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Di Gioia G, Buzzelli L, Ferrera A, Maestrini V, Squeo MR, Lemme E, Monosilio S, Serdoz A, Pelliccia A. Influence of Persistently Elevated LDL Values on Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Elite Athletes. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2025; 32:171-179. [PMID: 39776085 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-024-00698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carotid IMT is a recognized marker for early atherosclerotic changes and a predictor of future CV events. Previous studies showed 11% increased risk of myocardial infarction with each 0.1 mm incremental increase of carotid IMT. In general population, LDL cholesterol levels are positively correlated with carotid IMT in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies while its role in elite athletes remains understudied. AIM This study aimed to investigate the correlation between persistent lipid profile alterations and early markers of atherosclerosis, specifically carotid IMT, in a cohort of elite athletes. METHODS We included 302 athletes serially evaluated for a prolonged time period. Anthropometric data, blood tests for lipid profiles, and carotid IMT measurements were collected. Dyslipidemia was defined as LDL ≥ 116 mg/dL, and persistent elevation when LDL values remained above the threshold limits in at least three pre-participation screenings. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages and were compared using Fisher's exact test or Chi-square test, as appropriate. RESULTS 91 athletes (30.1%) had persistently elevated LDL levels. Dyslipidemic athletes were older (30.7 ± 5.7 vs. 29.1 ± 4.1 years, p = 0.008), had higher BMI (p = 0.032), and a higher prevalence of obesity (5.5% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.004) compared to those with normal lipid profiles. Additionally, they had higher total cholesterol (p < 0.0001) and triglycerides (p < 0.0001) but similar HDL levels (p = 0.213). Globally, athletes with altered LDL profiles over long-time period showed higher IMT (0.60 ± 0.10 mm vs. 0.57 ± 0.07 mm, p = 0.014). In particular, longer exposure to elevated LDL was significantly associated with increased IMT (0.61 ± 0.12 mm vs. 0.57 ± 0.06 mm, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the association between persistently elevated LDL-C and increased carotid IMT in elite athletes, with longer exposure time correlating with more pronounced carotid changes. These findings underscore the importance of regular monitoring of blood lipid profiles and carotid IMT measurements as a non-invasive, cost-effective method to prevent atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Buzzelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Ferrera
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Serdoz
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
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Garba DL, Jacobsen AP, Blumenthal RS, Martinez MW, Ndumele CE, Coslick AM, Barouch LA. Assessing athletes beyond routine screening: Incorporating essential factors to optimize cardiovascular health and performance. AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL PLUS : CARDIOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 44:100413. [PMID: 38947733 PMCID: PMC11214176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2024.100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The American Heart Association (AHA) has devised Life's Essential 8, a set of eight evidence-based health behaviors that play a crucial role in optimizing cardiovascular health and overall well-being. In addition to Life's Essential 8, enhanced screening for Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome risk factors into routine athlete screening also provides a more comprehensive approach for ensuring athlete safety and long-term health. Incorporating Life's Essential 8 and CKM Syndrome metrics into athlete health evaluations will improve the sports performance of athletes and help optimize their long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deen L. Garba
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan P. Jacobsen
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger S. Blumenthal
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew W. Martinez
- Chanin T. Mast Center for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Atlantic Health System, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Chiadi E. Ndumele
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexis M. Coslick
- Sports Medicine, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lili A. Barouch
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Conti F, McCue JJ, DiTuro P, Galpin AJ, Wood TR. Mitigating Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review of Supplementation and Dietary Protocols. Nutrients 2024; 16:2430. [PMID: 39125311 PMCID: PMC11314487 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) constitute a significant public health issue and a major source of disability and death in the United States and worldwide. TBIs are strongly associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a host of negative health outcomes and long-term complications and placing a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. One promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of brain injuries is the design of TBI-specific supplementation and dietary protocols centred around nutraceuticals and biochemical