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Effects of High-Intensity Exercise on Physiological Indicators of Recovery Period by Wearing Face Masks of Elite Athletes. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020268. [PMID: 36673636 PMCID: PMC9858813 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes need to maintain the necessary physical conditioning for sports performance while wearing face masks to reduce the risk of virus transmission during training and competition during the COVID-19 situation. The quantitative and physiological effects of face masks on exercise capacity needs to be reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate elite athletes to quantify, in detail, the effect of a KF94 face mask on changes in lactic acid during recovery after high-intensity aerobic exercise. Thirteen elite soft tennis athletes were recruited. A crossover design was used to examine the effects of using a disposable KF94 face mask compared with not masking during exercise. The participants completed a shuttle run test experiment two times during a 3-day period, including 5−10 min of warmup according to their personal preferences. The lactic acid concentration at 20 min of recovery after maximum exercise was 5.98 ± 1.53 mM/L without a mask and 7.61 ± 1.85 mM/L with a KF94 mask (p < 0.001). The maximum laps of shuttle run tests were 101.5 ± 22.5 laps without a mask and 94.2 ± 20.2 laps with a KF94 mask (p < 0.001). Intense exercise after wearing quarantine masks reduces the maximum aerobic exercise ability and decreases the ability to recover lactic acid.
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Innovative Use of Biodex Balance System to Improve Dynamic Stabilization and Function of Upper Quarter in Recreational Weightlifters: A Randomized Controlled Trial. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58111631. [PMID: 36422170 PMCID: PMC9698910 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Following an injury, upper-body strength and proprioception training is typically suggested. To our understanding, no prior research has looked into the impact of balance training on upper-body strength and stability. So, this study investigated the effects of Biodex balance training on enhancing the dynamic stability, strength, and function of the upper quarter (UQ) in recreational weightlifters. Materials and Methods: Fifty male weightlifters were randomly assigned into two groups. The experimental group received an upper-extremity Biodex balance training program three times/week for eight weeks, while the control group underwent a regular weightlifting training routine. Pre- and post-test scores of the upper-quarter dynamic stability, strength, and function were measured for both groups using the shoulder active repositioning accuracy test, two-minute push-up test, and the upper-quarter Y-balance test (UQ-YBT) and one-arm hop test, respectively. Results: Post-test values were significantly greater for the normalized UQ-YBT test than pre-test values in both groups (p < 0.05). Post-test values of the experimental group were significantly greater than the control group (p < 0.05). Regarding the shoulder active repositioning accuracy test and the time of the one-arm hop test, post-test values were significantly lower than pre-test values for both groups (p < 0.05), and post-test values of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The post-test value of the two-minute push-up test of each group was significantly higher than the pre-test value (p < 0.05), without any significant difference between both groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Adding upper-body Biodex balance training to a regular weightlifting training routine was effective in enhancing the upper quarter′s dynamic stability and function.
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Glänzel MH, Barbosa IM, Machado E, Prusch SK, Barbosa AR, Lemos LFC, Schuch FB, Lanferdini FJ. Facial mask acute effects on affective/psychological and exercise performance responses during exercise: A meta-analytical review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:994454. [PMID: 36406998 PMCID: PMC9667098 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.994454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Face masks are widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic as one of the protective measures against the viral infection risk. Some evidence suggests that face mask prolonged use can be uncomfortable, and discomfort can be exacerbated during exercise. However, the acute responses of mask-wearing during exercise on affective/psychological and exercise performance responses is still a topic of debate. Purpose: To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of the acute effects of mask-wearing during exercise on affective/psychological and exercise performance