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Halász T, Tari T, Nagy E, Nagy G, Csivincsik Á. Hatchability of Fascioloides magna Eggs in Cervids. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050741. [PMID: 37242411 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The giant liver fluke (Fascioloides magna) is an invasive parasite found permanently in three foci in Europe. The fluke has an indirect life cycle involving a final and an intermediate host. The currently accepted terminology determines three types of final hosts: definitive, dead-end, and aberrant hosts. Recently, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) has been classified as an aberrant host, which cannot contribute to the reproduction of F. magna. This study investigated the hatchability of F. magna eggs of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer origin to compare the suitability of the two host species for the maintenance of the parasite. The study was carried out on a newly invaded area, two years after the first reported observation of F. magna. The prevalence of the parasite proved to be 68.4% (CI95% 44.6-85.3%) in red deer and 36.7% (CI95% 24.8-50.0%) in roe deer. The difference between the two species was confirmed to be significant (p = 0.02). The mean intensity proved to be 10.0 (CI95% 4.9-22.6) and 7.59 (CI95% 2.7-24.2) in the red deer and the roe deer, respectively. The difference of the mean intensities did not prove to be significant (p = 0.72). Of the 70 observed pseudocysts, 67 originated from red deer and 3 from roe deer. Most of the pseudocysts contained two flukes, while a few pseudocysts contained one or three parasites. Egg production was observed in all three types of pseudocysts. We did not find more than three flukes in any pseudocyst. The apparent proportion of self-fertilisation in flukes without mating partners was 23.5% and 100% in red deer and roe deer, respectively. The survival of single-parent eggs was not confirmed to be worse than that of gregarious parents. The viability of offspring originating from roe and red deer differed significantly. Our findings suggest that F. magna adapted to the new populations of susceptible hosts rather than vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Halász
- Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
- Zselic Wildlife Estate, Somogy County Forest Management and Wood Industry Share Co., Ltd., H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tari
- Institute of Wildlife Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sopron, H-9400 Sopron, Hungary
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Institute of Wildlife Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sopron, H-9400 Sopron, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
- One Health Working Group, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Csivincsik
- Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
- One Health Working Group, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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Juhász A, Stothard JR. The giant liver fluke in Europe: A review of Fascioloides magna within cervids and livestock with considerations on an expanding snail-fluke transmission risk. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 119:223-257. [PMID: 36707174 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, common in North America and introduced into Europe in the 19th century, is an underappreciated model system for epidemiological studies on biological invasions, interactions with other native parasites and for health impact assessments within both definitive and intermediate snail host populations. Owing to its first contemporary appearance in Europe and then its subsequent spread, fascioloidosis has become a fluke-livestock/wildlife-snail combination of increasing interest for veterinarians, parasitologists and population geneticists. Here, we present a description of its recent epidemiology, biogeography and biology, inclusive of host species lists. Special emphasis is placed upon known definitive hosts of F. magna within Europe and considerations upon this fluke's local intermediate snail hosts. This helps us envisage plausible future epidemiological scenarios for further expansion across Europe, potentially even invasion into the UK. In line with others who draw attention upon needs for better systematic monitoring of putative risk-areas of fluke transmission, we close by highlighting why better surveillance of F. magna across continental Europe, and neighbouring territories, is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Juhász
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - J Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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The occurrence of Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) in the wild cervid population in the Lower Silesian Wilderness – epidemiological and pathological aspects. J Vet Res 2022; 66:381-387. [PMID: 36349132 PMCID: PMC9597946 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Fascioloides magna is a parasite of high veterinary importance due to its pathogenicity for wild and domestic ruminants. The aim of our study was to describe the presence of trematode infection in the red deer population in the Lower Silesian Wilderness, one of the established fascioloidosis foci in Central Europe, and to assess the overall prevalence of F. magna in the studied area. In order to achieve this, a coprological study of different cervid species was performed.
Material and Methods
The livers of 99 red deer were collected over three years and examined for the presence of trematodes. Prevalence and infection intensity was estimated and a histopathological analysis was performed. In addition, 172 faecal samples from red deer, fallow deer and roe deer were examined.
