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Peggion C, Calì T, Brini M. Mitochondria Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration: Who Comes First? Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:240. [PMID: 38397838 PMCID: PMC10885966 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) encompass an assorted array of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, each characterised by distinct clinical manifestations and underlying pathological mechanisms. While some cases have a genetic basis, many NDs occur sporadically. Despite their differences, these diseases commonly feature chronic neuroinflammation as a hallmark. Consensus has recently been reached on the possibility that mitochondria dysfunction and protein aggregation can mutually contribute to the activation of neuroinflammatory response and thus to the onset and progression of these disorders. In the present review, we discuss the contribution of mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation to the aetiology and progression of NDs, highlighting the possibility that new potential therapeutic targets can be identified to tackle neurodegenerative processes and alleviate the progression of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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2
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Bennett NK, Lee M, Orr AL, Nakamura K. Systems-level analyses dissociate genetic regulators of reactive oxygen species and energy production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307904121. [PMID: 38207075 PMCID: PMC10801874 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307904121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory chain dysfunction can decrease ATP and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Despite the importance of these metabolic parameters to a wide range of cellular functions and disease, we lack an integrated understanding of how they are differentially regulated. To address this question, we adapted a CRISPRi- and FACS-based platform to compare the effects of respiratory gene knockdown on ROS to their effects on ATP. Focusing on genes whose knockdown is known to decrease mitochondria-derived ATP, we showed that knockdown of genes in specific respiratory chain complexes (I, III, and CoQ10 biosynthesis) increased ROS, whereas knockdown of other low ATP hits either had no impact (mitochondrial ribosomal proteins) or actually decreased ROS (complex IV). Moreover, although shifting metabolic conditions profoundly altered mitochondria-derived ATP levels, it had little impact on mitochondrial or cytosolic ROS. In addition, knockdown of a subset of complex I subunits-including NDUFA8, NDUFB4, and NDUFS8-decreased complex I activity, mitochondria-derived ATP, and supercomplex level, but knockdown of these genes had differential effects on ROS. Conversely, we found an essential role for ether lipids in the dynamic regulation of mitochondrial ROS levels independent of ATP. Thus, our results identify specific metabolic regulators of cellular ATP and ROS balance that may help dissect the roles of these processes in disease and identify therapeutic strategies to independently target energy failure and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal K. Bennett
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Megan Lee
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA94158
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Adam L. Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA94158
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
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3
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Key J, Gispert S, Koepf G, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Reichlmeir M, Auburger G. Translation Fidelity and Respiration Deficits in CLPP-Deficient Tissues: Mechanistic Insights from Mitochondrial Complexome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17503. [PMID: 38139332 PMCID: PMC10743472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial matrix peptidase CLPP is crucial during cell stress. Its loss causes Perrault syndrome type 3 (PRLTS3) with infertility, neurodegeneration, and a growth deficit. Its target proteins are disaggregated by CLPX, which also regulates heme biosynthesis via unfolding ALAS enzymes, providing access for pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP). Despite efforts in diverse organisms with multiple techniques, CLPXP substrates remain controversial. Here, avoiding recombinant overexpression, we employed complexomics in mitochondria from three mouse tissues to identify endogenous targets. A CLPP absence caused the accumulation and dispersion of CLPX-VWA8 as AAA+ unfoldases, and of PLPBP. Similar changes and CLPX-VWA8 co-migration were evident for mitoribosomal central protuberance clusters, translation factors like GFM1-HARS2, the RNA granule components LRPPRC-SLIRP, and enzymes OAT-ALDH18A1. Mitochondrially translated proteins in testes showed reductions to <30% for MTCO1-3, the mis-assembly of the complex IV supercomplex, and accumulated metal-binding assembly factors COX15-SFXN4. Indeed, heavy metal levels were increased for iron, molybdenum, cobalt, and manganese. RT-qPCR showed compensatory downregulation only for Clpx mRNA; most accumulated proteins appeared transcriptionally upregulated. Immunoblots validated VWA8, MRPL38, MRPL18, GFM1, and OAT accumulation. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed CLPX binding to MRPL38, GFM1, and OAT, so excess CLPX and PLP may affect their activity. Our data mechanistically elucidate the mitochondrial translation fidelity deficits which underlie progressive hearing impairment in PRLTS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Key
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Gabriele Koepf
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;
| | - Marina Reichlmeir
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Georg Auburger
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.G.); (M.R.); (G.A.)
