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Pendergrast LA, Ashcroft SP, Ehrlich AM, Treebak JT, Krook A, Dollet L, Zierath JR. Metabolic plasticity and obesity-associated changes in diurnal postexercise metabolism in mice. Metabolism 2024; 155:155834. [PMID: 38479569 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian disruption is widespread and increases the risk of obesity. Timing of therapeutic interventions may promote coherent and efficient gating of metabolic processes and restore energy homeostasis. AIM To characterize the diurnal postexercise metabolic state in mice and to identify the influence of diet-induced obesity on identified outcomes. METHODS C57BL6/NTac male mice (6 wks of age) were fed a standard chow or high-fat diet for 5 weeks. At week 5, mice were subjected to a 60-min (16 m/min, 5 % incline) running bout (or sham) during the early rest (day) or early active (night) phase. Tissue and serum samples were collected immediately post-exercise (n = 6/group). In vivo glucose oxidation was measured after oral administration of 13C-glucose via 13CO2 exhalation analysis in metabolic cages. Basal and isoproterenol-stimulated adipose tissue lipolysis was assessed ex vivo for 1 h following exercise. RESULTS Lean mice displayed exercise-timing-specific plasticity in metabolic outcomes, including phase-specificity in systemic glucose metabolism and adipose-tissue-autonomous lipolytic activity depending on time of day. Conversely, obesity impaired temporal postexercise differences in whole-body glucose oxidation, as well as the phase- and exercise-mediated induction of lipolysis in isolated adipose tissue. This obesity-induced alteration in diurnal metabolism, as well as the indistinct response to exercise, was observed concomitant with disruption of core clock gene expression in peripheral tissues. CONCLUSIONS Overall, high-fat fed obese mice exhibit metabolic inflexibility, which is also evident in the diurnal exercise response. Our study provides physiological insight into exercise timing-dependent aspects in the dynamic regulation of metabolism and the influence of obesity on this biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan A Pendergrast
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amy M Ehrlich
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucile Dollet
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Chou TJ, Lin LY, Lu CW, Hsu YJ, Huang CC, Huang KC. Effects of aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training on thermogenic gene expression in white adipose tissue in high fat diet induced obese mice. Obes Res Clin Pract 2024; 18:64-72. [PMID: 38238145 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Global prevalence of obesity has continued to rise and poses public health concerns. Current anti-obesity medications are mainly focused on suppressing appetite. Thermogenic fat cells that increase energy expenditure may be a promising alternative target to combat obesity. Our study aims to investigate the effects of aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training on thermogenic gene expression in white adipose tissue in high fat diet induced obese mice. METHODS Fifty 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were initially divided into control group and high fat diet group for obesity induction. After 8 weeks of obesity induction, obese mice were subdivided into sedentary, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and high intensity interval training groups. Trained obese mice were submitted to 8 weeks of exercise. RESULTS Our results showed that all three exercises significantly decreased body weight, and improved metabolic profiles including glucose tolerance, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, aerobic exercise training increases serum irisin levels and thermogenic gene expressions such as Prdm16, Cidea, and Pgc-1α in epididymal white adipose tissue of obese mice. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that when it comes to the adaption of thermogenic fat cells, the modality of exercise should be taken into consideration. Aerobic exercise may induce a modest increase in the expression levels of certain thermogenic genes in epididymal white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jung Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Pittia P, Blanc S, Heer M. Unraveling the intricate connection between dietary factors and the success in long-term space missions. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:89. [PMID: 38092789 PMCID: PMC10719368 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades of spaceflight, inadequate caloric intake has posed significant nutritional challenges, contributing to muscle degradation, weakened immune and cardiovascular systems during and after space missions. This challenge becomes more acute on longer exploration missions, where transporting all food for the entire mission becomes a logistical challenge. This places immense pressure on the food system, requiring energy-dense, varied, stable, and palatable food options. Prolonged storage can lead to nutrient degradation, reducing their bioavailability and bioaccessibility to astronauts. Research is essential not only to improve the quality and stability of space food but also to enhance nutrient bioavailability, thereby reducing weight and volume of food. Muscle and bone loss represent major risks during extended spaceflight, prompting extensive efforts to find exercise countermeasures. However, increased exercise requires additional energy intake, and finding the optimal balance between energy needs and the preservation of muscle and bone mass is challenging. Currently, there is no reliable way to measure total energy expenditure and activity-related energy expenditures in real-time. Systematic research is necessary to develop onboard technology for accurate energy expenditure and body composition monitoring. This research should aim to establish an optimal exercise regimen that balances energy requirements while maintaining astronaut strength and minimizing food transport. In summary, this overview outlines key actions needed for future exploration missions to maintain body mass and physical strength of space travellers. It addresses the requirements for food processing and preservation, considerations for space food formulation and production, and the essential measures to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Heer
- IU International University of Applied Sciences, Erfurt, Germany.