responses in healthy adults of different/diverse training status. Methods: This review (CRD42021249569) was performed according to Cochrane's recommendations, with searches performed in electronic (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SportDiscus, and PsychInfo) and pre-print databases (MedRxiv, SportRxiv, PsyArXiv, and Preprint.Org). Syntheses of included studies' data were performed, and the RoB-2 tool was used to assess the studies' methodological quality. Assessed outcomes were affective/psychological (discomfort, stress and affective responses, fatigue, anxiety, dyspnea, and perceived exertion) and exercise performance time-to-exhaustion (TTE), maximal power output (POMAX), and muscle force production] parameters. Available data were pooled through meta-analyses. Results: Initially 4,587 studies were identified, 36 clinical trials (all crossover designs) were included. A total of 749 (39% women) healthy adults were evaluated across all studies. The face mask types found were clothing (CM), surgical (SM), FFP2/N95, and exhalation valved FFP2/N95, while the most common exercises were treadmill and cycle ergometer incremental tests, beyond outdoor running, resistance exercises and functional tests. Mask-wearing during exercise lead to increased overall discomfort (SMD: 0.87; 95% CI 0.25-1.5; p = 0.01; I2 = 0%), dyspnea (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI 0.09-0.71; p = 0.01; I2 = 68%), and perceived exertion (SMD: 0.38; 95% CI 0.18-0.58; p < 0.001; I2 = 46%); decreases on the TTE (SMD: -0.29; 95% CI -0.10 to -0.48; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%); without effects on POMAX and walking/running distance traveled (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Face mask wearing during exercise increases discomfort (large effect), dyspnea (moderate effect), and perceived exertion (small effect), and reduces the TTE (small effect), without effects on cycle ergometer POMAX and distance traveled in walking and running functional tests. However, some aspects may be dependent on the face mask type, such as dyspnea and perceived exertion. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021249569], identifier [CRD42021249569].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Henrique Glänzel
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil,Biomechanics and Kinesiology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,*Correspondence: Marcelo Henrique Glänzel, ; Fábio Juner Lanferdini,
| | - Igor Martins Barbosa
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Esthevan Machado
- Biomechanics and Kinesiology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samuel Klippel Prusch
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil,Graduate Program in Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Fernando Cuozzo Lemos
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil,Graduate Program in Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Juner Lanferdini
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil,*Correspondence: Marcelo Henrique Glänzel, ; Fábio Juner Lanferdini,
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4
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López-Pérez ME, Romero-Arenas S, Giráldez-García MA, Colomer-Poveda D, Márquez G. Acute psychophysiological responses during exercise while using resistive respiratory devices: A systematic review. Physiol Behav 2022; 256:113968. [PMID: 36155205 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Different studies have observed that respiratory muscle training (RMT) improve the endurance and strength of the respiratory muscles, having a positive impact on performance of endurance sports. Nevertheless, it remains to be clarified how to improve the efficiency of such training. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the acute physiological responses produced by training the respiratory muscles during exercise with flow resistive devices because such information may support us improve the efficiency of this type of training. A search in the Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus databases was conducted, following the PRISMA guidelines. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the PEDro scale. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria and a total of 212 subjects were included in the studies. The RMT method used in all studies was flow resistive loading, whereas the constant load exercise was the most common type of exercise among the studies. The results obtained seem to indicate that the use of this type of training during exercise reduces the performance, the lactate (La-) values and the ventilation, whereas the end - tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E López-Pérez
- Department of Physical Education, IES El Palmeral, Hermano Lázaro s/n, Vera, Almería 04620, Spain.