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4
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Wang Y, Shen Z, Wu H, Yu Z, Wu X, Zhou L, Guo F. Identification of genes related to glucose metabolism and analysis of the immune characteristics in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2023; 1819:148545. [PMID: 37619853 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucose metabolism plays a crucial role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this study is to identify genes related to glucose metabolism in AD by bioinformatics, construct an early AD prediction model from the perspective of glucose metabolism, and analyze the characteristics of immune cell infiltration. METHODS AD-related modules and genes were screened by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The GO and KEEG enrichment analysis were used to explore the potential biological functions of glucose metabolism related genes (GMRGs) in AD. The Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator (LASSO) method was used to construct an early AD prediction model based on GMRGs. Then, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and nomogram were introduced to evaluate the effectiveness of this model. Finally, CIBERSORT and single-cell analysis were applied for illustrating the immune characteristics in AD patients. RESULTS A total of 462 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained between Non-Alzheimer's disease (ND,) and AD groups. The genes in the blue module had the highest correlation with AD by WGCNA analysis. We found 18 intersected genes among DEGs, blue model genes and GMRGs according to the Venn diagram. The GO and KEEG enrichment analysis showed that these 18 genes were mainly involved in the production of metabolites and energy, glycolysis, amino acid biosynthesis and so on. The early AD prediction model including ENO2, TPI1, AEBP1, HERC1, PCSK1, PREPL, SLC25A4, UQCRC2, CHST6, DDIT4, ACSS1 and SUCLA2 was constructed by LASSO analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) of this model in brain tissues was 0.942. Then, we draw the nomogram of this model and the C-index was 0.942. The model was further validated in blood samples and the AUC was 0.644. Immune cell infiltration analysis showed that the proportion of plasma cells, T cells follicular helper and activated NK cells in AD group were significantly lower than ND group, while the proportion of M1 macrophages, neutrophils, T cells CD4 naive and γ-δ T cells was significantly increased when compared with the ND group. Additionally, the specific GMRGs such as ENO2, DDIT4, and SUCLA2 are significantly correlated with certain immune cells such as plasma cells, follicular helper T cells, and M1 macrophages. Single-cell analysis results suggested that the increased macrophages in AD was associated with the up-regulation of AEBP1, DDIT4 and ACSS1. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis model based on the twelve GMRGs has strong predictive ability and can be used as early diagnosis biomarkers for AD. In addition, these GMRGs closely associate with AD development by influencing the glucose metabolism of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhouji Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering (NIIME), Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zefeng Yu
- School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Xiping Wu
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Libin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Fei Guo
- Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering (NIIME), Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.
