpedance analysis in the obese group, which was further divided into two subgroups according to the median of WHtR. All parameters were compared between the groups/subgroups. RESULTS In the obese group, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), free triiodothyronine, thyrotropin, TPO-ab, insulin, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase levels, and HOMA-IR were significantly higher than the controls group (p<0.05 for all). Median of WHtR was 0.6 in the obese group. In the “WHtR >0.6” subgroup (n=28), weight, BMI, fat mass, TPO-ab, Tg-ab, insulin and triglyceride levels were higher than WHtR ≤0.6 subgroup (p<0.05). A positive correlation was obtained between Tg-ab and WHtR (rho=0.28, p=0.041). CONCLUSION Euthyroid children with obesity and a WHtR >0.6 are likely to have higher thyroid antibody levels, and Tg-ab levels have a positive correlation with WHtR, which reveals an association of central adiposity with thyroid autoantibody levels in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Özcabi
- İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Tarçın
- İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Esma Şengenç
- İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Feride Tahmiscioğlu Bucak
- İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Ercan
- İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Murat Bolayırlı
- İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Olcay Evliyaoğlu
- İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey Phone: +90 212 414 30 00 E-mail:
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Zhou Y, Yang Y, Zhou T, Li B, Wang Z. Adiponectin and Thyroid Cancer: Insight into the Association between Adiponectin and Obesity. Aging Dis 2021; 12:597-613. [PMID: 33815885 PMCID: PMC7990371 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence and diagnosis of thyroid cancer have risen dramatically, and thyroid cancer has now become the most common endocrine cancer in the world. The onset of thyroid cancer is insidious, and its progression is slow and difficult to detect. Therefore, early prevention and treatment have important strategic significance. Moreover, an in-depth exploration of the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer is key to early prevention and treatment. Substantial evidence supports obesity as an independent risk factor for thyroid cancer. Adipose tissue dysfunction in the obese state is accompanied by dysregulation of a variety of adipocytokines. Adiponectin (APN) is one of the most pivotal adipocytokines, and its connection with obesity and obesity-related disease has gradually become a hot topic in research. Recently, the association between APN and thyroid cancer has received increasing attention. The purpose of this review is to systematically review previous studies, give prominence to APN, focus on the relationship between APN, obesity and thyroid cancer, and uncover the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhou
- 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,2Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi, China
| | - Ying Yang
- 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Taicheng Zhou
- 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bai Li
- 3School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhanjian Wang
- 4Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Chen X, Deng S, Sena C, Zhou C, Thaker VV. Relationship of TSH Levels with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in US Youth and Reference Percentiles for Thyroid Function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1221-e1230. [PMID: 33274355 PMCID: PMC7947754 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid hormones play an important role in metabolic homeostasis, and higher levels have been associated with cardiometabolic risk. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of cardiometabolic risk factors with TSH levels in US youth. METHODS Cross-sectional study of youth aged 12 to 18 years without known thyroid abnormalities from 5 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles (n = 2818) representing 15.4 million US children. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) was defined as thyrotropin (TSH) levels of 4.5 to 10 mIU/L. Assessed cardiometabolic risk factors include abdominal obesity (waist circumference >90th percentile), hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride ≥130 mg/dL), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<40 mg/dL), elevated blood pressure (systolic and diastolic blood pressure ≥90th percentile), hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose ≥100 mg/dL, or known diabetes), insulin resistance (homeostatic model for insulin resistance > 3.16), and elevated alanine transferase (≥ 50 for boys and ≥44 U/L for girls). Age and sex- specific percentiles for thyroid parameters were calculated. RESULTS In this cohort of youth (51.3% male), 31.2% had overweight/obesity. The prevalence of SH was 2.0% (95% CI 1.2-3.1). The median TSH levels were higher in youth with overweight/obesity (P < 0.001). Adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and obesity, youth with TSH in the fourth quantile had higher odds of abdominal obesity (OR 2.53 [1.43-4.46], P = .002), insulin resistance (OR 2.82 [1.42-5.57], P = .003), and ≥2 cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) (OR 2.20 [1.23-3.95], P = .009). CONCLUSION The prevalence of SH is low in US youth. The higher odds of insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in youth with TSH levels >75th percentile requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuliang Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecilia Sena
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuhan Zhou
