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Kettel P, Karagöz GE. Endoplasmic reticulum: Monitoring and maintaining protein and membrane homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum by the unfolded protein response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 172:106598. [PMID: 38768891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulates essential cellular processes, including protein folding, lipid synthesis, and calcium homeostasis. The ER homeostasis is maintained by a conserved set of signaling cascades called the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). How the UPR senses perturbations in ER homeostasis has been the subject of active research for decades. In metazoans, the UPR consists of three ER-membrane embedded sensors: IRE1, PERK and ATF6. These sensors detect the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen and adjust protein folding capacity according to cellular needs. Early work revealed that the ER-resident chaperone BiP binds to all three UPR sensors in higher eukaryotes and BiP binding was suggested to regulate their activity. More recent data have shown that in higher eukaryotes the interaction of the UPR sensors with a complex network of chaperones and misfolded proteins modulates their activation and deactivation dynamics. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that the UPR monitors ER membrane integrity beyond protein folding defects. However, the mechanistic and structural basis of UPR activation by proteotoxic and lipid bilayer stress in higher eukaryotes remains only partially understood. Here, we review the current understanding of novel protein interaction networks and the contribution of the lipid membrane environment to UPR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kettel
- Max Perutz Laboratories Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Elif Karagöz
- Max Perutz Laboratories Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Solorio-Kirpichyan K, Fan X, Golovenko D, Korostelev AA, Yan N, Korennykh A. Cryo-EM Structure of HRSL Domain Reveals Activating Crossed Helices at the Core of GCN2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.591037. [PMID: 38712127 PMCID: PMC11071503 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.591037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
GCN2 is a conserved receptor kinase activating the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) in eukaryotic cells. The ISR kinases detect accumulation of stress molecules and reprogram translation from basal tasks to preferred production of cytoprotective proteins. GCN2 stands out evolutionarily among all protein kinases due to the presence of a h istidyl t R NA s ynthetase-like (HRSL) domain, which arises only in GCN2 and is located next to the kinase domain. How HRSL contributes to GCN2 signaling remains unknown. Here we report a 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of HRSL from thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus . This structure shows a constitutive symmetrical homodimer featuring a compact helical-bundle structure at the junction between HRSL and kinase domains, in the core of the receptor. Mutagenesis demonstrates that this junction structure activates GCN2 and indicates that our cryo-EM structure captures the active signaling state of HRSL. Based on these results, we put forward a GCN2 regulation mechanism, where HRSL drives the formation of activated kinase dimers. Remaining domains of GCN2 have the opposite role and in the absence of stress they help keep GCN2 basally inactive. This autoinhibitory activity is relieved upon stress ligand binding. We propose that the opposing action of HRSL and additional GCN2 domains thus yields a regulated ISR receptor. Significance statement Regulation of protein synthesis (translation) is a central mechanism by which eukaryotic cells adapt to stressful conditions. In starving cells, this translational adaptation is achieved via the receptor kinase GCN2, which stays inactive under normal conditions, but is switched on under stress. The molecular mechanism of GCN2 switching is not well understood due to the presence of a structurally and biochemically uncharacterized h istidyl t R NA s ynthetase-like domain (HRSL) at the core of GCN2. Here we use single-particle cryo-EM and biochemistry to elucidate the structure and function of HRSL. We identify a structure at the kinase/HRSL interface, which forms crossed helices and helps position GCN2 kinase domains for activation. These data clarify the molecular mechanism of GCN2 regulation.
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Djalovic I, Kundu S, Bahuguna RN, Pareek A, Raza A, Singla-Pareek SL, Prasad PVV, Varshney RK. Maize and heat stress: Physiological, genetic, and molecular insights. THE PLANT GENOME 2024; 17:e20378. [PMID: 37587553 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Global mean temperature is increasing at a rapid pace due to the rapid emission of greenhouse gases majorly from anthropogenic practices and predicted to rise up to 1.5°C above the pre-industrial level by the year 2050. The warming climate is affecting global crop production by altering biochemical, physiological, and metabolic processes resulting in poor growth, development, and reduced yield. Maize is susceptible to heat stress, particularly at the reproductive and early grain filling stages. Interestingly, heat stress impact on crops is closely regulated by associated environmental covariables such as humidity, vapor pressure deficit, soil moisture content, and solar radiation. Therefore, heat stress tolerance is considered as a complex trait, which requires multiple levels of regulations in plants. Exploring genetic diversity from landraces and wild accessions of maize is a promising approach to identify novel donors, traits, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and genes, which can be introgressed into the elite cultivars. Indeed, genome wide association studies (GWAS) for mining of potential QTL(s) and dominant gene(s) is a major route of crop improvement. Conversely, mutation breeding is being utilized for generating variation in existing populations with narrow genetic background. Besides breeding approaches, augmented production of heat shock factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been reported in transgenic maize to provide heat stress tolerance. Recent advancements in molecular techniques including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) would expedite the process for developing thermotolerant maize genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Djalovic
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sayanta Kundu
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | | | - Ashwani Pareek
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ali Raza
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - P V Vara Prasad
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Sustainable Intensification, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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4
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Jing J, Wang J, Xiang X, Yin S, Tang J, Wang L, Jia G, Liu G, Chen X, Tian G, Cai J, Kang B, Che L, Zhao H. Selenomethionine alleviates chronic heat stress-induced breast muscle injury and poor meat quality in broilers via relieving mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:363-375. [PMID: 38362514 PMCID: PMC10867585 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, the chronic heat stress (CHS) broiler model was developed to investigate the potential protection mechanism of organic selenium (selenomethionine, SeMet) on CHS-induced skeletal muscle growth retardation and poor meat quality. Four hundred Arbor Acres male broilers (680 ± 70 g, 21 d old) were grouped into 5 treatments with 8 replicates of 10 broilers per replicate. Broilers in the control group were raised in a thermoneutral environment (22 ± 2 °C) and fed with a basal diet. The other four treatments were exposed to hyperthermic conditions (33 ± 2 °C, 24 h in each day) and fed on the basal diet supplied with SeMet at 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg Se/kg, respectively, for 21 d. Results showed that CHS reduced (P < 0.05) the growth performance, decreased (P < 0.05) the breast muscle weight and impaired the meat quality of breast muscle in broilers. CHS induced protein metabolic disorder in breast muscle, which increased (P < 0.05) the expression of caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9 and ubiquitin proteasome system related genes, while decreased the protein expression of P-4EBP1. CHS also decreased the antioxidant capacity and induced mitochondrial stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in breast muscle, which increased (P < 0.05) the ROS levels, decreased the concentration of ATP, increased the protein expression of HSP60 and CLPX, and increased (P < 0.05) the expression of ER stress biomarkers. Dietary SeMet supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) breast muscle Se concentration and exhibited protective effects via up-regulating the expression of the selenotranscriptome and several key selenoproteins, which increased (P < 0.05) body weight, improved meat quality, enhanced antioxidant capacity and mitigated mitochondrial stress and ER stress. What's more, SeMet suppressed protein degradation and improved protein biosynthesis though inhibiting the caspase and ubiquitin proteasome system and promoting the mTOR-4EBP1 pathway. In conclusion, dietary SeMet supplementation increases the expression of several key selenoproteins, alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress, improves protein biosynthesis, suppresses protein degradation, thus increases the body weight and improves meat quality of broilers exposed to CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Jing
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shenggang Yin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Longqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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Boone M, Zappa F. Signaling plasticity in the integrated stress response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1271141. [PMID: 38143923 PMCID: PMC10740175 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1271141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Integrated Stress Response (ISR) is an essential homeostatic signaling network that controls the cell's biosynthetic capacity. Four ISR sensor kinases detect multiple stressors and relay this information to downstream effectors by phosphorylating a common node: the alpha subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2. As a result, general protein synthesis is repressed while select transcripts are preferentially translated, thus remodeling the proteome and transcriptome. Mounting evidence supports a view of the ISR as a dynamic signaling network with multiple modulators and feedback regulatory features that vary across cell and tissue types. Here, we discuss updated views on ISR sensor kinase mechanisms, how the subcellular localization of ISR components impacts signaling, and highlight ISR signaling differences across cells and tissues. Finally, we consider crosstalk between the ISR and other signaling pathways as a determinant of cell health.