compounds whose mechanisms of action have been shown to interfere with, and potentially alleviate, some of the neurophysiological processes triggered by TBI. For example, evidence suggests that creatine monohydrate and omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) help decrease inflammation, reduce neural damage and maintain adequate energy supply to the brain following injury. Similarly, melatonin supplementation may improve some of the sleep disturbances often experienced post-TBI. The scope of this narrative review is to summarise the available literature on the neuroprotective effects of selected nutrients in the context of TBI-related outcomes and provide an evidence-based overview of supplementation and dietary protocols that may be considered in individuals affected by-or at high risk for-concussion and more severe head traumas. Prophylactic and/or therapeutic compounds under investigation include creatine monohydrate, omega-3 fatty acids, BCAAs, riboflavin, choline, magnesium, berry anthocyanins, Boswellia serrata, enzogenol, N-Acetylcysteine and melatonin. Results from this analysis are also placed in the context of assessing and addressing important health-related and physiological parameters in the peri-impact period such as premorbid nutrient and metabolic health status, blood glucose regulation and thermoregulation following injury, caffeine consumption and sleep behaviours. As clinical evidence in this research field is rapidly emerging, a comprehensive approach including appropriate nutritional interventions has the potential to mitigate some of the physical, neurological, and emotional damage inflicted by TBIs, promote timely and effective recovery, and inform policymakers in the development of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Conti
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia;
| | - Jackson J. McCue
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Paul DiTuro
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Andrew J. Galpin
- Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA;
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
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Murata H, Yagi T, Midorikawa T, Torii S, Takai E, Taguchi M. Comparison between DXA and MRI for the Visceral Fat Assessment in Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:625-631. [PMID: 35108730 PMCID: PMC9200478 DOI: 10.1055/a-1717-1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may be invalid for assessing athletes with larger bodies, larger lean body mass, and thicker trunks. This study compared the athletes' visceral adipose tissue (VAT) assessed using DXA and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eighty-two Japanese male collegiate athletes from 18 sports participated in this study. VAT was assessed using the dual-energy scan that coincided with the 4th lumbar vertebra. The sum of eight magnetic resonance slices corresponding to the region of the dual-energy scan was used for comparison. The VAT volume was higher with the dual-energy scan than with MRI (difference: 35 cm3, p<0.01). A significant correlation was noted between the volumes measured using both modalities (r=0.88, p<0.01). Magnetic resonance-derived volumes less than 600 cm3 showed a stronger significant correlation with dual-energy-derived volumes. However, magnetic resonance-derived VAT volumes exceeding 600 cm3 were not significantly correlated with dual-energy-derived volumes. In conclusion, VAT volumes derived from DXA were larger and significantly correlated with those derived from MRI across a wide range of values. Methods using DXA for assessing the visceral fat volume may require adjustment to estimate abdominal visceral fat volume in athletes, with care taken when using such methods for heavyweight athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Murata
- Waseda Institute of Sports Nutrition, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Yagi
- Graduate school of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Suguru Torii
- Waseda Institute of Sports Nutrition, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eri Takai
- Waseda Institute of Sports Nutrition, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Sports Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Taguchi
- Waseda Institute of Sports Nutrition, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Hoffman JR, Ostfeld I, Zamir A, Amedi R, Fonville TR, Horstemeyer MF, Gepner Y. Examination of Cognitive Function, Neurotrophin Concentrations, and both Brain and Systemic Inflammatory Markers Following a Simulated Game of American Football. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:686-694. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Blue MNM, Hirsch KR, Brewer GJ, Smith-Ryan AE. Abdominal Adiposity in Collegiate Football Linemen: A Study of Race and Position. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:41-45. [PMID: 34255323 DOI: 10.1055/a-1518-8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
