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Şimşek-Kiper PÖ, Karaosmanoğlu B, Taşkıran EZ, Türer ÖB, Utine GE, Soyer T. A novel GRK2 variant in a patient with Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia accompanied by Morgagni hernia. Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63629. [PMID: 38647386 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal ciliopathies constitute a subgroup of ciliopathies characterized by various skeletal anomalies arising from mutations in genes impacting cilia, ciliogenesis, intraflagellar transport process, or various signaling pathways. Short-rib thoracic dysplasias, previously known as Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (ATD), stand out as the most prevalent and prototypical form of skeletal ciliopathies, often associated with semilethality. Recently, pathogenic variants in GRK2, a subfamily of mammalian G protein-coupled receptor kinases, have been identified as one of the underlying causes of Jeune ATD. In this study, we report a new patient with Jeune ATD, in whom exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous GRK2 variant, and we review the clinical features and radiographic findings. In addition, our findings introduce Morgagni hernia and an organoaxial-type rotation anomaly of the stomach and midgut malrotation for the first time in the context of this recently characterized GRK2-related skeletal ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Özlem Şimşek-Kiper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beren Karaosmanoğlu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekim Zihni Taşkıran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Boybeyi Türer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülen Eda Utine
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tutku Soyer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Walker MF, Zhang J, Steiner W, Ku PI, Zhu JF, Michaelson Z, Yen YC, Lee A, Long AB, Casey MJ, Poddar A, Nelson IB, Arveseth CD, Nagel F, Clough R, LaPotin S, Kwan KM, Schulz S, Stewart RA, Tesmer JJG, Caspary T, Subramanian R, Ge X, Myers BR. GRK2 Kinases in the Primary Cilium Initiate SMOOTHENED-PKA Signaling in the Hedgehog Cascade. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.10.540226. [PMID: 37214942 PMCID: PMC10197709 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.540226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction in development and disease, the atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) SMOOTHENED (SMO) communicates with GLI transcription factors by binding the protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA-C) and physically blocking its enzymatic activity. Here we show that GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2) orchestrates this process during endogenous Hh pathway activation in the vertebrate primary cilium. Upon SMO activation, GRK2 rapidly relocalizes from the ciliary base to the shaft, triggering SMO phosphorylation and PKA-C interaction. Reconstitution studies reveal that GRK2 phosphorylation enables active SMO to bind PKA-C directly. Lastly, the SMO-GRK2-PKA pathway underlies Hh signal transduction in a range of cellular and in vivo models. Thus, GRK2 phosphorylation of ciliary SMO, and the ensuing PKA-C binding and inactivation, are critical initiating events for the intracellular steps in Hh signaling. More broadly, our study suggests an expanded role for GRKs in enabling direct GPCR interactions with diverse intracellular effectors.
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Lai B, Jiang H, Gao Y, Zhou X. Skeletal ciliopathy: pathogenesis and related signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:811-823. [PMID: 37188988 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are tiny organelles with conserved structures and components in eukaryotic cells. Ciliopathy is a set of diseases resulting from cilium dysfunction classified into first-order and second-order ciliopathy. With the advancement of clinical diagnosis and radiography, numerous skeletal phenotypes, including polydactyly, short limbs, short ribs, scoliosis, a narrow thorax, and numerous anomalies in bone and cartilage, have been discovered in ciliopathies. Mutation in genes encoding cilia core components or other cilia-related molecules have been found in skeletal ciliopathies. Meanwhile, various signaling pathways associated with cilia and skeleton development have been deemed to be significant for the occurrence and progression of diseases. Herein, we review the structure and key components of the cilium and summarize several skeletal ciliopathies with their presumable pathology. We also emphasize the signaling pathways involved in skeletal ciliopathies, which may assist in developing potential therapies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Lai
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Heng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Road 415, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Topcu V, Yildirim SF, Turan HM. Reanalysis of Whole-Exome Sequencing Data of an Infant with Suspected Diagnosis of Jeune Syndrome Revealed a Likely Pathogenic Variant in GRK2: A Newly Associated Gene for Jeune Syndrome Phenotype. Mol Syndromol 2024; 15:119-124. [PMID: 38585547 PMCID: PMC10996335 DOI: 10.1159/000534031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ciliopathies with major skeletal involvement embrace a group of heterogeneous disorders caused by pathogenic variants in a group of diverse genes. A narrow thorax with shortening of long bones inspires a clinical entity underlined by dysfunction of primary cilia. Currently, more than 23 genes are listed in the OMIM database corresponding to this clinical entity: WDR19/34/35/60, IFT43/52/80/81/140/172, DYNC2LI1, TTC21B, DYNLT2B, EVC2, EVC, INTU, NEK1, CEP120, DYNC2H1, KIAA0586, SRTD1, KIAA0753, and