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Jing J, Zeng H, Shao Q, Tang J, Wang L, Jia G, Liu G, Chen X, Tian G, Cai J, Kang B, Che L, Zhao H. Selenomethionine alleviates environmental heat stress induced hepatic lipid accumulation and glycogen infiltration of broilers via maintaining mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102912. [PMID: 37797371 PMCID: PMC10622879 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing of global mean surface air temperature, heat stress (HS) induced by extreme high temperature has become a key factor restricting the poultry industry. Liver is the main metabolic organ of broilers, HS induces liver damage and metabolic disorders, which impairs the health of broilers and affects food safety. As an essential trace element for animals, selenium (Se) involves in the formation of antioxidant system, and its biological functions are generally mediated by selenoproteins. However, the mechanism of Se against HS induced liver damage and metabolic disorders in broilers is inadequate. Therefore, we developed the chronic heat stress (CHS) broiler model and investigated the potential protection mechanism of organic Se (selenomethionine, SeMet) on CHS induced liver damage and metabolic disorders. In present study, CHS caused liver oxidative damage, and induced hepatic lipid accumulation and glycogen infiltration of broilers, which are accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Dietary SeMet supplementation increased the hepatic Se concentration and exhibited protective effects via promoting the expression of selenotranscriptome and several key selenoproteins (GPX4, TXNRD2, SELENOK, SELENOM, SELENOS, SELENOT, GPX1, DIO1, SELENOH, SELENOU and SELENOW). These key selenoproteins synergistically improved the antioxidant capacity, and mitigated the mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal mitochondrial TCA cycle and ER stress, thus recovered the hepatic triglyceride and glycogen concentration. What's more, SeMet supplementation suppressed lipid and glycogen biosynthesis and promoted lipid and glycogen breakdown in liver of broilers exposed to CHS though regulating the AMPK signals. Overall, our present study reveals a potential mechanism that Se alleviates environment HS induced liver damage and glycogen and lipid metabolism disorders in broilers, which provides a preventive and/or treatment measure for environment HS-dependent hepatic metabolic disorders in poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Jing
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huijin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanjun Shao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Longqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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7
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Nagar P, Sharma P, Dhapola R, Kumari S, Medhi B, HariKrishnaReddy D. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Life Sci 2023; 330:121983. [PMID: 37524162 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that leads to memory loss and cognitive impairment over time. It is characterized by protein misfolding as well as prolonged cellular stress, such as perturbing calcium homeostasis and redox management. Numerous investigations have proven that endoplasmic reticulum failure may exhibit exacerbation of AD pathogenesis in AD patients, in-vivo and in-vitro models. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) participates in a variety of biological functions including folding of protein, quality control, cholesterol production, and maintenance of calcium balance. A diverse range of physiological, pathological and pharmacological substances can interfere with ER activity and thus lead to exaggeration of ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR), an intracellular signaling network is stimulated due to ER stress. Three stress sensors found in the endoplasmic reticulum, the PERK, ATF6, and IRE1 transducers detect protein misfolding in the ER and trigger UPR, a complex system to maintain homeostasis. ER stress is linked to many of the major pathological processes that are seen in AD, including presenilin1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2) gene mutation, tau phosphorylation and β-amyloid formation. The role of ER stress and UPR in the pathophysiology of AD implies that they can be employed as potent therapeutic target. This study shows the relationship between ER and AD and how the pathogenesis of AD is influenced by the impact of ER stress. An effective method for the prevention or treatment of AD may involve therapeutic strategies that modify ER stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushank Nagar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Prajjwal Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Rishika Dhapola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
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8
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Bartoszewska S, Sławski J, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. Dual RNase activity of IRE1 as a target for anticancer therapies. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00784-5. [PMID: 37721642 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular mechanism that protects cells during stress conditions in which there is an accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR activates three signaling pathways that function to alleviate stress conditions and promote cellular homeostasis and cell survival. During unmitigated stress conditions, however, UPR activation signaling changes to promote cell death through apoptosis. Interestingly, cancer cells take advantage of this pathway to facilitate survival and avoid apoptosis even during prolonged cell stress conditions. Here, we discuss different signaling pathways associated with UPR and focus specifically on one of the ER signaling pathways activated during UPR, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1). The rationale is that the IRE1 pathway is associated with cell fate decisions and recognized as a promising target for cancer therapeutics. Here we discuss IRE1 inhibitors and how they might prove to be an effective cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jakub Sławski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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9
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Gebert M, Sławski J, Kalinowski L, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. The Unfolded Protein Response: A Double-Edged Sword for Brain Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1648. [PMID: 37627643 PMCID: PMC10451475 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient brain function requires as much as 20% of the total oxygen intake to support normal neuronal cell function. This level of oxygen usage, however, leads to the generation of free radicals, and thus can lead to oxidative stress and potentially to age-related cognitive decay and even neurodegenerative diseases. The regulation of this system requires a complex monitoring network to maintain proper oxygen homeostasis. Furthermore, the high content of mitochondria in the brain has elevated glucose demands, and thus requires a normal redox balance. Maintaining this is mediated by adaptive stress response pathways that permit cells to survive oxidative stress and to minimize cellular damage. These stress pathways rely on the proper function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular pathway responsible for normal ER function and cell survival. Interestingly, the UPR has two opposing signaling pathways, one that promotes cell survival and one that induces apoptosis. In this narrative review, we discuss the opposing roles of the UPR signaling pathways and how a better understanding of these stress pathways could potentially allow for the development of effective strategies to prevent age-related cognitive decay as well as treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gebert
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-134 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jakub Sławski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-134 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - James F. Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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Jing J, He Y, Liu Y, Tang J, Wang L, Jia G, Liu G, Chen X, Tian G, Cai J, Che L, Kang B, Zhao H. Selenoproteins synergistically protect porcine skeletal muscle from oxidative damage via relieving mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:79. [PMID: 37270539 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skeletal muscle of pigs is vulnerable to oxidative damage, resulting in growth retardation. Selenoproteins are important components of antioxidant systems for animals, which are generally regulated by dietary selenium (Se) level. Here, we developed the dietary oxidative stress (DOS)-inducing pig model to investigate the protective effects of selenoproteins on DOS-induced skeletal muscle growth retardation. RESULTS Dietary oxidative stress caused porcine skeletal muscle oxidative damage and growth retardation, which is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and protein and lipid metabolism disorders. Supplementation with Se (0.3, 0.6 or 0.9 mg Se/kg) in form of hydroxy selenomethionine (OH-SeMet) linearly increased muscular Se deposition and exhibited protective effects via regulating the expression of selenotranscriptome and key selenoproteins, which was mainly reflected in lower ROS levels and higher antioxidant capacity in skeletal muscle, and the mitigation of mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress. What's more, selenoproteins inhibited DOS induced protein and lipid degradation and improved protein and lipid biosynthesis via regulating AKT/mTOR/S6K1 and AMPK/SREBP-1 signalling pathways in skeletal muscle. However, several parameters such as the activity of GSH-Px and T-SOD, the protein abundance of JNK2, CLPP, SELENOS and SELENOF did not show dose-dependent changes. Notably, several key selenoproteins such as MSRB1, SELENOW, SELENOM, SELENON and SELENOS play the unique roles during this protection. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of selenoproteins by dietary OH-SeMet could synergistically alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress, recover protein and lipid biosynthesis, thus alleviate skeletal muscle growth retardation. Our study provides preventive measure for OS-dependent skeletal muscle retardation in livestock husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Jing
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Longqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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11
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He D, Tao L, Cai B, Chen X, Wang Y, Li S, Liao C, Chen Y, Chen J, Liu Z, Wu Y. eIF2α incites photoreceptor cell and retina damage by all-trans-retinal. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104686. [PMID: 37031820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and recessive Stargardt's disease (STGD1) lead to irreversible blindness in humans. The accumulation of all-trans-retinal (atRAL) induced by chaos in visual cycle is closely associated with retinal atrophy in dry AMD and STGD1, but its critical downstream signaling molecules remain ambiguous. Here, we reported that activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) by atRAL promoted retinal degeneration and photoreceptor loss through activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling-dependent apoptosis and gasdermin E (GSDME)-mediated pyroptosis. We determined that eIF2α activation by atRAL in photoreceptor cells resulted from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis disruption caused at least in part by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and it activated JNK signaling independent of and dependent on activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and the ATF4/transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) axis. CHOP overexpression induced apoptosis of atRAL-loaded photoreceptor cells through activating JNK signaling rather than inhibiting the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2. JNK activation by eIF2α facilitated photoreceptor cell apoptosis caused by atRAL via caspase-3 activation and DNA damage. Additionally, we demonstrated that eIF2α was activated in neural retina of light-exposed Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice, a model that shows severe defects in atRAL clearance and displays primary features of human dry AMD and STGD1. Of note, inhibition of eIF2α activation by salubrinal effectively ameliorated retinal degeneration and photoreceptor apoptosis in Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice upon light exposure. The results of this study suggest that eIF2α is an important target to develop drug therapies for the treatment of dry AMD and STGD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxue He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Binxiang Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunyan Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingmeng Chen
