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Strzała M, Sokołowski K, Wądrzyk Ł, Staszkiewicz R, Kryst Ł, Żegleń M, Krężałek P, Maciejczyk M. Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1229007. [PMID: 37869719 PMCID: PMC10587410 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The study aimed to assess differences in the biological age (BA) of 13-year-old swimmers and show their ability, as biologically younger-late mature or older-early mature, to develop fast 60-s oxygen uptake (V ˙ O 2 ) kinetics and tethered swimming strength. Furthermore, the interplay between swimming strength, V ˙ O 2 , and 400-m front crawl race performance was examined. Methods: The study involved 36 competitive young male swimmers (metrical age: 12.9 ± 0.56 years). Depending on BA examination, the group was divided into early-mature (BA: 15.8 ± 1.18 years, n = 13) and late-mature (BA: 12.9 ± 0.60 years, n = 23) participants, especially for the purpose of comparing tethered swimming indices, i.e., average values of force (F ave) and V ˙ O 2 (breath-by-breath analysis) kinetic indices, measured simultaneously in 1-min tethered front crawl swimming. From the 400-m racing stroke rate, stroke length kinematics was retrieved. Results: In the 1-min tethered front crawl test, early-mature swimmers obtained higher results of absolute values of V ˙ O 2 and F ave. Conversely, when V ˙ O 2 was present relatively to body mass and pulling force (in ml∙min-1∙kg-1∙N-1), late-mature swimmers showed higher O 2 relative usage. Late-mature swimmers generally exhibited a slower increase in V ˙ O 2 during the first 30 s of 60 s. V ˙ O 2 , F ave, BA, and basic swimming kinematic stroke length were significantly interrelated and influenced 400-m swimming performance. Conclusion: The 1-min tethered swimming test revealed significant differences in the homogeneous calendar age/heterogeneous BA group of swimmers. These were distinguished by the higher level of V ˙ O 2 kinetics and pulling force in early-mature individuals and lower efficiency per unit of body mass per unit of force aerobic system in late-mature peers. The higher V ˙ O 2 kinetics and tethered swimming force were further translated into 400-m front crawl speed and stroke length kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Strzała
- Department of Water Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Sokołowski
- Department of Water Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wądrzyk
- Department of Water Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Staszkiewicz
- Department of Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kryst
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żegleń
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Krężałek
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
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Reliability and Validity of a Flume-Based Maximal Oxygen Uptake Swimming Test. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020042. [PMID: 36828327 PMCID: PMC9965664 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A mode-specific swimming protocol to assess maximal aerobic uptake (VO2maxsw) is vital to accurately evaluate swimming performance. A need exists for reliable and valid swimming protocols that assess VO2maxsw in a flume environment. The purpose was to assess: (a) reliability and (b) "performance" validity of a VO2maxsw flume protocol using the 457-m freestyle pool performance swim (PS) test as the criterion. Nineteen males (n = 9) and females (n = 10) (age, 28.5 ± 8.3 years.; height, 174.7 ± 8.2 cm; mass, 72.9 ± 12.5 kg; %body fat, 21.4 ± 5.9) performed two flume VO2maxsw tests (VO2maxswA and VO2maxswB) and one PS test [457 m (469.4 ± 94.7 s)]. For test-retest reliability (Trials A vs. B), moderately strong relationships were established for VO2maxsw (mL·kg-1·min-1)(r= 0.628, p = 0.002), O2pulse (mL O2·beat-1)(r = 0.502, p = 0.014), VEmax (L·min-1) (r = 0.671, p = 0.001), final test time (sec) (0.608, p = 0.004), and immediate post-test blood lactate (IPE (BLa)) (0.716, p = 0.001). For performance validity, moderately strong relationships (p < 0.05) were found between VO2maxswA (r =-0.648, p = 0.005), O2pulse (r= -0.623, p = 0.008), VEmax (r = -0.509 p = 0.037), and 457-m swim times. The swimming flume protocol examined is a reliable and valid assessment of VO2maxsw., and offers an alternative for military, open water, or those seeking complementary forms of training to improve swimming performance.