| | | | - Manuel A Giráldez-García
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - David Colomer-Poveda
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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5
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Brian MS, Carmichael RD, Berube FR, Blake DT, Stuercke HR, Matthews EL. The effects of a respiratory training mask on steady-state oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise. Physiol Int 2022; 109:278-292. [PMID: 35575988 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2022.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
No studies have directly measured ventilatory and metabolic responses while wearing a respiratory training mask (RTM) at rest and during exercise. Eleven aerobically fit adults (age: 21 ± 1 years) completed a randomized cross-over study while wearing an RTM or control mask during cycling at 50% Wmax. An RTM was retrofitted with a gas collection tube and set to the manufacturer's "altitude resistance" setting of 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Metabolic gas analysis, ratings of perceived exertion, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured during rest and cycling exercise. The RTM did not affect metabolic, ventilation, and SpO2 at rest compared to the control mask (all, effect of condition: P > 0.05). During exercise, the RTM blunted respiratory rate and minute ventilation (effect of condition: P < 0.05) compared to control. Similar increases in VO2 and VCO2 were observed in both conditions (both, effect of condition: P > 0.05). However, the RTM led to decreased fractional expired O2 and increased fractional expired CO2 (effect of condition: P < 0.05) compared to the control mask. In addition, the RTM decreased SpO2 and increased RPE (both, effect of condition: P < 0.05) during exercise. Despite limited influence on ventilation and metabolism at rest, the RTM reduces ventilation and disrupts gas concentrations during exercise leading to modest hypoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Brian
- 1 Department of Health and Human Performance, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH, USA
- 2 Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Ryanne D Carmichael
- 1 Department of Health and Human Performance, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH, USA
| | - Felicia R Berube
- 1 Department of Health and Human Performance, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH, USA
| | - Daniel T Blake
- 1 Department of Health and Human Performance, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH, USA
| | - Hunter R Stuercke
- 1 Department of Health and Human Performance, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH, USA
| | - Evan L Matthews
- 3 Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
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Karayigit R, Eser MC, Sahin FN, Sari C, Sanchez-Gomez A, Dominguez R, Koz M. The Acute Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on Strength, Muscular Endurance and Cognitive Function: Influence of Dose and Sex. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020309. [PMID: 35205175 PMCID: PMC8869765 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of different levels of hypoxia on maximal strength, muscular endurance, and cognitive function in males and females. In total, 13 males (mean ± SD: age, 23.6 ± 2.8 years; height, 176.6 ± 3.9 cm; body mass, 76.6 ± 2.1 kg) and 13 females (mean ± SD: age, 22.8 ± 1.4 years; height, 166.4 ± 1.9 cm; body mass, 61.6 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered for a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants completed a one repetition strength and muscular endurance test (60% of one repetition maximum to failure) for squat and bench press following four conditions; (i) normoxia (900 m altitude; FiO2: 21%); (ii) low dose hypoxia (2000 m altitude; FiO2: 16%); (iii) moderate dose hypoxia (3000 m altitude; FiO2: 14%); and (iv) high dose hypoxia (4000 m altitude; FiO2: 12%). Heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and cognitive function was also determined during each condition. The one repetition maximum squat (p = 0.33) and bench press (p = 0.68) did not differ between conditions or sexes. Furthermore, squat endurance did not differ between conditions (p = 0.34). There was a significant decrease in bench press endurance following moderate (p = 0.02; p = 0.04) and high (p = 0.01; p = 0.01) doses of hypoxia in both males and females compared to normoxia and low dose hypoxia, respectively. Cognitive function, ratings of perceived exertion, and lactate were also significantly different in high and moderate dose hypoxia conditions compared to normoxia (p < 0.05). Heart rate was not different between the conditions (p = 0.30). In conclusion, high and moderate doses of acute normobaric hypoxia decrease upper body muscular endurance and cognitive performance regardless of sex; however, lower body muscular endurance and maximal strength are not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (M.C.E.); (F.N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-312-600-0100
| | - Mustafa Can Eser
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (M.C.E.); (F.N.S.)
| | - Fatma Nese Sahin
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (M.C.E.); (F.N.S.)
