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Jouira G, Alexe DI, Tohănean DI, Alexe CI, Tomozei RA, Sahli S. The Relationship between Dynamic Balance, Jumping Ability, and Agility with 100 m Sprinting Performance in Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:58. [PMID: 38393278 PMCID: PMC10892889 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sprinting is a competitive event in athletics that requires a combination of speed, power, agility, and balance. This study investigated the relationship between dynamic balance, jumping ability, and agility with 100 m sprinting performance in athletes with intellectual disabilities, addressing an underexplored connection. A sample of 27 sprinters with intellectual disabilities participated in this study and completed 100 m sprint and various tests, including the Y Balance Test (YBT), the Crossover hop test, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and t-test to evaluate their dynamic balance, jumping ability, and agility, respectively. The findings revealed significant negative correlations between the YBT, Crossover hop test, SJ, and CMJ and 100 m sprint performance (r range: -0.41 to -0.79, p < 0.05). Regression analysis identified these variables as significant predictors (R2 = 0.69; p < 0.01). SJ exhibited the strongest association with 100 m sprint performance, (R2 = 0.62, p < 0.01). The agility t-test did not show a significant association. The combination of the YBT ANT and SJ demonstrated a predictive capability for 100 m sprint performance (R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study revealed predictive capabilities between dynamic balance, jumping ability, and 100 m sprint performance in sprinters with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Jouira
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (G.J.); (S.S.)
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania
| | - Dragoș Ioan Tohănean
- Department of Motric Performance, “Transilvania” University of Brașov, 600115 Brașov, Romania
| | - Cristina Ioana Alexe
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania;
| | - Răzvan Andrei Tomozei
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, University of Iași, 700506 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia; (G.J.); (S.S.)
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Freitas TT, Moura TBMA, Mercer VP, Fernandes V, Moura NSA, Moura NA, Zając A, Bishop C. Plyometric Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:131-150. [PMID: 37559773 PMCID: PMC10407309 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/169167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training is extensively used by coaches to enhance neuromuscular performance in a wide variety of sports. Due to the high demands of sprint speed and power output in elite sprinters and jumpers, sprint and jump coaches are likely to have great knowledge on this topic. Undoubtedly, this expertise is even more pronounced for Olympic coaches, who work with some of the fastest and most powerful athletes in the world, and who are required to continually maintain these athletes at optimal performance levels. Describing and discussing the practices commonly adopted by these coaches in detail and extrapolating this experience to other sport coaching contexts and disciplines may be extremely relevant. The current article presents, explores, and illustrates the plyometric training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, with a special focus on training programming and exercise selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas A. Pereira
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Nélio A. Moura
- Pinheiros Sport Club, São Paulo, Brazil
- Chinese Athletics Association, Beijing, China
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Alves MDDJ, Knechtle B, Silva DDS, Fernandes MSDS, Gomes JH, Thuany M, Aidar FJ, Weiss K, De Souza RF. Effects of High-Intensity Warm-Up on 5000-Meter Performance Time in Trained Long-Distance Runners. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:254-262. [PMID: 37293424 PMCID: PMC10245000 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Warm-up protocols with high intensities before continuous running provide potential benefits for middle-distance runners. Nevertheless, the effect of high-intensity warm-ups on long-distance runners remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of a high-intensity warm-up protocol on 5000 m performance in trained runners. Thirteen male runners (34 ± 10 years, 62 ± 6 kg, 62.7 ± 5.5 ml/kg/min) performed two 5000 m time trials, preceded by two different warm-ups. One high-intensity warm up (HIWU: 1x 500 m (70% of the running intensity) + 3x 250 m (100% of the running intensity) and one low-intensity warm up (LIWU: 1x 500 m (70% of the running intensity) + 3x 250 m (70% of the running intensity)), where the running intensities were calculated using the results obtained in the Cooper test. Physiological and metabolic responses, and endurance running performance parameters, were evaluated by the Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), running rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate concentration (BLa), and performance running. Total time for the 5000 m was lower using HIWU when compared to LIWU (1141.4 ± 110.4 s vs. 1147.8 ± 111.0 s; p = 0.03; Hedges' g = 0.66). The HIWU warm-up led to an improvement in pacing strategy during the time trial. After warm-up protocols, the performance on the CMJ was improved only when applying HIWU (p = 0.008). Post warm-up BLa was significantly higher for HIWU vs. LIWU (3.5 ± 1.0 mmol·L-1 vs. 2.3 ± 1.0 mmol·L-1; p = 0.02), with similar behavior for the RPE (p = 0.002), internal load of the session (p = 0.03). The study showed that a high-intensity warm-up protocol can improve performance in the 5000 m in trained endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael D D J Alves
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Devisson D S Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Matheus S D S Fernandes
- Graduate Program, Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - João H Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael F De Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
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De Lazzari B, Mascia G, Vannozzi G, Camomilla V. Estimating the Standing Long Jump Length from Smartphone Inertial Sensors through Machine Learning Algorithms. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050546. [PMID: 37237616 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The length of the standing long jump (SLJ) is widely recognized as an indicator of developmental motor competence or sports conditional performance. This work aims at defining a methodology to allow athletes/coaches to easily measure it using the inertial measurement units embedded on a smartphone. A sample group of 114 trained young participants was recruited and asked to perform the instrumented SLJ task. A set of features was identified based on biomechanical knowledge, then Lasso regression allowed the identification of a subset of predictors of the SLJ length that was used as input of different optimized machine learning architectures. Results obtained from the use of the proposed configuration allow an estimate of the SLJ length with a Gaussian Process Regression model with a RMSE of 0.122 m in the test phase, Kendall's τ < 0.1. The proposed models give homoscedastic results, meaning that the error of the models does not depend on the estimated quantity. This study proved the feasibility of using low-cost smartphone sensors to provide an automatic and objective estimate of SLJ performance in ecological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Lazzari
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
- GoSport s.r.l., Via Basento, Lazio, 00198 Roma, Italy
| | - Guido Mascia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, Lazio, 00135 Roma, Italy