Results
By year, Fascioloides magna was isolated from the livers of 2/30 (6.7%), 9/34 (26.5%) and 10/35 (28.6%) red deer. Severe hepatic lesions, including massive tissue damage, extensive fibrosis, and cirrhotic changes in the liver parenchyma were observed. Faecal examination revealed the presence of F. magna eggs, with a prevalence of approximately 40%, 50% and 53% in roe deer, fallow deer and red deer, respectively.
Conclusion
The eggs of F. magna may be commonly excreted in the faeces of roe deer, as well as those of red deer and fallow deer. The presence of F. magna throughout the cervid population in the Lower Silesian Wilderness favours the risk of the trematode’s transmission to livestock or farmed deer.
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Pecoraro HL, Stenger BLS, Rice LE, Webb BT. Gross and histologic description of trematodosis in fetal and neonatal beef calves in North Dakota and Minnesota. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:870-873. [PMID: 35775100 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221109619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic trematodes, such as Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna, have variable distribution throughout the United States. F. magna is endemic in the upper midwestern United States, and F. magna infections are diagnosed frequently in weaned calves and adult beef cattle at the North Dakota State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (NDSU-VDL). Rarely, liver fluke infestation has also been observed in much younger calves, including aborted fetuses. We describe here, in 2 fetal and 7 neonatal beef calves submitted to the NDSU-VDL between 2011 and 2020, parasitic migration tracts in livers, consisting of regionally extensive, random, linear tracts of fibrosis admixed with black porphyrin pigment, along with foci of necrosis and hemorrhage, and mixed inflammatory cells, which were caused presumptively by F. magna infection. Samples were not available from our 9 cases for PCR assay and sequencing, but we did confirm F. magna within liver samples collected from regional cattle in 2020 and 2021. Fetal and neonatal trematodosis was often concurrent with other common causes of fetal abortion and neonatal calf loss in our cases; however, based on the prepatent period of F. magna, fetal and neonatal beef calf trematode infestations occurred in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Pecoraro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Brianna L S Stenger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Laura E Rice
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Brett T Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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Occurrence of the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, in sympatric wild ungulates in one area in the Upper Palatinate Forest (northeastern Bavaria, Germany). Parasitol Res 2021; 120:553-561. [PMID: 33415397 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Associated with the spreading in (north)western direction of Fascioloides magna from its historic endemic area in Bohemia with its cervid hosts, unusual noticeable hepatic lesions (black-colored tissue, hemorrhage) were observed in deer harvested in hunting grounds and one deer farm located in the Upper Palatinate Forest close to the border to the Czech Republic, initially in the years of 2007 and 2009, respectively. Confirmation of the suspected diagnosis of F. magna infection in October 2011 prompted investigations on the occurrence of "fascioloidosis" among wild ungulates in that locality. From October 2011 to January 2014, livers from 89 cervids and two wild boars were examined for flukes. Thirty-seven livers (40.6%) harbored F. magna: 17 of 21 red deer, nine of 24 sika deer, six of eight fallow deer, four of 36 roe deer, one of two wild boars. Fluke burdens ranged from 2 up to 151 in red deer, from 2 up to 37 in fallow deer, and from 1 up to 7 in sika deer and in roe deer; one fluke was recovered from the liver of one wild boar. No other parasites were recovered from the livers. The rate of recovery of F. magna differed significantly (p < 0.001) among the species of deer (red deer, 81.0%; sika deer, 37.5%; fallow deer, 75.0%; roe deer, 11.1%) and between the age groups (< 1 year: 22.2%, 1 to 2 years: 26.0%, and > 2 years: 70.0%, respectively). There was no association (p > 0.1) between the rate of recovery of F. magna and the sex of the combined 80 deer of ≥ 1 year of age (male: 41.8% and female: 31.4%). The occurrence of F. magna in the wild ungulates in the Upper Palatinate Forest area in northeastern Bavaria is of epidemiological importance for the further spreading of the parasite into Germany with migrating deer.
