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Karanfil M, Gündüzöz M, Karakurt M, Aruğaslan E, Özbay MB, Ünal S, Akbuğa K, Akdi A, Erdöl MA, Ertem AG, Yayla Ç, Özeke Ö. Effect of chelation therapy on arrhythmogenic and basal ECG parameters of lead exposed workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2021; 77:382-388. [PMID: 33840370 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2021.1910116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead exposure has etiological role on cardiovascular system diseases as hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke, and arrhythmic events. In this study, we aimed to compare the basal and arrhythmogenic ECG parameters of lead exposed workers before and after chelation therapy and to evaluate the effect of acute change of blood lead levels on ECG. Fourty consecutive occupationally lead exposed workers were enrolled, demographic, blood, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic data's were analyzed before and after chelation therapy. Pmax, P min, P Wave Dispersion, and QT Dispersion values which are arrhythmia predictors were significantly lower after chelation therapy compared to values before chelation therapy. Lead exposed workers are under the risk of ventricular and atrial arrythmias and chelation treatment has a positive effect on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meşide Gündüzöz
- Ankara Occupational and Environmental Diseases Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Karakurt
- Ankara Occupational and Environmental Diseases Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Aruğaslan
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Sefa Ünal
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kürşat Akbuğa
- Rıdvan Ege Medical Faculty, Department of Cardiology, Ufuk University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Akdi
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Çağrı Yayla
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özcan Özeke
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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DeLeon S, Webster MS, DeVoogd TJ, Dhondt AA. Developmental polychlorinated biphenyl exposure influences adult zebra finch reproductive behaviour. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230283. [PMID: 32191759 PMCID: PMC7082000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are worldwide chemical pollutants that have been linked to disrupted reproduction and altered sexual behaviour in many organisms. However, the effect of developmental PCB-exposure on adult passerine reproductive behaviour remains unknown. A commercial PCB mixture (Aroclor 1242) or an estrogenic congener (PCB 52) were administered in sublethal amounts to nestling zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) in the laboratory to identify effects of developmental PCB-exposure on adult zebra finch reproductive parameters. Results indicate that although traditional measures of reproductive success are not altered by this PCB dosage, PCBs do alter sexual behaviours such as male song and nesting behaviour. Males treated with PCB 52 in the nest sang significantly fewer syllables than control males, while females treated with Aroclor 1242 in the nest showed the strongest song preferences. PCB treatment also caused an increase in the number of nesting attempts and abandoned nests in the Aroclor 1242 treatment relative to the PCB 52 treatment, and offspring with control fathers fledged significantly earlier than those with fathers treated with Aroclor 1242. Behavioural differences between males seem to best explain these reproductive effects, most notably aggression. These findings suggest that sublethal PCB-exposure during development can significantly alter key reproductive characteristics of adult zebra finches, likely reducing fitness in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara DeLeon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael S. Webster
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. DeVoogd
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - André A. Dhondt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Gagnon-Chauvin A, Bastien K, Saint-Amour D. Environmental toxic agents: The impact of heavy metals and organochlorides on brain development. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:423-442. [PMID: 32958188 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants can have deleterious effects on the development of physical, cognitive, and mental health. Extensive laboratory and clinical studies have demonstrated how the developing brain is uniquely sensitive to toxic agents. This chapter focuses on the main neurologic impairments linked to prenatal and postnatal exposure to lead, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls, three legacy environmental contaminants whose neurotoxic effects have been extensively studied with respect to cognitive and behavioral development. The main cognitive, emotion regulation, sensory, and motor impairments in association with these contaminants are briefly reviewed, including the underlying neural mechanisms such as neuropathologic damages, brain neurotransmission, and endocrine system alterations. The use of neuroimaging as a novel tool to better understand how the brain is affected by exposure to environmental contaminants is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avril Gagnon-Chauvin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Bastien
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dave Saint-Amour
