1
|
Abdalla AL, Guajardo-Contreras G, Mouland AJ. A Canadian Survey of Research on HIV-1 Latency-Where Are We Now and Where Are We Heading? Viruses 2024; 16:229. [PMID: 38400005 PMCID: PMC10891605 DOI: 10.3390/v16020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, almost 40 million people are currently living with HIV-1. The implementation of cART inhibits HIV-1 replication and reduces viremia but fails to eliminate HIV-1 from latently infected cells. These cells are considered viral reservoirs from which HIV-1 rebounds if cART is interrupted. Several efforts have been made to identify these cells and their niches. There has been little success in diminishing the pool of latently infected cells, underscoring the urgency to continue efforts to fully understand how HIV-1 establishes and maintains a latent state. Reactivating HIV-1 expression in these cells using latency-reversing agents (LRAs) has been successful, but only in vitro. This review aims to provide a broad view of HIV-1 latency, highlighting Canadian contributions toward these aims. We will summarize the research efforts conducted in Canadian labs to understand the establishment of latently infected cells and how this informs curative strategies, by reviewing how HIV latency is established, which cells are latently infected, what methodologies have been developed to characterize them, how new compounds are discovered and evaluated as potential LRAs, and what clinical trials aim to reverse latency in people living with HIV (PLWH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Abdalla
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Guajardo-Contreras
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.L.A.); (G.G.-C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Horvath RM, Dahabieh M, Malcolm T, Sadowski I. TRIM24 controls induction of latent HIV-1 by stimulating transcriptional elongation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:86. [PMID: 36690785 PMCID: PMC9870992 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding of USF1/2 and TFII-I (RBF-2) at conserved sites flanking the HIV-1 LTR enhancer is essential for reactivation from latency in T cells, with TFII-I knockdown rendering the provirus insensitive to T cell signaling. We identified an interaction of TFII-I with the tripartite motif protein TRIM24, and these factors were found to be constitutively associated with the HIV-1 LTR. Similar to the effect of TFII-I depletion, loss of TRIM24 impaired reactivation of HIV-1 in response to T cell signaling. TRIM24 deficiency did not affect recruitment of RNA Pol II to the LTR promoter, but inhibited transcriptional elongation, an effect that was associated with decreased RNA Pol II CTD S2 phosphorylation and impaired recruitment of CDK9. A considerable number of genomic loci are co-occupied by TRIM24/TFII-I, and we found that TRIM24 deletion caused altered T cell immune response, an effect that is facilitated by TFII-I. These results demonstrate a role of TRIM24 for regulation of transcriptional elongation from the HIV-1 promoter, through its interaction with TFII-I, and by recruitment of P-TEFb. Furthermore, these factors co-regulate a significant proportion of genes involved in T cell immune response, consistent with tight coupling of HIV-1 transcriptional activation and T cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riley M Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Matthew Dahabieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Tom Malcolm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Ivan Sadowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Horvath RM, Brumme ZL, Sadowski I. Inhibition of the TRIM24 bromodomain reactivates latent HIV-1. Sci Rep 2023; 13:556. [PMID: 36631514 PMCID: PMC9832417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the HIV-1 genome by RNA Polymerase II is regulated at multiple steps, as are most cellular genes, including recruitment of general transcription factors and control of transcriptional elongation from the core promoter. We recently discovered that tripartite motif protein TRIM24 is recruited to the HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) by interaction with TFII-I and causes transcriptional elongation by stimulating association of PTEF-b/ CDK9. Because TRIM24 is required for stimulation of transcription from the HIV-1 LTR, we were surprised to find that IACS-9571, a specific inhibitor of the TRIM24 C-terminal bromodomain, induces HIV-1 provirus expression in otherwise untreated cells. IACS-9571 reactivates HIV-1 in T cell lines bearing multiple different provirus models of HIV-1 latency. Additionally, treatment with this TRIM24 bromodomain inhibitor encourages productive HIV-1 expression in newly infected cells and inhibits formation of immediate latent transcriptionally repressed provirus. IACS-9571 synergizes with PMA, ionomycin, TNF-α and PEP005 to activate HIV-1 expression. Furthermore, co-treatment of CD4 + T cells from individuals with HIV-1 on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with PEP005 and IACS-9571 caused robust provirus expression. Notably, IACS-9571 did not cause global activation of T cells; rather, it inhibited induction of IL2 and CD69 expression in human PBMCs and Jurkat T cells treated with PEP005 or PMA. These observations indicate the TRIM24 bromodomain inhibitor IACS-9571 represents a novel HIV-1 latency reversing agent (LRA), and unlike other compounds with this activity, causes partial suppression of T cell activation while inducing expression of latent provirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riley M Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, UBC, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ivan Sadowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, UBC, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A