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vidhu V Thaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Correspondence: Vidhu V. Thaker, MD, Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150, St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Thiagarajan S, Babu TA, Balaji R. Progression of Thyrotropinemia in Overweight and Obese Children From Puducherry, India. Indian Pediatr 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-1991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nichols PH, Pan Y, May B, Pavlicova M, Rausch JC, Mencin AA, Thaker VV. Effect of TSH on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) independent of obesity in children of predominantly Hispanic/Latino ancestry by causal mediation analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234985. [PMID: 32569304 PMCID: PMC7307750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a common co-morbidity of obesity. Elevated TSH levels (eTSH), also associated with obesity, may contribute to the dysmetabolic state that predisposes to NAFLD. Objective To assess the relationship between TSH levels and NAFLD in children with biopsy-proven NAFLD compared to controls. Design and methods In this retrospective study of children with biopsy-proven NAFLD and age-matched controls, the association of eTSH with NAFLD was investigated and the role of TSH as a mediator between obesity and NAFLD was assessed. Results Sixty-six cases and 4067 controls (69.7 vs 59% Hispanic/Latino ancestry, p = 0.1) of the same age range seen in the same time duration at an urban Children’s Hospital were studied. Children with NAFLD were more likely to be male (74.6 vs 39.4%, p < 0.001), have higher modified BMI-z scores (median 2.4 (IQR 1.7) vs 1.9 (IQR 1.7), p < 0.001), and abnormal metabolic parameters (TSH, ALT, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and TG). Multivariate analyses controlling for age, sex and severity of obesity showed significant association between the 4th quartile of TSH and NAFLD. Causal mediation analysis demonstrates that TSH mediates 33.8% of the effect of modified BMI-z score on NAFLD. This comprises of 16.0% (OR = 1.1, p = 0.002) caused by the indirect effect of TSH and its interaction with modified BMI-z, and 17.7% (OR = 1.1, p = 0.05) as an autonomous effect of TSH on NAFLD. Overall, 33.8% of the effect can be eliminated by removing the mediator, TSH (p = 0.001). Conclusions The association of eTSH and biopsy-proven NAFLD is demonstrated in children of Hispanic/Latino ancestry. Further, a causal mediation analysis implicates an effect of TSH on NAFLD, independent of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Presley H. Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian-Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yue Pan
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin May
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martina Pavlicova
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John C. Rausch
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian-Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ali A. Mencin
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vidhu V. Thaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kara O. Influence of subclinical hypothyroidism on metabolic parameters in obese children and adolescents. Clin Exp Pediatr 2020; 63:110-114. [PMID: 32164046 PMCID: PMC7073379 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2019.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) is a common condition in obese children. However, its effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in obese children remains controversial. PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate the association between SH and metabolic parameters. METHODS A total of 215 obese children and adolescents aged 6-18 years were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. The patients' anthropometric measurements such as thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), fasting plasma glucose, and insulin levels, as well as homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, and lipid profiles were evaluated. The patients were allocated to the SH group (fT4 normal, TSH 5-10 mIU/L) (n=77) or the control group (fT4 normal, TSH<5 mIU/L) (n=138). The glucose and lipid metabolisms of the 2 groups were compared. RESULTS SH was identified in 77 of 215 patients (36%). Mean body mass index was similar in both groups. The mean serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and triglyceride (TG) levels were higher and the mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was lower in the SH group than in the control group (P=0.007, P=0.004, P=0.01, and P=0.02, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between TSH level and insulin level, HOMA-IR, and TG level. CONCLUSION SH was identified in some of the obese children and adolescents. A clear association was observed between SH, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Kara
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