| | - Cengizhan Sari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Muş Alparslan University, Muş 49001, Turkey;
| | - Angela Sanchez-Gomez
- Department of Nursing Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14000 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Raul Dominguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Mitat Koz
- Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, Mersin, Famagusta 99628, Turkey;
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Poon ETC, Zheng C, Wong SHS. Effect of Wearing Surgical Face Masks During Exercise: Does Intensity Matter? Front Physiol 2021; 12:775750. [PMID: 34899397 PMCID: PMC8662700 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.775750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Face masks are widely recommended as means of controlling the coronavirus disease outbreak. This study aimed to examine the physiological and perceptual responses of wearing surgical face masks while exercising at different intensities. Thirteen healthy young adults (mean age, 21.9 ± 1.4 years) conducted randomized crossover trials with or without a surgical face mask. In each trial, participants completed an incremental treadmill protocol, with three 6-min stages (light, moderate, and vigorous at 25, 50, and 75% maximal oxygen uptake, respectively). Physiological outcomes (heart rate, blood lactate, and oxygen saturation level), perceived exertion and discomfort feeling were assessed. No significant differences were observed in physiological outcomes with or without masks at different exercise intensities (p > 0.05). However, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly higher when exercising vigorously (mask: 15.5 ± 1.5 vs. no-mask: 14.2 ± 2.1, p < 0.05). Participants wearing masks reported marked discomfort, such as feeling hot, humid, and breathing resistance. Although face mask-wearing during exercise may not have detrimental effects on major physiological parameters, it can increase perceived exertion level and discomfort when the exercise intensity exceeds a certain threshold. Therefore, healthcare professionals should cautiously evaluate each person’s ability to exercise while wearing a mask and tailor their prescription accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Effects of the Elevation Training Mask® 2.0 on dyspnea and respiratory muscle mechanics, electromyography, and fatigue during exhaustive cycling in healthy humans. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:167-172. [PMID: 34538564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examine the effects of the Elevation Training Mask® 2.0 (ETM) on dyspnea, and respiratory muscle function and fatigue during exercise. DESIGN Randomized crossover. METHODS 10 healthy participants completed 2 time-to-exhaustion (TTE) cycling tests while wearing the ETM or under a sham control condition. During the sham, participants were told they were breathing air equivalent to "9000 ft" (matched to the selected resistance valves on the ETM according to the manufacturer), but they were breathing room air. Dyspnea and leg discomfort were assessed using the modified 0-10 category-ratio Borg scale. Qualitative dyspnea descriptors at peak exercise were selected from a list of 15. Crural diaphragmatic electromyography (EMGdi) and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) were measured via a multipair esophageal electrode balloon catheter. Participants performed maximal respiratory maneuvers before and after exercise to estimate the degree of respiratory muscle fatigue. RESULTS Exercise with the ETM resulted in a significant decrease in TTE (p = 0.015), as well as increased dyspnea at baseline (p = 0.032) and during the highest equivalent submaximal exercise time (p = 0.0001). The increase in dyspnea with the ETM was significantly correlated with the decrease in exercise time (r = 0.73, p = 0.020). EMGdi and Pdi were significantly increased with the ETM at all time points (all p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the selection frequency of "my breath does not go in all the way" at peak exercise with the ETM (p = 0.02). The ETM did not induce respiratory muscle fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Exercising with the ETM appears to decrease exercise performance, in part, by increasing the sensation of dyspnea.
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Hua D, Xu Y, Heiduschka P, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zeng X, Zhu X, He T, Zheng H, Xiao X, Xing Y, Chen Z, Chen C. Retina Vascular Perfusion Dynamics During Exercise With and Without Face Masks in Healthy Young Adults: An OCT Angiography Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:23. [PMID: 34003956 PMCID: PMC7991972 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.3.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine possible impacts on retinal microvasculature in healthy young adults during exercise with a face mask, using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods Twenty-three healthy participants (23 eyes, 17 women and 6 men) performed the incremental continuous running test (ICRT) with different masks. OCTA of the macula and optic nerve head were performed before and after ICRT to detect changes in retinal vessel density (VD). All participants were in groups A, B, and C (before ICRT) and groups A′, B′, and C′ (after ICRT), which comprised data from volunteers without a mask, with a surgical mask, and with an N95 mask, respectively. Results Before ICRT, group C showed significantly reduced VD in the superficial plexus (SP), except foveal VD, compared with group A (P < 0.05). After ICRT, groups B′ and C′ showed significantly shorter maximum running time, lower oxygen saturation, and lower perifoveal VD of SP compared with group A′ (P < 0.05). Conclusions Use of an N95 mask reduced VD in SP even under quiescent conditions, which might have clinical implications for protecting healthy workers and indoor manual labor workers from potential risks of retinal damage due to long-term mask use. Moreover, mask use while exercising might lead to attenuated exercise ability and lower VD in SP, which should be investigated in additional studies. Translational Relevance Retina vascular perfusion dynamics could be monitored in vivo by OCTA, which would be valuable to study physiologic retinal blood flow redistribution and potential impacts on retinal vascular perfusion during exercise with face masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihao Hua