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Nagy E, Jócsák I, Csivincsik Á, Zsolnai A, Halász T, Nyúl A, Plucsinszki Z, Simon T, Szabó S, Turbók J, Nemes C, Sugár L, Nagy G. Establishment of Fascioloides magna in a new region of Hungary: case report. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3683-3687. [PMID: 30284615 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the monitoring of red deer (N = 124) and fallow deer (N = 13) populations in four neighbouring areas, the presence of Fascioloides magna was confirmed in southwestern Hungary. The prevalence and the mean intensity of the infection within the host populations ranged between 0 and 100% and 0-36.3, respectively. The determined prevalences are similar to that observed earlier in other European natural foci. The authors hypothesise that the appearance of F. magna in this region should have been a partly natural- and partly human-influenced process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Nagy
- , 9 Fő Str., Zselickisfalud, H-7477, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Jócsák
- Department of Physiology and Animal Hygiene, Kaposvar University, P.O. Box 16, Kaposvár, H-7400, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Zsolnai
- Research Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Meat Science, 1 Gesztenyés Road, Herceghalom, H-2053, Hungary
| | - Tibor Halász
- Hunting Department, SEFAG Plc, 21 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Str., Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - András Nyúl
- Hunting Department, SEFAG Plc, 21 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Str., Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Plucsinszki
- Hunting Department, SEFAG Plc, 21 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Str., Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Tamás Simon
- Hunting Department, SEFAG Plc, 21 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Str., Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Szabó
- Hunting Department, SEFAG Plc, 21 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Str., Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Janka Turbók
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, 18 Cseri Road, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Csaba Nemes
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, 18 Cseri Road, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - László Sugár
- Department of Wildlife Biology and Ethology, Kaposvar University, P.O. Box 16, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Kaposvar University, P.O. Box 16, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary.
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Zhang R, Qiao Y, Ji Q, Ma S, Li J. Macro-microscopic Research in Reideer (Rangifer Tarandus) Hoof Suitable for Efficient Locomotion on Complex Grounds. J Vet Res 2018; 61:223-229. [PMID: 29978077 PMCID: PMC5894396 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reindeer are adapted to long distance migration. This species can cope with variations in substrate, especially in ice and snow environment. However, few detailed studies about reindeer hoof are available. Thus this article describes the results of studies on macro- and micro-structures of reindeer hoof. Material and Methods The gross anatomy of the reindeer hooves was examined. Stereo microscope (SM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to observe four key selected positions of reindeer hooves. Moreover, element contents of the three selected positions of reindeer hooves were analysed using the SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectroscope. Results Hoof bone structures were similar to other artiodactyl animals. In the microscopic analysis, the surfaces of the ungula sphere and ungula sole presented irregular laminated structure. Ungula edge surfaces were smooth and ungula cusp surfaces had unique features. Aside from C, O, and N, reindeer hooves contained such elements as S, Si, Fe, Al, and Ca. The content of the elements in different parts varied. Ti was the particular element in the ungula sole, and ungula edge lacked Mg and S which other parts contained. Conclusion The macro- and micro-structures of the reindeer hooves showed high performance of skid and abrasion resistance. It is most probably essential to the long distance migration for the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoli Ji
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Songsong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China
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Bazsalovicsová E, Juhásová L, Králová-Hromadová I, Rehbein S. Mitochondrial genotyping of Fascioloides magna from Bavaria, Germany. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:870-874. [PMID: 29035851 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In last few years, a great effort has been made to understand genetic interrelationships of European and North American populations of giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna (Trematoda, Fasciolidae). In Europe, spatial distribution of this parasite is evidently dynamic and ongoing process since new F. magna populations have constantly been emerging. Most recently, occurrence of F. magna in red deer (Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) was reported from north-eastern Bavaria in Germany. Fascioloides magna specimens collected from those hosts were genotyped using two mitochondrial regions; cytochrome c oxidase (cox1) and nicotinamide dehydrogenase (nad1). Results were compared with reference mitochondrial haplotypes of previously characterized European F. magna populations from northern Italy, Czech Republic/Poland, and the Danube floodplain forests. The study revealed genetic uniformity of F. magna specimens from Germany with flukes from the Czech focus, what indicated that fascioloidosis has been spreading beyond well established Czech focus into neighbouring countries.
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