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Emer LR, Kalkbrenner AE, O'Brien M, Yan A, Cisler RA, Weinhardt L. Association of childhood blood lead levels with firearm violence perpetration and victimization in Milwaukee. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 180:108822. [PMID: 31654907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Childhood lead exposure impairs future decision-making and may influence criminal behavior, but its role in future firearm violence is unclear. Using public health, education, and criminal justice datasets linked at the individual level, we studied a population-based cohort of all persons born between June 1, 1986 and December 31, 2003 with a valid blood lead test before age 6 years and stable Milwaukee residency (n = 89,129). We estimated associations with firearm violence perpetration (n = 553) and victimization (n = 983) using logistic regression, adjusting for temporal trends, child sex, race, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Increasing risks for firearm violence perpetration and victimization were found in each higher category of blood lead compared to the lowest, after adjusting for confounding. For perpetration, risk ratios (RR) for increasing comparisons of mean blood lead in categories of ≥5 < 10, ≥10 < 20, and ≥20 μg/dL compared to persons with mean blood lead < 5 μg/dL, were: RR 2.3 (95% CI 1.6, 3.3), RR 2.5 (95% CI 1.7, 3.9), and RR 2.8 (95% CI 1.8, 4.4). For victimization, the same increasing categoric comparisons were: RR 1.8 (95% CI 1.4, 2.3), RR 2.4 (95% CI 1.8, 3.2), RR 3.3 (95% CI 2.4, 4.5). The proportion of firearm violence attributable to blood lead ≥5 μg/dL was 56% for perpetration and 51% for victimization. In Milwaukee, during a period of high lead exposures, childhood levels may have substantially contributed to adult firearm violence. While we cannot definitively conclude causality, the possibility that over half of firearm violence among this sample might be due to lead exposure suggests the potential importance of lead exposure reduction in firearm violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Emer
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, 1240 North 10th Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53205, USA; Medical College of Wisconsin, Institute for Health and Equity, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; National Center for State Courts, 300 Newport Avenue, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA.
| | - Amy E Kalkbrenner
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, 1240 North 10th Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53205, USA
| | - Mallory O'Brien
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Institute for Health and Equity, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Alice Yan
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, 1240 North 10th Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53205, USA
| | - Ron A Cisler
- Western Michigan University, College of Health and Human Services, 1200 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Lance Weinhardt
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, 1240 North 10th Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53205, USA
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Martínez-Lazcano JC, López-Quiroz A, Alcantar-Almaraz R, Montes S, Sánchez-Mendoza A, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Tristán-López LA, Sánchez-Hernández BE, Morales-Martínez A, Ríos C, Pérez-Severiano F. A Hypothesis of the Interaction of the Nitrergic and Serotonergic Systems in Aggressive Behavior Induced by Exposure to Lead. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:202. [PMID: 30233338 PMCID: PMC6129586 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects caused by exposure to lead (Pb) are still considered as a relevant health risk despite public policies aimed to restricting the use of this element. The toxicity limit in the blood (10 μg/dL, established by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention) has been insufficient to prevent adverse effects and even lower values have been related to neurobehavioral dysfunctions in children. Currently, there is not a safe limit of exposure to Pb. A large body of evidence points to environmental pollutant exposure as the cause of predisposition to violent behavior, among others. Considering the evidence by our group and others, we propose that Pb exposure induces alterations in the brain vasculature, specifically in nitric oxide synthases (NOS), affecting in turn the serotonergic system and leading to heightened aggressive behavior in the exposed individuals. This review article describes the consequences of Pb exposure on the nitrergic and serotonergic systems as well as its relationship with aggressive behavior. In addition, it summarizes the available therapy to prevent damage in gestation and among infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Martínez-Lazcano
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo López-Quiroz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Alcantar-Almaraz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Montes
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Sánchez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mireya Alcaraz-Zubeldia
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Tristán-López
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana Morales-Martínez
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisca Pérez-Severiano
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City, Mexico
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Sindhu KK, Sutherling WW. Role of Lead in the Central Nervous System: Effect on Electroencephlography, Evoked Potentials, Electroretinography, and Nerve Conduction. Neurodiagn J 2015; 55:107-21. [PMID: 26173349 DOI: 10.1080/21646821.2015.1043222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of lead on the brain are well known, but its effects on EEG and evoked potentials (EPs) are not generally known in the neurodiagnostic community. Despite public health efforts, lead is still widely present at low levels in the environment. Even at low concentrations, lead is known to cause biochemical and physiological dysfunction. The present article reviews the effects of lead exposure on the central nervous system, with a special emphasis on the developing brain. Additionally, it describes the effects of lead on EEG, EPs, electroretinography, and nerve conduction studies.