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Yalin Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China; Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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12
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Ben-Khoud Y, Chen CS, Ali MMU. Alternative ATPase domain interactions in eukaryotic Hsp70 chaperones. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1155784. [PMID: 37006606 PMCID: PMC10061150 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1155784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 molecular chaperones are essential components for maintaining protein homeostasis within cells. They interact with substrate or client proteins in a well characterised fashion that is regulated by ATP and supported by co-chaperones. In eukaryotes there is a vast array of Hsp70 isoforms that may facilitate adaption to a particular cellular compartment and distinct biological role. Emerging data indicate a novel type of interaction between Hsp70 and client protein that does not fit with the classical Hsp70 ATP regulated substrate mechanism. In this review, we highlight Hsp70 ATPase domain interactions with binding partners from various biological systems that we refer to as Hsp70 ATPase alternative binding proteins or HAAB proteins. We identify common mechanistic features that may define how Hsp70 operates when associating with proteins in this alternative HAAB mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Ben-Khoud
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chao-Sheng Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maruf M U Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Guo Z, Liang J. Role of ubiquitin regulatory X domain‑containing protein 3B in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2023; 49:57. [PMID: 36799187 PMCID: PMC9942258 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of new cases and fatalities from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occur in China; however, the overall morbidity and mortality rates are decreasing. A major risk factor due to the evolving epidemiology is improper lipid metabolism. Although investigations on aberrant lipid metabolism are numerous, there are only a limited number of studies available on proteasomal degradation processes. The degradation process is mainly involved in endoplasmic reticulum stabilization, the balance of lipid metabolism, and physiological functions of Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and other organelles, however, this process has been little studied in the development of tumorigenesis. In order to provide some theoretical support for future research on ubiquitin regulatory X domain‑containing protein 3B (UBXN3B), the present review focuses on the role of UBXN3B, which is involved in the stabilization of the endoplasmic reticulum and the maintenance of lipid homeostasis, as well as in the promotion and development of non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Jun Liang, Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Life Park Road, Life Science Park of Zhong Guancun Chang Ping, Beijing 102206, P.R. China, E-mail:
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14
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Costa MFD, Höglinger GU, Rösler TW. Development of a cell-free screening assay for the identification of direct PERK activators. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283943. [PMID: 37200357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the unfolded protein response, particularly via the PERK pathway, has been suggested as a promising therapeutic approach in tauopathies, a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the abnormal phosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein. So far, a shortage of available direct PERK activators has been limiting the progresses in this field. Our study aimed at the development of a cell-free screening assay enabling the detection of novel direct PERK activators. By applying the catalytic domain of recombinant human PERK, we initially determined ideal conditions of the kinase assay reaction, including parameters such as optimal kinase concentration, temperature, and reaction time. Instead of using PERK's natural substrate proteins, eIF2α and NRF2, we applied SMAD3 as phosphorylation-accepting protein and successfully detected cell-free PERK activation and inhibition by selected modulators (e.g., calcineurin-B, GSK2606414). The developed assay revealed to be sufficiently stable and robust to assess an activating EC50-value. Additionally, our results suggested that PERK activation may take place independent of the active site which can be blocked by a kinase inhibitor. Finally, we confirmed the applicability of the assay by measuring PERK activation by MK-28, a recently described PERK activator. Overall, our data show that a cell-free luciferase-based assay with the recombinant human PERK kinase domain and SMAD3 as substrate protein is capable of detecting PERK activation, which enables to screen large compound libraries for direct PERK activators, in a high-throughput-based approach. These activators will be useful for deepening our understanding of the PERK signaling pathway, and may also lead to the identification of new therapeutic drug candidates for neurodegenerative tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia F D Costa
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas W Rösler
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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15
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Sajadimajd S, Deravi N, Forouhar K, Rahimi R, Kheirandish A, Bahramsoltani R. Endoplasmic reticulum as a therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes: Role of phytochemicals. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109508. [PMID: 36495694 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction with an increasing worldwide incidence. Several studies have revealed that long-term glucotoxicity results in β-cell failure and death through induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Owing to the chronic progression of T2DM and the low effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs in long-term use, medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites seem to be the promising alternatives. Here we have provided a comprehensive review regarding the role of phytochemicals to alleviate ER stress in T2DM. Ginsenoside compound K, baicalein, quercetin, isopulegol, kaempferol, liquiritigenin, aspalathin, and tyrosol have demonstrated remarkable improvement of T2DM via modulation of ER stress. Arctigenin and total glycosides of peony have been shown to be effective in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy through modulation of ER stress. The effectiveness of grape seed proanthocyanidins and wolfberry is also shown in the relief of diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy. Resveratrol is involved in the prevention of atherosclerosis via ER stress modulation. Taken together, the data described herein revealed the capability of herbal constituents to prevent different complications of T2DM via a decrease in ER stress which open new doors to the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Sajadimajd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Forouhar
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Derpartment of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kheirandish
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- Derpartment of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Park G, Xu K, Chea L, Kim K, Safarta L, Song KH, Wu J, Park S, Min H, Hiramatsu N, Han J, Lin JH. Neurodegeneration risk factor, EIF2AK3 (PERK), influences tau protein aggregation. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102821. [PMID: 36563857 PMCID: PMC9852698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases caused by pathologic misfolded tau protein aggregation in the nervous system. Population studies implicate EIF2AK3 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3), better known as PERK (protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase), as a genetic risk factor in several tauopathies. PERK is a key regulator of intracellular proteostatic mechanisms-unfolded protein response and integrated stress response. Previous studies found that tauopathy-associated PERK variants encoded functional hypomorphs with reduced signaling in vitro. But, it remained unclear how altered PERK activity led to tauopathy. Here, we chemically or genetically modulated PERK signaling in cell culture models of tau aggregation and found that PERK pathway activation prevented tau aggregation, whereas inhibition exacerbated tau aggregation. In primary tauopathy patient brain tissues, we found that reduced PERK signaling correlated with increased tau neuropathology. We found that tauopathy-associated PERK variants targeted the endoplasmic reticulum luminal domain; and two of these variants damaged hydrogen bond formation. Our studies support that PERK activity protects against tau aggregation and pathology. This may explain why people carrying hypomorphic PERK variants have increased risk for developing tauopathies. Finally, our studies identify small-molecule augmentation of PERK signaling as an attractive therapeutic strategy to treat tauopathies by preventing tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goonho Park
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Leon Chea
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Kyle Kim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lance Safarta
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Keon-Hyoung Song
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Soyoung Park
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Min
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Hiramatsu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan H. Lin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA,For correspondence: Jonathan H. Lin
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17
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The "Yin and Yang" of Unfolded Protein Response in Cancer and Immunogenic Cell Death. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182899. [PMID: 36139473 PMCID: PMC9497201 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological and pathological burdens that perturb endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved cytosol-to-nucleus signaling pathway that aims to reinstate the vital biosynthetic and secretory capacity of the ER. Disrupted ER homeostasis, causing maladaptive UPR signaling, is an emerging trait of cancer cells. Maladaptive UPR sustains oncogene-driven reprogramming of proteostasis and metabolism and fosters proinflammatory pathways promoting tissue repair and protumorigenic immune responses. However, when cancer cells are exposed to conditions causing irreparable ER homeostasis, such as those elicited by anticancer therapies, the UPR switches from a survival to a cell death program. This lethal ER stress response can elicit immunogenic cell death (ICD), a form of cell death with proinflammatory traits favoring antitumor immune responses. How UPR-driven pathways transit from a protective to a killing modality with favorable immunogenic and proinflammatory output remains unresolved. Here, we discuss key aspects of the functional dichotomy of UPR in cancer cells and how this signal can be harnessed for therapeutic benefit in the context of ICD, especially from the aspect of inflammation aroused by the UPR.