American football linemen are at an increased risk for developing obesity-related diseases. This study evaluated the impact of race and position on abdominal fat (visceral adipose tissue and android fat percentage) in football linemen. Thirty-four offensive and defensive linemen (%fat: 27.1±7.2%) completed a total body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan to estimate visceral fat and android fat percentage. Participants were stratified by race [Black: n=23; White: n=11] and position (Offense: n=18; Defense: n=16). Two separate two-way ANOVA tests [race × position] were completed. For visceral adipose tissue, there was no interaction (p=0.056), but there was an effect of race (Black: 0.57±0.34 kg; White: 1.51±0.56 kg; p <0.001) and position (Offense: 1.22±0.60 kg; Defense: 0.49±0.34 kg; p<0.001). For android fat percentage, there was no interaction (p=0.855) or race effect (Black: 31.5±11.3%; White: 40.9±8.6%; p=0.123); there was a position effect (Offense: 42.1±5.6%; Defense: 26.0±9.9%; p<0.001). Offensive linemen, regardless of race, had greater visceral adipose tissue and android fat percent compared to defensive linemen. White linemen had greater visceral adipose tissue, regardless of position. These results suggest football linemen, especially offensive linemen with increased abdominal adiposity, may benefit from tracking metabolic health during their collegiate career to mitigate obesity-related disease risk once retired from sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia N M Blue
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, United States
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
| | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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Riviere AJ, Leach R, Mann H, Robinson S, Burnett DO, Babu JR, Frugé AD. Nutrition Knowledge of Collegiate Athletes in the United States and the Impact of Sports Dietitians on Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061772. [PMID: 34067402 PMCID: PMC8224733 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate athletes in the United States has more than quadrupled. However, many student athletes may be at increased risk of nutrition-related problems that impact physical and academic performance, which include inadequate macronutrients, inadequate micronutrients, and excessive macronutrients. This narrative review reports the current literature to date on nutrition-related knowledge in collegiate athletes and the impact of sports RDs on student athletes’ nutrition knowledge and behaviors. To date, only observational and quasi-experimental studies have been published with regard to changes in nutrition knowledge and behaviors in NCAA athletes. While these studies report benefits of the RD as a member of the interdisciplinary student athlete support team, more well-designed randomized control trials are warranted to determine benefits related to health outcomes and sport-specific performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Riviere
- Department of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Rae Leach
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.L.); (H.M.); (D.O.B.); (J.R.B.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Haleigh Mann
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.L.); (H.M.); (D.O.B.); (J.R.B.); (A.D.F.)
| | | | - Donna O. Burnett
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.L.); (H.M.); (D.O.B.); (J.R.B.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Jeganathan R. Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.L.); (H.M.); (D.O.B.); (J.R.B.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Andrew Dandridge Frugé
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.L.); (H.M.); (D.O.B.); (J.R.B.); (A.D.F.)
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Schick EE, Segura LE, Emamjomeh S, Cotter JA. The Effect of Resistance Exercise Intensity on Acute Hyperglycemia in Young Adult Males. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E121. [PMID: 32899107 PMCID: PMC7552604 DOI: 10.3390/sports8090121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of resistance exercise (RE) intensity on acute hyperglycemia, in young adult males. Thirteen males (age 23.43 ± 2.18 years, height 175.16 ± 10.44 cm, weight 77.02 ± 8.91 kg, body fat 20 ± 0.03%) participated in three randomized testing sessions, each separated by 96 h. The three testing conditions were: control (CON; induction of hyperglycemia with no-exercise), high (HI; induction of hyperglycemia followed by high-intensity RE: 5 × 4, 90% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM)), and moderate (MO; induction of hyperglycemia followed by low-intensity RE: 3 × 14, 65% 1-RM). In all three testing conditions, participants orally ingested a D100 (100 g/10 oz) glucose beverage at a dosage of 2 g glucose/kg body weight and capillary blood was obtained for plasma glucose and insulin analysis at 0 (fasting), 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, following glucose ingestion. At 30-min post-ingestion in the HI and MO conditions, participants began the respective RE protocols. Acute hyperglycemia was achieved throughout all three 2-h testing conditions; mean 2-h plasma glucose levels during CON (7.1 ± 1.3 mmol∙L-1), MO (7.5 ± 0.6 mmol∙L-1) and HI (8.2 ± 1.9 mmol∙L-1) were all significantly (p < 0.05) greater than mean fasting plasma glucose (5.6 ± 0.46 mmol∙L-1). Plasma glucose and insulin did not differ (p < 0.05) between treatment conditions at any times points over the 120 min, however, 2-h glucose area under the curve in the HI condition was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than CON and MO. In conclusion, this study indicates that hyperglycemia, induced prior to RE, may be exacerbated by high-intensity RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan E. Schick
- Physiology of Exercise and Sport Laboratory, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA; (L.E.S.); (S.E.); (J.A.C.)
