1
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Ferreira-Gomes M, Chen Y, Durek P, Rincon-Arevalo H, Heinrich F, Bauer L, Szelinski F, Guerra GM, Stefanski AL, Niedobitek A, Wiedemann A, Bondareva M, Ritter J, Lehmann K, Hardt S, Hipfl C, Hein S, Hildt E, Matz M, Mei HE, Cheng Q, Dang VD, Witkowski M, Lino AC, Kruglov A, Melchers F, Perka C, Schrezenmeier EV, Hutloff A, Radbruch A, Dörner T, Mashreghi MF. Recruitment of plasma cells from IL-21-dependent and IL-21-independent immune reactions to the bone marrow. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4182. [PMID: 38755157 PMCID: PMC11099182 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) are the correlate of humoral immunity, consistently releasing antibodies into the bloodstream. It remains unclear if BMPC reflect different activation environments or maturation of their precursors. Here we define human BMPC heterogeneity and track the recruitment of antibody-secreting cells (ASC) from SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immune reactions to the bone marrow (BM). Trajectories based on single-cell transcriptomes and repertoires of peripheral and BM ASC reveal sequential colonisation of BMPC compartments. In activated B cells, IL-21 suppresses CD19 expression, indicating that CD19low-BMPC are derived from follicular, while CD19high-BMPC originate from extrafollicular immune reactions. In primary immune reactions, both CD19low- and CD19high-BMPC compartments are populated. In secondary immune reactions, most BMPC are recruited to CD19high-BMPC compartments, reflecting their origin from extrafollicular reactivations of memory B cells. A pattern also observable in vaccinated-convalescent individuals and upon diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis recall-vaccination. Thus, BMPC diversity reflects the evolution of a given humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ferreira-Gomes
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yidan Chen
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hector Rincon-Arevalo
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Bauer
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Maria Guerra
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana-Luisa Stefanski
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Niedobitek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Bondareva
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Ritter
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Lehmann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hardt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hipfl
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Hein
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Bundesinstitut für Impfstoffe und biomedizinische Arzneimittel, Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Bundesinstitut für Impfstoffe und biomedizinische Arzneimittel, Langen, Germany
| | - Mareen Matz
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik E Mei
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingyu Cheng
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Van Duc Dang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Witkowski
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreia C Lino
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Kruglov
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Perka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva V Schrezenmeier
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Petersone L, Walker LSK. T-cell help in the germinal center: homing in on the role of IL-21. Int Immunol 2024; 36:89-98. [PMID: 38164992 PMCID: PMC10880887 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is overproduced in multiple autoimmune settings. Provision of IL-21 from follicular helper T cells is an important component of T-cell help within germinal centers (GC), and the last few years have seen a resurgence of interest in IL-21 biology in the context of the GC environment. While it has been more than a decade since T cell-derived IL-21 was found to upregulate B-cell expression of the GC master transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) and to promote GC expansion, several recent studies have collectively delivered significant new insights into how this cytokine shapes GC B-cell selection, proliferation, and fate choice. It is now clear that IL-21 plays an important role in GC zonal polarization by contributing to light zone GC B-cell positive selection for dark zone entry as well as by promoting cyclin D3-dependent dark zone inertial cycling. While it has been established that IL-21 can contribute to the modulation of GC output by aiding the generation of antibody-secreting cells (ASC), recent studies have now revealed how IL-21 signal strength shapes the fate choice between GC cycle re-entry and ASC differentiation in vivo. Both provision of IL-21 and sensitivity to this cytokine are finely tuned within the GC environment, and dysregulation of this pathway in autoimmune settings could alter the threshold for germinal center B-cell selection and differentiation, potentially promoting autoreactive B-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Petersone
- University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PP, UK
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PP, UK
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3
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Shbeer AM, Ahmed Robadi I. The role of Interleukin-21 in autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms, therapeutic Implications, and future directions. Cytokine 2024; 173:156437. [PMID: 37972478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