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18
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Zappa F, Muniozguren NL, Wilson MZ, Costello MS, Ponce-Rojas JC, Acosta-Alvear D. Signaling by the integrated stress response kinase PKR is fine-tuned by dynamic clustering. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213199. [PMID: 35522180 PMCID: PMC9086502 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The double-stranded RNA sensor kinase PKR is one of four integrated stress response (ISR) sensor kinases that phosphorylate the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) in response to stress. The current model of PKR activation considers the formation of back-to-back PKR dimers as a prerequisite for signal propagation. Here we show that PKR signaling involves the assembly of dynamic PKR clusters. PKR clustering is driven by ligand binding to PKR’s sensor domain and by front-to-front interfaces between PKR’s kinase domains. PKR clusters are discrete, heterogeneous, autonomous coalescences that share some protein components with processing bodies. Strikingly, eIF2α is not recruited to PKR clusters, and PKR cluster disruption enhances eIF2α phosphorylation. Together, these results support a model in which PKR clustering may limit encounters between PKR and eIF2α to buffer downstream signaling and prevent the ISR from misfiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zappa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Nerea L Muniozguren
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Maxwell Z Wilson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Michael S Costello
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Jose Carlos Ponce-Rojas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Diego Acosta-Alvear
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
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19
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Shen J, Wang L, Wang X, Xie J, Yao T, Yu Y, Wang Q, Ding Z, Zhang J, Zhang M, Xu L. Cypermethrin induces apoptosis of Sertoli cells through the endoplasmic reticulum pathway. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:399-407. [PMID: 35610186 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cypermethrin, an extensively used pyrethroid pesticide, is regarded as one of many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with anti-androgenic activity to damage male reproductive systems. We previously found cypermethrin-induced apoptosis in mouse Sertoli cells TM4. We hypothesized cypermethrin-induced TM4 apoptosis by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway. This study aimed to explore the roles of the ER pathway in cypermethrin-induced apoptosis in TM4 cells. The cells were treated with cypermethrin for 24 h at various concentrations (0 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM, 40 µM, and 80 µM). Flow cytometry was used to test for apoptosis. Western blot was used to test protein expressions in the ER stress pathway. The results showed that the apoptosis rate of TM4 cells increased with increased concentrations of cypermethrin, and a significant difference was detected in the 80-μM group. The protein expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), p-PERK, α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2α), p-eIF2α, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12, caspase-9, and caspase-3 increased with increased concentrations of cypermethrin . The results suggested cypermethrin-induced apoptosis in TM4 cells regulated by the ER pathway involving PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP. The study provides a new insight into cypermethrin-induced apoptosis in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Shen
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xuxu Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiafei Xie
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Yao
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meirong Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lichun Xu
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, 38044Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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20
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Hydroxy Selenomethionine Alleviates Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Disorder of Pigs Induced by Dietary Oxidative Stress via Relieving the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030552. [PMID: 35326202 PMCID: PMC8945048 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used 40 castrated male pigs to determine the protective effects of a new selenium molecule (hydroxy selenomethionine, OH-SeMet) on dietary oxidative stress (DOS) induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder, and corresponding response of selenotranscriptome. The pigs were randomly grouped into 5 dietary treatments and fed a basal diet formulated with either normal corn and oils or oxidized diet in which the normal corn and oils were replaced by aged corn and oxidized oils, and supplemented with OH-SeMet at 0.0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg Se/kg for a period of 16 weeks (n = 8). The results showed that DOS induced liver damage, increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, decreased serum triacylglycerol (TG) level, suppressed antioxidant capacity in the liver, and changed lipid metabolism enzyme activity, thus causing lipid metabolism disorder in the liver. The DOS-induced lipid metabolism disorder was accompanied with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, changes in lipid metabolism-related genes and selenotranscriptome in the liver. Dietary Se supplementation partially alleviated the negative impact of DOS on the lipid metabolism. These improvements were accompanied by increases in Se concentration, liver index, anti-oxidative capacity, selenotranscriptome especially 11 selenoprotein-encoding genes, and protein abundance of GPX1, GPX4 and SelS in the liver, as well as the decrease in SelF abundance. The Se supplementation also alleviated ER stress, restored liver lipid metabolism enzyme activity, increased the mRNA expression of lipid synthesis-related genes, and decreased the mRNA levels of lipidolysis-related genes. In conclusion, the dietary Se supplementation restored antioxidant capacity and mitigated ER stress induced by DOS, thus resisting hepatic lipid metabolism disorders that are associated with regulation of selenotranscriptome.
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Yu CY, Cho Y, Sharma O, Kanehara K. What's unique? The unfolded protein response in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1268-1276. [PMID: 34849719 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of a phenomenon called the unfolded protein response (UPR) started approximately three decades ago, and we now know that the UPR is involved in a number of cellular events among metazoans, higher plants, and algae. The relevance of the UPR in human diseases featuring protein folding defects, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, has drawn much attention to the response in medical research to date. While metazoans and plants share similar molecular mechanisms of the UPR, recent studies shed light on the uniqueness of the plant UPR, with plant-specific protein families appearing to play pivotal roles. Given the considerable emphasis on the original discoveries of key factors in metazoans, this review highlights the uniqueness of the plant UPR based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oshin Sharma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kazue Kanehara
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Trouvé P, Férec C, Génin E. The Interplay between the Unfolded Protein Response, Inflammation and Infection in Cystic Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:2980. [PMID: 34831204 PMCID: PMC8616505 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), p.Phe508del is the most frequent mutation in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. The p.Phe508del-CFTR protein is retained in the ER and rapidly degraded. This retention likely triggers an atypical Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) involving ATF6, which reduces the expression of p.Phe508del-CFTR. There are still some debates on the role of the UPR in CF: could it be triggered by the accumulation of misfolded CFTR proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum as was proposed for the most common CFTR mutation p.Phe508del? Or, is it the consequence of inflammation and infection that occur in the disease? In this review, we summarize recent findings on UPR in CF and show how infection, inflammation and UPR act together in CF. We propose to rethink their respective role in CF and to consider them as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Trouvé
- Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France; (C.F.); (E.G.)
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The Unfolded Protein Response as a Guardian of the Secretory Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112965. [PMID: 34831188 PMCID: PMC8616143 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major site of membrane biogenesis in most eukaryotic cells. As the entry point to the secretory pathway, it handles more than 10,000 different secretory and membrane proteins. The insertion of proteins into the membrane, their folding, and ER exit are affected by the lipid composition of the ER membrane and its collective membrane stiffness. The ER is also a hotspot of lipid biosynthesis including sterols, glycerophospholipids, ceramides and neural storage lipids. The unfolded protein response (UPR) bears an evolutionary conserved, dual sensitivity to both protein-folding imbalances in the ER lumen and aberrant compositions of the ER membrane, referred to as lipid bilayer stress (LBS). Through transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms, the UPR upregulates the protein folding capacity of the ER and balances the production of proteins and lipids to maintain a functional secretory pathway. In this review, we discuss how UPR transducers sense unfolded proteins and LBS with a particular focus on their role as guardians of the secretory pathway.