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Unal E, Taş FF, Kaya MM, Yıldırım R, Aktar F, Haspolat YK. Obez Çocuk ve Adölesanlarda Tiroid Fonksiyonlarının Değerlendirilmesi. DICLE MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.5798/dicletip.574971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Du FM, Kuang HY, Duan BH, Liu DN, Yu XY. Effects of thyroid hormone and depression on common components of central obesity. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:3040-3049. [PMID: 31144547 PMCID: PMC6683926 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519851624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated the prevalence of abnormal thyroid function and depression in centrally obese participants, and to analyze the relationship of thyroid hormones and depression with components of central obesity. Methods We randomly selected 858 centrally obese participants and 500 non-obese controls in this study. For all participants, we measured serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), body mass index (BMI), waist–hip ratio (WHR), fasting blood glucose and insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid concentrations, and blood pressure. Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Results Centrally obese participants had a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism and depression than non-obese controls. Serum FT4 levels negatively correlated with BMI and serum TSH levels and positively correlated with BMI, WHR, total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). After excluding participants with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, serum FT4 levels showed negative correlation and serum TSH levels showed positive correlation with BMI in the remaining centrally obese participants. CES-D scores positively correlated with BMI. Conclusion We found high prevalences of hypothyroidism and depression among centrally obese participants. FT4 and TSH are important in weight regulation. Depression positively correlated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Man Du
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.,2 Department of Endocrinology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Yu Kuang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bin-Hong Duan
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Da-Na Liu
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Yang Yu
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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14
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Gunapalasingham G, Frithioff-Bøjsøe C, Lund MAV, Hedley PL, Fonvig CE, Dahl M, Pedersen O, Christiansen M, Hansen T, Lausten-Thomsen U, Holm JC. Reference values for fasting serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones in healthy Danish/North-European white children and adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2019; 79:129-135. [PMID: 30861348 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1581945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones influence the functions of many organ systems, as well as child development and growth. Several studies have reported an association between ethnicity and thyroid hormones. This study aims to explore pediatric serum concentrations of TSH, free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) and their relation to age and sex and subsequently to present pediatric reference intervals from healthy Danish/North-European white children. A population-based cohort in Denmark of 2411 (1435 girls) healthy school children and adolescents aged 6.0-18.9 years were included. Fasting concentrations of serum TSH, fT3, and fT4 were determined from venous blood samples using immunologic chemiluminescent assays. Age- and sex-dependent percentiles were generated using the GAMLSS function. Median values of fT3 and fT4, but not TSH, were lower in the older age group compared with the youngest age group for both sexes (all p < .05). A significant difference for fT3 was found between the sexes for all age groups (all p < .001). fT4 was negatively correlated with body mass index standard deviation scores in boys. In conclusion, serum concentrations of thyroid hormones vary during childhood and adolescence and differ with age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowthami Gunapalasingham
- a The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics , Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk , Holbæk , Denmark
| | - Christine Frithioff-Bøjsøe
- a The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics , Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk , Holbæk , Denmark.,b Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N , Denmark
| | - Morten Asp Vonsild Lund
- a The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics , Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk , Holbæk , Denmark.,c Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N , Denmark
| | - Paula Louise Hedley
- d Department for Congenital Disorders Danish National Biobank and Biomarkers , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Cilius Esmann Fonvig
- a The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics , Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk , Holbæk , Denmark.,b Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N , Denmark.,e Hans Christian Andersen`s Children's Hospital , Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Maria Dahl
- a The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics , Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk , Holbæk , Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- b Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N , Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- c Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N , Denmark.,d Department for Congenital Disorders Danish National Biobank and Biomarkers , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- b Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N , Denmark.,f The Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lausten-Thomsen
- g Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- a The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics , Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk , Holbæk , Denmark.,b Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N , Denmark.,h Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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15