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Dengel DR, Keller KA, Stanforth PR, Oliver JM, Carbuhn A, Bosch TA. Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density of Division 1 Collegiate Track and Field Athletes, a Consortium of College Athlete Research (C-CAR) Study. J Clin Densitom 2020; 23:303-313. [PMID: 31399322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to generate normative values for total and regional body composition in male and female Division 1 collegiate track and field athletes using dual X-ray absorptiometry. We also sought to examine body composition by event and sex. Data were used from the Consortium of College Athlete Research group. A total of 590 (male [M]/female [F] = 274/316) athletes had their height, weight, total and regional fat mass (FM), lean mass, and bone mineral density (BMD) measured. Athletes were classified into 1 of 7 categories: Jumps (M/F = 28/30); Long Distance (M/F = 104/110), Middle Distance (M/F = 27/24), Multievent (M/F = 11/9), Pole Vault (M/F = 21/27), Sprints (M/F = 54/96), and Throws (M/F = 29/20). Total and regional differences between events and sex were assessed by analysis of variance. Except for male and female throwers, all other track and field athletes' mean percent body fat (M: 10.3%-12.6%, F: 17.5%-21.6%) and visceral FM (<500 g) was low, but in a healthy range. As expected, throwers had significantly (p < 0.05) higher total and regional FM and lean mass than other events. In addition, male (1.55 ± 0.11 g/cm2) and female (1.40 ± 0.12 g/cm2) throwers had significantly greater BMD than all other events while male (1.25 ± 0.10 g/cm2) and female (1.16 ± 0.09 g/cm2) distance runners had significantly lower BMD than all other events. In conclusion, track athletes' body composition differed across events for both males and females. These measurements provide normative data on NCAA Division 1 male and female track and field athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Dengel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Kathryn A Keller
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Philip R Stanforth
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Carbuhn
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Tyler A Bosch
- College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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McHugh C, Hind K, Cunningham J, Davey D, Wilson F. A career in sport does not eliminate risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cardiovascular health of field-based athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:792-799. [PMID: 32139313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in current field-based athletes. DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS This review was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA and pre-registered with PROSPERO. Articles were retrieved via online database search engines, with no date or language restriction. Studies investigating current field-based athletes (>18years) for CVD risk factors according to the European Society of Cardiology and American Heart Association were screened. Full texts were screened using Covidence and Cochrane criteria. Eligible articles were critically appraised using the AXIS tool. Individual study estimates were assessed by random-effect meta-analyses to examine the overall effect. RESULTS This study was ascribed a 1b evidence level, according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. 41 studies were identified, including 5546 athletes from four sports; American football; soccer; rugby and baseball mean ages: 18-28. Despite participation in sport, increased body mass was associated with increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, and decreased high-density lipoprotein. Linemen had increased prevalence of hypertension compared to non-athletes. Conflicting findings on fasting glucose were prevalent. There were inconsistencies in screening and reporting of CVD risk factors. Sport specific anthropometric demands were associated with elevated prevalence of CVD risk factors, most notably: elevated body mass; dyslipidemia; elevated systolic blood pressure and; glucose. CONCLUSIONS There are elevated levels of risk for CVD in some athletes, primarily football players. Lifestyle behaviours associated with elite athleticism, particularly football linemen potentially expose players to greater metabolic and CVD risk, which is not completely offset by sport participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliodhna McHugh
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Ireland.
| | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Joice Cunningham
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Ireland
| | - Daniel Davey
- University College Dublin, Leinster Rugby, Newstead Building A, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fiona Wilson
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Ireland
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Bosch TA, Carbuhn AF, Stanforth PR, Oliver JM, Keller KA, Dengel DR. Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density of Division 1 Collegiate Football Players: A Consortium of College Athlete Research Study. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1339-1346. [PMID: 28277428 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bosch, TA, Carbuhn, AF, Stanforth, PR, Oliver, JM, Keller, KA, and Dengel, DR. Body composition and bone mineral density of Division 1 collegiate football players: a consortium of college athlete research study. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1339-1346, 2019-The purpose of this study was to generate normative data for total and regional body composition in Division 1 collegiate football players using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and examine positional differences in total and regional measurements. Data were used from the Consortium of College Athlete Research (C-CAR) group. Four hundred sixty-seven players were included in this study. Height, body mass, total and regional fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral density were measured in each athlete in the preseason (June-August). Players were categorized by their offensive or defensive position for comparisons. Linemen tended to have the higher fat and lean mass measures (p ≤ 0.05 for all) compared with other positions. Positions that mirror each other (e.g. linemen) had similar body composition and body ratios. All positions were classified as overweight or obese based on body mass index (BMI) (>25 kg·m), yet other than offensive and defensive linemen, all positions had healthy percent body fat (13-20%) and low visceral fat mass (<500 g). The data presented here provide normative positional data for total and regional fat mass, lean mass, and bone density in Division 1 collegiate football players. Player position had a significant effect on body composition measures and is likely associated with on-field positional requirements. From a player's health perspective, although all positions had relatively high BMI values, most positions had relatively low body fat and visceral fat, which is important for the health of players during and after their playing career. The increased accuracy and reliability of DXA provides greater information, regarding positional differences in college football players compared with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Bosch
- College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Aaron F Carbuhn
- Kansas Athletics, Inc, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Philip R Stanforth
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Kathryn A Keller
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Donald R Dengel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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D’Ascenzi F, Caselli S, Alvino F, Digiacinto B, Lemme E, Piepoli M, Pelliccia A. Cardiovascular risk profile in Olympic athletes: an unexpected and underestimated risk scenario. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:37-42. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundPrevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors has been poorly explored in subjects regularly engaged in high-intensity exercise programmes. Our aim was, therefore, to assess the prevalence and distribution of CV risk factors in a large population of competitive athletes, to derive the characteristics of athlete’s lifestyle associated with the best CV profile.Methods1058 Olympic athletes (656 males, 402 females), consecutively evaluated in the period 2014–2016, represent the study population. Prevalence and distribution of CV risk factors was assessed, in relation to age, body size and sport.FindingsDyslipidemia was the most common risk (32%), followed by increased waist circumference (25%), positive family history (18%), smoking habit (8%), hypertension (3.8%) and hyperglycaemia (0.3%). Large subset of athletes (418, 40%) had none or 1 (414, 39%) risk factor, while only a few (39, 3.7%) had 3/4 CV risk factors. The group without risks largely comprised endurance athletes (34%). Ageing was associated with higher total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (p<0.001) and glycaemia (p=0.002) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, BMI and body fat were identified as independent predictors of increased CV risk.InterpretationDyslipidemia and increased waist circumference are common in elite athletes (32% and 25%, respectively). A large proportion (40%) of athletes, mostly endurance, are totally free from risk factors. Only a minority (3%) presents a high CV risk, largely expression of lifestyle and related to modifiable CV risk factors.
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TREXLER ERICT, SMITH-RYAN ABBIEE, DEFREESE JD, MARSHALL STEPHENW, GUSKIEWICZ KEVINM, KERR ZACHARYY. Associations between BMI Change and Cardiometabolic Risk in Retired Football Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:684-690. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:543-68. [PMID: 26891166 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that the performance of, and recovery from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen nutrition strategies. These organizations provide guidelines for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food, fluids, and supplements to promote optimal health and performance across different scenarios of training and competitive sport. This position paper was prepared for members of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada (DC), and American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), other professional associations, government agencies, industry, and the public. It outlines the Academy's, DC's and ACSM's stance on nutrition factors that have been determined to influence athletic performance and emerging trends in the field of sports nutrition. Athletes should be referred to a registered dietitian/nutritionist for a personalized nutrition plan. In the United States and in Canada, the Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics (CSSD) is a registered dietitian/nutritionist and a credentialed sports nutrition expert.