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Multi-level inhibition of coronavirus replication by chemical ER stress. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5536. [PMID: 34545074 PMCID: PMC8452654 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human pathogens for which no specific treatment is available. Here, we provide evidence that pharmacological reprogramming of ER stress pathways can be exploited to suppress CoV replication. The ER stress inducer thapsigargin efficiently inhibits coronavirus (HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) replication in different cell types including primary differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells, (partially) reverses the virus-induced translational shut-down, improves viability of infected cells and counteracts the CoV-mediated downregulation of IRE1α and the ER chaperone BiP. Proteome-wide analyses revealed specific pathways, protein networks and components that likely mediate the thapsigargin-induced antiviral state, including essential (HERPUD1) or novel (UBA6 and ZNF622) factors of ER quality control, and ER-associated protein degradation complexes. Additionally, thapsigargin blocks the CoV-induced selective autophagic flux involving p62/SQSTM1. The data show that thapsigargin hits several central mechanisms required for CoV replication, suggesting that this compound (or derivatives thereof) may be developed into broad-spectrum anti-CoV drugs.
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Smedley GD, Walker KE, Yuan SH. The Role of PERK in Understanding Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158146. [PMID: 34360909 PMCID: PMC8348817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are an ever-increasing problem for the rapidly aging population. Despite this, our understanding of how these neurodegenerative diseases develop and progress, is in most cases, rudimentary. Protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK) comprises one of three unfolded protein response pathways in which cells attempt to manage cellular stress. However, because of its role in the cellular stress response and the far-reaching implications of this pathway, error within the PERK pathway has been shown to lead to a variety of pathologies. Genetic and clinical studies show a correlation between failure of the PERK pathway in neural cells and the development of neurodegeneration, but the wide array of methodology of these studies is presenting conflicting narratives about the role of PERK in these affected systems. Because of the connection between PERK and pathology, PERK has become a high value target of study for understanding neurodegenerative diseases and potentially how to treat them. Here, we present a review of the literature indexed in PubMed of the PERK pathway and some of the complexities involved in investigating the protein's role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases as well as how it may act as a target for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Dalton Smedley
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (G.D.S.); (K.E.W.)
| | - Keenan E. Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (G.D.S.); (K.E.W.)
| | - Shauna H. Yuan
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (G.D.S.); (K.E.W.)
- GRECC, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Correspondence:
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Store-Operated Calcium Entry: Shaping the Transcriptional and Epigenetic Landscape in Pancreatic Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050966. [PMID: 33919156 PMCID: PMC8143176 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) displays a particularly poor prognosis and low survival rate, mainly due to late diagnosis and high incidence of chemotherapy resistance. Genomic aberrations, together with changes in the epigenomic profile, elicit a shift in cellular signaling response and a transcriptional reprograming in pancreatic tumors. This endows them with malignant attributes that enable them to not only overcome chemotherapeutic challenges, but to also attain diverse oncogenic properties. In fact, certain genetic amplifications elicit a rewiring of calcium signaling, which can confer ER stress resistance to tumors while also aberrantly activating known drivers of oncogenic programs such as NFAT. While calcium is a well-known second messenger, the transcriptional programs driven by aberrant calcium signaling remain largely undescribed in pancreatic cancer. In this review, we focus on calcium-dependent signaling and its role in epigenetic programs and transcriptional regulation. We also briefly discuss genetic aberration events, exemplifying how genetic alterations can rewire cellular signaling cascades, including calcium-dependent ones.
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Mraheil MA, Toque HA, La Pietra L, Hamacher J, Phanthok T, Verin A, Gonzales J, Su Y, Fulton D, Eaton DC, Chakraborty T, Lucas R. Dual Role of Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxidant in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:962-978. [PMID: 32283950 PMCID: PMC8035917 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance:Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive human pathogen with increasing rates of penicillin and macrolide resistance, is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. Pneumococci are a primary agent of severe pneumonia in children younger than 5 years and of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. A major defense mechanism toward Spn is the generation of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), during the oxidative burst of neutrophils and macrophages. Paradoxically, Spn produces high endogenous levels of H2O2 as a strategy to promote colonization. Recent Advances: Pneumococci, which express neither catalase nor common regulators of peroxide stress resistance, have developed unique mechanisms to protect themselves from H2O2. Spn generates high levels of H2O2 as a strategy to promote colonization. Production of H2O2 moreover constitutes an important virulence phenotype and its cellular activities overlap and complement those of other virulence factors, such as pneumolysin, in modulating host immune responses and promoting organ injury. Critical Issues: This review examines the dual role of H2O2 in pneumococcal pneumonia, from the viewpoint of both the pathogen (defense mechanisms, lytic activity toward competing pathogens, and virulence) and the resulting host-response (inflammasome activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier in the lungs). Future Directions: An understanding of the complexity of H2O2-mediated host-pathogen interactions is necessary to develop novel strategies that target these processes to enhance lung function during severe pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Haroldo A Toque
- Vascular Biology Center and Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Luigi La Pietra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Juerg Hamacher
- Internal Medicine and Pneumology, Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland.,Lungen- und Atmungsstiftung Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Internal Medicine V-Pneumology, Allergology, Respiratory and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tenzing Phanthok
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexander Verin
- Vascular Biology Center and Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joyce Gonzales
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center and Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas C Eaton
- Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center and Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Kumar V, Maity S. ER Stress-Sensor Proteins and ER-Mitochondrial Crosstalk-Signaling Beyond (ER) Stress Response. Biomolecules 2021; 11:173. [PMID: 33525374 PMCID: PMC7911976 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies undoubtedly show the importance of inter organellar connections to maintain cellular homeostasis. In normal physiological conditions or in the presence of cellular and environmental stress, each organelle responds alone or in coordination to maintain cellular function. The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are two important organelles with very specialized structural and functional properties. These two organelles are physically connected through very specialized proteins in the region called the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM). The molecular foundation of this relationship is complex and involves not only ion homeostasis through the shuttling of calcium but also many structural and apoptotic proteins. IRE1alpha and PERK are known for their canonical function as an ER stress sensor controlling unfolded protein response during ER stress. The presence of these transmembrane proteins at the MAM indicates its potential involvement in other biological functions beyond ER stress signaling. Many recent studies have now focused on the non-canonical function of these sensors. In this review, we will focus on ER mitochondrial interdependence with special emphasis on the non-canonical role of ER stress sensors beyond ER stress.