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Mason LH, Harp JP, Han DY. Pb neurotoxicity: neuropsychological effects of lead toxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:840547. [PMID: 24516855 PMCID: PMC3909981 DOI: 10.1155/2014/840547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is a term used to describe neurophysiological changes caused by exposure to toxic agents. Such exposure can result in neurocognitive symptoms and/or psychiatric disturbances. Common toxic agents include heavy metals, drugs, organophosphates, bacterial, and animal neurotoxins. Among heavy metal exposures, lead exposure is one of the most common exposures that can lead to significant neuropsychological and functional decline in humans. In this review, neurotoxic lead exposure's pathophysiology, etiology, and epidemiology are explored. In addition, commonly associated neuropsychological difficulties in intelligence, memory, executive functioning, attention, processing speed, language, visuospatial skills, motor skills, and affect/mood are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H. Mason
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 740 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 106b Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jordan P. Harp
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 740 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 106b Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Dong Y. Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 740 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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9
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Frye CA, Bo E, Calamandrei G, Calzà L, Dessì-Fulgheri F, Fernández M, Fusani L, Kah O, Kajta M, Le Page Y, Patisaul HB, Venerosi A, Wojtowicz AK, Panzica GC. Endocrine disrupters: a review of some sources, effects, and mechanisms of actions on behaviour and neuroendocrine systems. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:144-59. [PMID: 21951193 PMCID: PMC3245362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some environmental contaminants interact with hormones and may exert adverse consequences as a result of their actions as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Exposure in people is typically a result of contamination of the food chain, inhalation of contaminated house dust or occupational exposure. EDCs include pesticides and herbicides (such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane or its metabolites), methoxychlor, biocides, heat stabilisers and chemical catalysts (such as tributyltin), plastic contaminants (e.g. bisphenol A), pharmaceuticals (i.e. diethylstilbestrol; 17α-ethinylestradiol) or dietary components (such as phytoestrogens). The goal of this review is to address the sources, effects and actions of EDCs, with an emphasis on topics discussed at the International Congress on Steroids and the Nervous System. EDCs may alter reproductively-relevant or nonreproductive, sexually-dimorphic behaviours. In addition, EDCs may have significant effects on neurodevelopmental processes, influencing the morphology of sexually-dimorphic cerebral circuits. Exposure to EDCs is more dangerous if it occurs during specific 'critical periods' of life, such as intrauterine, perinatal, juvenile or puberty periods, when organisms are more sensitive to hormonal disruption, compared to other periods. However, exposure to EDCs in adulthood can also alter physiology. Several EDCs are xenoestrogens, which can alter serum lipid concentrations or metabolism enzymes that are necessary for converting cholesterol to steroid hormones. This can ultimately alter the production of oestradiol and/or other steroids. Finally, many EDCs may have actions via (or independent of) classic actions at cognate steroid receptors. EDCs may have effects through numerous other substrates, such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and the retinoid X receptor, signal transduction pathways, calcium influx and/or neurotransmitter receptors. Thus, EDCs, from varied sources, may have organisational effects during development and/or activational effects in adulthood that influence sexually-dimorphic, reproductively-relevant processes or other functions, by mimicking, antagonising or altering steroidal actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Engle R, Mora-Tiscareño A, Styner M, Gómez-Garza G, Zhu H, Jewells V, Torres-Jardón R, Romero L, Monroy-Acosta ME, Bryant C, González-González LO, Medina-Cortina H, D'Angiulli A. Exposure to severe urban air pollution influences cognitive outcomes, brain volume and systemic inflammation in clinically healthy children. Brain Cogn 2011; 77:345-55. [PMID: 22032805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to severe air pollution produces neuroinflammation and structural brain alterations in children. We tested whether patterns of brain growth, cognitive deficits and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are associated with exposures to severe air pollution. Baseline and 1 year follow-up measurements of global and regional brain MRI volumes, cognitive abilities (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, WISC-R), and serum inflammatory mediators were collected in 20 Mexico City (MC) children (10 with white matter hyperintensities, WMH(+), and 10 without, WMH(-)) and 10 matched controls (CTL) from a low polluted city. There were significant differences in white matter volumes between CTL and MC children - both WMH(+) and WMH(-) - in right parietal and bilateral temporal areas. Both WMH(-) and WMH(+) MC children showed progressive deficits, compared to CTL children, on the WISC-R Vocabulary and Digit Span subtests. The cognitive deficits in highly exposed children match the localization of the volumetric differences detected over the 1 year follow-up, since the deficits observed are consistent with impairment of parietal and temporal lobe functions. Regardless of the presence of prefrontal WMH, Mexico City children performed more poorly across a variety of cognitive tests, compared to CTL children, thus WMH(+) is likely only partially identifying underlying white matter pathology. Together these findings reveal that exposure to air pollution may perturb the trajectory of cerebral development and result in cognitive deficits during childhood.