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Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116:501-528. [PMID: 26920240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy), Dietitians of Canada (DC), and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) that the performance of, and recovery from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen nutrition strategies. These organizations provide guidelines for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food, fluids, and supplements to promote optimal health and performance across different scenarios of training and competitive sport. This position paper was prepared for members of the Academy, DC, and ACSM, other professional associations, government agencies, industry, and the public. It outlines the Academy's, DC's, and ACSM's stance on nutrition factors that have been determined to influence athletic performance and emerging trends in the field of sports nutrition. Athletes should be referred to a registered dietitian nutritionist for a personalized nutrition plan. In the United States and in Canada, the Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics is a registered dietitian nutritionist and a credentialed sports nutrition expert.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Travis Thomas
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Kelly Anne Erdman
- Canadian Sport Institute Calgary/University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Louise M Burke
- AIS Sports Nutrition/Australian Institute of Sport Australia and Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare whole and segmental body composition and bone mineral density of collegiate American football players by playing positions. Forty collegiate American football players voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were categorized by playing positions into one of five categories i.e., defensive linemen, offensive linemen, defensive secondary players, offensive secondary players and receivers. Whole body composition and bone mineral density were measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Offensive and defensive linemen had higher body mass, a body mass index, lean mass and a fat mass index compared to the remaining three positions and a higher lean mass index compared to offensive secondary players and receivers. Offensive linemen had a higher body fat percentage and lower values of upper to lower lean mass than offensive and defensive secondary players and receivers, and higher total mass to the lean mass ratio and fat mass to the lean mass ratio compared to the other players. Offensive linemen had a higher fat mass index and fat mass to the lean mass ratio than defensive linemen. However, in all other measures they were similar. Offensive and defensive secondary players and receivers were similar with respect to the measured variables. Bone mineral density of the players was within the normal range and no difference in lean mass was observed between the legs. In conclusion, findings of this study showed that the total and segmental body composition profile of collegiate American football players reflected the demands of particular playing positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Hüsrev Turnagöl
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Potteiger JA, McGowan-Stinski M. Protecting the Metabolic Health of Football Players With High Fat Mass. Strength Cond J 2015. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Oliver JM, Joubert DP, Caldwell A, Martin SE, Crouse SF. A longitudinal study examining the effects of a season of American football on lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:35. [PMID: 25903081 PMCID: PMC4405856 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia is one factor cited for increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in American football players. However, American football players undergo physical conditioning which is known to influence lipids. This study examined if the physical activity of an American football season is associated with changes in lipids and if a relationship exists between lipids and body composition. Methods Fourteen division I freshmen American football players had blood drawn prior to summer training (T1), end of competition (T2), and end of spring training (T3). Samples were analyzed for total cholesterol (TCHL), HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides (TG). Body composition was assessed via dual-x-ray absorptiometry. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) lipid categorization was used to characterize participants. Pearson correlations were computed to determine relationships. Results Body mass increased T2 (p = 0.008) as a result of increase in fat mass (p = 0.005) and remained high despite a decrease T3. Lean mass did not differ significantly at any time. No significant time effects were observed for lipids measured. The number of participants presenting with risk factors attributed to dyslipidemia varied. By T3, no participant was categorized as “low” for HDL-C. TCHL was moderately correlated (r = 0.60) with fat mass at T1; whereas a moderate correlation (r = −0.57) was observed between BMI and HDL-C at T2. TG was strongly correlated with fat mass at each time point (T1, r = 0.83; T2, r = 0.94; T3, r = 0.70). Conclusion The physical activity associated with a season of football results in little change in blood lipids and CVD risk. Further, TG are strongly related to fat mass. Future research should focus on examining the cause of dyslipidemia in American football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Oliver