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yishuang Xu
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany
| | - Peter Heiduschka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xiangxiang Zhu
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao He
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Optometry Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changzheng Chen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Kisielinski K, Giboni P, Prescher A, Klosterhalfen B, Graessel D, Funken S, Kempski O, Hirsch O. Is a Mask That Covers the Mouth and Nose Free from Undesirable Side Effects in Everyday Use and Free of Potential Hazards? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4344. [PMID: 33923935 PMCID: PMC8072811 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many countries introduced the requirement to wear masks in public spaces for containing SARS-CoV-2 making it commonplace in 2020. Up until now, there has been no comprehensive investigation as to the adverse health effects masks can cause. The aim was to find, test, evaluate and compile scientifically proven related side effects of wearing masks. For a quantitative evaluation, 44 mostly experimental studies were referenced, and for a substantive evaluation, 65 publications were found. The literature revealed relevant adverse effects of masks in numerous disciplines. In this paper, we refer to the psychological and physical deterioration as well as multiple symptoms described because of their consistent, recurrent and uniform presentation from different disciplines as a Mask-Induced Exhaustion Syndrome (MIES). We objectified evaluation evidenced changes in respiratory physiology of mask wearers with significant correlation of O2 drop and fatigue (p < 0.05), a clustered co-occurrence of respiratory impairment and O2 drop (67%), N95 mask and CO2 rise (82%), N95 mask and O2 drop (72%), N95 mask and headache (60%), respiratory impairment and temperature rise (88%), but also temperature rise and moisture (100%) under the masks. Extended mask-wearing by the general population could lead to relevant effects and consequences in many medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Prescher
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy (MOCA), Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Bernd Klosterhalfen
- Institute of Pathology, Dueren Hospital, Roonstrasse 30, 52351 Dueren, Germany;
| | - David Graessel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
| | | | - Oliver Kempski
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Oliver Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, FOM University of Applied Sciences, 57078 Siegen, Germany
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Pérez-Piñero S, Muñoz-Carrillo JC, López-Román FJ, García-Sánchez E, Ávila-Gandía V. Acute Effects of Surgical and FFP2 Face Masks on Physiological Responses and Strength Performance in Persons with Sarcopenia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030213. [PMID: 33799555 PMCID: PMC8001820 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Study comparing the use of a surgical mask, FFP2 or none in people with sarcopenia during a resistance training session on strength performance, heart rate, heart rate variability, blood lactate concentration or rating of perceived effort. Abstract Due to COVID-19, wearing a face mask to reduce virus transmission is currently mandatory in some countries when participants practice exercise in sports centers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of wearing a surgical or FFP2 mask during a resistance training session. Fourteen people with sarcopenia (age: 59.40 ± 5.46 years; weight: 68.78 ± 8.31 kg; height: 163.84 ± 9.08 cm) that participated in the study performed three training sessions in a randomized order: 4 sets of 10 repetitions of a half-squat at 60% of the one-repetition maximum and 90 s of rest between set and were either (a) without a mask (NM), (b) wearing a surgical face mask (SM), and (c) wearing a FFP2 face mask (FFP2). We found that wearing face masks had no effect on strength performance (session mean propulsive velocity (m/s): WM: 0.396 ± 0.042; SM: 0.387 ± 0.037; and FFP2: 0.391 ± 0.042 (p = 0.918)). Additionally, no impact of wearing a mask was found on heart rate, heart rate variability, blood lactate concentration (WM: 4.17 ± 1.89; SM: 4.49 ± 2.07; and FFP2: 5.28 ± 2.45 mmol/L (p = 0.447)), or rating of perceived exertion. Wearing a surgical or FFP2 face mask during a resistance training session resulted in similar strength performance and physiological responses than the same exercise without a mask in persons with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Pérez-Piñero
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.C.M.-C.); (F.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Carlos Muñoz-Carrillo
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.C.M.-C.); (F.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.)
| | - Francisco Javier López-Román
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.C.M.-C.); (F.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.)
- Primary Care Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Esther García-Sánchez
- Fundación para la Formación e Invetigación Sanitarias de la Región de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Vicente Ávila-Gandía
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.C.M.-C.); (F.J.L.-R.); (V.Á.-G.)