Toxin-Conjugated Recombinant Protein Targeting gp120 and gp41 for Inactivating HIV-1 Virions and Killing Latency-Reversing Agent-Reactivated Latent Cells. mBio 2022; 13:e0338421. [PMID: 35038908 PMCID: PMC8764533 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03384-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has reduced AIDS to a manageable chronic infectious disease. However, HIV/AIDS cannot be cured because of the presence of latent reservoirs, thus calling for the development of antiretroviral drugs that can eliminate latency-reversing agent (LRA)-activated HIV-1 virions and latent cells. In this study, we conjugated a small-molecule toxin, DM1, to a gp120-binding protein, mD1.22, a mutated CD4 domain I, and found that mD1.22-DM1 could inactivate HIV-1 virions. However, it could not kill LRA-activated latent cells. We then designed and constructed a dual-targeting protein, DL35D, by linking mD1.22 and the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of a gp41 NHR-specific antibody, D5, with a 35-mer linker. Subsequently, we conjugated DM1 to DL35D and found that DL35D-DM1 could inhibit HIV-1 infection, inactivate HIV-1 virions, kill HIV-1-infected cells and LRA-reactivated latent cells, suggesting that this toxin-conjugated dual-targeting recombinant protein is a promising candidate for further development as a novel antiviral drug with potential for HIV functional cure. IMPORTANCE Although HIV-1 replication was successfully controlled by antiretroviral drugs, cure strategy for HIV-1/AIDS is still lacking. The long-lived HIV reservoir is considered one of the major obstacles to an HIV/AIDS cure. CD4-PE40 was the first drug that designed to kill HIV-1 infected cells; however, lower efficiency and high immunogenicity have limited its further development. In this study, we designed several dual-targeting recombinant proteins DLDs by linking gp120-binding protein mD1.22 and gp41-binding antibody D5 scFv with different length of linkers. Among them, DL35D with 35-mer linker showed the best anti-HIV-1 activity. We further conjugated the DM1 toxin to DL35D to produce DL35D-DM1, which maintained DL35D's inhibitory and inactivation activity against cell-free HIV-1 strains. Most importantly, DL35D-DM1 could specifically kill HIV-1-infected cells and LRA-reactivated-latent infected cells, suggesting that it is a proper candidate for development as a novel antiviral drug for use in combination with an LRA for HIV functional cure.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zaongo SD, Wang Y, Ma P, Song FZ, Chen YK. Selective elimination of host cells harboring replication-competent human immunodeficiency virus reservoirs: a promising therapeutic strategy for HIV cure. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2776-2787. [PMID: 34620750 PMCID: PMC8667983 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many seminal advances have been made in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS research over the past four decades. Treatment strategies, such as gene therapy and immunotherapy, are yielding promising results to effectively control HIV infection. Despite this, a cure for HIV/AIDS is not envisioned in the near future. A recently published academic study has raised awareness regarding a promising alternative therapeutic option for HIV/AIDS, referred to as "selective elimination of host cells capable of producing HIV" (SECH). Similar to the "shock and kill strategy," the SECH approach requires the simultaneous administration of drugs targeting key mechanisms in specific cells to efficiently eliminate HIV replication-competent cellular reservoirs. Herein, we comprehensively review the specific mechanisms targeted by the SECH strategy. Briefly, the suggested cocktail of drugs should contain (i) latency reversal agents to promote the latency reversal process in replication-competent reservoir cells, (ii) pro-apoptotic and anti-autophagy drugs to induce death of infected cells through various pathways, and finally (iii) drugs that eliminate new cycles of infection by prevention of HIV attachment to host cells, and by HIV integrase inhibitor drugs. Finally, we discuss three major challenges that are likely to restrict the application of the SECH strategy in HIV/AIDS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D. Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute for Medical Device Standardization Administration; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fang-Zhou Song
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yao-Kai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sonti S, Sharma AL, Tyagi M. HIV-1 persistence in the CNS: Mechanisms of latency, pathogenesis and an update on eradication strategies. Virus Res 2021; 303:198523. [PMID: 34314771 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite four decades of research into the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), a successful strategy to eradicate the virus post-infection is lacking. The major reason for this is the persistence of the virus in certain anatomical reservoirs where it can become latent and remain quiescent for as long as the cellular reservoir is alive. The Central Nervous System (CNS), in particular, is an intriguing anatomical compartment that is tightly regulated by the blood-brain barrier. Targeting the CNS viral reservoir is a major challenge owing to the decreased permeability of drugs into the CNS and the cellular microenvironment that facilitates the compartmentalization and evolution of the virus. Therefore, despite effective antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, virus persists in the CNS, and leads to neurological and neurocognitive deficits. To date, viral eradication strategies fail to eliminate the virus from the CNS. To facilitate the improvement of the existing elimination