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Fortes LDS, Faro H, de Lima-Junior D, Albuquerque MR, Ferreira MEC. Non-invasive brain stimulation over the orbital prefrontal cortex maintains endurance performance in mentally fatigued swimmers. Physiol Behav 2022; 250:113783. [PMID: 35331714 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on frontal brain areas might be a promising strategy to mitigates mental fatigue and maintain endurance performance swimmers. OBJECTIVE The objective was to analyze the effect of a-tDCS over the orbital prefrontal cortex (oPFC) on endurance performance of mentally fatigued female amateur swimmer. METHODS Nineteen female amateur swimmers participated in this study. In two experimental visits, the swimmers completed the 3-min all-out tethered swimming after performing a 30-min Stroop test with a-tDCS or placebo (Sham) stimulation over the left-oPFC. The brain stimulation conditions (i.e., a-tDCS and Sham) were performed in a double-blinded and counterbalanced order. RESULTS It was found lower critical force, mean force, force minimum, fatigue index, and aerobic impulse for Sham than a-tDCS (p < 0.05). There was no main effect of condition for peak force (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION We concluded that a-tDCS applied over the left-oPFC in female amateur swimmers mentally fatigued maintained endurance performance. From a practical point of view, the use of a-tDCS should be considered to counteract harmful cognitive effects and maintain endurance performance during competitive race events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heloiana Faro
- Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education of the Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Dalton de Lima-Junior
- Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education of the Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil
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Keller S, Manunzio C, Wahl P. Comparison of different test protocols to determine maximal lactate steady state intensity in swimming. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:696-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fortes LS, Nakamura FY, Lima-Junior D, Ferreira MEC, Fonseca FS. Does Social Media Use on Smartphones Influence Endurance, Power, and Swimming Performance in High-Level Swimmers? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:120-129. [PMID: 32930640 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1810848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the repeated effect of social media on smartphones immediately before training sessions on inhibitory control (Stroop task), endurance (tethered swimming), countermovement jump (CMJ), and swimming performance (50, 100, and 400-m freestyle) in high-level female swimmers. Methods: It is a randomized and experimental investigation with parallel groups. Twenty-two participants underwent the eight weeks of the experiment. The swimmers (eight to twelve sessions per week with 15.9 ± 1.6 hours/week, and training experience of ~ 5.6 years) were randomized in two groups: control (CON, n = 11) and smartphone (SMA, n = 11). Immediately before each training session, the CON group watched videos about Olympic Games for 30-min. The SMA group used social network smartphone apps during 30-min. The inhibitory control, endurance, CMJ, and swimming performance were measured before and after the eight weeks of intervention. Results: No group x time interaction for 50-m freestyle (F(4, 18) = 1.04; p = .33; η2 = 0.09) and CMJ performance (F(4, 18) = 0.31; p = .58; η2 = 0.03) was found. Both experimental groups improved CMJ (F(2, 20) = 8.71; p = .01; η2 = 0.46). Only the CON group improved the 100-m (p = .02), 400-m freestyle (p = .01), and endurance performance (p = .01). The CON group improved the inhibitory control response (p = .01). Conclusion: It is concluded that the repeated effect of social media on smartphones immediately before swimming training sessions might reduce or nullify training gains on swimming and endurance performance.