- University of Bonn, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Bonn, Germany.
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Lee SB, Oh YT, Yang SW, Kim JB. Data-Driven Smart Living Lab to Promote Participation in Rehabilitation Exercises and Sports Programs for People with Disabilities in Local Communities. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2761. [PMID: 36904962 PMCID: PMC10006891 DOI: 10.3390/s23052761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Patients discharged from hospitals after an inpatient course of medical treatment for any ailment or traumatic injury that results in disabling conditions and are rendered mobility impaired require ongoing systematic sports and exercise programs to maintain healthy lifestyles. Under such circumstances, a rehabilitation exercise and sports center, accessible throughout local communities, is critical for promoting beneficial living and community participation for these individuals with disabilities. An innovative data-driven system equipped with state-of-the-art smart and digital equipment, set up in architecturally barrier-free infrastructures, is essential for these individuals to promote health maintenance and overcome secondary medical complications following an acute inpatient hospitalization or suboptimal rehabilitation. A federally funded collaborative research and development (R&D) program proposes to build a multi-ministerial data-driven system of exercise programs using a smart digital living lab as a platform to provide pilot services in physical education and counseling with exercise and sports programs for this patient population. We describe the social and critical aspects of rehabilitating such a population of patients by presenting a full study protocol. A modified sub-dataset of the previously generated 280-item full dataset is applied using a data-collecting system-"The Elephant"-as an example of how data acquisition will be achieved to assess the effects of lifestyle rehabilitative exercise programs for people with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bok Lee
- Yonsei Enabling Science and Technology Research Center, Seoul 26493, Republic of Korea
- Korea Wheelchair Rugby Association, Seoul 05540, Republic of Korea
| | - Yim Taek Oh
- Yonsei Enabling Science and Technology Research Center, Seoul 26493, Republic of Korea
- Korea Wheelchair Rugby Association, Seoul 05540, Republic of Korea
- Frontier Research Institute for Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Wan Yang
- Yonsei Enabling Science and Technology Research Center, Seoul 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bae Kim
- Yonsei Enabling Science and Technology Research Center, Seoul 26493, Republic of Korea
- Korea Wheelchair Rugby Association, Seoul 05540, Republic of Korea
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
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Lee SB, Oh YT, Yang SW, Kim JB. Data-Driven Smart Living Lab to Promote Participation in Rehabilitation Exercises and Sports Programs for People with Disabilities in Local Communities. SENSORS 2023; 23:2761. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/s23052761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients discharged from hospitals after an inpatient course of medical treatment for any ailment or traumatic injury that results in disabling conditions and are rendered mobility impaired require ongoing systematic sports and exercise programs to maintain healthy lifestyles. Under such circumstances, a rehabilitation exercise and sports center, accessible throughout local communities, is critical for promoting beneficial living and community participation for these individuals with disabilities. An innovative data-driven system equipped with state-of-the-art smart and digital equipment, set up in architecturally barrier-free infrastructures, is essential for these individuals to promote health maintenance and overcome secondary medical complications following an acute inpatient hospitalization or suboptimal rehabilitation. A federally funded collaborative research and development (R&D) program proposes to build a multi-ministerial data-driven system of exercise programs using a smart digital living lab as a platform to provide pilot services in physical education and counseling with exercise and sports programs for this patient population. We describe the social and critical aspects of rehabilitating such a population of patients by presenting a full study protocol. A modified sub-dataset of the previously generated 280-item full dataset is applied using a data-collecting system—“The Elephant”—as an example of how data acquisition will be achieved to assess the effects of lifestyle rehabilitative exercise programs for people with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bok Lee