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Barjaktarovic M, Korevaar TIM, Gaillard R, de Rijke YB, Visser TJ, Jaddoe VWV, Peeters RP. Childhood thyroid function, body composition and cardiovascular function. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:319-327. [PMID: 28724570 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cardiovascular system is a known target for thyroid hormone. Early-life cardiovascular alterations may lead to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Little is known about the effects of thyroid hormone on cardiovascular function during childhood, including the role of body composition in this association. DESIGN Population-based prospective cohort of children (n = 4251, median age 6 years, 95% range: 5.7-8.0 years). METHODS Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations were measured to assess thyroid function. Left ventricular (LV) mass was assessed with echocardiography. Arterial stiffness was assessed with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) was measured. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. RESULTS FT4 was inversely associated with LV mass (P = 0.002), and with lean body mass (P < 0.0001). The association of FT4 with LV mass was partially mediated through variability in lean body mass (55% mediated effect). TSH was inversely associated with LV mass (P = 0.010), predominantly in boys. TSH was positively associated with systolic and diastolic BP (both P < 0.001). FT4 was positively associated with CFPWV and diastolic BP (P < 0.0001, P = 0.008, respectively), and the latter association attenuated after adjustment for CFPWV. CONCLUSIONS At the age of 6 years, higher FT4 is associated with lower LV mass (partially through effects on lean body mass) and with higher arterial stiffness, which may lead to higher BP. Our data also suggest different mechanisms via which TSH and FT4 are associated with cardiovascular function during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim I M Korevaar
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center
| | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Andrade C, Bosco A, Sandrim V, Silva F. MMP-9 Levels and IMT of Carotid Arteries are Elevated in Obese Children and Adolescents Compared to Non-Obese. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017; 108:198-203. [PMID: 28443954 PMCID: PMC5389868 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery is linked to the initiation and progression of the chronic inflammatory processes implicated in cardiovascular disease. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and, consequently, in the development, morphogenesis, repair and remodeling of connective tissues. OBJECTIVES (i) to determine and compare the concentrations of MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase -1 (TIMP-1), and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in obese and non-obese children and adolescents; (ii) to investigate the association of these markers with common and internal IMT of carotid arteries. METHODS Cross-sectional study involving 32 obese and 32 non-obese (control) individuals between 8 - 18 years of age. RESULTS Significantly (p < 0.05) higher values of MMP-9 concentration, as well as a higher MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were detected in the obese group compared to control counterparts. Common and internal carotid IMT values were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the obese group compared to the control group. Positive correlations were observed between the common carotid IMT values and MMP-9 concentrations as well as MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that obese children and adolescents present higher mean IMT values, plasma MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio compared to the non-obese. Thus, these findings indicate that this group presents a risk profile for early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Andrade
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bosco
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valeria Sandrim
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Francisco Silva
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Pedullà M, Umano GR, Fierro V, Capuano F, Di Sessa A, Marzuillo P, Perrone L, Del Giudice EM. Atopy as a risk factor for subclinical hypothyroidism development in children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:851-856. [PMID: 28727568 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) serum concentration can be a marker of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) or transient hyperthyrotropinemia. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether high serum TSH concentrations in allergic children could represent true SCH or isolated and transient hyperthyrotropinemia. METHODS We enrolled 620 allergic children (1.11-12.8 years) consecutively attending to our department. They were classified as atopics and non-atopics on the basis of the atopy work-up and, at baseline, they were investigated for thyroid function and low-grade inflammation state. Further, TSH was evaluated after 6 (T1) and 12 (T2) months. RESULTS Both atopics and non-atopics showed higher SCH prevalence compared to controls (p=0.0055 and p=0.02, respectively), and a significant association between atopy and SCH (OR 10.11, 95% CI 1.36-75.12) was found. Both at T1 and T2, atopics had a significant risk of developing severe SCH compared to non-atopics (RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.39-2.34 and 1.61, 95% CI 1.21-2.14; respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our data may suggest that hyperthyrotropinemia in atopic children could be used as a marker of true SCH.