IL-21 is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates the functional activity of various immune cells. Initial studies have shown that IL-21 can influence the differentiation, proliferation and function of T and B cells, as well as promote the maturation and increase the cytotoxicity of CD8 + T cells and NK cells. During humoral immune responses, IL-21 has significant effects on B cell activation, differentiation and apoptosis. In addition, IL-21 promotes the differentiation of both naive and memory B cells, ultimately leading to the activation of plasma cells. The function of IL-21 in the immune system is complex, as it has the ability to either stimulate or inhibit immune responses. in addition, IL-21 facilitates the differentiation of naive and memory B cells into plasma cells. The functionality of IL-21 in the immune system is diverse, as it has the ability to stimulate or inhibit immune responses. This cytokine has been implicated in several diseases including cancer, allergies and autoimmune diseases. Research has suggested that this cytokine is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Several studies have suggested that inhibition of IL-21 has a therapeutic effect on autoimmune diseases. Therefore, targeting both the cytokine's receptor and IL-21 in autoimmune diseases may be an effective approach to reduce the severity of the disease or to treat it. This review will examine the biological effects of IL-21 on various immune cells and the role of the cytokine in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Shbeer
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Robadi
- Department of pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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4
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El-Sayed MM, Mohak S, Gala D, Fabian R, Peterfi Z, Fabian Z. The Role of the Intestinal Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis-Lessons to Be Learned from Hippocrates. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1463. [PMID: 38132289 PMCID: PMC10740531 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Based on recent advances in research of chronic inflammatory conditions, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests a close correlation between the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and the physiologic activity of the immune system. This raises the idea that disturbances of the GI ecosystem contribute to the unfolding of chronic diseases including neurodegenerative pathologies. Here, we overview our current understanding on the putative interaction between the gut microbiota and the immune system from the aspect of multiple sclerosis, one of the autoimmune conditions accompanied by severe chronic neuroinflammation that affects millions of people worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud El-Sayed
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Rd, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Sidhesh Mohak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Saint James School of Medicine, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA;
| | - Dhir Gala
- American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, 1 University Drive, Jordan Road, Cupecoy, St Marteen, The Netherlands;
| | - Reka Fabian
- Salerno, Secondary School, Threadneedle Road, H91 D9H3 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Zoltan Peterfi
- Division of Infectology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs, Clinical Centre, 7623 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Fabian
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Rd, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
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5
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Petersone L, Wang CJ, Edner NM, Fabri A, Nikou SA, Hinze C, Ross EM, Ntavli E, Elfaki Y, Heuts F, Ovcinnikovs V, Rueda Gonzalez A, Houghton LP, Li HM, Zhang Y, Toellner KM, Walker LSK. IL-21 shapes germinal center polarization via light zone B cell selection and cyclin D3 upregulation. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221653. [PMID: 37466652 PMCID: PMC10355162 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) dysregulation has been widely reported in the context of autoimmunity. Here, we show that interleukin 21 (IL-21), the archetypal follicular helper T cell (Tfh) cytokine, shapes the scale and polarization of spontaneous chronic autoimmune as well as transient immunization-induced GC. We find that IL-21 receptor deficiency results in smaller GC that are profoundly skewed toward a light zone GC B cell phenotype and that IL-21 plays a key role in selection of light zone GC B cells for entry to the dark zone. Light zone skewing has been previously reported in mice lacking the cell cycle regulator cyclin D3. We demonstrate that IL-21 triggers cyclin D3 upregulation in GC B cells, thereby tuning dark zone inertial cell cycling. Lastly, we identify Foxo1 regulation as a link between IL-21 signaling and GC dark zone formation. These findings reveal new biological roles for IL-21 within GC and have implications for autoimmune settings where IL-21 is overproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Petersone
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Chun Jing Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Natalie M Edner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Astrid Fabri
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Spyridoula-Angeliki Nikou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Claudia Hinze
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Ellen M Ross
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Elisavet Ntavli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Yassin Elfaki
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Frank Heuts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Andrea Rueda Gonzalez
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Luke P Houghton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Hannah M Li
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
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6
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Kim D, Biancon G, Bai Z, VanOudenhove J, Liu Y, Kothari S, Gowda L, Kwan JM, Buitrago-Pocasangre NC, Lele N, Asashima H, Racke MK, Wilson JE, Givens TS, Tomayko MM, Schulz WL, Longbrake EE, Hafler DA, Halene S, Fan R. Microfluidic Immuno-Serolomic Assay Reveals Systems Level Association with COVID-19 Pathology and Vaccine Protection. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300594. [PMID: 37312418 PMCID: PMC10592458 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