- Yonsei Enabling Science and Technology Research Center, Seoul 26493, Republic of Korea
- Korea Wheelchair Rugby Association, Seoul 05540, Republic of Korea
| | - Yim Taek Oh
- Yonsei Enabling Science and Technology Research Center, Seoul 26493, Republic of Korea
- Korea Wheelchair Rugby Association, Seoul 05540, Republic of Korea
- Frontier Research Institute for Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Wan Yang
- Yonsei Enabling Science and Technology Research Center, Seoul 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bae Kim
- Yonsei Enabling Science and Technology Research Center, Seoul 26493, Republic of Korea
- Korea Wheelchair Rugby Association, Seoul 05540, Republic of Korea
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
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High-intensity resistance exercise is not as effective as traditional high-intensity interval exercise for increasing the cardiorespiratory response and energy expenditure in recreationally active subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:459-474. [PMID: 34799752 PMCID: PMC8783843 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Traditional high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) highly stimulates the cardiorespiratory system and increases energy expenditure (EE) during exercise. High-intensity resistance exercise (HIRE) has become more popular in recreationally active subjects. The physiological responses to HIRE performed with light or moderate load is currently largely unknown. Here, we examined the effect of the type of interval exercise [HIRE at 40% (HIRE40) and 60% (HIRE60) 1-RM vs. traditional HIIE] on the cardiorespiratory response and EE during and after exercise. METHODS Fifteen recreationally active adults randomly completed traditional HIIE on an ergocyle, HIRE40 and HIRE60. The sessions consisted of two sets of ten 30-s intervals (power at 100% VO2max during HIIE; maximal number of repetitions for 10 different free-weight exercises during HIRE40 and HIRE60) separated by 30-s active recovery periods. Gas exchange, heart rate (HR) and EE were assessed during and after exercise. RESULTS VO2mean, VO2peak, HRmean, the time spent above 90% VO2max and HRmax, and aerobic EE were lower in both HIRE sessions compared with HIIE (P < 0.05). Anaerobic glycolytic contribution to total exercise EE was higher in HIRE40 and HIRE60 compared with HIIE (P < 0.001). EE from excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was similar after the three sessions. Overall, similar cardiorespiratory responses and EE were found in HIRE40 and HIRE60. CONCLUSIONS HIRE is not as effective as HIIE for increasing the cardiorespiratory response and EE during exercise, while EPOC remains similar in HIRE and HIIE. These parameters are not substantially different between HIRE40 and HIRE60.
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Using Exercise and Nutrition to Alter Fat and Lean Mass in Men with Prostate Cancer Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051664. [PMID: 34068965 PMCID: PMC8156712 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat mass (FM) gain and lean mass (LM) loss are common side effects for patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Excess FM has been associated with an increased risk of developing obesity-related comorbidities, exacerbating prostate cancer progression, and all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. LM is the predominant contributor to resting metabolic rate, with any loss impacting long-term weight management as well as physical function. Therefore, reducing FM and preserving LM may improve patient-reported outcomes, risk of disease progression, and ameliorate comorbidity development. In ADT-treated patients, exercise and nutrition programs can lead to improvements in quality of life and physical function; however, effects on body composition have been variable. The aim of this review was to provide a descriptive overview and critical appraisal of exercise and nutrition-based interventions in prostate cancer patients on ADT and their effect on FM and LM. Our findings are that FM gain and LM loss are side effects of ADT that could be reduced, prevented, or even reversed with the implementation of a combined exercise and nutrition program. However, the most effective combination of specific exercise and nutrition prescriptions are yet to be determined, and thus should be a focus for future studies.