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18
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Nielsen TRH, Appel EVR, Svendstrup M, Ohrt JD, Dahl M, Fonvig CE, Hollensted M, Have CT, Kadarmideen HN, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Holm JC, Grarup N. A genome-wide association study of thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine in Danish children and adolescents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174204. [PMID: 28333968 PMCID: PMC5363901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypothyroidism is associated with obesity, and thyroid hormones are involved in the regulation of body composition, including fat mass. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in adults have identified 19 and 6 loci associated with plasma concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4), respectively. Objective This study aimed to identify and characterize genetic variants associated with circulating TSH and fT4 in Danish children and adolescents and to examine whether these variants associate with obesity. Methods Genome-wide association analyses of imputed genotype data with fasting plasma concentrations of TSH and fT4 from a population-based sample of Danish children, adolescents, and young adults, and a group of children, adolescents, and young adults with overweight and obesity were performed (N = 1,764, mean age = 12.0 years [range 2.5−24.7]). Replication was performed in additional comparable samples (N = 2,097, mean age = 11.8 years [1.2−22.8]). Meta-analyses, using linear additive fixed-effect models, were performed on the results of the discovery and replication analyses. Results No novel loci associated with TSH or fT4 were identified. Four loci previously associated with TSH in adults were confirmed in this study population (PDE10A (rs2983511: β = 0.112SD, p = 4.8 ∙ 10−16), FOXE1 (rs7847663: β = 0.223SD, p = 1.5 ∙ 10−20), NR3C2 (rs9968300: β = 0.194SD), p = 2.4 ∙ 10−11), VEGFA (rs2396083: β = 0.088SD, p = 2.2 ∙ 10−10)). Effect sizes of variants known to associate with TSH or fT4 in adults showed a similar direction of effect in our cohort of children and adolescents, 11 of which were associated with TSH or fT4 in our study (p<0.0002). None of the TSH or fT4 associated SNPs were associated with obesity in our cohort, indicating no pleiotropic effects of these variants on obesity. Conclusion In a group of Danish children and adolescents, four loci previously associated with plasma TSH concentrations in adults, were associated with plasma TSH concentrations in children, suggesting comparable genetic determinants of thyroid function in adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Ruest Haarmark Nielsen
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Vincent Rosenbaum Appel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Svendstrup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Johanne Dam Ohrt
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Maria Dahl
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Cilius Esmann Fonvig
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Theil Have
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Haja N. Kadarmideen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (TH); (JCH); (NG)
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (TH); (JCH); (NG)
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (TH); (JCH); (NG)
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19
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Dahl M, Ohrt JD, Fonvig CE, Kloppenborg JT, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Holm JC. Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Danish Lean and Obese Children and Adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:8-16. [PMID: 27611730 PMCID: PMC5363170 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid abnormalities are common in obese children. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and to determine how circulating thyroid hormone concentrations correlate with anthropometrics in Danish lean and obese children and adolescents. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we included 3006 children and adolescents, aged 6-18 years, from the Registry of the Danish Childhood Obesity Biobank. The overweight/obese group (n=1796) consisted of study participants with a body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) ≥1.28. The control group (n=1210) comprised lean children with a BMI SDS <1.28. All participants were characterized by anthropometrics (weight, height, and waist circumference) and fasting serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine (fT4) at baseline. RESULTS The prevalence of SH was higher among overweight/obese compared to lean study participants (10.4% vs. 6.4%, p=0.0001). In the overweight/obese group, fasting serum TSH concentrations were associated positively with BMI SDS (p<0.0001) and waist-height ratio (WHtR) (p<0.0001) independent of age, sex, and pubertal developmental stage, whereas fasting serum fT4 concentrations were associated positively only with WHtR. The odds ratio of exhibiting SH was 1.8 when being overweight/obese compared with lean (p=0.0007) and 1.8 when presenting with a WHtR >0.5 (p=0.0003). CONCLUSION The prevalence of SH was higher among overweight/obese study participants. The positive correlations of circulating TSH and fT4 with WHtR suggest that central obesity, independent of the overall degree of obesity, augments the risk of concurrent thyroid abnormalities in children and adolescents with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dahl
- Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Johanne Dam Ohrt
- Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Cilius Esmann Fonvig
- Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark
,
University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Tonsgaard Kloppenborg
- Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark
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University of Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark
,
University of Southern Denmark, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark
,
University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark
,* Address for Correspondence: Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk, Denmark Phone: +45 59484200 E-mail:
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20