How to develop highly informative serology assays to evaluate the quality of immune protection against coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has been a global pursuit over the past years. Here, a microfluidic high-plex immuno-serolomic assay is developed to simultaneously measure50 plasma or serum samples for50 soluble markers including 35proteins, 11 anti-spike/receptor binding domian (RBD) IgG antibodies spanningmajor variants, and controls. This assay demonstrates the quintuplicate test in a single run with high throughput, low sample volume, high reproducibilityand accuracy. It is applied to the measurement of 1012 blood samples including in-depth analysis of sera from 127 patients and 21 healthy donors over multiple time points, either with acute COVID infection or vaccination. The protein analysis reveals distinct immune mediator modules that exhibit a reduced degree of diversity in protein-protein cooperation in patients with hematologic malignancies or receiving B cell depletion therapy. Serological analysis identifies that COVID-infected patients with hematologic malignancies display impaired anti-RBD antibody response despite high level of anti-spike IgG, which can be associated with limited clonotype diversity and functional deficiency in B cells. These findings underscore the importance to individualize immunization strategies for these high-risk patients and provide an informative tool to monitor their responses at the systems level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Giulia Biancon
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Zhiliang Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer VanOudenhove
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Shalin Kothari
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Lohith Gowda
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer M Kwan
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | - Nikhil Lele
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary M Tomayko
- Departments of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Wade L Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Erin E Longbrake
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Center for RNA Science and Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Cancer Center and Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Cancer Center and Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Human and Translational Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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7
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Yuan G, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Jia Z, Chen K, Wang J, Feng H, Zou J. The Biological Functions and Intestinal Inflammation Regulation of IL-21 in Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) during Infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Cells 2023; 12:2276. [PMID: 37759501 PMCID: PMC10528265 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. In fish, the biological functions and cell source of IL-21 remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescent microscopy to examine the expression of IL-21 at the mRNA and protein levels. We found that il21 expression was induced in the primary head kidney leukocytes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by heat-inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) and LPS and in tissues after infection with A. hydrophila. Recombinant IL-21 protein produced in the CHO-S cells was effective in elevating the expression of antibacterial genes, including β-defensin and lysozyme, and, interestingly, inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, we investigated the response of the IL-21 expressing cells to A. hydrophila infection. Immunofluorescent assay showed that IL-21 protein was detected in the CD3γ/δ T cells and was markedly accumulated in the anterior, middle and posterior intestine. Collectively, the results indicate that IL-21 plays an important role in regulating the intestinal inflammation induced by bacterial infection in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoliang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
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8
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Pellicano C, Colalillo A, Carnazzo V, Redi S, Basile V, Marino M, Basile U, Rosato E. In Systemic Sclerosis Patients, Peripheral Blood CD21 low B Cells and Serum IL-4 and IL-21 Influence Joint Involvement. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1334. [PMID: 37763102 PMCID: PMC10532941 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients have an increased frequency of CD21low B cells and of serum interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-21, each possible markers of joint involvement in inflammatory arthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of CD21low B cells, IL-4, and IL-21 on joint involvement in a cohort of 52 SSc patients. The DAS28-ESR was correlated with CD21low B cells (r = 0.452, p < 0.001), IL-4 (r = 0.478, p < 0.001), and IL-21 (r = 0.415, p < 0.001). SSc patients with a DAS28-ESR > 3.2 had more CD21low B cells (12.65% (IQR: 7.11-13.79) vs. 5.08% (IQR: 3.76-7.45), p < 0.01), higher IL-4 levels (132.98 pg/mL (IQR: 99.12-164.12) vs. 100.80 pg/mL (IQR: 62.78-121.13), p < 0.05), and higher IL-21 levels (200.77 pg/mL (IQR: 130.13-302.41) vs. 98.83 pg/mL (IQR: 35.70-231.55), p < 0.01) than patients with a DAS28-ESR ≤ 3.2. The logistic regression analysis models showed that the DAI (OR: 2.158 (95% CI: 1.120; 4.156), p < 0.05) and CD21low B cells (OR: 1.301 (95% CI: 1.099; 1.540), p < 0.01), the DAI (OR: 2.060 (95% CI: 1.082; 3.919), p < 0.05) and IL-4 level (OR: 1.026 (95% CI: 1.006; 1.045), p < 0.01), and the DAI (OR: 1.743 (95% CI: 1.022; 2.975), p < 0.05) and IL-21 level (OR: 1.006 (95% CI: 1.000; 1.011), p < 0.05) were independently associated with a DAS28-ESR > 3.2. An elevated CD21low B cell percentage, IL-4 level, and IL-21 level was associated with higher articular disease activity in patients, suggesting a possible role in the pathogenesis of SSc joint involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pellicano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Amalia Colalillo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Valeria Carnazzo
- UOC of Clinical Pathology DEA II Level, Hospital Santa Maria Goretti-ASL Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy; (V.C.)