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Jolous-Jamshidi B, Cromwell HC, McFarland AM, Meserve LA. Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls alters social behaviors in rats. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:136-43. [PMID: 20813172 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) leads to significant alterations of neural and hormonal systems. These alterations have been shown to impair motor and sensory development. Less is known about the influence of PCB exposure on developing emotional and motivational systems involved in social interactions and social learning. The present study examined the impact of perinatal PCB exposure (mixture of congeners 47 and 77) on social recognition in juvenile animals, conspecific-directed investigation in adults and on neural and hormonal systems involved in social functions. We used a standard habituation-dishabituation paradigm to evaluate juvenile recognition and a social port paradigm to monitor adult social investigation. Areal measures of the periventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus were obtained to provide correlations with related hormone and brain systems. PCB exposed rats were significantly impaired in social recognition as indicated by persistent conspecific-directed exploration by juvenile animals regardless of social experience. As adults, PCB exposure led to a dampening of the isolation-induced enhancement of social investigation. There was not a concomitant alteration of social investigation in pair-housed PCB exposed animals at this stage of development. Interestingly, PVN area was significantly decreased in juvenile animals exposed to PCB during the perinatal period. Shifts in hypothalamic regulation of hormones involved in social behavior and stress could be involved in the behavioral changes observed. Overall, the results suggest that PCB exposure impairs context or experience-dependent modulation of social approach and investigation. These types of social-context deficits are similar to behavioral deficits observed in social disorders such as autism and other pervasive developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Jolous-Jamshidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403-0208, USA
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Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, Tchounwou PB. Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2009; 24:15-45. [PMID: 19476290 PMCID: PMC2858639 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2009.24.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lead, a systemic toxicant affecting virtually every organ system, primarily affects the central nervous system, particularly the developing brain. Consequently, children are at a greater risk than adults of suffering from the neurotoxic effects of lead. To date, no safe lead-exposure threshold has been identified. The ability of lead to pass through the blood-brain barrier is due in large part to its ability to substitute for calcium ions. Within the brain, lead-induced damage in the prefrontal cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum can lead to a variety of neurologic disorders. At the molecular level, lead interferes with the regulatory action of calcium on cell functions and disrupts many intracellular biological activities. Experimental studies have also shown that lead exposure may have genotoxic effects, especially in the brain, bone marrow, liver, and lung cells. Knowledge of the neurotoxicology of lead has advanced in recent decades due to new information on its toxic mechanisms and cellular specificity. This paper presents an overview, updated to January 2009, of the neurotoxic effects of lead with regard to children, adults, and experimental animals at both cellular and molecular levels, and discusses the biomarkers of lead exposure that are useful for risk assessment in the field of environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Sanders
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI - Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yiming Liu
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI - Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Paul B. Tchounwou
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI - Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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Segalowitz SJ. Public health, brain health, and the dangers of air pollution for neural development. Brain Cogn 2008; 68:115-6. [PMID: 18834654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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