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Lin J, Shen J, Zhang J, Zhou A, Guo W. Correlations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration and maximal speed performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14650. [PMID: 36748088 PMCID: PMC9899053 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study is to determine the associations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration, as well as maximal speed performance. Methods A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), and Web of Science. The studies that were included in this review must meet the following criteria: (1) well-trained individuals over the age of 18 years old; (2) Pearson's correlation coefficients between sprint time and horizontal jump distance were provided; (3) the sprint distance was limited to 0-100 m. The quality of the studies was assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black Quality Index test. A random-effects model was used to determine the effect sizes, and heterogeneity between studies was examined using the Q statistic and I2. Results From the identified 2,815 studies, 27 studies were included in this study (two from reference lists). The sprint time of the sprint acceleration phase was moderately and negatively correlated with the standing long jump (r = - 0.45, z = 7.48, p < 0.001), single leg standing long jump (r = - 0.48, z = 3.49, p < 0.001) and horizontal drop jump distance (r = - 0.48, z = 3.49, p < 0.001), and was largely and negatively correlated with multiple jump distance (r = - 0.69, z = 6.02, p < 0.001). Out of five studies assessed the standing triple jump, three studies reported significant positive association with the sprint acceleration performance. The sprint time of maximal speed phase was very largely and negatively associated with standing long jump distance (r = - 0.73, z = 4.44, p < 0.001) and multiple jump distance (r = - 0.76, z = 6.86, p < 0.001). Conclusions This review indicates the moderate to very large associations between horizontal jump and sprint acceleration and maximal speed performance, and the highest magnitude of associations between them is found in the multiple jump. Moreover, compared to the sprint acceleration performance, there are greater associations between maximal speed performance and standing long jump and multiple jump distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlei Lin
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Guo
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Eihara Y, Takao K, Sugiyama T, Maeo S, Terada M, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Heavy Resistance Training Versus Plyometric Training for Improving Running Economy and Running Time Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:138. [PMID: 36370207 PMCID: PMC9653533 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an adjunct to running training, heavy resistance and plyometric training have recently drawn attention as potential training modalities that improve running economy and running time trial performance. However, the comparative effectiveness is unknown. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine if there are different effects of heavy resistance training versus plyometric training as an adjunct to running training on running economy and running time trial performance in long-distance runners. METHODS Electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Twenty-two studies completely satisfied the selection criteria. Data on running economy and running time trial performance were extracted for the meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed with selected potential moderators. RESULTS The pooled effect size for running economy in heavy resistance training was greater (g = - 0.32 [95% confidence intervals [CIs] - 0.55 to - 0.10]: effect size = small) than that in plyometric training (g = -0.13 [95% CIs - 0.47 to 0.21]: trivial). The effect on running time trial performance was also larger in heavy resistance training (g = - 0.24 [95% CIs - 1.04 to - 0.55]: small) than that in plyometric training (g = - 0.17 [95% CIs - 0.27 to - 0.06]: trivial). Heavy resistance training with nearly maximal loads (≥ 90% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM], g = - 0.31 [95% CIs - 0.61 to - 0.02]: small) provided greater effects than those with lower loads (< 90% 1RM, g = - 0.17 [95% CIs - 1.05 to 0.70]: trivial). Greater effects were evident when training was performed for a longer period in both heavy resistance (10-14 weeks, g = - 0.45 [95% CIs - 0.83 to - 0.08]: small vs. 6-8 weeks, g = - 0.21 [95% CIs - 0.56 to 0.15]: small) and plyometric training (8-10 weeks, g = 0.26 [95% CIs - 0.67 to 0.15]: small vs. 4-6 weeks, g = - 0.06 [95% CIs 0.67 to 0.55]: trivial). CONCLUSIONS Heavy resistance training, especially with nearly maximal loads, may be superior to plyometric training in improving running economy and running time trial performance. In addition, running economy appears to be improved better when training is performed for a longer period in both heavy resistance and plyometric training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Eihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Kenji Takao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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AOKI K, KATSUMATA K, NAKAMARU S, KOHMURA Y. Relationship between various jumping and sprinting abilities in Japanese elementary school children. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.21.04596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Loturco I, Fernandes V, Boullosa DA, Siqueira F, Nakaya K, Carraco D, Reis VP, Pereira LA, McGuigan MR. Correlations between jump measures and competitive performance remain stable over time in top-level sprinters. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1202-1207. [PMID: 34610728 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the relationships between jump performance measures, sprint tests, and 100-m competition times in 11 top-level sprinters during two successive competitive 4-week mesocycles. METHODS Physical tests were performed 7-12 days before 3 sequential competitions. Sprinters completed standing long jump, squat and countermovement jumps, and 60-m sprint tests on each occasion. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the physical assessments and actual competition results among the three moments. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationships between the multiple variables over the consecutive mesocycles. Significance level was set at P<0.05. RESULTS No significant differences were observed among the periods for any jump or sprint performance measure (ES ranging from 0.02 to 0.33; P>0.05). Very large to nearly perfect correlations were observed for all sprint and jump variables and 100-m dash times in the three moments analyzed (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that simple jump measures can be prospectively used to monitor sprint performance. Notably, the standing long jump test was the most consistently related to 100-m time. This simple strategy may help track and field coaches to better adjust the competitive approach of their sprinters, thus optimizing their peak performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil - .,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil - .,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK -
| | | | - Daniel A Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Department of Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | | | | | - Dayse Carraco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valter P Reis