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Luches-Pereira G, Kalva-Filho CA, Barbieri RA, DE Andrade VL, Bertucci DR, Gobbi RB, Papoti M. Backward extrapolation technique: analysis of different criteria after supramaximal exercise in cycling. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:519-526. [PMID: 33092326 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Backward extrapolation technique (BE) was used to estimate V̇O<inf>2</inf> from postexercise measuring, eliminating oronasal mask (OM) during the efforts. Despite its advantage, literature presents discrepancy in applied methods. Thus, the first aim of this study was to compare different mathematical criteria to estimate values of V̇O<inf>2</inf> during a supramaximal effort (V̇O<inf>2PEAK</inf>), while the second aim was to verify the effects of OM on cycling performance. METHODS Twenty-four male cyclists (35±6 years, 81.3±8.9 kg, 180±6 cm) performed three days of tests, with at least 24 h of interval between each test. Firstly, a graded exercise test was applied to determine V̇O<inf>2max</inf> and your correspondent intensity (MAP). The second and the third day were destined to supramaximal efforts at 120% of MAP, performed with (Supra<inf>mask</inf>) and without (Supra<inf>be</inf>) oronasal mask (OM) in a randomized order. After Supra<inf>be</inf>, OM was coupled, and BE was applied. Sixty-six values of V̇O<inf>2</inf> were obtained based on a linear regression fitting. RESULTS V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> can be estimated using different curve lengths. However, only curves between 20 and 60 s with extrapolation to 3 s or lesser shows at least one consistent criterion. The 60 s curve extrapoled to -3 s was the most accurate criteria (P=0.723; ES=-0.055; r=0.824; Bias=-0.36 and LoA=7.72 mL.kg.min-1). Performance was not impaired with OM and was similar in both condition (P=0.84, ES=0.04). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that it was possible to accurately estimate V̇O<inf>2</inf> values of a supramaximal effort without any respiratory apparatus with a time-efficient analysis. Therefore, we recommended the use of a 60 seconds V̇O<inf>2</inf> curve analysis with a negative extrapolation for 3 seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Luches-Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil -
| | | | - Ricardo A Barbieri
- Centro Universitário Estácio de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Danilo R Bertucci
- Institute of Biosciences and Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Papoti
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences and Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Feijen S, Tate A, Kuppens K, Barry LA, Struyf F. Monitoring the swimmer's training load: A narrative review of monitoring strategies applied in research. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2037-2043. [PMID: 32767794 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of injury during swim training and the increasing demands of the sports make monitoring of the swimmer's training load a key concept requiring further investigation. Research has previously introduced numerous methods for the purposes of monitoring the swimmer's training load, but a narrative review discussing the strengths and limitations of each method is lacking. Consequently, this narrative review aims to summarize the monitoring strategies that have been applied in research on competitive swimmers. This knowledge can assist professionals in the field in choosing which method is appropriate in their particular setting. The results from this study showed that external training load was predominantly obtained through real-life observation of the swimmers' training volume. However, research has investigated a number of internal load monitoring tools, including blood lactate, training heart rate, and perceived effort of training. To date, blood lactate markers are still considered most accurate and especially recommended at higher levels of competitive swimming or for those at greater risk of injury. Further, mood state profiling has been suggested as an early indicator of overtraining and may be applied at the lower competitive levels of swimming. Professionals in the field should consider the individual, the aim of the current training phase, and additional logistical issues when determining the appropriate monitoring strategy in their setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Feijen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Tate
- Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Kuppens
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lorna A Barry
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Filip Struyf
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Fortes LS, Lima-Júnior DD, Gantois P, Nasicmento-Júnior JRA, Fonseca FS. Smartphone Use Among High Level Swimmers Is Associated With Mental Fatigue and Slower 100- and 200- but Not 50-Meter Freestyle Racing. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:390-408. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512520952915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Discovering any performance degradation effect of racing swimmers’ use of social media smartphone apps might lead to new training and race preparation protocols, including pre-meet smartphone avoidance. This study’s objective was to analyze the performance effects of using smartphone social media apps on the 50, 100, and 200-m freestyle among 25 high-level swimmers. Each participant performed the three race distances in two conditions: with smartphone app exposure (50-MF, 100-MF, and 200-MF) and without (50-CON, 100-CON, and 200-CON). We randomized the order of these two conditions across participants. While smartphone app use was not associated with statistically significant performance differences on the shortest race (50CON versus 50MF), a repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant condition × time interaction for the swimmers’100-m freestyle performance ( p = 0.01), with a significantly slower performance following smartphone app use evident in the last half of this race ( p = 0.02) but not in the first half ( p = 0.41). We also found a condition × time interaction in the same direction (slower for swimmers who used the smartphone app) for the 200-m freestyle performance ( p = 0.01), with the slower performance occurring in the second ( p = 0.01) but not the first ( p = 0.91), third ( p = 0.07) or fourth ( p = 0.06 ) quarters of this race. Thus, prolonged smartphone social media app use was associated with reduced performance from elite swimmers on the 100- and 200- but not the 50-m freestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petrus Gantois
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba
| | | | - Fabiano S. Fonseca
- Department of Physical Education, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco
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Norberto MS, Barbieri RA, Bertucci DR, Gobbi RB, Campos EZ, Zagatto AM, De Freitas EC, Papoti M. Beta alanine supplementation effects on metabolic contribution and swimming performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:40. [PMID: 32711541 PMCID: PMC7382077 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations of β-alanine supplementation shows effects on metabolic (aerobic and anaerobic) participation and performance on swimming by a possible blood acidosis buffering. Considering this background, the objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of β-alanine supplementation on metabolic contribution and performance during 400-m swim. METHODS Thirteen competitive swimmers underwent a 6-week, double-blind placebo-controlled study, ingesting 4.8 g.day- 1 of β-alanine or placebo. Before and after the supplementation period, the total anaerobic contribution (TAn) and 30-s all-out tethered swimming effort (30TS) were assessed. Anaerobic alactic (AnAl) and lactic energy (AnLa) was assumed as the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and net blood lactate accumulation during exercise (∆[La-]), respectively. Aerobic contribution (Aer) was determined by the difference between total energy demand and TAn. In addition to conventional statistical analysis (Repeated measures ANOVA; p > 0.05), a Bayesian repeated measures ANOVA was used to evidence the effect probability (BFincl). RESULTS No differences and effects were found between groups, indicating no supplementation effects. Repeated measures ANOVA, with confirmation of effect, was indicate reduce in ∆Lactate (p: 0.001; BFincl: 25.02); absolute AnLa (p: 0.002; BFincl: 12.61), fatigue index (p > 0.001; BFincl: 63.25) and total anaerobic participation (p: 0.008; BFincl: 4.89). CONCLUSIONS Thus, the results demonstrated that all changes presented were evidenced as a result of exposure to the training period and β-alanine supplementation doesn't affect metabolic contribution and performance during 400-m freestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Silva Norberto
- University of São Paulo, Medicine University of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Barbieri
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
- Estácio University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Bucken Gobbi
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo Zapaterra Campos
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
| | | | - Ellen Cristini De Freitas
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- University of São Paulo, Medicine University of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and sport of Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
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Brisola GMP, Claus GM, Dutra YM, Malta ES, de Poli RAB, Esco MR, Zagatto AM. Effects of Seasonal Training Load on Performance and Illness Symptoms in Water Polo. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:406-413. [PMID: 31714461 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brisola, GMP, Claus, GM, Dutra, YM, Malta, ES, de Poli, RAB, Esco, MR, and Zagatto, AM. Effects of seasonal training load on performance and illness symptoms in water polo. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 406-413, 2020-The purpose of the study was to describe the training load distribution of a young female water polo team in different cycles of the season and verify its subsequent effects on specific fitness measured by the repeated sprints ability (RSA) test, aerobic endurance measured by the lactate minimum test, incidence and severity of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, and muscle damage markers. The training load (i.e., rating of perceived exertion × session duration) of 20 young female water polo players (mean ± SD: age = 15.65 ± 1.3 years; body mass = 60.93 ± 11.0 kg; height = 1.62 ± 0.1 m) was monitored, and the incidence and severity of URTI was assessed during part of the season. In addition, we assessed the lactate minimum speed (LMS), RSA, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) blood concentration during the season. The level of significance set was p < 0.05. The training loads were higher in the specific period (p < 0.01), whereas a high incidence of URTI was observed in the general cycle. The LMS was greater in the general cycle (p < 0.05), whereas total time and best time in the RSA test were greater in the competitive cycle (p < 0.05). The CK and LDH concentrations were significantly lower during the competitive cycle (p < 0.01). The general cycle of a female water polo team is critical regarding URTI and muscle damage, even with smaller training loads than the specific period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M P Brisola