strategies, as well as the development of potential therapeutic targets, the aim of this review is to provide an in-depth understanding of HIV latency in CNS and the onset of HIV-1 associated neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sonti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng T, Chen P, Huang Y, Qiu J, Zhou C, Wu Z, Li L. CPI-637 as a Potential Bifunctional Latency-Reversing Agent That Targets Both the BRD4 and TIP60 Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:686035. [PMID: 34350133 PMCID: PMC8326664 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.686035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been largely responsible for the existence of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoirs. The “shock and kill” strategy was confirmed to reactivate HIV-1 latent reservoirs by latency-reversing agents (LRAs) for accelerated HIV-1 clearance. However, a single LRA might be insufficient to induce HIV-1 reactivation from latency due to the complexity of the multiple signaling regulatory pathways that establish the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Therefore, combinations of LRAs or dual-mechanism LRAs are urgently needed to purge the latent reservoirs. We demonstrate here for the first time that a dual-target inhibitor with a specific suppressive effect on both BRD4 and TIP60, CPI-637, could reactivate latent HIV-1 in vitro by permitting Tat to bind positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and assembling Tat-super-elongation complex (SEC) formation. In addition, CPI-637-mediated TIP60 downregulation further stimulated BRD4 dissociation from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, allowing Tat to more effectively bind P-TEFb compared to BRD4 inhibition alone. Much more importantly, CPI-637 exerted a potent synergistic effect but alleviated global T cell activation and blocked viral spread to uninfected bystander CD4+ T cells with minimal cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that CPI-637 opens up the prospect of novel dual-target inhibitors for antagonizing HIV-1 latency and deserves further investigation for development as a promising LRA with a “shock and kill” strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moranguinho I, Valente ST. Block-And-Lock: New Horizons for a Cure for HIV-1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121443. [PMID: 33334019 PMCID: PMC7765451 DOI: 10.3390/v12121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1/AIDS remains a global public health problem. The world health organization (WHO) reported at the end of 2019 that 38 million people were living with HIV-1 worldwide, of which only 67% were accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite great success in the clinical management of HIV-1 infection, ART does not eliminate the virus from the host genome. Instead, HIV-1 remains latent as a viral reservoir in any tissue containing resting memory CD4+ T cells. The elimination of these residual proviruses that can reseed full-blown infection upon treatment interruption remains the major barrier towards curing HIV-1. Novel approaches have recently been developed to excise or disrupt the virus from the host cells (e.g., gene editing with the CRISPR-Cas system) to permanently shut off transcription of the virus (block-and-lock and RNA interference strategies), or to reactivate the virus from cell reservoirs so that it can be eliminated by the immune system or cytopathic effects (shock-and-kill strategy). Here, we will review each of these approaches, with the major focus placed on the block-and-lock strategy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Richard K, Schonhofer C, Giron LB, Rivera-Ortiz J, Read S, Kannan T, Kinloch NN, Shahid A, Feilcke R, Wappler S, Imming P, Harris M, Brumme ZL, Brockman MA, Mounzer K, Kossenkov AV, Abdel-Mohsen M, Andrae-Marobela K, Montaner LJ, Tietjen I. The African natural product knipholone anthrone and its analogue anthralin (dithranol) enhance HIV-1 latency reversal. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14084-14099. [PMID: 32788215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A sterilizing or functional cure for HIV is currently precluded by resting CD4+ T cells that harbor latent but replication-competent provirus. The "shock-and-kill" pharmacological ap-proach aims to reactivate provirus expression in the presence of antiretroviral therapy and target virus-expressing cells for elimination. However, no latency reversal agent (LRA) to date effectively clears viral reservoirs in humans, suggesting a need for new LRAs and LRA combinations. Here, we screened 216 compounds from the pan-African Natural Product Library and identified knipholone anthrone (KA) and its basic building block anthralin (dithranol) as novel LRAs that reverse viral latency at low micromolar concentrations in multiple cell lines. Neither agent's activity depends on protein kinase C; nor do they inhibit class I/II histone deacetylases. However, they are differentially modulated by oxidative stress and metal ions and induce distinct patterns of global gene expression from established LRAs. When applied in combination, both KA and anthralin synergize with LRAs representing multiple functional classes. Finally, KA induces both HIV RNA and protein in primary cells from HIV-infected donors. Taken together, we describe two novel LRAs that enhance the activities of multiple "shock-and-kill" agents, which in turn may inform ongoing LRA combination therapy efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khumoekae Richard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cole Schonhofer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Silven Read
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Natalie N Kinloch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aniqa Shahid