| | - Serena Redi
- UOC of Clinical Pathology DEA II Level, Hospital Santa Maria Goretti-ASL Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy; (V.C.)
| | - Valerio Basile
- Clinical Pathology and Cancer Biobank IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariapaola Marino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Sezione di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Umberto Basile
- UOC of Clinical Pathology DEA II Level, Hospital Santa Maria Goretti-ASL Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy; (V.C.)
| | - Edoardo Rosato
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.C.); (E.R.)
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9
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Fike AJ, Chodisetti SB, Wright NE, Bricker KN, Domeier PP, Maienschein-Cline M, Rosenfeld AM, Luckenbill SA, Weber JL, Choi NM, Luning Prak ET, Mandal M, Clark MR, Rahman ZSM. STAT3 signaling in B cells controls germinal center zone organization and recycling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112512. [PMID: 37200190 PMCID: PMC10311431 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs), sites of antibody affinity maturation, are organized into dark (DZ) and light (LZ) zones. Here, we show a B cell-intrinsic role for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in GC DZ and LZ organization. Altered zonal organization of STAT3-deficient GCs dampens development of long-lived plasma cells (LL-PCs) but increases memory B cells (MBCs). In an abundant antigenic environment, achieved here by prime-boost immunization, STAT3 is not required for GC initiation, maintenance, or proliferation but is important for sustaining GC zonal organization by regulating GC B cell recycling. Th cell-derived signals drive STAT3 tyrosine 705 and serine 727 phosphorylation in LZ B cells, regulating their recycling into the DZ. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses identified STAT3 regulated genes that are critical for LZ cell recycling and transiting through DZ proliferation and differentiation phases. Thus, STAT3 signaling in B cells controls GC zone organization and recycling, and GC egress of PCs, but negatively regulates MBC output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Fike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nathaniel E Wright
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kristen N Bricker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Phillip P Domeier
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara A Luckenbill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Julia L Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nicholas M Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Malay Mandal
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marcus R Clark
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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10
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Tangye SG, Pathmanandavel K, Ma CS. Cytokine-mediated STAT-dependent pathways underpinning human B-cell differentiation and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 81:102286. [PMID: 36764056 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
B cells are fundamental to host defence against infectious diseases; indeed, the ability of humans to elicit robust antibody responses following exposure to foreign antigens underpins long-lived humoral immunity and serological memory, as well as the success of most currently administered vaccines. However, B cells also have a dark side - they can cause myriad diseases, including autoimmunity, atopy, allergy and malignancy. Thus, it is critical to understand the molecular requirements for generating effective, high-affinity, specific immune responses following natural infection or vaccination, as well as for constraining B-cell function to mitigate B-cell-mediated immune dyscrasias. In this review, we discuss recent developments that have been derived from the identification and detailed analysis of individuals with inborn errors of immunity that disrupt cytokine signalling, resulting in immune dysregulatory conditions. These studies have defined fundamental cytokine/cytokine receptor/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathways that are critical for the generation and maintenance of human memory B-cell and plasma cell subsets during host defence, as well as revealed mechanisms of disease pathogenesis causing immune deficiency, autoimmunity and atopy. More importantly, these studies have identified molecules that could be targeted to either enhance humoral immunity in the settings of infection or vaccination, or attenuate humoral immunity that contributes to antibody-mediated autoimmunity or allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia), Australia.