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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Takahashi K, Shirai Y, Oki S, Nabekura Y. The effect of a decrease in stretch-shortening cycle function after cycling on subsequent running. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:261-265. [PMID: 34620558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased cardiorespiratory responses and changes in muscle activity and running kinematics occur in running after cycling compared with isolated running. Nevertheless, little is known about the causes of these changes. Cycling exercise decreases the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function, which can influence subsequent running. This study aimed to clarify whether the decrease in SSC function after cycling causes cardiorespiratory and biomechanical changes in subsequent running. DESIGN Cross-sectional laboratory study. Participants were divided into two groups based on SSC function: an SSC dec group (those with decreased SSC function after cycling) and an SSC non-dec group (those without decreased SSC function after cycling). METHODS Eighteen participants (10 triathletes and 8 runners) completed maximal aerobic tests for running and cycling. After these sessions, a submaximal run-cycle-run test was performed to compare between control run (no preceding cycle) and transition run (preceded by cycling). A jump test was administered before and after the submaximal cycling. SSC function was calculated as the ratio of the jump height to the time spent in contact with the ground (reactive strength index). Gas exchange measures, heart rate, and gait parameters were collected throughout the test. RESULTS Oxygen uptake and ventilation were increased by cycling in the SSC dec group but not in the SSC non-dec group. In both groups, there were no significant differences in the gait parameters between control and transition runs. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in SSC function after cycling would increase cardiorespiratory responses in subsequent running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Takahashi
- Graduate school of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Shirai
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Tokai Gakuen University, Japan
| | - Shota Oki
- Graduate school of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Relationship between Running Spatiotemporal Kinematics and Muscle Performance in Well-Trained Youth Female Athletes. A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168869. [PMID: 34444618 PMCID: PMC8392471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the relationship of neuromuscular performance and spatiotemporal parameters in 18 adolescent distance athletes (age, 15.5 ± 1.1 years). Using the OptoGait system, the power, rhythm, reactive strength index, jump flying time, and jump height of the squat jump, countermovement jump, and eight maximal hoppings test (HT8max) and the contact time (CT), flying time (FT), step frequency, stride angle, and step length of running at different speeds were measured. Maturity offset was determined based on anthropometric variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measurements showed a reduction in CT (p < 0.000) and an increase in step frequency, step length, and stride angle (p < 0.001), as the velocity increased. The HT8max test showed significant correlations with very large effect sizes between neuromuscular performance variables (reactive strength index, power, jump flying time, jump height, and rhythm) and both step frequency and step length. Multiple linear regression found this relationship after adjusting spatiotemporal parameters with neuromuscular performance variables. Some variables of neuromuscular performance, mainly in reactive tests, were the predictors of spatiotemporal parameters (CT, FT, stride angle, and VO). Rhythm and jump flying time in the HT8max test and power in the countermovement jump test are parameters that can predict variables associated with running biomechanics, such as VO, CT, FT, and stride angle.
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Thuany M, Gomes TN, Almeida MB. Relationship between Biological, Training, and Physical Fitness Variables in the Expression of Performance in Non-Professional Runners. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:114. [PMID: 34437375 PMCID: PMC8402483 DOI: 10.3390/sports9080114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports performance is a multifactorial trait that can be associated with individual and environmental characteristics. In this study, the sample comprised 35 male runners, enrolled in the "InTrack" project. Information regarding variables related to runners' training was obtained via an online questionnaire, while anthropometric and body composition variables, as well as physical fitness components (muscular power, isometric strength, local muscular endurance, agility, and aerobic capacity) were measured, and a global physical fitness score (based on physical fitness components measured) was computed. The Weltman test (3200 m) was used to estimate runners' pace and their stride frequency. Linear regression was used, taking the running pace as dependent variable. The final model, comprising biological, physical fitness, spatiotemporal, and training variables, explained 86% of the running performance variance. Muscular power (β = -1.02; 95% CI = (-1.69)-(-0.35)), abdominal muscle endurance (β = -4.81; 95% CI = (-7.52)-(-2.10)), isometric strength (β = -422.95; 95% CI = (-689.65)-(-156.25)), global physical fitness (β = 27.14; 95% CI = 9.52-45.03), and stride frequency (β = -2.99; 95% CI = (-4.29)-(-1.69)) were significantly associated with performance, meaning that better results in tests and increasing the stride frequency leads to better performance. Individual characteristics and physical fitness components were demonstrated to be significant predictors for running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabliny Thuany
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Thayse Natacha Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Marcos B. Almeida
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
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12
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Mann JB, Bird M, Signorile JF, Brechue WF, Mayhew JL. Prediction of Anaerobic Power From Standing Long Jump in NCAA Division IA Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1542-1546. [PMID: 33927119 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mann, JB, Bird, M, Signorile, JF, Brechue, WF, and Mayhew, JL. Prediction of anaerobic power from standing long jump in NCAA Division IA football players. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1542-1546, 2021-Despite the popularity of the standing long jump (SLJ), limited research has explored the estimation of power developed during this test. The purpose of this study was to determine SLJ power from jump distance and selected anthropometric measures in NCAA Division IA football players. Height (Ht), body mass (Wt), thigh length, and lower leg length (LL) were measured in 58 players, allowing calculation of leg ratios of thigh length·Ht-1, LL·Ht-1, and TL·SL-1. Players performed 2-3 maximal familiarization trials of SLJ followed by 2 maximal jumps from a 3-dimension force plate sampling at 1,000 Hz. Standing long jump distance (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.944) and power (ICC = 0.926) calculated from resultant force and velocity vectors were highly reliable. Standing Ht (r = 0.40), Wt (r = 0.36), lower leg length (r = 0.43), total leg length (thigh + LLs) (r = 0.38), and best SLJ (r = 0.52) were significantly related (p < 0.05) to peak power, but none accounted for more than 27% of the common variance. Step-wise multiple regression identified SLJ and body mass as the only significant variables necessary to predict peak power (Power [W] = 32.49·SLJ [cm] + 39.69·Wt [kg] - 7,608, R = 0.86, SEE = 488 W, CV% = 9.3%). Standing long jump contributed 56.8% to the known variance, whereas Wt contributed 43.2%. Thus, a combination of SLJ and Wt can be used to effectively estimate explosive power in Division IA college football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bryan Mann
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Michael Bird
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri; and
| | - Joseph F Signorile
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - William F Brechue
- Physiology Department, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, Missouri
| | - Jerry L Mayhew
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri; and
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13