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Gabriel M Claus
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Yago M Dutra
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Elvis S Malta
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Rodrigo A B de Poli
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Michael R Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
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Nagle EF, Nagai T, Beethe AZ, Lovalekar MT, Zera JN, Connaboy C, Abt JP, Beals K, Nindl BC, Robertson RJ, Lephart SM. Reliability and Validity of a Pool-Based Maximal Oxygen Uptake Test to Examine High-Intensity Short-Duration Freestyle Swimming Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1208-1215. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Brisola GMP, Redkva PE, Pessôa Filho DM, Papoti M, Zagatto AM. Effects of 4 weeks of β-alanine supplementation on aerobic fitness in water polo players. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205129. [PMID: 30307991 PMCID: PMC6181339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ergogenic effects of 4 weeks of β-alanine supplementation on peak oxygen uptake ( V˙O2peak) and force associated with V˙O2peak ( FV˙O2peak) during a tethered swimming graded exercise test, and a three-minute all-out effort (3minALL-OUT) in water polo players. Twenty-two male national competitive level water polo players were randomly assigned to receive either 4 weeks of β-alanine (n = 11) or a placebo (n = 11) (i.e., 4.8 g·day-1 for 10 days, then6.4 g·day-1 for 18 days, resulting in 163.2 g over 28 days). The participants performed the TSGET and 3minALL-OUT before and after the supplementation period. There were no significant interaction effects between-groups for any variable, however, the magnitude-based inferences analyses showed a possibly beneficial effect (74%) of β-alanine supplementation on FV˙O2peak compared to placebo treatment (Δ% [post–pre] for Placebo group = -5.2%; Δ% [post–pre] for β-alanine group = +0.7%). Only the β-alanine group presented a significant reduction in V˙O2peak expressed in absolute values (PRE = 3.3±0.6L·min-1; POST = 3.0±0.4L·min-1; p = .021). Similarly, only the β-alanine group presented a significant increase in critical force (PRE = 51.2±10.4N; POST = 56.5±13.1N; p = .044) and a reduction in the curvature constant parameter (W'; PRE = 2998.0±1103.7N·s; POST = 2224.6±1058.9N·s; p = .049). Thus, we can conclude that 4 weeks of β-alanine supplementation presented mixed results in water polo players, indicating that this nutritional strategy may not be effective in improving parameters of the TSGET and 3minALL-OUT .
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Motta Pinheiro Brisola
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Bauru, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE)—Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, School of Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Redkva
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, Bauru, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE)—Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, School of Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE)—Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, School of Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, Brazil
- Sao Paulo State University—UNESP, School of Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abstract
Context: In front-crawl swimming, the upper limbs perform alternating movements with the aim of achieving a continuous application of force in the water, leading to lower intracyclic velocity variation (dv). This parameter has been identified as a crucial criterion for swimmers’ evaluation. Purpose: To examine the assessment of intracyclic force variation (dF) and to analyze its relationship with dv and swimming performance. Methods: A total of 22 high-level male swimmers performed a maximal-effort 50-m front-crawl time trial and a 30-s maximal-effort fully tethered swimming test, which were randomly assigned. Instantaneous velocity was obtained by a speedometer and force by a strain-gauge system. Results: Similarity was observed between the tests, with dF attaining much higher magnitudes than dv (P < .001; d = 8.89). There were no differences in stroke rate or in physiological responses between tethered and free swimming, with a high level of agreement for the stroke rate and blood lactate increase. Swimming velocity presented a strong negative linear relationship with dF (r = −.826, P < .001) and a moderate negative nonlinear relationship with dv (r = .734, P < .01). With the addition of the maximum impulse to dF, multiple-regression analysis explained 83% of the free-swimming performance. Conclusions: Assessing dF is a promising approach for evaluating a swimmer’s performance. From the experiments, this new parameter showed that swimmers with higher dF also present higher dv, leading to a decrease in performance.