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Baeza I, Vigo L, de la Serna E, Calvo-Escalona R, Merchán-Naranjo J, Rodríguez-Latorre P, Arango C, Castro-Fornieles J. The effects of antipsychotics on weight gain, weight-related hormones and homocysteine in children and adolescents: a 1-year follow-up study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:35-46. [PMID: 27209421 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To analyze weight gain, metabolic hormones, and homocysteine (Hcys) levels in children and adolescents on antipsychotics (AP) during a year-long follow-up. 117 patients, AP-naïve or quasi-naïve (less than 30 days on AP), were included. Weight, body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score (z-BMI), and levels of leptin, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adiponectin, ghrelin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and Hcys were measured at baseline, and at 3, 6, and 12 months, while patients remained on the same AP. Patients (mean age: 14.4 ± 3 years; 64.1 % male) were on risperidone (N = 84), olanzapine (N = 20) or quetiapine (N = 13) from baseline up to 1-year follow-up and significantly increased weight (5.8 ± 4.3 kg at 3-month, 8.1 ± 6.1 kg at 6-month, and 11.6 ± 7.0 kg at 1 year), BMI, and z-BMI. Leptin levels significantly increased from baseline to 3 and 6 months, as did TSH levels from baseline to 3 months, while FT4 levels decreased from baseline to 3 and 6 months. Patients with BMI >85th percentile at baseline (N = 16) significantly increased weight, BMI, and z-BMI, more than patients with normal BMI over time. Higher baseline levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin were associated with increased weight/BMI during follow-up, while higher baseline levels of FT4, adiponectin, and ghrelin were associated with lower weight/BMI during follow-up. All AP were associated with increased weight and BMI/z-BMI in all of the assessments; however, at 1-year assessment, this increase was significantly higher for patients on quetiapine. Both higher baseline levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin, as well as being overweight/obese at baseline were associated with increased weight/BMI during 1-year follow-up in children and adolescents on AP. Awareness of weight-related parameters in this population may help inform decisions regarding AP prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Baeza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer), Hospital Clínic Universitari of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Vigo
- Adolescent Service, Mapther house, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer), Hospital Clínic Universitari of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Calvo-Escalona
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer), Hospital Clínic Universitari of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Merchán-Naranjo
- Child and adolescent Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, IISGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pamela Rodríguez-Latorre
- Child and adolescent Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, IISGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Child and adolescent Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, IISGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR-489, Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer), Hospital Clínic Universitari of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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Souza LLD, Guedes EP, Teixeira PFDS, Moreira RO, Godoy‐Matos AF, Vaisman M. Serum TSH levels are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adolescents. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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22
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Souza LLD, Guedes EP, Teixeira PFDS, Moreira RO, Godoy-Matos AF, Vaisman M. Serum TSH levels are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2016; 92:532-8. [PMID: 27343633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between serum thyrotropin (TSH), insulin resistance (IR), and cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in a sample of overweight and obese Brazilian adolescents. METHODS A retrospective, longitudinal analysis of 199 overweight and obese pubescent adolescents was performed. The TSH and free T4 (fT4) levels, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory test results of these patients were analyzed. RESULTS 27 individuals (13.56%) presented with TSH levels above the normal level (subclinical hypothyroidism [SCH]). Their waist circumference (WC) was significantly higher than those of euthyroid individuals. Serum TSH was positively correlated with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Using TSH and BMI as independent variables, TSH levels were shown to be independently related to HOMA-IR (p=0.001) and TG (p=0.007). Among euthyroid subjects, individuals with TSH values <2.5mIU/mL exhibited statistically significant decreases in waist-to-hip ratio, HDL-C levels, and HOMA-IR scores and a tendency toward lower WC values. CONCLUSION SCH in overweight and obese adolescents appears to be associated with excess weight, especially visceral weight. In euthyroid adolescents, there appears to be a direct relationship between TSH and some CRF. In conclusion, in the present sample of overweight and obese adolescents, TSH levels appear to be associated with IR and CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Lopes de Souza
- Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia (IEDE), Divisão de Metabologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Erika Paniago Guedes
- Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia (IEDE), Divisão de Metabologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Oliveira Moreira
- Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia (IEDE), Divisão de Metabologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Vaisman
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Divisão de Endocrinologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Pimentel J, Chambers M, Shahid M, Chawla R, Kapadia C. Comorbidities of Thyroid Disease in Children. Adv Pediatr 2016; 63:211-26. [PMID: 27426902 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janiel Pimentel
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Melissa Chambers
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Madhia Shahid
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Reeti Chawla
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Chirag Kapadia
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
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Zhou P, Cai J, Markowitz M. Absence of a relationship between thyroid hormones and vitamin D levels. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:703-7. [PMID: 26812774 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is an immune modulator that may play a role in thyroid related autoimmunity. METHODS We analyzed a US population based dataset to determine the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and thyroid hormones while assessing the effects of autoimmunity and BMI. RESULTS 25OHD did not correlate significantly with any thyroid related measure. 25OHD levels stratified by thyroid antibody status were not statistically different between antibody positive and negative groups. The mean 25OHD levels of lean, overweight, and obese groups defined by BMI were lower than those of the normal group. Only the mean thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) value in the obese group was significantly higher than the normal group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that thyroid related measures and 25OHD serum levels are not related.