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5
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Bennett NK, Lee M, Orr AL, Nakamura K. Systems-level analyses dissociate genetic regulators of reactive oxygen species and energy production. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.14.562276. [PMID: 37904938 PMCID: PMC10614765 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.14.562276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory chain dysfunction can decrease ATP and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Despite the importance of these metabolic parameters to a wide range of cellular functions and disease, we lack an integrated understanding of how they are differentially regulated. To address this question, we adapted a CRISPRi- and FACS- based platform to compare the effects of respiratory gene knockdown on ROS to their effects on ATP. Focusing on genes whose knockdown is known to decrease mitochondria-derived ATP, we showed that knockdown of genes in specific respiratory chain complexes (I, III and CoQ10 biosynthesis) increased ROS, whereas knockdown of other low ATP hits either had no impact (mitochondrial ribosomal proteins) or actually decreased ROS (complex IV). Moreover, although shifting metabolic conditions profoundly altered mitochondria-derived ATP levels, it had little impact on mitochondrial or cytosolic ROS. In addition, knockdown of a subset of complex I subunits-including NDUFA8, NDUFB4, and NDUFS8-decreased complex I activity, mitochondria-derived ATP and supercomplex level, but knockdown of these genes had differential effects on ROS. Conversely, we found an essential role for ether lipids in the dynamic regulation of mitochondrial ROS levels independent of ATP. Thus, our results identify specific metabolic regulators of cellular ATP and ROS balance that may help dissect the roles of these processes in disease and identify therapeutic strategies to independently target energy failure and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal K. Bennett
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Megan Lee
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815
| | - Adam L. Orr
- Appel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815
- Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
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6
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Byrnes AE, Dominguez SL, Yen CW, Laufer BI, Foreman O, Reichelt M, Lin H, Sagolla M, Hötzel K, Ngu H, Soendergaard C, Estevez A, Lin HC, Goyon A, Bian J, Lin J, Hinz FI, Friedman BA, Easton A, Hoogenraad CC. Lipid nanoparticle delivery limits antisense oligonucleotide activity and cellular distribution in the brain after intracerebroventricular injection. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:773-793. [PMID: 37346977 PMCID: PMC10280097 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutics are being investigated for a broad range of neurological diseases. While ASOs have been effective in the clinic, improving productive ASO internalization into target cells remains a key area of focus in the field. Here, we investigated how the delivery of ASO-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) affects ASO activity, subcellular trafficking, and distribution in the brain. We show that ASO-LNPs increase ASO activity up to 100-fold in cultured primary brain cells as compared to non-encapsulated ASO. However, in contrast to the widespread ASO uptake and activity observed following free ASO delivery in vivo, LNP-delivered ASOs did not downregulate mRNA levels throughout the brain after intracerebroventricular injection. This lack of activity was likely due to ASO accumulation in cells lining the ventricles and blood vessels. Furthermore, we reveal a formulation-dependent activation of the immune system post dosing, suggesting that LNP encapsulation cannot mask cellular ASO backbone-mediated toxicities. Together, these data provide insights into how LNP encapsulation affects ASO distribution as well as activity in the brain, and a foundation that enables future optimization of brain-targeting ASO-LNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Byrnes
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sara L. Dominguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chun-Wan Yen
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin I. Laufer
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mike Reichelt
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Meredith Sagolla
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kathy Hötzel
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hai Ngu
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christoffer Soendergaard
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hsiu-Chao Lin
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Juan Bian
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jessica Lin
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Flora I. Hinz
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brad A. Friedman
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Easton
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Swerdlow RH. The Alzheimer's Disease Mitochondrial Cascade Hypothesis: A Current Overview. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:751-768. [PMID: 36806512 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Viable Alzheimer's disease (AD) hypotheses must account for its age-dependence; commonality; association with amyloid precursor protein, tau, and apolipoprotein E biology; connection with vascular, inflammation, and insulin signaling changes; and systemic features. Mitochondria and parameters influenced by mitochondria could link these diverse characteristics. Mitochondrial biology can initiate changes in pathways tied to AD and mediate the dysfunction that produces the clinical phenotype. For these reasons, conceptualizing a mitochondrial cascade hypothesis is a straightforward process and data accumulating over decades argue the validity of its principles. Alternative AD hypotheses may yet account for its mitochondria-related phenomena, but absent this happening a primary mitochondrial cascade hypothesis will continue to evolve and attract interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
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8