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Andrade DC, García-Pinillos F, Negra Y, Boullosa D, Moran J. Effects of jump training on physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners: A meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2030-2050. [PMID: 33956587 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1916261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of jump training (JT) on measures of physical fitness and athletic performances in endurance runners. Controlled studies which involved healthy endurance runners, of any age and sex, were considered. A random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes (ES; Hedge's g). Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to ES with alongside 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Twenty-one moderate-to-high quality studies were included in the meta-analysis, and these included 511 participants. The main analyses revealed a significant moderate improvement in time-trial performance (i.e. distances between 2.0 and 5.0 km; ES = 0.88), without enhancements in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), velocity at VO2max, velocity at submaximal lactate levels, heart rate at submaximal velocities, stride rate at submaximal velocities, stiffness, total body mass or maximal strength performance. However, significant small-to-moderate improvements were noted for jump performance, rate of force development, sprint performance, reactive strength, and running economy (ES = 0.36-0.73; p < 0.001 to 0.031; I2 = 0.0% to 49.3%). JT is effective in improving physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners. Improvements in time-trial performance after JT may be mediated through improvements in force generating capabilities and running economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory. Department of Physical Activity Sciences. Universidad de Los Lagos. Osorno, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Mayor. Santiago, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Mayor. Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Medicina y Fisiología de Altura, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) «Sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Tunisia
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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14
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Marchese V, Rock K, York T, Creath R, Gray V. Neuromuscular mechanisms that contribute to gross motor performance in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2021; 14:415-423. [PMID: 33935120 PMCID: PMC9299748 DOI: 10.3233/prm-200784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explored neuromuscular mechanisms and clinical measures that contribute to countermovement jump performance in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL CCS) compared to age- and sex-matched peers. METHODS This exploratory cross-sectional observational study examined 12 participants, six ALL CCS and six age- and sex-matched peers (7-16 years). During a countermovement jump, rates of muscle activation of lower leg muscles were measured with electromyography, and joint torques and peak jump height with force plates and a motion capture system. Clinical measures included muscle extensibility, balance, and mobility measured by active ankle dorsiflexion, Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency (BOT-2), and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests. RESULTS Compared to peers, ALL CCS demonstrated reduced gastrocnemius muscle extensibility and tibialis anterior rate of muscle activation, decreased jump height, and poorer performance on the BOT-2 and TUG. Jump height was significantly correlated with clinical measures of the BOT-2 and TUG. CONCLUSION These ALL CCS demonstrated neuromuscular impairments that may impact jump performance, an essential childhood physical activity. Further research is needed to explore intervention strategies to improve the neuromuscular mechanisms that contribute to high-level gross motor skills in ALL CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Marchese
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Rock
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Teresa York
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Creath
- Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, USA
| | - Vicki Gray
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Bachero-Mena B, González-Badillo JJ. Strength performance profile in 800-m athletes: a comparison between high, medium, and low performance levels. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.19.04156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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DeCouto BS, Fawver B, Taylor T, Williams AM. Physical fitness is associated with better technical performance in adolescent alpine ski racers after controlling for practice time: A retrospective regression analysis. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:380-387. [PMID: 32951530 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1823088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to evaluate the mechanisms underpinning performance in alpine ski racing, researchers have focused on the predictive validity of measures derived from fitness assessments. However, a limitation of this literature is the absence of practice time, since prolonged training may naturally develop specific fitness capacities, making some tests of physical ability less predictive of performance. We examine the relationship between fitness tests, practice, and performance using linear regressions with fitness test data, practice history data, and performance results from adolescent alpine ski racers attending professional development academies in the United States (N = 82). Only aerobic capacity (i.e. 20 m shuttle run) was significantly associated with more practice time. After controlling for practice hours, 5.5-6.5% of variance in ski performance was significantly explained by assessments of lower body power (i.e. standing long jump, triple jump), anaerobic capacity (i.e. 60 s box jump), and upper body strength/endurance (i.e. push-ups). Findings highlight the important role of anaerobic power on alpine ski racing performance, which may be developed outside of regular practice, possibly through weight training or physical maturation. The small variance explained by physical/physiological measures suggests that superior ski performance is likely a product of various skills and characteristics (e.g. technical, tactical, perceptual-cognitive, psychosocial).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady S DeCouto
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, College of Health , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Brad Fawver
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, College of Health , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Troy Taylor
- United States Ski & Snowboard , Park City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew Mark Williams
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, College of Health , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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17
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Trowell D, Vicenzino B, Saunders N, Fox A, Bonacci J. Effect of Strength Training on Biomechanical and Neuromuscular Variables in Distance Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:133-150. [PMID: 31541409 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent strength and endurance (CSE) training improves distance running performance more than endurance training alone, but the mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon are unclear. It has been hypothesised that biomechanical or neuromuscular adaptations are responsible for improvements in running performance; however, evidence on this topic has not been synthesised in a review. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of CSE training on biomechanical and neuromuscular variables in distance runners. METHODS Seven electronic databases were searched from inception to November 2018 using key terms related to running and strength training. Studies were included if the following criteria were met: (1) population: 'distance' or 'endurance' runners of any training status; (2) intervention: CSE training; (3) comparator: running-only control group; (4) outcomes: at least one biomechanical or neuromuscular variable; and, (5) study design: randomised and non-randomised comparative training studies. Biomechanical and neuromuscular variables of interest included: (1) kinematic, kinetic or electromyography outcome measures captured during running; (2) lower body muscle force, strength or power outcome measures; and (3) lower body muscle-tendon stiffness outcome measures. Methodological quality and risk of bias for each study were assessed using the PEDro scale. The level of evidence for each variable was categorised according to the quantity and PEDro rating of the included studies. Between-group standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for studies and meta-analyses were performed to identify the pooled effect of CSE training on biomechanical and neuromuscular variables. RESULTS The search resulted in 1578 potentially relevant articles, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria and were included. There was strong evidence that CSE training significantly increased knee flexion (SMD 0.89 [95% CI 0.48, 1.30], p < 0.001), ankle plantarflexion (SMD 0.74 [95% CI 0.21-1.26], p = 0.006) and squat (SMD 0.63 [95% CI 0.13, 1.12], p = 0.010) strength, but not jump height, more than endurance training alone. Moderate evidence also showed that CSE training significantly increased knee extension strength (SMD 0.69 [95% CI 0.29, 1.09], p < 0.001) more than endurance training alone. There was very limited evidence reporting changes in stride parameters and no studies examined changes in biomechanical and neuromuscular variables during running. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent strength and endurance training improves the force-generating capacity of the ankle plantarflexors, quadriceps, hamstrings and gluteal muscles. These muscles support and propel the centre of mass and accelerate the leg during running, but there is no evidence to suggest these adaptations transfer from strength exercises to running. There is a need for research that investigates changes in biomechanical and neuromuscular variables during running to elucidate the effect of CSE training on run performance in distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Trowell
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia.,Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia
| | - Bill Vicenzino
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Natalie Saunders
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Aaron Fox
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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18
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García-Pinillos F, Lago-Fuentes C, Latorre-Román PA, Pantoja-Vallejo A, Ramirez-Campillo R. Jump-Rope Training: Improved 3-km Time-Trial Performance in Endurance Runners via Enhanced Lower-Limb Reactivity and Foot-Arch Stiffness. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:927-933. [PMID: 32163923 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Plyometric training promotes a highly effective neuromuscular stimulus to improve running performance. Jumping rope (JR) involves mainly foot muscles and joints, due to the quick rebounds, and it might be considered a type of plyometric training for improving power and stiffness, some of the key factors for endurance-running performance. PURPOSE To determine the effectiveness of JR during the warm-up routine of amateur endurance runners on jumping performance, reactivity, arch stiffness, and 3-km time-trial performance. METHODS Athletes were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 51) or control (n = 45) group. Those from the control group were asked to maintain their training routines, while athletes from the experimental group had to modify their warm-up routines, including JR (2-4 sessions/wk, with a total time of 10-20 min/wk) for 10 weeks. Physical tests were performed before (pretest) and after (posttest) the intervention period and included jumping performance (countermovement-jump, squat-jump, and drop-jump tests), foot-arch stiffness, and 3-km time-trial performance. Reactive strength index (RSI) was calculated from a 30-cm drop jump. RESULTS The 2 × 2 analysis of variance showed significant pre-post differences in all dependent variables (P < .001) for the experimental group. No significant changes were reported in the control group (all P ≥ .05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between Δ3-km time trial and ΔRSI (r = -.481; P < .001) and ΔStiffness (r = -.336; P < .01). The linear-regression analysis showed that Δ3-km time trial was associated with ΔRSI and ΔStiffness (R2 = .394; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Compared with a control warm-up routine prior to endurance-running training, 10 weeks (2-4 times/wk) of JR training, in place of 5 minutes of regular warm-up activities, was effective in improving 3-km time-trial performance, jumping ability, RSI, and arch stiffness in amateur endurance runners. Improvements in RSI and arch stiffness were associated with improvements in 3-km time-trial performance.
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19
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Li F, Newton RU, Shi Y, Sutton D, Ding H. Correlation of Eccentric Strength, Reactive Strength, and Leg Stiffness With Running Economy in Well-Trained Distance Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:1491-1499. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Lüscher SH, Nocciolino LM, Pilot N, Pisani L, Ireland A, Rittweger J, Ferretti JL, Cointry GR, Capozza RF. Differences in the Cortical Structure of the Whole Fibula and Tibia Between Long-Distance Runners and Untrained Controls. Toward a Wider Conception of the Biomechanical Regulation of Cortical Bone Structure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:833. [PMID: 31827461 PMCID: PMC6890608 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical structure of human fibula varies widely throughout the bone suggesting a more selective adaptation to different mechanical environments with respect to the adjacent tibia. To test this hypothesis, serial-pQCT scans of the dominant fibulae and tibiae of 15/15 men/women chronically trained in long-distance running were compared with those of 15/15 untrained controls. When compared to controls, the fibulae of trained individuals had similar (distally) or lower (proximally) cortical area, similar moments of inertia (MI) for anterior-posterior bending (xMI) and lower for lateral bending (yMI) with a lower "shape-index" (yMI/xMI ratio) throughout, and higher resistance to buckling distally. These group differences were more evident in men and independent of group differences in bone mass. These results contrast with those observed in the tibia, where, as expected, structural indicators of bone strength were greater in trained than untrained individuals. Proximally, the larger lateral flexibility of runners' fibulae could improve the ability to store energy, and thereby contribute to fast-running optimization. Distally, the greater lateral fibular flexibility could reduce bending strength. The latter appears to have been compensated by a higher buckling strength. Assuming that these differences could be ascribed to training effects, this suggests that usage-derived strains in some bones may modify their relative structural resistance to different kinds of deformation in different regions, not only regarding strength, but also concerning other physiological roles of the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio H. Lüscher
- Center for P-Ca Metabolism Studies (CEMFoC), National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Laura M. Nocciolino
- Center for P-Ca Metabolism Studies (CEMFoC), National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Unity of Musculoskeletal Biomechanical Studies (UDEBOM), Universidad del Gran Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Pilot
- Unity of Musculoskeletal Biomechanical Studies (UDEBOM), Universidad del Gran Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Pisani
- Unity of Musculoskeletal Biomechanical Studies (UDEBOM), Universidad del Gran Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alex Ireland
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alex Ireland
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - José L. Ferretti
- Center for P-Ca Metabolism Studies (CEMFoC), National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gustavo R. Cointry
- Center for P-Ca Metabolism Studies (CEMFoC), National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo F. Capozza