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Xu J, Taubert S. Beyond Proteostasis: Lipid Metabolism as a New Player in ER Homeostasis. Metabolites 2021; 11:52. [PMID: 33466824 PMCID: PMC7830277 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes are not only essential barriers that separate cellular and subcellular structures, but also perform other critical functions such as the initiation and propagation of intra- and intercellular signals. Each membrane-delineated organelle has a tightly regulated and custom-made membrane lipid composition that is critical for its normal function. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of a dynamic membrane network that is required for the synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids. The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen activates an adaptive stress response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR-ER). Interestingly, recent findings show that lipid perturbation is also a direct activator of the UPR-ER, independent of protein misfolding. Here, we review proteostasis-independent UPR-ER activation in the genetically tractable model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. We review the current knowledge on the membrane lipid composition of the ER, its impact on organelle function and UPR-ER activation, and its potential role in human metabolic diseases. Further, we summarize the bi-directional interplay between lipid metabolism and the UPR-ER. We discuss recent progress identifying the different respective mechanisms by which disturbed proteostasis and lipid bilayer stress activate the UPR-ER. Finally, we consider how genetic and metabolic disturbances may disrupt ER homeostasis and activate the UPR and discuss how using -omics-type analyses will lead to more comprehensive insights into these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Xu
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Healthy Starts Theme, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Healthy Starts Theme, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Kim S, Shin HJ, Do SH, Na HS. Role of Unfolded Protein Response and Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation by Repeated Exposure to Inhalation Anesthetics in Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2890-2896. [PMID: 34220315 PMCID: PMC8241789 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.58043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: When an imbalance occurs between the demand and capacity for protein folding, unfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). In addition, unfolded proteins are cleared from the ER lumen for ubiquitination and subsequent cytosolic proteasomal degradation, which is termed as the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. This study focused on changes in the UPR and ERAD pathways induced by the repeated inhalation anesthetic exposure in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods: Depending on repeated isoflurane exposure, C. elegans was classified into the control or isoflurane group. To evaluate the expression of a specific gene, RNA was extracted from adult worms in each group and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed. Ubiquitinated protein levels were measured using western blotting, and behavioral changes were evaluated by chemotaxis assay using various mutant strains. Results: Isoflurane upregulated the expression of ire-1 and pek-1 whereas the expression of atf-6 was unaffected. The expression of both sel-1 and sel-11 was decreased by isoflurane exposure, possibly indicating the inhibition of retro-translocation. The expression of cdc-48.1 and cdc-48.2 was decreased and higher ubiquitinated protein levels were observed in the isoflurane group than in the control, suggesting that deubiquitination and degradation of misfolded proteins were interrupted. The chemotaxis indices of ire-1, pek-1, sel-1, and sel-11 mutants decreased significantly compared to N2, and they were not suppressed further even after the repeated isoflurane exposure. Conclusion: Repeated isoflurane exposure caused significant ER stress in C. elegans. Following the increase in UPR, the ERAD pathway was disrupted by repeated isoflurane exposure and ubiquitinated proteins was accumulated subsequently. UPR and ERAD pathways are potential modifiable neuroprotection targets against anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeyeon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Do
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Seok Na
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Perspective on Intracellular Response Mechanisms. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves perturbation of intestinal immune homeostasis in genetically susceptible individuals. A mutual interplay between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and gut resident microbes maintains a homeostatic environment across the gut. An idiopathic gastrointestinal (GI) complication triggers aberrant physiological stress in the epithelium and peripheral myeloid cells, leading to a chronic inflammatory condition. Indeed, events in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria contribute to orchestrating intracellular mechanisms such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and oxidative stress, respectively, to resolve aberrant cellular stress. This review highlights the signaling cascades encrypted within ER and mitochondria in IECs and/or myeloid cells to dissipate chronic stress in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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Bond S, Lopez-Lloreda C, Gannon PJ, Akay-Espinoza C, Jordan-Sciutto KL. The Integrated Stress Response and Phosphorylated Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α in Neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:123-143. [PMID: 31913484 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proposed molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative pathogenesis are varied, precluding the development of effective therapies for these increasingly prevalent disorders. One of the most consistent observations across neurodegenerative diseases is the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). eIF2α is a translation initiation factor, involved in cap-dependent protein translation, which when phosphorylated causes global translation attenuation. eIF2α phosphorylation is mediated by 4 kinases, which, together with their downstream signaling cascades, constitute the integrated stress response (ISR). While the ISR is activated by stresses commonly observed in neurodegeneration, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation, it is a canonically adaptive signaling cascade. However, chronic activation of the ISR can contribute to neurodegenerative phenotypes such as neuronal death, memory impairments, and protein aggregation via apoptotic induction and other maladaptive outcomes downstream of phospho-eIF2α-mediated translation inhibition, including neuroinflammation and altered amyloidogenic processing, plausibly in a feed-forward manner. This review examines evidence that dysregulated eIF2a phosphorylation acts as a driver of neurodegeneration, including a survey of observations of ISR signaling in human disease, inspection of the overlap between ISR signaling and neurodegenerative phenomenon, and assessment of recent encouraging findings ameliorating neurodegeneration using developing pharmacological agents which target the ISR. In doing so, gaps in the field, including crosstalk of the ISR kinases and consideration of ISR signaling in nonneuronal central nervous system cell types, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bond
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claudia Lopez-Lloreda
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J Gannon
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cagla Akay-Espinoza
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Gorbatyuk MS, Starr CR, Gorbatyuk OS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 79:100860. [PMID: 32272207 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Physiological equilibrium in the retina depends on coordinated work between rod and cone photoreceptors and can be compromised by the expression of mutant proteins leading to inherited retinal degeneration (IRD). IRD is a diverse group of retinal dystrophies with multifaceted molecular mechanisms that are not fully understood. In this review, we focus on the contribution of chronically activated unfolded protein response (UPR) to inherited retinal pathogenesis, placing special emphasis on studies employing genetically modified animal models. As constitutively active UPR in degenerating retinas may activate pro-apoptotic programs associated with oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory signaling, dysfunctional autophagy, free cytosolic Ca2+ overload, and altered protein synthesis rate in the retina, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of translational attenuation and approaches to overcoming translational attenuation in degenerating retinas. We also discuss current research on the role of the UPR mediator PERK and its downstream targets in degenerating retinas and highlight the therapeutic benefits of reprogramming PERK signaling in preclinical animal models of IRD. Finally, we describe pharmacological approaches targeting UPR in ocular diseases and consider their potential applications to IRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Gorbatyuk
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, USA.
| | - Christopher R Starr
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, USA
| | - Oleg S Gorbatyuk
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, USA
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Lenghel A, Gheorghita AM, Vacaru AM, Vacaru AM. What Is the Sweetest UPR Flavor for the β-cell? That Is the Question. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:614123. [PMID: 33613449 PMCID: PMC7891099 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.614123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a process conserved from yeasts to mammals and, based on the generally accepted dogma, helps the secretory performance of a cell, by improving its capacity to cope with a burden in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER of β-cells, "professional secretory cells", has to manage tremendous amounts of insulin, which elicits a strong pressure on the ER intrinsic folding capacity. Thus, the constant demand for insulin production results in misfolded proinsulin, triggering a physiological upregulation of UPR to restore homeostasis. Most diabetic disorders are characterized by the loss of functional β-cells, and the pathological side of UPR plays an instrumental role. The transition from a homeostatic to a pathological UPR that ultimately leads to insulin-producing β-cell decay entails complex cellular processes and molecular mechanisms which remain poorly described so far. Here, we summarize important processes that are coupled with or driven by UPR in β-cells, such as proliferation, inflammation and dedifferentiation. We conclude that the UPR comes in different "flavors" and each of them is correlated with a specific outcome for the cell, for survival, differentiation, proliferation as well as cell death. All these greatly depend on the way UPR is triggered, however what exactly is the switch that favors the activation of one UPR as opposed to others is largely unknown. Substantial work needs to be done to progress the knowledge in this important emerging field as this will help in the development of novel and more efficient therapies for diabetes.