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Machado AF, Reis VM, Rica RL, Baker JS, Figueira Junior AJ, Bocalini DS. Energy expenditure and intensity of HIIT bodywork® session. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Centro de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte, Portugal; Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
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Martin S, Hadmas R, Dobreanu D. Resting metabolic rate changes over 4 months of elite general roller ski training. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Machado AF, Evangelista AL, Miranda JMQ, La Scala Teixeira CV, Rica RL, Lopes CR, Figueira-Júnior A, Baker JS, Bocalini DS. Description of training loads using whole-body exercise during high-intensity interval training. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e516. [PMID: 30379227 PMCID: PMC6201138 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe external training load and internal training load through sets of a single session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) body work. METHODS Twenty male individuals (24±3 years) performed a HIIT body work protocol consisting of a single bout of exercise with 1:1 stimuli. The exercises used were 30 min in duration with "all-out" intensity. The exercises included jumping jacks, mountain climbers, burpees and squat jumps, totaling 20 min of exercise. During exercise, total movement capacity, blood lactate measurement, ratings of perceived exertion and recovery, training load and intensity were monitored. RESULTS The single bout examined showed a total of 382±89 movements. Differences (p<0.01) in the total amount of movement for each exercise were noted, reflecting the difficulty of maintaining exercise over time. Increases in lactate concentrations (before: 0.98±0.16, after: 14.10±1.66; mmol/L) were found postexercise. Significant differences (p<0.01) were found after the fifth set, and the values for movement capacity remained higher than the values of the first set, demonstrating high load in a single session. No differences in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during the sets were found. However, the ratings of perceived recuperation from the second set were significantly (p<0.01) lower than those from the first set. CONCLUSIONS The exercise protocol used in this study was of high intensity and produced large values for stress during performance, with increases recorded for the internal load indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Machado
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Translacional, Departamento de Educacao Fisica, Universidade Sao Judas (USJT), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | | | - João Marcelo Q Miranda
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Translacional, Departamento de Educacao Fisica, Universidade Sao Judas (USJT), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Departamento de Educacao, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Cauê V La Scala Teixeira
- Departamento de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Santos, SP, BR
- Faculdade de Educacao Fisica, Faculdade Praia Grande, Praia Grande, SP, BR
| | - Roberta Luksevicius Rica
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Translacional, Departamento de Educacao Fisica, Universidade Sao Judas (USJT), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Charles R Lopes
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, SP, BR
- Faculdade Adventista de Hortolandia, Hortolandia, SP, Brasil
| | - Aylton Figueira-Júnior
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Translacional, Departamento de Educacao Fisica, Universidade Sao Judas (USJT), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Julien S Baker
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Applied Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, Scotland
| | - Danilo S Bocalini
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia e Bioquimica Experimental, Centro de Educacao Fisica e Deportos, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, ES, BR
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Harris NK, Woulfe CJ, Wood MR, Dulson DK, Gluchowski AK, Keogh JB. Acute Physiological Responses to Strongman Training Compared to Traditional Strength Training. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1397-408. [PMID: 26439778 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Strongman training (ST) has become an increasingly popular modality, but data on physiological responses are limited. This study sought to determine physiological responses to an ST session compared to a traditional strength exercise training (RST) session. Ten healthy men (23.6 ± 27.5 years, 85.8 ± 10.3 kg) volunteered in a crossover design, where all participants performed an ST session, an RST session, and a resting session within 7 days apart. The ST consisted of sled drag, farmer's walk, 1 arm dumbbell clean and press, and tire flip at loads eliciting approximately 30 seconds of near maximal effort per set. The RST consisted of squat, deadlift, bench press, and power clean, progressing to 75% of 1 repetition maximum. Sessions were equated for approximate total set duration. Blood lactate and salivary testosterone were recorded immediately before and after training sessions. Heart rate, caloric expenditure, and substrate utilization were measured throughout the resting session, both training protocols and for 80 minutes after training sessions. Analyses were conducted to determine differences in physiological responses within and between protocols. No significant changes in testosterone occurred at any time point for either session. Lactate increased significantly immediately after both sessions. Heart rate, caloric expenditure, and substrate utilization were all elevated significantly during ST and RST. Heart rate and fat expenditure were significantly elevated compared to resting in both sessions' recovery periods; calorie and carbohydrate expenditures were not. Compared to RST, ST represents an equivalent physiological stimulus on key parameters indicative of potential training-induced adaptive responses. Such adaptations could conceivably include cardiovascular conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel K Harris
- 1Auckland University of Technology, Human Potential Centre, Auckland, New Zealand; 2Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland, New Zealand; 3Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia; and 4Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
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