- Center for P-Ca Metabolism Studies (CEMFoC), National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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21
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Andrade DC, Beltrán AR, Labarca-Valenzuela C, Manzo-Botarelli O, Trujillo E, Otero-Farias P, Álvarez C, Garcia-Hermoso A, Toledo C, Del Rio R, Silva-Urra J, Ramírez-Campillo R. Effects of Plyometric Training on Explosive and Endurance Performance at Sea Level and at High Altitude. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1415. [PMID: 30364035 PMCID: PMC6191644 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training performed at sea level enhance explosive and endurance performance at sea level. However, its effects on explosive and endurance performance at high altitude had not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of a sea level short-term (i.e., 4-week) plyometric training program on explosive and endurance performance at sea level and at high altitude (i.e., 3,270 m above sea level). Participants were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 12) and a plyometric training group (n = 11). Neuromuscular (reactive strength index – RSI) and endurance (2-km time-trial; running economy [RE]; maximal oxygen uptake - VO2max) measurements were performed at sea level before, at sea level after intervention (SL +4 week), and at high altitude 24-h post SL +4 week. The ANOVA revealed that at SL +4 week the VO2max was not significantly changed in any group, although RE, RSI and 2-km time trial were significantly (p < 0.05) improved in the plyometric training group. After training, when both groups were exposed to high altitude, participants from the plyometric training group showed a greater RSI (p < 0.05) and were able to maintain their 2-km time trial (11.3 ± 0.5 min vs. 10.7 ± 0.6 min) compared to their pre-training sea level performance. In contrast, the control group showed no improvement in RSI, with a worse 2-km time trial performance (10.3 ± 0.8 min vs. 9.02 ± 0.64 min; p < 0.05; ES = 0.13). Moreover, after training, both at sea level and at high altitude the plyometric training group demonstrated a greater (p < 0.05) RSI and 2-km time trial performance compared to the control group. The oxygen saturation was significantly decreased after acute exposure to high altitude in the two groups (p < 0.05). These results confirm the beneficial effects of sea level short-term plyometric training on explosive and endurance performance at sea level. Moreover, current results indicates that plyometric training may also be of value for endurance athletes performing after an acute exposure to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cristóbal Andrade
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Faculty of Physiological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Rosa Beltrán
- Departamento de Educación, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristian Labarca-Valenzuela
- Departamento Biomédico, Centro Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Oscar Manzo-Botarelli
- Departamento Biomédico, Centro Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Erwin Trujillo
- Departamento Biomédico, Centro Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Patricio Otero-Farias
- Departamento de Educación, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristian Álvarez
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Antonio Garcia-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Faculty of Physiological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Faculty of Physiological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Silva-Urra
- Departamento Biomédico, Centro Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
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22
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Harries SK, Lubans DR, Buxton A, MacDougall TH, Callister R. Effects of 12-Week Resistance Training on Sprint and Jump Performances in Competitive Adolescent Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2762-2769. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Roche-Seruendo LE, García-Pinillos F, Haicaguerre J, Bataller-Cervero AV, Soto-Hermoso VM, Latorre-Román PÁ. Lack of Influence of Muscular Performance Parameters on Spatiotemporal Adaptations With Increased Running Velocity. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:409-415. [PMID: 28195978 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Roche-Seruendo, LE, García-Pinillos, F, Haicaguerre, J, Bataller-Cervero, AV, Soto-Hermoso, VM, and Latorre-Román, PÁ. Lack of influence of muscular performance parameters on spatiotemporal adaptations with increased running velocity. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 409-415, 2018-This study aimed to analyze the influence of muscular performance parameters on spatiotemporal gait characteristics during running when gradually increasing speed. Fifty-one recreationally trained male endurance runners (age, 28 ± 8 years) voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects performed a battery of jumping tests (squat jump, countermovement jump, and 20-cm drop jump), and after that, the subjects performed an incremental running test (10-20 km·h) on a motorized treadmill. Spatiotemporal parameters were measured using the OptoGait system. Cluster k-means analysis grouped subjects according to the jumping test performance, by obtaining a group of good jumpers (n = 19) and a group of bad jumpers (n = 32). With increased running velocity, contact time was shorter and flight time and step length were longer, whereas cadence and stride angle were greater (p < 0.001). No significant differences between groups (p ≥ 0.05) were found at any running speed. The results obtained indicate that increased running velocity produced no differences in spatiotemporal adaptations between those runners with good jumping ability and those with poor jumping ability. Based on that, it seems that muscular performance parameters do not play a key role in spatiotemporal adaptations experienced by recreational endurance runners with increased velocity. However, taken into consideration the well-known relationship between running performance and neuromuscular performance, the authors suggest that muscular performance parameters would be much more determinant in the presence of fatigue (exhausted condition) or in the case of considering other variables such as running economy or kinetic.
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Ache-Dias J, Pupo JD, Dellagrana RA, Teixeira AS, Mochizuki L, Moro ARP. Effect of Jump Interval Training on Kinematics of the Lower Limbs and Running Economy. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:416-422. [PMID: 29176383 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ache-Dias, J, Pupo, JD, Dellagrana, RA, Teixeira, AS, Mochizuki, L, and Moro, ARP. Effect of jump interval training on kinematics of the lower limbs and running economy. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 416-422, 2017-This study analyzed the effects of the addition of jump interval training (JIT) to continuous endurance training (40-minute running at 70% of peak aerobic velocity, 3 times per week for 4 weeks) on kinematic variables and running economy (RE) during submaximal constant-load running. Eighteen recreational runners, randomized into control group (CG) or experimental group (EG) performed the endurance training. In addition, the EG performed the JIT twice per week, which consisted of 4-6 bouts of continuous vertical jumping (30 seconds) with 5-minute intervals. The oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2) during the submaximal test (performed at 9 km·h) was similar before (EG: 38.48 ± 2.75 ml·kg·min; CG: 36.45 ± 2.70 ml·kg·min) and after training (EG: 37.42 ± 2.54 ml·kg·min; CG: 35.81 ± 3.10 ml·kg·min). No effect of training, group, or interaction (p > 0.05) was found for RE. There was no interaction or group effect for the kinematic variables (p > 0.05). Most of the kinematic variables had a training effect for both groups (support time [p ≤ 0.05]; step rate [SR; p ≤ 0.05]; and step length [SL; p ≤ 0.05]). In addition, according to the practical significance analysis (percentage chances of a better/trivial/worse effect), important effects in leg stiffness (73/25/2), vertical stiffness (73/25/2), SR (71/27/2), and SL (64/33/3) were found for the EG. No significant relationship between RE and stiffness were found for EG and CG. In conclusion, the results suggest that JIT induces important changes in the kinematics of the lower limbs of recreational runners, but the changes do not affect RE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliano Dal Pupo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo A Dellagrana