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Park BH, Baik SJ, Lee HA, Hong YS, Kim HS, Park H. The association of thyroid hormones and blood pressure in euthyroid preadolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:459-64. [PMID: 26812772 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and both high and low blood pressures are associated with various chronic diseases. Thyroid hormones have profound effects on cardiovascular function, including on blood pressure. Recent studies have shown that childhood hypertension can lead to adult hypertension. Therefore, adequate blood pressure control is important from early life. Employing a life-course approach, we aimed to investigate the association between thyroid hormones and blood pressure in children. METHODS A total of 290 children from the Ewha Woman's University Hospital birth cohort participated in a preadolescent check-up program. We assessed the levels of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) and the blood pressure status in these children. Thyroid hormone concentrations were measured using an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA), and hypertension was defined according to the guideline of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS The sex-, age-, and height-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 27.0% in the present study. On regression analysis, serum FT4 showed significantly negative association with diastolic blood pressure (DBP; β=-8.24, 95% CI: -14.19-2.28, p=0.007). However, these relationships were not significant after adjustment for sex, age, and current body mass index. The levels of serum TSH showed no relationship with mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) after adjustment. No significant differences in serum TSH and FT4 levels according to hypertension status were found. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that thyroid hormone is not independently associated with increased blood pressure in euthyroid preadolescents.
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Yang J, Zhang X, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Song Y, Shao S, Zhou X, Yan H, Guan Q, Gao L, Zhang H, Zhao J. High-Cholesterol Diet Disrupts the Levels of Hormones Derived from Anterior Pituitary Basophilic Cells. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28:12369. [PMID: 27020952 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that elevated cholesterol levels are detrimental to health. However, it is unclear whether there is an association between cholesterol and the pituitary. We investigated the effects of a high-cholesterol diet on pituitary hormones using in vivo animal studies and an epidemiological study. In the animal experiments, rats were fed a high-cholesterol or control diet for 28 weeks. In rats fed the high-cholesterol diet, serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; also known as thyrotrophin), luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) produced by the basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary were elevated in a time-dependent manner. Among these hormones, TSH was the first to undergo a significant change, whereas adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), another hormone produced by basophilic cells, was not changed significantly. As the duration of cholesterol feeding increased, cholesterol deposition increased gradually in the pituitary. Histologically, basophilic cells, and especially thyrotrophs and gonadotrophs, showed an obvious increase in cell area, as well as a potential increase in their proportion of total pituitary cells. Expression of the β-subunit of TSH, FSH and LH, which controls hormone specificity and activity, exhibited a corresponding increase. In the epidemiological study, we found a similar elevation of serum TSH, LH and FSH and a decrease in ACTH in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Significant positive correlations existed between serum total cholesterol and TSH, FSH or LH, even after adjusting for confounding factors. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that the high-cholesterol diet affected the levels of hormones derived from anterior pituitary basophilic cells. This phenomenon might contribute to the pituitary functional disturbances described in hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Z Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Z Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Y Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - S Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - H Yan
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Q Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - L Gao
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Ayman AA, Darwish HA, Abd El-Maksoud AM, Shaheen AA. Assessment of thyroid hormones status and some adipocytokines among Egyptian obese children. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2015; 10:313-320. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.15.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya A Ayman
- Nutritional Requirements & Growth Department, National Nutrition Institute, 16 Al-Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | | | - Awatif M Abd El-Maksoud
- Biochemistry, Nutritional Requirements & Growth Department, National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira A Shaheen
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It is presumed that free T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are related to obesity, but the findings are inconsistent. In this study we evaluated T4 and TSH concentrations between normal children and those with obesity and possible correlations between body mass index (BMI) and these markers. METHODS In this prospective study, 190 children who were overweight and obese and 133 children without obesity of the same age and sex were evaluated. Thyroid function tests (TSH, total T4, free T4 and free T3) were measured in all subjects in both groups. Thyroid antibodies (thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin) were determined among those with elevated TSH levels. RESULTS Levels of TSH and total T4 were significantly higher in children with obesity compared with the control group. Subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher in children with obesity (14.7%) compared with normal subjects (6.8%, p = 0.02). Among children with obesity and increased TSH levels, 10.7% had positive thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies. There was significantly positive correlation between BMI z score and TSH level (r = 0.198, p < 0.001) and T4 level (r = 0.18, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION TSH and total T4 levels are increased in children who are overweight or obese and are a common finding in these children, but the incidence of thyroid antibodies is low in these patients and so could not be accounted for by thyroid autoimmunity. Due to these findings it is possible that increased TSH and total T4 levels are a consequence of obesity and could be reduced by decreasing BMI.