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Ramirez-Moreno JM, Ceberino D, Gonzalez Plata A, Rebollo B, Macias Sedas P, Hariramani R, Roa AM, Constantino AB. Mask-associated 'de novo' headache in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Occup Environ Med 2020; 78:oemed-2020-106956. [PMID: 33380516 PMCID: PMC7780429 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) has changed care activities of health professionals. We analysed the possible association between the appearance of 'de novo' headache according to the type of mask used, the related factors and the impact of the cephalalgia on health professionals. METHODS Cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital in Extremadura, Spain. We provided an online questionnaire to healthcare workers during the period of maximum incidence of COVID-19 in our setting. RESULTS The subjects are n=306, 244 women (79.7%), with an average age of 43 years (range 23-65). Of the total, 129 (42.2%) were physicians, 112 (36.6%) nurses and 65 (21.2%) other health workers. 208 (79.7%) used surgical masks and 53 (20.3%) used filter masks. Of all those surveyed, 158 (51.6%) presented 'de novo' headache. The occurrence of a headache was independently associated with the use of a filter mask, OR 2.14 (95% CI 1.07 to 4.32); being a nurse, OR 2.09 (95% CI 1.18 to 3.72) or another health worker, OR 6.94 (95% CI 3.01 to 16.04); or having a history of asthma, OR 0.29 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.89). According to the type of mask used, there were differences in headache intensity, and the impact of a headache in the subjects who used a filter mask was worse in all the aspects evaluated. CONCLUSION The appearance of 'de novo' headache is associated with the use of filter masks and is more frequent in certain healthcare workers, causing a greater occupational, family, personal and social impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Ramirez-Moreno
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Extremadura, Faculty of Medicine, Badajoz, Spain
- Neurology, Badajoz University Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | - Belen Rebollo
- Neurology, Badajoz University Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana M Roa
- Neurology, Badajoz University Hospital, Badajoz, Spain
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A flow resistive inspiratory muscle training mask worn during high-intensity interval training does not improve 5 km running time-trial performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:183-191. [PMID: 33001229 PMCID: PMC7815609 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose There is little evidence of the ergogenic effect of flow-resistive masks worn during exercise. We compared a flow-resistive face mask (MASK) worn during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) against pressure threshold loading inspiratory muscle training (IMT). Methods 23 participants (13 males) completed a 5 km time trial and six weeks of HIIT (3 sessions weekly). HIIT (n = 8) consisted of repeated work (2 min) at the speed equivalent to 95% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{\text{V}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2 peak with equal rest. Repetitions were incremental (six in weeks 1, 2 and 6, eight in weeks 3 and 4 and ten in week 5). Participants were allocated to one of three training groups. MASK (n = 8) wore a flow-resistive mask during all sessions. The IMT group (n = 8) completed 2 × 30 breaths daily at 50% maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax). A control group (CON, n = 7) completed HIIT only. Following HIIT, participants completed two 5 km time trials, the first matched identically to pre-intervention trial (ISO time), and a self-paced effort. Results Time trial performance was improved in all groups (MASK 3.1 ± 1.7%, IMT, 5.7 ± 1.5% and CON 2.6 ± 1.0%, p < 0.05). IMT improved greater than MASK and CON (p = 0.004). Post intervention, PImax and diaphragm thickness were improved in IMT only (32% and 9.5%, respectively, p = 0.003 and 0.024). Conclusion A flow-resistive mask worn during HIIT provides no benefit to 5 km performance when compared to HIIT only. Supplementing HIIT with IMT improves respiratory muscle strength, morphology and performance greater than HIIT alone.
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Resistance Training Safety during and after the SARS-Cov-2 Outbreak: Practical Recommendations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3292916. [PMID: 33029503 PMCID: PMC7532374 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3292916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In December of 2019, there was an outbreak of a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) in China. The virus rapidly spread into the whole world causing an unprecedented pandemic and forcing governments to impose a global quarantine, entering an extreme unknown situation. The organizational consequences of quarantine/isolation are absence of organized training and competition, lack of communication among athletes and coaches, inability to move freely, lack of adequate sunlight exposure, and inappropriate training conditions. The reduction of mobility imposed to contain the advance of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic can negatively affect the physical condition and health of individuals leading to muscle atrophy, progressive loss of muscle strength, and reductions in neuromuscular and mechanical capacities. Resistance training (RT) might be an effective tool to counteract these adverse consequences. RT is considered an essential part of an exercise program due to its numerous health and athletic benefits. However, in the face of the SARS-Cov-2 outbreak, many people might be concerned with safety issues regarding its practice, especially in indoor exercise facilities, such as gyms and fitness centers. These concerns might be associated with RT impact in the immune system, respiratory changes, and contamination due to equipment sharing and agglomeration. In this current opinion article, we provide insights to address these issues to facilitate the return of RT practices under the new logistical and health challenges. We understand that RT can be adapted to allow its performance with measures adopted to control coronavirus outbreak such that the benefits would largely overcome the potential risks. The article provides some practical information to help on its implementation.