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Ashleigh T, Swerdlow RH, Beal MF. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:333-342. [PMID: 35522844 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To promote new thinking of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we examine the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. Pathologically, AD is characterized by progressive neuronal loss and biochemical abnormalities including mitochondrial dysfunction. Conventional thinking has dictated that AD is driven by amyloid beta pathology, per the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis. However, the underlying mechanism of how amyloid beta leads to cognitive decline remains unclear. A model correctly identifying the pathogenesis of AD is critical and needed for the development of effective therapeutics. Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to the core pathological feature of AD: neuronal dysfunction. Targeting mitochondria and associated proteins may hold promise for new strategies for the development of disease-modifying therapies. According to the Mitochondrial Cascade Hypothesis, mitochondrial dysfunction drives the pathogenesis of AD, as baseline mitochondrial function and mitochondrial change rates influence the progression of cognitive decline. HIGHLIGHTS: The Amyloid Cascade Model does not readily account for various parameters associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A unified model correctly identifying the pathogenesis of AD is greatly needed to inform the development of successful therapeutics. Mitochondria play a key and central role in the maintenance of optimal neuronal and synaptic function, the core pathological feature of AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction may be the primary cause of AD, and is a promising target for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophania Ashleigh
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
| | - M Flint Beal
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Wu YG, Song LJ, Yin LJ, Yin JJ, Wang Q, Yu JZ, Xiao BG, Ma CG. The effects and potential of microglial polarization and crosstalk with other cells of the central nervous system in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:947-954. [PMID: 36254973 PMCID: PMC9827789 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system. During the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, stimulatory factors continuously act on the microglia causing abnormal activation and unbalanced phenotypic changes; these events have become a significant and promising area of research. In this review, we summarize the effects of microglial polarization and crosstalk with other cells in the central nervous system in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Our literature search found that phenotypic changes occur continuously in Alzheimer's disease and that microglia exhibit extensive crosstalk with astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, and penetrated peripheral innate immune cells via specific signaling pathways and cytokines. Collectively, unlike previous efforts to modulate microglial phenotypes at a single level, targeting the phenotypes of microglia and the crosstalk with other cells in the central nervous system may be more effective in reducing inflammation in the central nervous system in Alzheimer's disease. This would establish a theoretical basis for reducing neuronal death from central nervous system inflammation and provide an appropriate environment to promote neuronal regeneration in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ge Wu
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China,Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Yin
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jun-Jun Yin
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China,Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases/Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China,Institute of Brain Science/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases/Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, China,Correspondence to: Cun-Gen Ma, .
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10
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Downregulation of PTCD1 in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Predicts Poor Prognosis and Levels of Immune Infiltration. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:1146186. [PMID: 35799606 PMCID: PMC9256401 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1146186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pentatricopeptide repeat domain 1 (PTCD1) was reported to regulate mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. However, the effect and mechanism of PTCD1 in the development of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) remain unclear. The databases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) were used to analyze the expression changes, clinical features, and prognostic values of PTCD1. A nomogram was built to predict the prognostic outcomes of BLCA cases. The potential genes interacting with PTCD1 were explored by Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (WGCNA). The estimation of associations between PTCD1 and tumor mutations, tumor immunities, and m6A methylations was performed. The study found that the gradual decrease of PTCD1 expression was observed with the increase of stage and grade. Low PTCD1 expression was greatly correlated with higher pathological stage, N stage, and poor prognosis in TCGA cohorts; interestingly, low-grade BLCA cases all exhibited high expression of PTCD1. HPA database analysis implied that the expression of PTCD1 protein in BLCA was lower than that in normal bladder tissue, and the protein expression of PTCD1 in high-grade BLCA was lower than that in low-grade BLCA. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that PTCD1 may serve as an independent factor influencing prognosis of BLCA. Mechanistically, PTCD1 played a regulatory role in BLCA progression through multiple tumor-related pathways containing PI3K-Akt signaling, ECM-receptor interaction, oxidative phosphorylation, and extracellular matrix organization. WGCNA reported that PTCD1 had a strong positive correlation with POLR2J, ZNHT1, ATP5MF, PDAP1, BUD31, and COPS6. Besides, the mRNA expression of PTCD1 was negatively associated with immune cells' infiltrations, immune functions, and checkpoints, especially with some m6A methylation regulators in BLCA. In sum, downregulation of PTCD1 expression may be involved in the development of BLCA and remarkably correlated with poor prognosis. Meantime, it showed an influence in immune cell infiltration and may serve as an agreeable prognostic indicator in BLCA.