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14
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Reliability and Validity of Tethered Swimming Lactate Minimum Test and Their Relationship With Performance in Young Swimmers. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2018; 30:383-392. [PMID: 29580176 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2016-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the reliability and validity of tethered swimming lactate minimum test in young swimmers. METHODS Lactate minimum test was performed twice to test the reliability (experiment 1; n = 13). In addition, the validity was investigated through lactate minimum test relationships with tethered swimming lactate threshold and peak force obtained during graded exercise test (experiment 2; n = 11). Finally, the correlations with mean speeds observed during 200-m (s200m) and 30-minute continuous efforts (s30min) were also analyzed (experiment 3; n = 15). In all experiments, the lactate minimum test began with 3-minute all-out effort to induce lactatemia, followed by an exhaustive graded exercise test. RESULTS The lactate minimum intensity and mean force during the entire 3-minute all-out effort (MF) showed high reliability (coefficient of variation < 8.9% and intraclass correlation coefficient > .93). The lactate minimum intensity was not different compared with lactate threshold (P = .22), presenting high correlations (r = .92) and agreement (95% limits of agreement = ±7.9 N). The mean force during the entire 3-minute all-out effort was similar to peak force obtained during graded exercise test (P = .41), presenting significant correlations (r = .88) and high indices of agreement (95% limits of agreement = ±11.3 N). In addition, lactate minimum test parameters correlated both with mean speeds observed during 200-m (r > .74) and 30-minute continuous efforts (r > .70). CONCLUSION Thus, tethered swimming lactate minimum test can be used for training recommendations and to monitor aerobic adaptations in young swimmers.
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15
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De Carvalho FG, Barbieri RA, Carvalho MB, Dato CC, Campos EZ, Gobbi RB, Papoti M, Silva ASR, de Freitas EC. Taurine supplementation can increase lipolysis and affect the contribution of energy systems during front crawl maximal effort. Amino Acids 2017; 50:189-198. [PMID: 29082444 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Taurine can affect the energy system metabolism, specifically the lipid metabolism, since an increase in lipid oxidation may promote carbohydrate savings. We hypothesized that taurine supplementation associated with high-intensity exercise could increase levels of lipolysis, benefiting swimmer performance. Nine male competitive swimmers performed two 400-m front crawl maximal efforts with a 1-week washout, and the athletes received 6 g of taurine (TAU) or placebo (PLA) supplementation 120 min before performing the effort. Oxygen consumption and the contribution of the energy systems were analyzed post effort using a Quark CPET gas analyzer. Blood samples were collected before, and 5 min post the effort for taurine and glycerol analysis. Immediately before and 3, 5, and 7 min post the effort, blood samples from the earlobe were collected to determine lactate levels. An increase of 159% was observed in taurine plasma levels 120 min post ingestion. Glycerol levels were higher in both groups post effort; however, the TAU condition promoted an 8% higher increase than the PLA. No changes were observed in swimmer performance or lactate levels; however, the percentage change in lactate levels (∆[La-]) was different (TAU: 9.36 ± 2.78 mmol L-1; PLA: 11.52 ± 2.19 mmol L-1, p = 0.04). Acute taurine supplementation 120 min before performing a maximal effort did not improve swimmer performance; however, it increased glycerol plasma levels and reduced both the ∆[La-] and lactic anaerobic system contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia G De Carvalho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo-FCFAR/UNESP, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Barbieri
- Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), 24 A Avenue, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Milena B Carvalho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo-FCFAR/UNESP, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Carla C Dato
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo-FCFAR/UNESP, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Z Campos
- Department of Physical Education, Post Graduate Program in Motricity Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 1235 Professor Moraes Rego Street, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo B Gobbi
- Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), 24 A Avenue, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-EEFERP/USP, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-030, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-EEFERP/USP, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-030, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo-FCFAR/UNESP, Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil. .,School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-EEFERP/USP, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-030, Brazil.