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Teixeira
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luis Mochizuki
- School of Arts Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio R P Moro
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Bachero-Mena B, Pareja-Blanco F, González-Badillo JJ. Enhanced Strength and Sprint Levels, and Changes in Blood Parameters during a Complete Athletics Season in 800 m High-Level Athletes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:637. [PMID: 28912725 PMCID: PMC5583192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in sprint, strength, hematological, and hormonal parameters in high-level 800 m athletes during a complete athletics season. Thirteen male athletes of national and international level in 800 m (personal best ranging from 1:43 to 1:58 min:ss) participated in this study. A total of 5 tests were conducted during a complete athletics season. Athletes performed sprint tests (20 and 200 m), countermovement jump (CMJ), jump squat (JS), and full squat (SQ) tests. Blood samples (red and white blood profile) and hormones were collected in test 1 (T1), test 3 (T3), and test 5 (T5). A general increase in the performance of the strength and sprint parameters analyzed (CMJ, JS, SQ, 20 m, and 200 m) during the season was observed, with a significant time effect in CMJ (P < 0.01), SQ (P < 0.01), and 200 m (P < 0.05). This improvement was accompanied by a significant enhancement of the 800 m performance from T3 to T5 (P < 0.01). Significant changes in some hematological variables: hematocrit (Hct) (P < 0.01), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P < 0.001), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC) (P < 0.001), white blood cells count (WBC) (P < 0.05), neutrophils (P < 0.05), monocytes (P < 0.05), and mean platelet volume (MPV) (P < 0.05) were observed throughout the season. The hormonal response and creatin kinase (CK) did not show significant variations during the season, except for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest the importance of strength levels in middle-distance athletes. On the other hand, variations in some hematological parameters and a depression of the immune system occurred during the season. Therefore, monitoring of the mechanical, hematological and hormonal response in athletes may help coaches and athletes to optimize the regulation of training contents and may be useful to diagnose states of overreaching or overtraining in athletes throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bachero-Mena
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain.,Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain.,Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
| | - Juan J González-Badillo
- Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
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Bachero-Mena B, Pareja-Blanco F, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Yáñez-García JM, Mora-Custodio R, González-Badillo JJ. Relationships between Sprint, Jumping and Strength Abilities, and 800 M Performance in Male Athletes of National and International Levels. J Hum Kinet 2017; 58:187-195. [PMID: 28828089 PMCID: PMC5548166 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analysed the relationships between sprinting, jumping and strength abilities, with regard to 800 m running performance. Fourteen athletes of national and international levels in 800 m (personal best: 1:43-1:58 min:ss) completed sprint tests (20 m and 200 m), a countermovement jump, jump squat and full squat test as well as an 800 m race. Significant relationships (p < 0.01) were observed between 800 m performance and sprint tests: 20 m (r = 0.72) and 200 m (r = 0.84). Analysing the 200 m run, the magnitude of the relationship between the first to the last 50 m interval times and the 800 m time tended to increase (1st 50 m: r = 0.71; 2nd 50 m: r = 0.72; 3rd 50 m: r = 0.81; 4th 50 m: r = 0.85). Performance in 800 m also correlated significantly (p < 0.01-0.05) with strength variables: the countermovement jump (r = -0.69), jump squat (r = -0.65), and full squat test (r = -0.58). Performance of 800 m in high-level athletes was related to sprint, strength and jumping abilities, with 200 m and the latest 50 m of the 200 m being the variables that most explained the variance of the 800 m performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bachero-Mena
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
- Beatriz Bachero-Mena, Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1, 41013, Seville, Phone: (+34) 627578913.
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Yáñez-García
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mora-Custodio
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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Nakamura FY, Pereira LA, Rabelo FN, Ramirez-Campillo R, Loturco I. Faster Futsal Players Perceive Higher Training Loads and Present Greater Decreases in Sprinting Speed During the Preseason. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1553-62. [PMID: 26562717 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the speed-power characteristics of professional futsal players before and after a 9-week preseason and to explore possible relationships with internal training loads. Ten under-20 professional Brazilian futsal players performed unloaded (squat jump [SJ] and countermovement jump [CMJ]) and loaded (jump squat [JS]) jumps and a 20-m sprint test before and after the preseason. Weekly training loads as measured by session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) varied between 2,179 and 5,519 a.u. The magnitude-based inference statistics revealed that performance in the SJ, CMJ, and 20-m sprint very likely decreased (effect size [ES] = -0.64, -0.49, and -0.92, respectively), whereas mean propulsive power in the JS likely increased (ES = 0.42) in response to the preseason. The Pearson coefficient of correlation between velocity in the 20 m sprint test and s-RPE during the first 2 weeks of training was 0.66 (p ≤ 0.05) while no significant correlation was detected between total s-RPE (i.e., 9 weeks) and changes in the power-speed tests. The baseline 20-m sprint velocity was very largely and inversely (r = -0.90) correlated with the change in the 20-m sprint performance. In conclusion, futsal preseason training leads to impaired unloaded vertical jump and sprint test performance, with speed decreasing more in faster than slower players. In addition, because of the large correlation between baseline sprint ability and s-RPE, coaches are advised to assess sprinting performance at the beginning of the preseason to finely adjust the training stimuli to each athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Y Nakamura
- 1NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; 3Department of Futsal, Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil; and 4Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