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11
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Webb C, Ip S, Bathula NV, Popova P, Soriano SKV, Ly HH, Eryilmaz B, Nguyen Huu VA, Broadhead R, Rabel M, Villamagna I, Abraham S, Raeesi V, Thomas A, Clarke S, Ramsay EC, Perrie Y, Blakney AK. Current Status and Future Perspectives on MRNA Drug Manufacturing. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1047-1058. [PMID: 35238565 PMCID: PMC8905930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic launched an unprecedented global effort to rapidly develop vaccines to stem the spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines were developed quickly by companies that were actively developing mRNA therapeutics and vaccines for other indications, leading to two mRNA vaccines being not only the first SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to be approved for emergency use but also the first mRNA drugs to gain emergency use authorization and to eventually gain full approval. This was possible partly because mRNA sequences can be altered to encode nearly any protein without significantly altering its chemical properties, allowing the drug substance to be a modular component of the drug product. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) technology required to protect the ribonucleic acid (RNA) and mediate delivery into the cytoplasm of cells is likewise modular, as are technologies and infrastructure required to encapsulate the RNA into the LNP. This enabled the rapid adaptation of the technology to a new target. Upon the coattails of the clinical success of mRNA vaccines, this modularity will pave the way for future RNA medicines for cancer, gene therapy, and RNA engineered cell therapies. In this review, trends in the publication records and clinical trial registrations are tallied to show the sharp intensification in preclinical and clinical research for RNA medicines. Demand for the manufacturing of both the RNA drug substance (DS) and the LNP drug product (DP) has already been strained, causing shortages of the vaccine, and the rise in development and translation of other mRNA drugs in the coming years will exacerbate this strain. To estimate demand for DP manufacturing, the dosing requirements for the preclinical and clinical studies of the two approved mRNA vaccines were examined. To understand the current state of mRNA-LNP production, current methods and technologies are reviewed, as are current and announced global capacities for commercial manufacturing. Finally, a vision is rationalized for how emerging technologies such as self-amplifying mRNA, microfluidic production, and trends toward integrated and distributed manufacturing will shape the future of RNA manufacturing and unlock the potential for an RNA medicine revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Webb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and
Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street,
Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Shell Ip
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Nuthan V. Bathula
- Michael Smith Laboratories & School of Biomedical
Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Petya Popova
- Michael Smith Laboratories & School of Biomedical
Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shekinah K. V. Soriano
- Michael Smith Laboratories & School of Biomedical
Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Han Han Ly
- Michael Smith Laboratories & School of Biomedical
Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Burcu Eryilmaz
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and
Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street,
Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Viet Anh Nguyen Huu
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Richard Broadhead
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Martin Rabel
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Ian Villamagna
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Suraj Abraham
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Vahid Raeesi
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Anitha Thomas
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Samuel Clarke
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Euan C. Ramsay
- Precision NanoSystems Inc,
655 West Kent Avenue North Unit 50, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6T7,
Canada
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and
Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street,
Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K. Blakney
- Michael Smith Laboratories & School of Biomedical
Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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12