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Yousuf MS, Maguire AD, Simmen T, Kerr BJ. Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria interplay in chronic pain: The calcium connection. Mol Pain 2020; 16:1744806920946889. [PMID: 32787562 PMCID: PMC7427143 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920946889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that affects roughly a third to a half of the world's population. Despite its substantial effect on society, treatment for chronic pain is modest, at best, notwithstanding its side effects. Hence, novel therapeutics are direly needed. Emerging evidence suggests that calcium plays an integral role in mediating neuronal plasticity that underlies sensitization observed in chronic pain states. The endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria are the largest calcium repositories in a cell. Here, we review how stressors, like accumulation of misfolded proteins and oxidative stress, influence endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria function and contribute to chronic pain. We further examine the shuttling of calcium across the mitochondrial-associated membrane as a mechanism of cross-talk between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. In addition, we discuss how endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial impairment, and calcium dyshomeostasis are implicated in various models of neuropathic pain. We propose a novel framework of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria signaling in mediating pain hypersensitivity. These observations require further investigation in order to develop novel therapies for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Aislinn D Maguire
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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36
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Sicari D, Delaunay‐Moisan A, Combettes L, Chevet E, Igbaria A. A guide to assessing endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and stress in mammalian systems. FEBS J 2019; 287:27-42. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Sicari
- Inserm U1242 University of Rennes France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis Rennes France
| | - Agnès Delaunay‐Moisan
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA‐Saclay CNRS ISVJC/SBIGEM Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Cancer Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Laurent Combettes
- UMRS1174 Université Paris Sud Orsay France
- UMRS1174 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) Orsay France
| | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm U1242 University of Rennes France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis Rennes France
| | - Aeid Igbaria
- Inserm U1242 University of Rennes France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis Rennes France
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Kopp MC, Larburu N, Durairaj V, Adams CJ, Ali MMU. UPR proteins IRE1 and PERK switch BiP from chaperone to ER stress sensor. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:1053-1062. [PMID: 31695187 PMCID: PMC6858872 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BiP is a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone and is suggested to act as primary sensor in the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). How BiP operates as a molecular chaperone and as an ER stress sensor is unknown. Here, by reconstituting components of human UPR, ER stress and BiP chaperone systems, we discover that the interaction of BiP with the luminal domains of UPR proteins IRE1 and PERK switch BiP from its chaperone cycle into an ER stress sensor cycle by preventing the binding of its co-chaperones, with loss of ATPase stimulation. Furthermore, misfolded protein-dependent dissociation of BiP from IRE1 is primed by ATP but not ADP. Our data elucidate a previously unidentified mechanistic cycle of BiP function that explains its ability to act as an Hsp70 chaperone and ER stress sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Kopp
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natacha Larburu
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vinoth Durairaj
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher J Adams
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maruf M U Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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38
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Song MJ, Malhi H. The unfolded protein response and hepatic lipid metabolism in non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107401. [PMID: 31419516 PMCID: PMC6848795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a major public health burden. Although many features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis are known, the specific mechanisms and susceptibilities that determine an individual's risk of developing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus isolated steatosis are not well delineated. The predominant and defining histologic and imaging characteristic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the accumulation of lipids. Dysregulation of lipid homeostasis in hepatocytes leads to transient generation or accumulation of toxic lipids that result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with inflammation, hepatocellular damage, and apoptosis. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) which is classically viewed as an adaptive pathway to maintain protein folding homeostasis. Recent studies have uncovered the contribution of the UPR sensors in the regulation of hepatic steatosis and in the cellular response to lipotoxic stress. Interestingly, the UPR sensors can be directly activated by toxic lipids, independently of the accumulation of misfolded proteins, termed lipotoxic and proteotoxic stress, respectively. The dual function of the UPR sensors in protein and lipid homeostasis suggests that these two types of stress are interconnected likely due to the central role of the ER in protein folding and trafficking and lipid biosynthesis and trafficking, such that perturbations in either impact the function of the ER and activate the UPR sensors in an effort to restore homeostasis. The precise molecular similarities and differences between proteotoxic and lipotoxic ER stress are beginning to be understood. Herein, we provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in the activation and cross-talk between the UPR sensors, hepatic lipid metabolism, and lipotoxic stress, and discuss the possible therapeutic potential of targeting the UPR in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Jun Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
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39
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Karagöz GE, Aragón T, Acosta-Alvear D. Recent advances in signal integration mechanisms in the unfolded protein response. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31723416 PMCID: PMC6833987 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19848.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery more than 25 years ago, great progress has been made in our understanding of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a homeostatic mechanism that adjusts endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function to satisfy the physiological demands of the cell. However, if ER homeostasis is unattainable, the UPR switches to drive cell death to remove defective cells in an effort to protect the health of the organism. This functional dichotomy places the UPR at the crossroads of the adaptation versus apoptosis decision. Here, we focus on new developments in UPR signaling mechanisms, in the interconnectivity among the signaling pathways that make up the UPR in higher eukaryotes, and in the coordination between the UPR and other fundamental cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Elif Karagöz
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomás Aragón
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Acosta-Alvear
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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40
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Karagöz GE, Acosta-Alvear D, Walter P. The Unfolded Protein Response: Detecting and Responding to Fluctuations in the Protein-Folding Capacity of the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a033886. [PMID: 30670466 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most of the secreted and plasma membrane proteins are synthesized on membrane-bound ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They require engagement of ER-resident chaperones and foldases that assist in their folding and maturation. Since protein homeostasis in the ER is crucial for cellular function, the protein-folding status in the organelle's lumen is continually surveyed by a network of signaling pathways, collectively called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Protein-folding imbalances, or "ER stress," are detected by highly conserved sensors that adjust the ER's protein-folding capacity according to the physiological needs of the cell. We review recent developments in the field that have provided new insights into the ER stress-sensing mechanisms used by UPR sensors and the mechanisms by which they integrate various cellular inputs to adjust the folding capacity of the organelle to accommodate to fluctuations in ER protein-folding demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Elif Karagöz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Diego Acosta-Alvear
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Peter Walter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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41
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Oka OB, van Lith M, Rudolf J, Tungkum W, Pringle MA, Bulleid NJ. ERp18 regulates activation of ATF6α during unfolded protein response. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100990. [PMID: 31368601 PMCID: PMC6670016 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the ATF6α signaling pathway is initiated by trafficking of ATF6α from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Its subsequent proteolysis releases a transcription factor that translocates to the nucleus causing downstream gene activation. How ER retention, Golgi trafficking, and proteolysis of ATF6α are regulated and whether additional protein partners are required for its localization and processing remain unresolved. Here, we show that ER-resident oxidoreductase ERp18 associates with ATF6α following ER stress and plays a key role in both trafficking and activation of ATF6α. We find that ERp18 depletion attenuates the ATF6α stress response. Paradoxically, ER stress accelerates trafficking of ATF6α to the Golgi in ERp18-depleted cells. However, the translocated ATF6α becomes aberrantly processed preventing release of the soluble transcription factor. Hence, we demonstrate that ERp18 monitors ATF6α ER quality control to ensure optimal processing following trafficking to the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojore Bv Oka
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marcel van Lith
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jana Rudolf
- Inserm U1035/BMGIC, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wanida Tungkum
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marie Anne Pringle
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil J Bulleid
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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42
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Fun XH, Thibault G. Lipid bilayer stress and proteotoxic stress-induced unfolded protein response deploy divergent transcriptional and non-transcriptional programmes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158449. [PMID: 31028913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and is designed to restore cellular homeostasis through multiple intracellular signalling pathways. In mammals, the UPR programme regulates the expression of hundreds of genes in response to signalling from ATF6, IRE1, and PERK. These three highly conserved stress sensors are activated by the accumulation of unfolded proteins within the ER. Alternatively, IRE1 and PERK sense generalised lipid bilayer stress (LBS) at the ER while ATF6 is activated by an increase of specific sphingolipids. As a result, the UPR supports cellular robustness as a broad-spectrum compensatory pathway that is achieved by deploying a tailored transcriptional programme adapted to the source of ER stress. This review summarises the current understanding of the three ER stress transducers in sensing proteotoxic stress and LBS. The plasticity of the UPR programme in the context of different sources of ER stress will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Hui Fun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Thibault
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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43
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Matsusaki M, Kanemura S, Kinoshita M, Lee YH, Inaba K, Okumura M. The Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family: from proteostasis to pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129338. [PMID: 30986509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, nearly one-third of proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they undergo oxidative folding and chaperoning assisted by approximately 20 members of the protein disulfide isomerase family (PDIs). PDIs consist of multiple thioredoxin-like domains and recognize a wide variety of proteins via highly conserved interdomain flexibility. Although PDIs have been studied intensely for almost 50 years, exactly how they maintain protein homeostasis in the ER remains unknown, and is important not only for fundamental biological understanding but also for protein misfolding- and aggregation-related pathophysiology. Herein, we review recent advances in structural biology and biophysical approaches that explore the underlying mechanism by which PDIs fulfil their distinct functions to promote productive protein folding and scavenge misfolded proteins in the ER, the primary factory for efficient production of the secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonori Matsusaki
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki aza Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shingo Kanemura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki aza Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan; School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Misaki Kinoshita
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki aza Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Protein Structure Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Chungbuk 28199, South Korea; Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Masaki Okumura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki aza Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
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44
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Preissler S, Ron D. Early Events in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a033894. [PMID: 30396883 PMCID: PMC6442202 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The physiological consequences of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are mediated by changes in gene expression. Underlying them are rapid processes involving preexisting components. We review recent insights gained into the regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Hsp70 chaperone BiP, whose incorporation into inactive oligomers and reversible AMPylation and de-AMPylation present a first line of response to fluctuating levels of unfolded proteins. BiP activity is tied to the regulation of the UPR transducers by a recently discovered cycle of ER-localized, J protein-mediated formation of a repressive IRE1-BiP complex, whose working we contrast to an alternative model for UPR regulation that relies on direct recognition of unfolded proteins. We conclude with a discussion of mechanisms that repress messenger RNA (mRNA) translation to limit the flux of newly synthesized proteins into the ER, a rapid adaptation that does not rely on new macromolecule biosynthesis.
