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Pines O, Horwitz M, Herrmann JM. Privileged proteins with a second residence: dual targeting and conditional re-routing of mitochondrial proteins. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38857249 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Almost all mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized in the cytosol as precursor proteins. Signals in the amino acid sequence of these precursors ensure their targeting and translocation into mitochondria. However, in many cases, only a certain fraction of a specific protein is transported into mitochondria, while the rest either remains in the cytosol or undergoes reverse translocation to the cytosol, and can populate other cellular compartments. This phenomenon is called dual localization which can be instigated by different mechanisms. These include alternative start or stop codons, differential transcripts, and ambiguous or competing targeting sequences. In many cases, dual localization might serve as an economic strategy to reduce the number of required genes; for example, when the same groups of enzymes are required both in mitochondria and chloroplasts or both in mitochondria and the nucleus/cytoplasm. Such cases frequently employ ambiguous targeting sequences to distribute proteins between both organelles. However, alternative localizations can also be used for signaling, for example when non-imported precursors serve as mitophagy signals or when they represent transcription factors in the nucleus to induce the mitochondrial unfolded stress response. This review provides an overview regarding the mechanisms and the physiological consequences of dual targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophry Pines
- Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Margalit Horwitz
- Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Hazan Ben-Menachem R, Pines O, Saada A. Mitochondrial derived vesicles- Quo Vadis? FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38414203 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic, intracellular organelles with a separate genome originating from prokaryotes. They perform numerous functions essential for cellular metabolism and energy production. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) are single or double membrane-enclosed vesicles, formed and released from the mitochondrial sub-compartments into the cytosol, in response to various triggers. MDVs interact with other organelles such as lysosomes and peroxisomes or may be incorporated and excreted via extracellular vesicles (EVs). MDVs selectively incorporate diverse protein and lipid cargoes and are involved in various functions such as mitochondrial quality control, immunomodulation, energy complementation, and compartmentalization and transport. This review aims to provide a summary of the current knowledge of MDVs biogenesis, release, cargoes, and roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Hazan Ben-Menachem
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ophry Pines
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ann Saada
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
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Shan Z, Li S, Gao Y, Jian C, Ti X, Zuo H, Wang Y, Zhao G, Wang Y, Zhang Q. mtDNA extramitochondrial replication mediates mitochondrial defect effects. iScience 2024; 27:108970. [PMID: 38322987 PMCID: PMC10844862 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
A high ratio of severe mitochondrial defects causes multiple human mitochondrial diseases. However, until now, the in vivo rescue signal of such mitochondrial defect effects has not been clear. Here, we built fly mitochondrial defect models by knocking down the essential mitochondrial genes dMterf4 and dMrps23. Following genome-wide RNAi screens, we found that knockdown of Med8/Tfb4/mtSSB/PolG2/mtDNA-helicase rescued dMterf4/dMrps23 RNAi-mediated mitochondrial defect effects. Extremely surprisingly, they drove mtDNA replication outside mitochondria through the Med8/Tfb4-mtSSB/PolG2/mtDNA-helicase axis to amplify cytosolic mtDNA, leading to activation of the cGAS-Sting-like IMD pathway to partially mediate dMterf4/dMrps23 RNAi-triggered effects. Moreover, we found that the Med8/Tfb4-mtSSB/PolG2/mtDNA-helicase axis also mediated other fly mitochondrial gene defect-triggered dysfunctions and Drosophila aging. Overall, our study demarcates the Med8/Tfb4-mtSSB/PolG2/mtDNA-helicase axis as a candidate mechanism to mediate mitochondrial defect effects through driving mtDNA extramitochondrial replication; dysfunction of this axis might be used for potential treatments for many mitochondrial and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Yuxue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Chunhua Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xiuxiu Ti
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Hui Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Guochun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
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Browne RK, Venu G, Kaurova SA. The case for considering the term 'mitochondrial vesicle' as a misnomer in publications about assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for amphibians. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD24014. [PMID: 38412552 DOI: 10.1071/rd24014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The term 'mitochondrial vesicle' was first used in 2003 in a description of anuran sperm and persists to this day throughout the literature on assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for amphibians. In the present paper, we argue that the term is inappropriate because the widely accepted definition of a 'vesicle' refers to an integral structure with an enclosing lipid bilayer/membrane. Moreover, there are no electron micrographs that show a vesicular structure encapsulating mitochondria on amphibian sperm heads in the literature. In fact, in 1993, the mitochondria in the anuran sperm head had been described as positioned in 'mitochondrial collars' or 'mitochondrial sheaths' surrounded by the plasma membrane of the sperm head. On the other hand, mitochondrial-derived vesicles are defined as vesicles shed from mitochondria surfaces, potentially creating confusion. Therefore, our view is that the term 'mitochondrial vesicle' should be avoided in describing the positioning of mitochondria on sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Browne
- Sustainability America, La Isla Road, Sarteneja, Corozal District, Belize
| | - Govindappa Venu
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Applied Genetics, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560056, India
| | - Svetlana A Kaurova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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Nouri HR, Schaunaman N, Kraft M, Li L, Numata M, Chu HW. Tollip deficiency exaggerates airway type 2 inflammation in mice exposed to allergen and influenza A virus: role of the ATP/IL-33 signaling axis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1304758. [PMID: 38124753 PMCID: PMC10731025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) is a negative regulator of the pro-inflammatory response to viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV). Genetic variation of Tollip has been associated with reduced airway epithelial Tollip expression and poor lung function in patients with asthma. Whether Tollip deficiency exaggerates type 2 inflammation (e.g., eosinophils) and viral infection in asthma remains unclear. We sought to address this critical, but unanswered question by using a Tollip deficient mouse asthma model with IAV infection. Further, we determined the underlying mechanisms by focusing on the role of the ATP/IL-33 signaling axis. Wild-type and Tollip KO mice were intranasally exposed to house dust mite (HDM) and IAV with or without inhibitors for IL-33 (i.e., soluble ST2, an IL-33 decoy receptor) and ATP signaling (i.e., an antagonist of the ATP receptor P2Y13). Tollip deficiency amplified airway type 2 inflammation (eosinophils, IL-5, IL-13 and mucins), and the release of ATP and IL-33. Blocking ATP receptor P2Y13 decreased IL-33 release during IAV infection in HDM-challenged Tollip KO mice. Furthermore, soluble ST2 attenuated airway eosinophilic inflammation in Tollip KO mice treated with HDM and IAV. HDM challenges decreased lung viral load in wild-type mice, but Tollip deficiency reduced the protective effects of HDM challenges on viral load. Our data suggests that during IAV infection, Tollip deficiency amplified type 2 inflammation and delayed viral clearance, in part by promoting ATP signaling and subsequent IL-33 release. Our findings may provide several therapeutic targets, including ATP and IL-33 signaling inhibition for attenuating excessive airway type 2 inflammation in human subjects with Tollip deficiency and IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Nouri
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | | | - Monica Kraft
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Mari Numata
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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