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Watts A, Chalise P, Hu J, Hui D, Pa J, Andrews SJ, Michaelis EK, Swerdlow RH. A Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Defines Patterns of Five-Year Cognitive Change. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:913-922. [PMID: 35964186 PMCID: PMC10015634 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive decline. A particular haplogroup of mtDNA, haplogroup J, has been observed more commonly in patients with AD than in cognitively normal controls. OBJECTIVE We used two mtDNA haplogroups, H and J, to predict change in cognitive performance over five years. We hypothesized that haplogroup J carriers would show less cognitive resilience. METHODS We analyzed data from 140 cognitively normal older adults who participated in the University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center clinical cohort between 2011 and 2020. We used factor analysis to create three composite scores (verbal memory, attention, and executive function) from 11 individual cognitive tests. We performed latent growth curve modeling to describe trajectories of cognitive performance and change adjusting for age, sex, years of education, and APOE ɛ4 allele carrier status. We compared haplogroup H, the most common group, to haplogroup J, the potential risk group. RESULTS Haplogroup J carriers had significantly lower baseline performance and slower rates of improvement on tests of verbal memory compared to haplogroup H carriers. We did not observe differences in executive function or attention. CONCLUSION Our results reinforce the role of mtDNA in changes to cognitive function in a domain associated with risk for dementia, verbal memory, but not with other cognitive domains. Future research should investigate the distinct mechanisms by which mtDNA might affect performance on verbal memory as compared to other cognitive domains across haplogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Watts
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Jinxiang Hu
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Dongwei Hui
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas
| | - Judy Pa
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego
| | - Shea J Andrews
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Elias K Michaelis
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center
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13
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Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Du Y, Liu X. The heterogeneity among subgroups of haplogroup J influencing Alzheimer's disease risk. J Adv Res 2021; 33:117-126. [PMID: 34603783 PMCID: PMC8463963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The impact of mitochondrial haplogroups on Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk has not been fully elucidated and warrants further investigation at the subgroup level. Objectives The aim of this research is to evaluate the association between mitochondrial haplogroups and AD risk in subgroups level. Methods In total, 809 AD Neuroimaging Initiative subjects were assessed using mtDNA sequencing, the AD Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog), hippocampal volume measurements, the hypometabolic convergence index (HCI), and MCI-to-AD conversion proportion measurements. Results The frequency of haplogroup J was significantly higher than that of other haplogroups in the AD group (p = 0.013). According to the correlation between haplogroup J-specific SNPs and ADAS-cog, haplogroup J was divided into four subgroups harboring exacerbating SNPs, protective SNPs, both exacerbating and protective SNPs, or irrelevant SNPs. The subgroups harboring exacerbating SNPs exhibited higher AD risk represented by the levels of ADAS-cog, hippocampal volume, HCI, and MCI-to-AD conversion proportion than other subgroups. Conclusion Heterogeneity existed among the subgroups of haplogroup J, which suggested that different subgroups exhibited different levels of AD risk. This study provides novel insights into the correlation between mitochondrial haplogroups and AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaoChen Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - XiaoQuan Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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14
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Paliwal D, McInerney TW, Pa J, Swerdlow RH, Easteal S, Andrews SJ. Mitochondrial pathway polygenic risk scores are associated with Alzheimer's Disease. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 108:213-222. [PMID: 34521561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic, animal and epidemiological studies involving biomolecular and clinical endophenotypes implicate mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) provide a novel approach to assess biological pathway-associated disease risk by combining the effects of variation at multiple, functionally related genes. We investigated the associations of PRS for genes involved in 12 mitochondrial pathways (pathway-PRS) with AD in 854 participants from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Pathway-PRS for the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genome (OR: 1.99 [95% Cl: 1.70, 2.35]) and three mitochondrial pathways is significantly associated with increased AD risk: (i) response to oxidative stress (OR: 2.01 [95% Cl: 1.71, 2.38]); (ii) mitochondrial transport (OR: 1.81 [95% Cl: 1.55, 2.13]); (iii) hallmark oxidative phosphorylation (OR: 1.22 [95% Cl: 1.06, 1.40]. Therapeutic approaches targeting these pathways may have the potential for modifying AD pathogenesis. Further investigation is required to establish a causal role for these pathways in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashi Paliwal
- Department of Genome Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Tim W McInerney
- Department of Genome Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Judy Pa
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, USC Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Simon Easteal