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Balsalobre-Fernández C, Santos-Concejero J, Grivas GV. Effects of Strength Training on Running Economy in Highly Trained Runners: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2361-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa K, Shibata K. Acute Effect of Dynamic Stretching on Endurance Running Performance in Well-Trained Male Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:3045-52. [PMID: 25932984 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the acute effect of dynamic stretching (DS) on relative high-intensity endurance running performance. The endurance running performances of 7 well-trained middle- or long-distance male runners were assessed on a treadmill after 2 types of pretreatment. The pretreatments were nonstretching (NS) and DS treatment. In the DS treatment, DS was performed as 1 set of 10 repetitions as quickly as possible for the 5 muscle groups in lower extremities. The endurance running performances were evaluated by time to exhaustion (TTE) and total running distance (TRD) during running at a velocity equivalent to 90% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in each subject. The oxygen uptake (VO2) during running was measured as an index of running economy (RE). The TTE (928.6 ± 215.0 seconds) after DS treatment was significantly (p < 0.01) more prolonged compared with that (785.3 ± 206.2 seconds) after NS. The TRD (4,301.2 ± 893.8 m) after DS treatment was also significantly (p < 0.01) longer than that (3,616.9 ± 783.3 m) after NS. The changes in the VO2 during running, however, did not significantly (p > 0.05) differ between the pretreatments. The results demonstrated that the DS treatment improved the endurance performance of running at a velocity equivalent to 90% VO2max in well-trained male runners, although it did not change the RE. This running velocity is equivalent to that for a 3,000- or 5,000-m race. Our finding suggests that performing DS during warm-up before a race is effective for improving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Yamaguchi
- 1Laboratory of Food Ecology and Sports Science, Department of Foods Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan; 2Research Division for Lifelong Learning, Center for Research and Development in Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; and 3Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Cal Abad CC, DʼAngelo RA, Fernandes V, Kitamura K, Kobal R, Nakamura FY. Vertical and Horizontal Jump Tests Are Strongly Associated With Competitive Performance in 100-m Dash Events. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:1966-71. [PMID: 25627643 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen male elite sprinters performed short-distance sprints and jump tests until 18 days before 100-m dash competitions in track and field to determine if these tests are associated with 100-m sprint times. Testing comprised of squat jumps (SJ), countermovement jumps (CMJ), horizontal jumps (HJ), maximum mean propulsive power relative to body mass in loaded jump squats, and a flying start 50-m sprint. Moderate associations were found between speed tests and competitive 100-m times (r = 0.54, r = 0.61, and r = 0.66 for 10-, 30-, and 50-m, respectively, p ≤ 0.05). In addition, the maximum mean propulsive power relative to body mass was very largely correlated with 100-m sprinting performance (r = 0.75, p < 0.01). The correlations of SJ, CMJ, and HJ with actual 100-m sprinting times amounted to -0.82, -0.85, and -0.81, respectively. Because of their practicality, safeness, and relationship with the actual times obtained by top-level athletes in 100-m dash events, it is highly recommended that SJ, CMJ, and HJ be regularly incorporated into elite sprint-testing routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- 1NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2BMF-BOVESPA, Track & Field Club, São Paulo, Brazil; and 3State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Loturco I, DʼAngelo RA, Fernandes V, Gil S, Kobal R, Cal Abad CC, Kitamura K, Nakamura FY. Relationship between sprint ability and loaded/unloaded jump tests in elite sprinters. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:758-64. [PMID: 25162648 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The neuromechanical determinants of sprint running performance have been investigated in team sports athletes and non-elite sprinters. The aim of this study was to quantify the relationships between kinetic and performance parameters, obtained in loaded and unloaded vertical and horizontal jumps, and sprinting in elite athletes. Twenty-two sprinters performed squat jumps, countermovement jumps, horizontal jumps, and jump squats with different loads on a force platform, in addition to a 50-m sprint. Results indicated that jumping height and distance in vertical and horizontal jumps are more strongly correlated (R ≈ 0.81) to sprinting speed than the respective peak forces (R ≈ 0.36). Furthermore, the optimum load generating the maximum power in the jump squat is also highly correlated to sprint performance (R ≈ 0.72). These results reveal that vertical and horizontal jump tests may be used by coaches for assessing and monitoring qualities related to sprinting performance in elite sprinters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- 1NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2BMF-BOVESPA, Track & Field Club, São Paulo, Brazil; and 3State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Ache-Dias J, Dellagrana RA, Teixeira AS, Dal Pupo J, Moro AR. Effect of jumping interval training on neuromuscular and physiological parameters: a randomized controlled study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:20-5. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effect of 4 weeks of jumping interval training (JIT), included in endurance training, on neuromuscular and physiological parameters. Eighteen recreational runners, randomized in control and experimental groups, performed 40 min of running at 70% of velocity at peak oxygen uptake, for 3 times per week. Additionally, the experimental group performed the JIT twice per week, which consisted of 4 to 6 bouts of continuous vertical jumps (30 s) with 5-min intervals. Three days before and after the training period, the countermovement (CMJ) and continuous jump (CJ30), isokinetic and isometric evaluation of knee extensors/flexors, progressive maximal exercise, and submaximal constant-load exercise were performed. The JIT provoked improvement in neuromuscular performance, indicated by (i) increased jump height (4.7%; effect size (ES) = 0.99) and power output (≈3.7%; ES ≈ 0.82) of CMJ and rate of torque development of knee extensors in isometric contraction (29.5%; ES = 1.02); (ii) anaerobic power and capacity, represented by the mean of jump height (7.4%; ES = 0.8), and peak power output (PPO) (5.6%; ES = 0.73) of the first jumps of CJ30 and the mean of jump height (10.2%, ES = 1.04) and PPO (9.5%, ES = 1.1), considering all jumps of CJ30; and (iii) aerobic power and capacity, represented by peak oxygen uptake (9.1%, ES = 1.28), velocity at peak oxygen uptake (2.7%, ES = 1.11), and velocity corresponding to the onset of blood lactate accumulation (9.7%, ES = 1.23). These results suggest that the JIT included in traditional endurance training induces moderate to large effects on neuromuscular and physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ache-Dias
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports (CDS), Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo A. Dellagrana
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports (CDS), Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Anderson S. Teixeira
- Physical Effort Laboratory, CDS, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliano Dal Pupo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports (CDS), Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Antônio R.P. Moro
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports (CDS), Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Kobal R, Zanetti V, Kitamura K, Abad CCC, Nakamura FY. Transference effect of vertical and horizontal plyometrics on sprint performance of high-level U-20 soccer players. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:2182-91. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1081394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Current Methodologies and Implications of Phase Identification of the Vertical Jump: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45:1311-1323. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Loturco I, Gil S, Laurino CFDS, Roschel H, Kobal R, Cal Abad CC, Nakamura FY. Differences in Muscle Mechanical Properties Between Elite Power and Endurance Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1723-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hammami R, Makhlouf I, Chtara M, Padulo J, Chaouachi A. The contribution of vertical explosive strength to sprint performance in children. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-014-0200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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