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Garduño-Garcia JDJ, Camarillo Romero E, Loe Ochoa A, Romero-Figueroa S, Huitron Bravo G, Torres García R, Montenegro-Morales P, Mendieta-Zerón H. Thyroid function is associated with insulin resistance markers in healthy adolescents with risk factors to develop diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:16. [PMID: 25780389 PMCID: PMC4361132 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among children and adolescents is rising. Thyroid function has been associated with insulin resistance. There is scarce information about how thyroid function could be related with cardiovascular risk or glucose homeostasis in adolescent. AIM To analyze how thyroid function is associated with insulin resistance and another cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adolescents with risk factors to develop diabetes. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional analysis was carried out on euthyroid, adolescents. considered at high risk to develop Type 2 diabetes. Fasting blood samples were obtained. Thyroid function test and another cardiometabolic parameters were assessed. A 75 grams oral glucose tolerance test was performed to calculate insulin resistance. RESULTS One hundred adolescents were evaluated. The mean age was 15.9 ± 0.8 years, There is a negative correlation between Fasting insulin, post glucose load insulin and HOMA IR. There were no correlation with Matsuda index. We could not found any correlation with TSH values. CONCLUSIONS We found a correlation between fasting insulin, HOMA IR and serum thyroid hormones, we did not find any relation with serum TSH. In euthyroid adolescents with risk factors to develop diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de Jesús Garduño-Garcia
- />Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED) Cuerpo académico de Salud del Universitario, 50226 Toluca, State of Mexico Mexico
- />Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Delegación México Poniente de Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 50226 Toluca, State of Mexico Mexico
| | - Eneida Camarillo Romero
- />Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED) Cuerpo académico de Salud del Universitario, 50226 Toluca, State of Mexico Mexico
| | - Ana Loe Ochoa
- />High school Licenciado Adolfo López Mateos, 50226 Toluca, State of Mexico Mexico
| | - Socorro Romero-Figueroa
- />Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Delegación México Poniente de Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 50226 Toluca, State of Mexico Mexico
| | - Gerardo Huitron Bravo
- />Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED) Cuerpo académico de Salud del Universitario, 50226 Toluca, State of Mexico Mexico
| | - Roció Torres García
- />Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED) Cuerpo académico de Salud del Universitario, 50226 Toluca, State of Mexico Mexico
| | - Patricia Montenegro-Morales
- />Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED) Cuerpo académico de Salud del Universitario, 50226 Toluca, State of Mexico Mexico
| | - Hugo Mendieta-Zerón
- />Medical Sciences Research Center (CICMED) Cuerpo académico de biomedicina, 50226 Toluca, State of Mexico Mexico
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Unüvar T, Anık A, Catlı G, Esen I, Abacı A, Büyükgebiz A, Böber E. Isolated hyperthyrotropinemia in childhood obesity and its relation with metabolic parameters. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:799-804. [PMID: 24920280 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the prevalence of isolated hyperthyrotropinemia (IH) in obese children and the relation between anthropometric and metabolic parameters. METHODS Hospital records of the children, who presented to the Pediatric Endocrinology outpatient clinic of our institution with obesity, and age and gender-matched healthy children, who had undergone thyroid function test for any reason were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS The prevalence of IH was significantly higher in the obese group than in the controls (9.2 and 3.8 %, respectively). Body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), lipid parameters were significantly different in the obese group than in the control group. A positive correlation between TSH and BMI-SDS and negative correlation between TSH and free T4 (fT4) levels were found in obese subjects. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that BMI-SDS, fT4 and triglyceride levels were the strongest independent variables correlated with TSH level in obese subjects (r (2) = 0.046, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS IH prevalence is higher in obese children as compared to healthy children and the increase in TSH level correlates negatively with serum fT4 and positively with BMI-SDS and triglyceride levels in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Unüvar
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09100, Turkey,
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