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ruth Feilcke
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Simone Wappler
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Peter Imming
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marianne Harris
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark A Brockman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Immune Disorders Treatment Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian Tietjen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada .,Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stoszko M, Al-Hatmi AMS, Skriba A, Roling M, Ne E, Crespo R, Mueller YM, Najafzadeh MJ, Kang J, Ptackova R, LeMasters E, Biswas P, Bertoldi A, Kan TW, de Crignis E, Sulc M, Lebbink JH, Rokx C, Verbon A, van Ijcken W, Katsikis PD, Palstra RJ, Havlicek V, de Hoog S, Mahmoudi T. Gliotoxin, identified from a screen of fungal metabolites, disrupts 7SK snRNP, releases P-TEFb, and reverses HIV-1 latency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba6617. [PMID: 32851167 PMCID: PMC7423394 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba6617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A leading pharmacological strategy toward HIV cure requires "shock" or activation of HIV gene expression in latently infected cells with latency reversal agents (LRAs) followed by their subsequent clearance. In a screen for novel LRAs, we used fungal secondary metabolites as a source of bioactive molecules. Using orthogonal mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to latency reversal bioassays, we identified gliotoxin (GTX) as a novel LRA. GTX significantly induced HIV-1 gene expression in latent ex vivo infected primary cells and in CD4+ T cells from all aviremic HIV-1+ participants. RNA sequencing identified 7SK RNA, the scaffold of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) inhibitory 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex, to be significantly reduced upon GTX treatment of CD4+ T cells. GTX directly disrupted 7SK snRNP by targeting La-related protein 7 (LARP7), releasing active P-TEFb, which phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD), inducing HIV transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud UMC/CWZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Ministry of Health, Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri, Oman
| | - Anton Skriba
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Roling
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Enrico Ne
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raquel Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M. Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Joyce Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring/Disease Control, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Talent Base of Microbes and Human Health, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Renata Ptackova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth LeMasters
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pritha Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alessia Bertoldi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tsung Wai Kan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisa de Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miroslav Sulc
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Joyce H.G. Lebbink
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wilfred van Ijcken
- Erasmus MC Genomics Core Facility, Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter D. Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Palstra
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Havlicek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud UMC/CWZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hashemi P, Sadowski I. Diversity of small molecule HIV-1 latency reversing agents identified in low- and high-throughput small molecule screens. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:881-908. [PMID: 31608481 PMCID: PMC7216841 DOI: 10.1002/med.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The latency phenomenon produced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) prevents viral clearance by current therapies, and consequently development of a cure for HIV-1 disease represents a formidable challenge. Research over the past decade has resulted in identification of small molecules that are capable of exposing HIV-1 latent reservoirs, by reactivation of viral transcription, which is intended to render these infected cells sensitive to elimination by immune defense recognition or apoptosis. Molecules with this capability, known as latency-reversing agents (LRAs) could lead to realization of proposed HIV-1 cure strategies collectively termed "shock and kill," which are intended to eliminate the latently infected population by forced reactivation of virus replication in combination with additional interventions that enhance killing by the immune system or virus-mediated apoptosis. Here, we review efforts to discover novel LRAs via low- and high-throughput small molecule screens, and summarize characteristics and biochemical properties of chemical structures with this activity. We expect this analysis will provide insight toward further research into optimized designs for new classes of more potent LRAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pargol Hashemi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Ivan Sadowski