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Santos-Silva PR, Greve JMD, Pedrinelli A. DURING THE CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC, DOES WEARING A MASK IMPROVE OR WORSEN PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE? REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202604esp001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT A mask is a simple device yet it provides high levels of protection. As the virus affects mainly the respiratory tract – the nose, mouth, and lungs - it is highly contagious when people sneeze or cough, or exchange respiratory droplets with other people. This exchange is also promoted when a person is performing physical exercise. Although a mask provides some protection, it does not eliminate the need for social distancing. Around 25% of people infected with the new coronavirus may show no symptoms, yet still transmit the virus. One of the main problems with wearing a mask is that it hinders breathing, with the mask gradually becoming damp, increasing its resistance to air intake. Wearing a mask while performing physical activity requires a period of adaptation, as the flow of air to the lungs is reduced, requiring a reduction in the normal rhythm until the wearer has managed to adapt to it. Vigorous and intense exercise can cause inflammatory activity to increase, and should be minimized in order to protect the immune system. Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody protein used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens, including viruses, and decreases with intense exercise. Exercise is considered intense when it is necessary to breathe through the mouth to eliminate the higher concentrations of CO2, but mouth breathing is associated with infections of the upper respiratory tract. Preference should be given to light to moderate exercise, around three times a week. Wearing a mask, and training in nasal breathing are the best and safest ways to reduce the entry of particles, and should be encouraged during this COVID-19 pandemic. Level of evidence V; Opinion of the specialist.
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López-Pérez ME, Romero-Arenas S, Colomer-Poveda D, Keller M, Márquez G. Psychophysiological Responses During a Cycling Test to Exhaustion While Wearing the Elevation Training Mask. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1282-1289. [PMID: 32379243 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
López-Pérez, ME, Romero-Arenas, S, Colomer-Poveda, D, Keller, M, and Márquez, G. Psychophysiological responses during a cycling test to exhaustion while wearing the elevation training mask. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The aim of this study was to investigate the psychophysiological effects of wearing the elevation training mask (ETM). Twelve men performed time-to-exhaustion (TTE) tests at 75% of peak power output with and without wearing the ETM. Heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), breathing discomfort (BD), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured during the TTE. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) and vastus lateralis oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total hemoglobin were monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy. At the end of each test, blood lactate values (La-) were collected, and subjects completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The mask caused a reduction in the TTE (-37.7%; p < 0.001) and in the SpO2 (-2%; p < 0.001). Beck Anxiety Inventory scores were negatively correlated with the changes observed in the TTE (r = -0.77; p < 0.01). La-, HR, and muscle oxygenation displayed similar results across conditions. In conjunction with an increased hemodynamic response in the PFC, subjects reported higher RPE and BD values in the ETM condition (p < 0.01). Finally, BAI scores were negatively correlated with the changes observed in the TTE (r = -0.77; p < 0.01). This study suggests that wearing the ETM induces psychophysiological alterations affecting the exercise tolerance and limiting the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E López-Pérez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Romero-Arenas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - David Colomer-Poveda
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Martin Keller
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.,University of A Coruña, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, A Coruña, Spain
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Teodoro CL, Gáspari AF, Berton R, Barbieri JF, Silva M, A A Castaño L, Guimarães P, Moraes AC. Familiarization With Airflow-Restriction Mask During Resistance Exercise: Effect on Tolerance and Total Volume. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1762-1765. [PMID: 30204655 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Teodoro, CL, Gáspari, AF, Berton, R, Barbieri, JF, Silva, M, Castaño, LAA, Guimarães, P, and Moraes, AC. Familiarization with airflow-restriction mask during resistance exercise: Effect on tolerance and total volume. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1762-1765, 2019-This study investigated whether familiarization with the airflow-restriction mask (AIRfr) increases tolerance and avoids negative effects on performance of resistance exercise (RE). Ten resistance-trained male subjects performed a familiarization session (FAM), followed by 2 testing sessions, with the AIRfr and without airflow restriction (SHAM) in a counterbalanced and randomized cross-over design. The FAM was performed with the same number of sets, load, and level of airflow-restriction as the AIRfr experimental session. Each session consisted of 4 sets of the leg press exercise with 70% 1 repetition maximum until voluntary failure and a 90-second rest interval between sets. During the FAM, 4 of the 10 subjects expressed some intolerance to the use of airflow restriction. Total volume was lower in the FAM than in the AIRfr (p = 0.01) and the SHAM (p = 0.02), whereas no differences were observed between the AIRfr and the SHAM (p = 0.90). The first use of the AIRfr may not be well tolerated by all subjects. However, a familiarization session with the AIRfr avoids negative interferences in the total volume during RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia L Teodoro