- Department of Genome Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Shea J Andrews
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
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15
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Hilander T, Jackson CB, Robciuc M, Bashir T, Zhao H. The roles of assembly factors in mammalian mitoribosome biogenesis. Mitochondrion 2021; 60:70-84. [PMID: 34339868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As ancient bacterial endosymbionts of eukaryotic cells, mitochondria have retained their own circular DNA as well as protein translation system including mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes). In recent years, methodological advancements in cryoelectron microscopy and mass spectrometry have revealed the extent of the evolutionary divergence of mitoribosomes from their bacterial ancestors and their adaptation to the synthesis of 13 mitochondrial DNA encoded oxidative phosphorylation complex subunits. In addition to the structural data, the first assembly pathway maps of mitoribosomes have started to emerge and concomitantly also the assembly factors involved in this process to achieve fully translational competent particles. These transiently associated factors assist in the intricate assembly process of mitoribosomes by enhancing protein incorporation, ribosomal RNA folding and modification, and by blocking premature or non-native protein binding, for example. This review focuses on summarizing the current understanding of the known mammalian mitoribosome assembly factors and discussing their possible roles in the assembly of small or large mitoribosomal subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Hilander
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Christopher B Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marius Robciuc
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanzeela Bashir
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi, China.
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16
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Zhang S, Lachance BB, Mattson MP, Jia X. Glucose metabolic crosstalk and regulation in brain function and diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102089. [PMID: 34118354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brain glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen turnover, produces ATP for energetic support and provides the precursors for the synthesis of biological macromolecules. Although glucose metabolism in neurons and astrocytes has been extensively studied, the glucose metabolism of microglia and oligodendrocytes, and their interactions with neurons and astrocytes, remain critical to understand brain function. Brain regions with heterogeneous cell composition and cell-type-specific profiles of glucose metabolism suggest that metabolic networks within the brain are complex. Signal transduction proteins including those in the Wnt, GSK-3β, PI3K-AKT, and AMPK pathways are involved in regulating these networks. Additionally, glycolytic enzymes and metabolites, such as hexokinase 2, acetyl-CoA, and enolase 2, are implicated in the modulation of cellular function, microglial activation, glycation, and acetylation of biomolecules. Given these extensive networks, glucose metabolism dysfunction in the whole brain or specific cell types is strongly associated with neurologic pathology including ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. This review characterizes the glucose metabolism networks of the brain based on molecular signaling and cellular and regional interactions, and elucidates glucose metabolism-based mechanisms of neurological diseases and therapeutic approaches that may ameliorate metabolic abnormalities in those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Brittany Bolduc Lachance
- Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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17
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: A Biomarker of the Future? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010063. [PMID: 33440662 PMCID: PMC7827030 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and is characterised pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid beta and tau protein aggregates. Currently, there are no approved disease modifying therapies for clearance of either of these proteins from the brain of people with AD. As well as abnormalities in protein aggregation, other pathological changes are seen in this condition. The function of mitochondria in both the nervous system and rest of the body is altered early in this disease, and both amyloid and tau have detrimental effects on mitochondrial function. In this review article, we describe how the function and structure of mitochondria change in AD. This review summarises current imaging techniques that use surrogate markers of mitochondrial function in both research and clinical practice, but also how mitochondrial functions such as ATP production, calcium homeostasis, mitophagy and reactive oxygen species production are affected in AD mitochondria. The evidence reviewed suggests that the measurement of mitochondrial function may be developed into a future biomarker for early AD. Further work with larger cohorts of patients is needed before mitochondrial functional biomarkers are ready for clinical use.