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16
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Campos EZ, Kalva-Filho CA, Gobbi RB, Barbieri RA, Almeida NP, Papoti M. Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Swimming Distances: Relation with Performance. Front Physiol 2017; 8:755. [PMID: 29066977 PMCID: PMC5641383 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Total anaerobic contribution (TAn) can be assessed by accumulated oxygen deficit, and through sum of glycolytic and phosphagen contribution which enable the evaluation of TAn without influences on mechanical parameters. However, little is known about the difference of TAn within swimming distances. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine and compare the TAn in different performances using the backward extrapolation technique and amount of lactate accumulated during exercise, and relate it with swimming performance. Fourteen competitive swimmers performed five maximal front crawl swims of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 m. The total phosphagen (AnAl) and glycolytic (AnLa) contributions were assumed as the fast component of post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOCFAST) and amount of blood lactate accumulated during exercise, respectively. TAn was the sum of AnAl and AnLa. Significantly lower values of AnLa were observed in the 800 m (p < 0.01) than other distances. For AnAl, the 50 m performance presented the lowest values, followed by 100 and 800 m (p < 0.01). The highest values of AnAl were observed in the 200 and 400 m (p > 0.13). The TAn was significantly higher in the 200 and 400 m performances than observed at 50 and 800 m (p < 0.01). Anaerobic contributions were correlated with 50, 100, 200, and 400 m performances (p < 0.01). The AnAl contribution was not correlated with 400 m performance. Anaerobic parameters were not correlated with 800 m performance. In conclusion, the highest values of anaerobic contribution were observed in the 200 and 400 m distances. Moreover, TAn is important to performances below 400 m, and may be used in training routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Z Campos
- Nucleus of Investigation in Sport Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Motor Science, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Kalva-Filho
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo B Gobbi
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Barbieri
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nayara P Almeida
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Graduate Program in Motor Science, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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17
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Pessôa Filho DM, Siqueira LO, Simionato AR, Espada MA, Pestana DS, DiMenna FJ. A Rapidly-Incremented Tethered-Swimming Test for Defining Domain-Specific Training Zones. J Hum Kinet 2017; 57:117-128. [PMID: 28713464 PMCID: PMC5504584 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a tethered-swimming incremental test comprising small increases in resistive force applied every 60 seconds could delineate the isocapnic region during rapidly-incremented exercise. Sixteen competitive swimmers (male, n = 11; female, n = 5) performed: (a) a test to determine highest force during 30 seconds of all-out tethered swimming (Favg) and the ΔF, which represented the difference between Favg and the force required to maintain body alignment (Fbase), and (b) an incremental test beginning with 60 seconds of tethered swimming against a load that exceeded Fbase by 30% of ΔF followed by increments of 5% of ΔF every 60 seconds. This incremental test was continued until the limit of tolerance with pulmonary gas exchange (rates of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production) and ventilatory (rate of minute ventilation) data collected breath by breath. These data were subsequently analyzed to determine whether two breakpoints defining the isocapnic region (i.e., gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point) were present. We also determined the peak rate of O2 uptake and exercise economy during the incremental test. The gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point were observed for each test such that the associated metabolic rates, which bound the heavy-intensity domain during constant-work-rate exercise, could be determined. Significant correlations (Spearman’s) were observed for exercise economy along with (a) peak rate of oxygen uptake (ρ = .562; p < 0.025), and (b) metabolic rate at gas exchange threshold (ρ = −.759; p < 0.005). A rapidly-incremented tethered-swimming test allows for determination of the metabolic rates that define zones for domain-specific constant-work-rate training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton M. Pessôa Filho
- Institute of Biosciences , São Paulo State University (UNESP) / Rio Claro , Brazil
- College of Sciences , São Paulo State University (UNESP) / Bauru , Brazil
| | | | - Astor R. Simionato
- Institute of Biosciences , São Paulo State University (UNESP) / Rio Claro , Brazil
| | | | | | - Fred J. DiMenna
- Teachers College , Department of Biobehavioral Sciences , Columbia University , New York , USA
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18
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Soncin R, Mezêncio B, Ferreira JC, Rodrigues SA, Huebner R, Serrão JC, Szmuchrowski L. Determination of a quantitative parameter to evaluate swimming technique based on the maximal tethered swimming test. Sports Biomech 2016; 16:248-257. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1231836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Soncin
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacielle Carolina Ferreira
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Andrade Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Load Evaluation, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rudolf Huebner
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Julio Cerca Serrão
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leszek Szmuchrowski
- Laboratory of Load Evaluation, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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