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45
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Adams CJ, Kopp MC, Larburu N, Nowak PR, Ali MMU. Structure and Molecular Mechanism of ER Stress Signaling by the Unfolded Protein Response Signal Activator IRE1. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:11. [PMID: 30931312 PMCID: PMC6423427 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important site for protein folding and maturation in eukaryotes. The cellular requirement to synthesize proteins within the ER is matched by its folding capacity. However, the physiological demands or aberrations in folding may result in an imbalance which can lead to the accumulation of misfolded protein, also known as "ER stress." The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cell-signaling system that readjusts ER folding capacity to restore protein homeostasis. The key UPR signal activator, IRE1, responds to stress by propagating the UPR signal from the ER to the cytosol. Here, we discuss the structural and molecular basis of IRE1 stress signaling, with particular focus on novel mechanistic advances. We draw a comparison between the recently proposed allosteric model for UPR induction and the role of Hsp70 during polypeptide import to the mitochondrial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maruf M. U. Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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46
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Liew LP, Singleton DC, Wong WW, Cheng GJ, Jamieson SMF, Hay MP. Hypoxia‐Activated Prodrugs of PERK Inhibitors. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1238-1248. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia P. Liew
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of Auckland Symonds St Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Dean C. Singleton
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of Auckland Symonds St Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Way W. Wong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Gary J. Cheng
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Stephen M. F. Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of Auckland Symonds St Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Michael P. Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of Auckland Symonds St Auckland 1010 New Zealand
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47
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Ishiwata-Kimata Y, Le GQ, Kimata Y. Stress-sensing and regulatory mechanism of the endoplasmic-stress sensors Ire1 and PERK. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ersc-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ire1 and its family protein PERK are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress sensors that initiate cellular responses against ER accumulation of unfolded proteins. As reviewed in this article, many publications describe molecular mechanisms by which yeast Ire1 senses ER conditions and gets regulated. We also cover recent studies which reveal that mammalian Ire1 (IRE1α) and PERK are controlled in a similar but not exactly the same manner. ER-located molecular chaperone BiP captures these ER-stress sensors and suppresses their activity. Intriguingly, Ire1 is associated with BiP not as a chaperone substrate, but as a unique ligand. Unfolded proteins accumulated in the ER promote dissociation of the Ire1-BiP complex. Moreover, Ire1 is directly bound with unfolded proteins, leading to its cluster formation and potent activation. PERK also captures unfolded proteins and then forms self-oligomers. Meanwhile, membrane-lipid aberrancy is likely to activate these ER-stress sensors independently of ER accumulation of unfolded proteins. In addition, there exist a number of reports that touch on other factors that control activity of these ER-stress sensors. Such a multiplicity of regulatory mechanisms for these ER-stress sensors is likely to contribute to fine tuning of their activity.
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48
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Schmitz ML, Shaban MS, Albert BV, Gökçen A, Kracht M. The Crosstalk of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Pathways with NF-κB: Complex Mechanisms Relevant for Cancer, Inflammation and Infection. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020058. [PMID: 29772680 PMCID: PMC6027367 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful conditions occuring during cancer, inflammation or infection activate adaptive responses that are controlled by the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway. These systems can be triggered by chemical compounds but also by cytokines, toll-like receptor ligands, nucleic acids, lipids, bacteria and viruses. Despite representing unique signaling cascades, new data indicate that the UPR and NF-κB pathways converge within the nucleus through ten major transcription factors (TFs), namely activating transcription factor (ATF)4, ATF3, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (CEBP) homologous protein (CHOP), X-box-binding protein (XBP)1, ATF6α and the five NF-κB subunits. The combinatorial occupancy of numerous genomic regions (enhancers and promoters) coordinates the transcriptional activation or repression of hundreds of genes that collectively determine the balance between metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes and the extent of apoptosis and autophagy or repair of cell damage and survival. Here, we also discuss results from genetic experiments and chemical activators of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that suggest a link to the cytosolic inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)α degradation pathway. These data show that the UPR affects this major control point of NF-κB activation through several mechanisms. Taken together, available evidence indicates that the UPR and NF-κB interact at multiple levels. This crosstalk provides ample opportunities to fine-tune cellular stress responses and could also be exploited therapeutically in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - M Samer Shaban
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - B Vincent Albert
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anke Gökçen
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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49
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Hughes D, Mallucci GR. The unfolded protein response in neurodegenerative disorders - therapeutic modulation of the PERK pathway. FEBS J 2018; 286:342-355. [PMID: 29476642 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved protein quality control mechanism, activated in response to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress. Signalling is mediated through three branches, PERK, IRE1, and ATF6, respectively, that together provide a coordinated response that contributes to overcoming disrupted proteostasis. PERK branch activation predominantly causes a rapid reduction in global rates of translation, while the IRE1 and ATF6 branch signalling induce a transcriptional response resulting in expression of chaperones and components of the protein degradation machinery. Protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases show disruption of proteostasis as a biochemical feature. In the brains of animal models of disease and in human post mortem tissue from many of these disorders, markers of UPR induction, particularly, the PERK pathway can be observed in close association with disease progression. Recent research has revealed dysregulated UPR signalling to be a major pathogenic mechanism in neurodegeneration, and that genetic and pharmacological modulation of the PERK pathway results in potent neuroprotection. Targeting aberrant UPR signalling is the focus of new therapeutic strategies, which importantly could be beneficial across the broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanna R Mallucci
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
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Besio R, Iula G, Garibaldi N, Cipolla L, Sabbioneda S, Biggiogera M, Marini JC, Rossi A, Forlino A. 4-PBA ameliorates cellular homeostasis in fibroblasts from osteogenesis imperfecta patients by enhancing autophagy and stimulating protein secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1642-1652. [PMID: 29432813 PMCID: PMC5908783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The clinical phenotype in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is attributed to the dominant negative function of mutant type I collagen molecules in the extracellular matrix, by altering its structure and function. Intracellular retention of mutant collagen has also been reported, but its effect on cellular homeostasis is less characterized. Using OI patient fibroblasts carrying mutations in the α1(I) and α2(I) chains we demonstrate that retained collagen molecules are responsible for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enlargement and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) mainly through the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (PERK) branch. Cells carrying α1(I) mutations upregulate autophagy, while cells with α2(I) mutations only occasionally activate the autodegradative response. Despite the autophagy activation to face stress conditions, apoptosis occurs in all mutant fibroblasts. To reduce cellular stress, mutant fibroblasts were treated with the FDA-approved chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid. The drug rescues cell death by modulating UPR activation thanks to both its chaperone and histone deacetylase inhibitor abilities. As chaperone it increases general cellular protein secretion in all patients' cells as well as collagen secretion in cells with the most C-terminal mutation. As histone deacetylase inhibitor it enhances the expression of the autophagic gene Atg5 with a consequent stimulation of autophagy. These results demonstrate that the cellular response to ER stress can be a relevant target to ameliorate OI cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Besio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Giusy Iula
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Nadia Garibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Lina Cipolla
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Simone Sabbioneda
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Joan C Marini
- Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch, NICHD, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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