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18
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Swerdlow RH, Hui D, Chalise P, Sharma P, Wang X, Andrews SJ, Pa J, Mahnken JD, Morris J, Wilkins HM, Burns JM, Michaelis ML, Michaelis EK. Exploratory analysis of mtDNA haplogroups in two Alzheimer's longitudinal cohorts. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1164-1172. [PMID: 32543785 PMCID: PMC9847473 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants may influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. METHODS We sequenced mtDNA from 146 AD and 265 cognitively normal (CN) subjects from the University of Kansas AD Center (KUADC) and assigned haplogroups. We further considered 244 AD and 242 CN AD Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) subjects with equivalent data. RESULTS Without applying multiple comparisons corrections, KUADC haplogroup J AD and CN frequencies were 16.4% versus 7.6% (P = .007), and haplogroup K AD and CN frequencies were 4.8% versus 10.2% (P = .063). ADNI haplogroup J AD and CN frequencies were 10.7% versus 7.0% (P = .20), and haplogroup K frequencies were 4.9% versus 8.7% (P = .11). For the combined 390 AD and 507 CN cases haplogroup J frequencies were 12.8% versus 7.3% (P = .006), odds ratio (OR) = 1.87, and haplogroup K frequencies were 4.9% versus 9.5% (P = .010), OR = 0.49. Associations remained significant after adjusting for apolipoprotein E, age, and sex. CONCLUSION This exploratory analysis suggests inherited mtDNA variants influence AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H. Swerdlow
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Dongwei Hui
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Palash Sharma
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Xinkun Wang
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shea J. Andrews
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judy Pa
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteUniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Mahnken
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jill Morris
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Mary L. Michaelis
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Elias K. Michaelis
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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19
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Swerdlow RH. The mitochondrial hypothesis: Dysfunction, bioenergetic defects, and the metabolic link to Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:207-233. [PMID: 32739005 PMCID: PMC8493961 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) features mitochondrial dysfunction and altered metabolism. Other pathologies could drive these changes, or alternatively these changes could drive other pathologies. In considering this question, it is worth noting that perturbed AD patient mitochondrial and metabolism dysfunction extend beyond the brain and to some extent define a systemic phenotype. It is difficult to attribute this systemic phenotype to brain beta-amyloid or tau proteins. Conversely, mitochondria increasingly appear to play a critical role in cell proteostasis, which suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may promote protein aggregation. Mitochondrial and metabolism-related characteristics also define AD endophenotypes in cognitively normal middle-aged individuals, which suggests that mitochondrial and metabolism-related AD characteristics precede clinical decline. Genetic analyses increasingly implicate mitochondria and metabolism-relevant genes in AD risk. Collectively these factors suggest that mitochondria are more relevant to the causes of AD than its consequences, and support the view that a mitochondrial cascade features prominently in AD. This chapter reviews the case for mitochondrial and metabolism dysfunction in AD and the challenges of proving that a primary mitochondrial cascade is pertinent to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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20
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Bellenguez C, Grenier-Boley B, Lambert JC. Genetics of Alzheimer’s disease: where we are, and where we are going. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 61:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Wright RA. Developing a Suite of Online Learning Modules on the Components of Next-Generation Sequencing Projects. Med Ref Serv Q 2020; 39:90-99. [PMID: 32069203 DOI: 10.1080/02763869.2020.1688623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This column describes a project funded by the Big Data to Knowledge initiative to develop online learning modules for researchers, clinicians, and informationists/librarians on aspects of next-generation sequencing projects. The modules describe a framework for next-generation sequencing projects, with particular emphasis placed on experimental design, ethical considerations, data storage, and data sharing. The author outlines how the modules were developed and summarizes their contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Wright
- William H. Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Pa J, Andrews SJ, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondria and Alzheimer's: Is PTCD1 the Smoking Gun? Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:759-762. [PMID: 31421943 PMCID: PMC7086432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple features distinguish the mitochondria of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients from those of unaffected individuals. The causes and consequences of these differences are informed by the recent finding by Fleck et al. (J. Neurosci., 2019) that pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein 1 (PTCD1) gene variants associate with AD. This suggests a proximal or initiating role for mitochondria in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Pa
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shea J Andrews
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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