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
| | - Dustin P Joubert
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, 4245 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Aaron Caldwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
| | - Steve E Martin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, 4245 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Stephen F Crouse
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, 4245 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Performance Enhancing Diets and the PRISE Protocol to Optimize Athletic Performance. J Nutr Metab 2015; 2015:715859. [PMID: 25949823 PMCID: PMC4408745 DOI: 10.1155/2015/715859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The training regimens of modern-day athletes have evolved from the sole emphasis on a single fitness component (e.g., endurance athlete or resistance/strength athlete) to an integrative, multimode approach encompassing all four of the major fitness components: resistance (R), interval sprints (I), stretching (S), and endurance (E) training. Athletes rarely, if ever, focus their training on only one mode of exercise but instead routinely engage in a multimode training program. In addition, timed-daily protein (P) intake has become a hallmark for all athletes. Recent studies, including from our laboratory, have validated the effectiveness of this multimode paradigm (RISE) and protein-feeding regimen, which we have collectively termed PRISE. Unfortunately, sports nutrition recommendations and guidelines have lagged behind the PRISE integrative nutrition and training model and therefore limit an athletes' ability to succeed. Thus, it is the purpose of this review to provide a clearly defined roadmap linking specific performance enhancing diets (PEDs) with each PRISE component to facilitate optimal nourishment and ultimately optimal athletic performance.
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Guo J, Lou Y, Zhang X, Song Y. Effect of aerobic exercise training on cardiometabolic risk factors among professional athletes in the heaviest-weight class. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:78. [PMID: 26388949 PMCID: PMC4573697 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High prevalence of metabolic diseases among young professional athletes with large body sizes has raised growing attention. However, few studies specifically examined whether additional aerobic exercise provides cardiometabolic beneficial effect among these young athletes under regularly intensive strength training. OBJECTIVE We conducted a pilot trial to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise on overall metabolic syndrome (MetS), individual MetS components, and aerobic capacity among metabolically unhealthy athletes in the heaviest-weight class. METHODS Forty-nine professional athletes aged 15-30 years had large body weights (mean weight of 131 ± 15.5 kg and 108 ± 15.8 kg and mean BMI of 39.4 ± 4.7 kg/m(2) and 36.4 ± 5.1 kg/m(2) for 26 men and 23 women, respectively). They completed a supervised moderate intensity (maximal heart rate: 140-170 beats/min for 30-70 min/day) aerobic exercise training for 12 weeks. We collected and measured metabolic parameters and aerobic capacity for all participants before and after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training. RESULTS At baseline, 42 (86 %) of all 49 metabolically abnormal athletes were diagnosed as MetS according to the NCEP ATP III criteria (≥3 MetS components). After aerobic exercise training, 30 % (13/42) of MetS individuals tended to become free of MetS (<3 MetS components), decreasing the prevalence of MetS by 30.4 % (from 17 to 10) in women and 23.1 % (from 25 to 19) in men (P = 0.001). All individual components of MetS, including fasting glucose levels, lipid profile, and blood pressure, were also significantly improved (all P-values <0.05). Overall and central obesity indexes, including BMI, waist circumference, Waist-hip ratio, and abdominal fat ratio, were significantly decreased in men whereas only overall adiposity indexes, such as BMI and body fat percentage, were significantly reduced in women. Also, participants' aerobic capacities were also significantly enhanced with longer running distances and decreased heart rates (all P-values <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our pilot trial showed that moderate intensity aerobic exercise effectively improved cardiometabolic parameters in metabolically unhealthy professional athletes with routinely intensive strength training. Its long-term cardiovascular effects will be evaluated by future randomized controlled trials with well-designed exercise modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Guo
- Centre for the Youth Sport Research and Development, China Institute of Sport Science, Tiyuguan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Lou
- Department of Health Management, Beijing Xiao Tang Shan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Yiqing Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN USA
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Pryor JL, Huggins RA, Casa DJ, Palmieri GA, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM. A Profile of a National Football League Team. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:7-13. [PMID: 24343330 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Luke Pryor
- 1Human Performance Laboratory, Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and 2The New York Football Giants, East Rutherford, New Jersey
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