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dash PK, Kevadiya BD, Su H, Banoub MG, Gendelman HE. Pathways towards human immunodeficiency virus elimination. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102667. [PMID: 32114397 PMCID: PMC7047153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Research seeking to transform viral suppression into elimination has generated novel immune, chemical and molecular antiviral agents. However, none, to date, have excised latent integrated proviral DNA or removed infected cells from infected persons. These efforts included, but are not limited to, broadly neutralizing antibodies, "shock" and "kill" latency-reversing agents, innate immune regulators, and sequential long-acting antiretroviral nanoformulated prodrugs and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. While, the latter, enabled the complete excision of latent HIV-1 from the host genome success was so far limited. We contend that improvements in antiretroviral delivery, potency, agent specificity, or combinatorial therapies can provide a pathway towards complete HIV elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Mary G Banoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang H, Kong W, Jean M, Fiches G, Zhou D, Hayashi T, Que J, Santoso N, Zhu J. A CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies the histone demethylase MINA53 as a novel HIV-1 latency-promoting gene (LPG). Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:7333-7347. [PMID: 31165872 PMCID: PMC6698651 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy is potent to block active replication of HIV-1 in AIDS patients, HIV-1 persists as transcriptionally inactive proviruses in infected cells. These HIV-1 latent reservoirs remain a major obstacle for clearance of HIV-1. Investigation of host factors regulating HIV-1 latency is critical for developing novel antiretroviral reagents to eliminate HIV-1 latent reservoirs. From our recently accomplished CRISPR/Cas9 sgRNA screens, we identified that the histone demethylase, MINA53, is potentially a novel HIV-1 latency-promoting gene (LPG). We next validated MINA53’s function in maintenance of HIV-1 latency by depleting MINA53 using the alternative RNAi approach. We further identified that in vitro MINA53 preferentially demethylates the histone substrate, H3K36me3 and that in cells MINA53 depletion by RNAi also increases the local level of H3K36me3 at LTR. The effort to map the downstream effectors unraveled that H3K36me3 has the cross-talk with another epigenetic mark H4K16ac, mediated by KAT8 that recognizes the methylated H3K36 and acetylated H4K16. Removing the MINA53-mediated latency mechanisms could benefit the reversal of post-integrated latent HIV-1 proviruses for purging of reservoir cells. We further demonstrated that a pan jumonji histone demethylase inhibitor, JIB-04, inhibits MINA53-mediated demethylation of H3K36me3, and JIB-04 synergizes with other latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate latent HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huachao Huang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Weili Kong
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maxime Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Guillaume Fiches
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Netty Santoso
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sadowski I, Hashemi FB. Strategies to eradicate HIV from infected patients: elimination of latent provirus reservoirs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3583-3600. [PMID: 31129856 PMCID: PMC6697715 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
35 years since identification of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, and 35 million deaths associated with this disease, significant effort is now directed towards the development of potential cures. Current anti-retroviral (ART) therapies for HIV/AIDS can suppress virus replication to undetectable levels, and infected individuals can live symptom free so long as treatment is maintained. However, removal of therapy allows rapid re-emergence of virus from a highly stable reservoir of latently infected cells that exist as a barrier to elimination of the infection with current ART. Prospects of a cure for HIV infection are significantly encouraged by two serendipitous cases where individuals have entered remission following stem cell transplantation from compatible HIV-resistant donors. However, development of a routine cure that could become available to millions of infected individuals will require a means of specifically purging cells harboring latent HIV, preventing replication of latent provirus, or destruction of provirus genomes by gene editing. Elimination of latently infected cells will require a means of exposing this population, which may involve identification of a natural specific biomarker or therapeutic intervention to force their exposure by reactivation of virus expression. Accordingly, the proposed "Shock and Kill" strategy involves treatment with latency-reversing agents (LRA) to induce HIV provirus expression thus exposing these cells to killing by cellular immunity or apoptosis. Current efforts to enable this strategy are directed at developing improved combinations of LRA to produce broad and robust induction of HIV provirus and enhancing the elimination of cells where replication has been reactivated by targeted immune modulation. Alternative strategies may involve preventing re-emergence virus from latently infected cells by "Lock and Block" intervention, where transcription of provirus is inhibited to prevent virus spread or disruption of the HIV provirus genome by genome editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sadowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Farhad B Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stoszko M, Ne E, Abner E, Mahmoudi T. A broad drug arsenal to attack a strenuous latent HIV reservoir. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:37-53. [PMID: 31323521 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV cure is impeded by the persistence of a strenuous reservoir of latent but replication competent infected cells, which remain unsusceptible to c-ART and unrecognized by the immune system for elimination. Ongoing progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms that control HIV transcription and latency has led to the development of strategies to either permanently inactivate the latent HIV infected reservoir of cells or to stimulate the virus to emerge out of latency, coupled to either induction of death in the infected reactivated cell or its clearance by the immune system. This review focuses on the currently explored and non-exclusive pharmacological strategies and their molecular targets that 1. stimulate reversal of HIV latency in infected cells by targeting distinct steps in the HIV-1 gene expression cycle, 2. exploit mechanisms that promote cell death and apoptosis to render the infected cell harboring reactivated virus more susceptible to death and/or elimination by the immune system, and 3. permanently inactivate any remaining latently infected cells such that c-ART can be safely discontinued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634 PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Ne
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634 PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Abner
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634 PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nguyen W, Jacobson J, Jarman KE, Jousset Sabroux H, Harty L, McMahon J, Lewin SR, Purcell DF, Sleebs BE. Identification of 5-Substituted 2-Acylaminothiazoles That Activate Tat-Mediated Transcription in HIV-1 Latency Models. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5148-5175. [PMID: 30973727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The persistent reservoir of cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-integrated proviral DNA necessitates lifelong suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Epigenetic targeted compounds have shown promise as potential latency-reversing agents; however, these drugs have undesirable toxicity and lack specificity for HIV. We utilized a novel HEK293-derived FlpIn dual-reporter cell line, which quantifies specific HIV provirus reactivation (LTR promoter) relative to nonspecific host cell gene expression (CMV promoter), to identify the 5-substituted 2-acylaminothiazole hit class. Here, we describe the optimization of the hit class, defining the functionality necessary for HIV gene activation and for improving in vitro metabolism and solubility. The optimized compounds displayed enhanced HIV gene expression in HEK293 and Jurkat 10.6 latency cellular models and increased unspliced HIV RNA in resting CD4+ T cells isolated from HIV-infected individuals on ART, demonstrating the potential of the 2-acylaminothiazole class as latency-reversing agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia.,Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Jonathan Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Kate E Jarman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia.,Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Helene Jousset Sabroux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia.,Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Leigh Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - James McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Alfred Health and Monash University , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Alfred Health and Monash University , Melbourne , Victoria 3004 Australia.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Damian F Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia.,Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jiang G, Maverakis E, Cheng MY, Elsheikh MM, Deleage C, Méndez-Lagares G, Shimoda M, Yukl SA, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Thompson GR, Estes JD, Wong JK, Dandekar S. Disruption of latent HIV in vivo during the clearance of actinic keratosis by ingenol mebutate. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126027. [PMID: 30944245 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a precancerous skin lesion that is common in HIV-positive patients. Without effective treatment, AKs can progress to squamous cell carcinoma. Ingenol mebutate, a PKC agonist, is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved (FDA-approved) topical treatment for AKs. It can induce reactivation of latent HIV transcription in CD4+ T cells both in vitro and ex vivo. Although PKC agonists are known to be potent inducers of HIV expression from latency, their effects in vivo are not known because of the concerns of toxicity. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of topical ingenol mebutate gel on the HIV transcription profile in HIV-infected individuals with AKs, specifically in the setting of suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). We found that AKs cleared following topical application of ingenol mebutate and detected marginal changes in immune activation in the peripheral blood and in skin biopsies. An overall increase in the level of HIV transcription initiation, elongation, and complete transcription was detected only in skin biopsies after the treatment. Our data demonstrate that application of ingenol mebutate to AKs in ART-suppressed HIV-positive patients can effectively cure AKs as well as disrupt HIV latency in the skin tissue microenvironment in vivo without causing massive immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | | | | | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Steven A Yukl
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph K Wong