| | - Karrnan Pathmanandavel
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia), Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; CIRCA (Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia), Australia
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11
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Luo W, Conter L, Elsner RA, Smita S, Weisel F, Callahan D, Wu S, Chikina M, Shlomchik M. IL-21R signal reprogramming cooperates with CD40 and BCR signals to select and differentiate germinal center B cells. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd1823. [PMID: 36800413 PMCID: PMC10206726 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Both B cell receptor (BCR) and CD40 signaling are rewired in germinal center (GC) B cells (GCBCs) to synergistically induce c-MYC and phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (p-S6), markers of positive selection. How interleukin-21 (IL-21), a key T follicular helper (TFH)-derived cytokine, affects GCBCs is unclear. Like BCR and CD40 signals, IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) plus CD40 signals also synergize to induce c-MYC and p-S6 in GCBCs. However, IL-21R plus CD40 stimulation differentially affects GCBC fate compared with BCR plus CD40 ligation-engaging unique molecular mechanisms-as revealed by bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), single-cell RNA-seq, and flow cytometry of GCBCs in vitro and in vivo. Whereas both signal pairs induced BLIMP1 in some GCBCs, only the IL-21R/CD40 combination induced IRF4hi/CD138+ cells, indicative of plasma cell differentiation, along with CCR6+/CD38+ memory B cell precursors. These findings reveal a second positive selection pathway in GCBCs, document rewired IL-21R signaling in GCBCs, and link specific TFH- and Ag-derived signals to GCBC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- These authors contributed equally
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Laura Conter
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Rebecca A. Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Florian Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Derrick Callahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shuxian Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mark Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Lead contact
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12
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Chen Z, Cui Y, Yao Y, Liu B, Yunis J, Gao X, Wang N, Cañete PF, Tuong ZK, Sun H, Wang H, Yang S, Wang R, Leong YA, Simon Davis D, Qin J, Liang K, Deng J, Wang CK, Huang YH, Roco JA, Nettelfield S, Zhu H, Xu H, Yu Z, Craik D, Liu Z, Qi H, Parish C, Yu D. Heparan sulfate regulates IL-21 bioavailability and signal strength that control germinal center B cell selection and differentiation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd1728. [PMID: 36800411 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
In antibody responses, mutated germinal center B (BGC) cells are positively selected for reentry or differentiation. As the products from GCs, memory B cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) support high-affinity and long-lasting immunity. Positive selection of BGC cells is controlled by signals received through the B cell receptor (BCR) and follicular helper T (TFH) cell-derived signals, in particular costimulation through CD40. Here, we demonstrate that the TFH cell effector cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) joins BCR and CD40 in supporting BGC selection and reveal that strong IL-21 signaling prioritizes ASC differentiation in vivo. BGC cells, compared with non-BGC cells, show significantly reduced IL-21 binding and attenuated signaling, which is mediated by low cellular heparan sulfate (HS) sulfation. Mechanistically, N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1)-mediated N-sulfation of HS in B cells promotes IL-21 binding and signal strength. Ndst1 is down-regulated in BGC cells and up-regulated in ASC precursors, suggesting selective desensitization to IL-21 in BGC cells. Thus, specialized biochemical regulation of IL-21 bioavailability and signal strength sets a balance between the stringency and efficiency of GC selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhian Chen
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yanfang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Yao
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph Yunis
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xin Gao
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Naiqi Wang
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pablo F Cañete
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hongjian Sun
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Siling Yang
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Runli Wang
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yew Ann Leong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Simon Davis
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jiahuan Qin
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Liang
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Deng
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan A Roco
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sam Nettelfield
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Huaming Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China
| | - Huajun Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijia Yu
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher Parish
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Ian Frazer Centre for Children's Immunotherapy Research, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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13
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Quast I, Dvorscek AR, Pattaroni C, Steiner TM, McKenzie CI, Pitt C, O'Donnell K, Ding Z, Hill DL, Brink R, Robinson MJ, Zotos D, Tarlinton DM. Interleukin-21, acting beyond the immunological synapse, independently controls T follicular helper and germinal center B cells. Immunity 2022; 55:1414-1430.e5. [PMID: 35896116 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs), transient structures within B cell follicles and central to affinity maturation, require the coordinated behavior of T and B cells. IL-21, a pleiotropic T cell-derived cytokine, is key to GC biology through incompletely understood mechanisms. By genetically restricting production and receipt of IL-21 in vivo, we reveal how its independent actions on T and B cells combine to regulate the GC. IL-21 established the magnitude of the GC B cell response by promoting CD4+ T cell expansion and differentiation in a dose-dependent manner and with paracrine activity. Within GC, IL-21 specifically promoted B cell centroblast identity and, when bioavailability was high, plasma cell differentiation. Critically, these actions may occur irrespective of cognate T-B interactions, making IL-21 a general promoter of growth as distinct to a mediator of affinity-driven selection via synaptic delivery. This promiscuous activity of IL-21 explains the consequences of IL-21 deficiency on antibody-based immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaak Quast
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Alexandra R Dvorscek
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Celine Pattaroni
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Thiago M Steiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Craig I McKenzie
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Catherine Pitt
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Zhoujie Ding
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Danika L Hill
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Dimitra Zotos
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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