- Laboratory of Electromyography Studies, Department of Sport Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur F Gáspari
- Laboratory of Electromyography Studies, Department of Sport Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Berton
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João F Barbieri
- Laboratory of Electromyography Studies, Department of Sport Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Silva
- Laboratory of Electromyography Studies, Department of Sport Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luz A A Castaño
- Laboratory of Electromyography Studies, Department of Sport Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Guimarães
- Laboratory of Electromyography Studies, Department of Sport Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Moraes
- Laboratory of Electromyography Studies, Department of Sport Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Romero-Arenas S, López-Pérez E, Colomer-Poveda D, Márquez G. Oxygenation Responses While Wearing the Elevation Training Mask During an Incremental Cycling Test. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:1897-1904. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Holgado D, Vadillo MA, Sanabria D. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on objective and subjective indexes of exercise performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Stimul 2018; 12:242-250. [PMID: 30559000 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on objective and subjective indexes of exercise performance. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES A systematic literature search of electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar) and reference lists of included articles up to June 2018. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Published articles in journals or in repositories with raw data available, randomized sham-controlled trial comparing anodal stimulation with a sham condition providing data on objective (e.g. time to exhaustion or time-trial performance) or subjective (e.g. rate of perceived exertion) indexes of exercise performance. RESULTS The initial search provided 420 articles of which 31 were assessed for eligibility. Finally, the analysis of effect sizes comprised 24 studies with 386 participants. The analysis indicated that anodal tDCS had a small but positive effect on performance g = 0.34, 95% CI [0.12, 0.52], z = 3.24, p = .0012. Effects were not significantly moderated by type of outcome, electrode placement, muscles involved, number of sessions, or intensity and duration of the stimulation. Importantly, the funnel plot showed that, overall, effect sizes tended to be larger in studies with lower sample size and high standard error. SUMMARY The results suggest that tDCS may have a positive impact on exercise performance. However, the effect is probably small and most likely biased by low quality studies and the selective publication of significant results. Therefore, the current evidence does not provide strong support to the conclusion that tDCS is an effective means to improve exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darías Holgado
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Vadillo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
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Gáspari AF, Carvalho L, Teodoro CL, Bertuzzi R, Barroso R, Moraes AC. Is Elevation Training Mask a Strategy to Increase Lactate Clearance Through Respiratory Muscle Loading? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:e12. [PMID: 30134382 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur F Gáspari
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Brazil.,Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Carvalho
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cássia Lopes Teodoro
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Barroso
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Moraes
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Brazil
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Jagim AR, Dominy TA, Camic CL, Wright G, Doberstein S, Jones MT, Oliver JM. Author Response to: Is Elevation Training Mask a Strategy to Increase Lactate Clearance Through Respiratory Muscle Loading? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:e9. [PMID: 29933337 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Jagim
- Exercise Science Department, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Trevor A Dominy
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Clayton L Camic
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
| | - Glenn Wright
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Scott Doberstein
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Division of Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Kinesiology Department, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
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