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abner E, Jordan A. HIV "shock and kill" therapy: In need of revision. Antiviral Res 2019; 166:19-34. [PMID: 30914265 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of antiretroviral therapy 23 years ago has rendered HIV infection clinically manageable. However, the disease remains incurable, since it establishes latent proviral reservoirs, which in turn can stochastically begin reproducing viral particles throughout the patient's lifetime. Viral latency itself depends in large part on the silencing environment of the infected host cell, which can be chemically manipulated. "Shock and kill" therapy intends to reverse proviral quiescence by inducing transcription with pharmaceuticals and allowing a combination of antiretroviral therapy, host immune clearance and HIV-cytolysis to remove latently infected cells, leading to a complete cure. Over 160 compounds functioning as latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been identified to date, but none of the candidates has yet led to a promising functional cure. Furthermore, fundamental bioinformatic and clinical research from the past decade has highlighted the complexity and highly heterogeneous nature of the proviral reservoirs, shedding doubt on the "shock and kill" concept. Alternative therapies such as the HIV transcription-inhibiting "block and lock" strategy are therefore being considered. In this review we describe the variety of existing classes of LRAs, discuss their current drawbacks and highlight the potential for combinatorial "shocktail" therapies for potent proviral reactivation. We also suggest investigating LRAs with lesser-known mechanisms of action, and examine the feasibility of "block and lock" therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Abner
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Jordan
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hashemi P, Barreto K, Bernhard W, Lomness A, Honson N, Pfeifer TA, Harrigan PR, Sadowski I. Compounds producing an effective combinatorial regimen for disruption of HIV-1 latency. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:160-174. [PMID: 29246970 PMCID: PMC5838563 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the outlook for the HIV epidemic, but does not provide a cure. The proposed “shock‐and‐kill” strategy is directed at inducing latent HIV reservoirs, which may then be purged via boosted immune response or targeting infected cells. We describe five novel compounds that are capable of reversing HIV latency without affecting the general T‐cell activation state. The new compounds exhibit synergy for reactivation of latent provirus with other latency‐reversing agents (LRAs), in particular ingenol‐3‐angelate/PEP005. One compound, designated PH02, was efficient at reactivating viral transcription in several cell lines bearing reporter HIV‐1 at different integration sites. Furthermore, it was capable of reversing latency in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes from latently infected aviremic patient cells on HAART, while producing minimal cellular toxicity. The combination of PH02 and PEP005 produces a strong synergistic effect for reactivation, as demonstrated through a quantitative viral outgrowth assay (qVOA), on CD4+ T lymphocytes from HIV‐1‐infected individuals. We propose that the PH02/PEP005 combination may represent an effective novel treatment for abrogating persistent HIV‐1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pargol Hashemi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kris Barreto
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wendy Bernhard
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adam Lomness
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicolette Honson
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tom A Pfeifer
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - P Richard Harrigan
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ivan Sadowski
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Richard K, Williams DE, de Silva ED, Brockman MA, Brumme ZL, Andersen RJ, Tietjen I. Identification of Novel HIV-1 Latency-Reversing Agents from a Library of Marine Natural Products. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070348. [PMID: 29954099 PMCID: PMC6071113 DOI: 10.3390/v10070348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products originating from marine and plant materials are a rich source of chemical diversity and unique antimicrobials. Using an established in vitro model of HIV-1 latency, we screened 257 pure compounds from a marine natural product library and identified 4 (psammaplin A, aplysiatoxin, debromoaplysiatoxin, and previously-described alotaketal C) that induced expression of latent HIV-1 provirus in both cell line and primary cell models. Notably, aplysiatoxin induced similar levels of HIV-1 expression as prostratin but at up to 900-fold lower concentrations and without substantial effects on cell viability. Psammaplin A enhanced HIV-1 expression synergistically when treated in combination with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator prostratin, but not the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) panobinostat, suggesting that psammaplin A functions as a latency-reversing agent (LRA) of the HDACi class. Conversely, aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin synergized with panobinostat but not prostratin, suggesting that they function as PKC activators. Our study identifies new compounds from previously untested marine natural products and adds to the repertoire of LRAs that can inform therapeutic “shock-and-kill”-based strategies to eliminate latent HIV-infected reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khumoekae Richard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - David E Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - E Dilip de Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - Mark A Brockman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Ian Tietjen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|