SRTD12. Recently, individuals with biallelic loss-of-function variants in GRK2 are shown to demonstrate a phenotype compatible with Jeune syndrome. Experimental evidence has shown that impaired function of GRK2 compromises cilia-based signaling of Hedgehog pathway as well as Wnt signaling, while cilia morphology remains intact. Hence, GRK2 is now considered an essential protein in regulation of the skeletogenesis. Case Presentation We presented a female infant born to a consanguineous marriage who was found to have a biallelic p.R474* alteration in GRK2 in reanalysis of the whole-exome sequencing (WES) data. The patient was exhibiting major clinical features of Jeune syndrome, such as shortened long bones, ribs, and narrow thorax. Discussion Our reanalysis of WES data revealed a likely pathogenic biallelic variant in the GRK2 which is probably responsible for the Jeune syndrome phenotype in the patient. Hence, our report supports the recently discovered association of GRK2 loss-of-function variants with Jeune syndrome phenotype and emphasizes the significance of reanalysis of WES data, notably in patients with phenotypes suggestive of a such discernible Mendelian disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vehap Topcu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Husnu Mutlu Turan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Hilgendorf KI, Myers BR, Reiter JF. Emerging mechanistic understanding of cilia function in cellular signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5. [PMID: 38366037 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, immotile sensory organelles present on most cells in the body that participate broadly in human health, physiology and disease. Cilia generate a unique environment for signal transduction with tight control of protein, lipid and second messenger concentrations within a relatively small compartment, enabling reception, transmission and integration of biological information. In this Review, we discuss how cilia function as signalling hubs in cell-cell communication using three signalling pathways as examples: ciliary G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and polycystin ion channels. We review how defects in these ciliary signalling pathways lead to a heterogeneous group of conditions known as 'ciliopathies', including metabolic syndromes, birth defects and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging understanding of these pathways' transduction mechanisms reveals common themes between these cilia-based signalling pathways that may apply to other pathways as well. These mechanistic insights reveal how cilia orchestrate normal and pathophysiological signalling outputs broadly throughout human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Wang X, Tian Z, He L, Meng H, Zhu J, Li Y, Wang J, Hua X, Huang H, Huang C. DNMT3a-mediated upregulation of the stress inducible protein sestrin-2 contributes to malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells following nickel exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115954. [PMID: 38232523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nickel is a confirmed human lung carcinogen. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms driving its carcinogenic impact on lung tissue remain poorly defined. In this study, we assessed SESN2 expression and the signaling pathways responsible for cellular transformation in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) as a result of nickel exposure. METHODS We employed the Western blotting to determine the induction of SESN2 by nickel. To clarify the signaling pathways leading to cellular transformation following nickel exposure, we applied techniques such as gene knockdown, methylation-specific PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULT Exposure to nickel results in the upregulation of SESN2 and the initiation of autophagy in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). This leads to degradation of HUR protein and consequently downregulation of USP28 mRNA, PP2AC protein, β-catenin protein, and diminished VHL transcription, culminating in the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and the malignant transformation of these cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that the increased expression of SESN2 is attributed to the demethylation of the SESN2 promoter induced by nickel, a process facilitated by decreased DNA methyl-transferase 3 A (DNMT3a) expression, while The downregulation of VHL transcription is linked to the suppression of the PP2A-C/GSK3β/β-Catenin/C-Myc pathway. Additionally, we discovered that SESN2-mediated autophagy triggers the degradation of HUR protein, which subsequently reduces the stability of USP28 mRNA and inhibits the PP2A-C/GSK3β/β-Catenin pathway and c-Myc transcription in HBECs post nickel exposure. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that nickel exposure leads to the downregulation of DNMT3a, resulting in the hypomethylation of the SESN2 promoter and its protein induction. This triggers autophagy-dependent suppression of the HUR/USP28/PP2A/β-Catenin/c-Myc pathway, subsequently leading to reduced VHL transcription, accumulation of HIF-1α protein, and the malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). Our research offers novel insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the lung carcinogenic effects of nickel exposure. Specifically, nickel induces aberrant DNA methylation in the SESN2 promoter region through the decrease of DNMT3a levels, which ultimately leads to HIF-1α protein accumulation and the malignant transformation of HBECs. Specifically, nickel initiates DNA-methylation of the SESN2 promoter region by decreasing DNMT3a, ultimately resulting in HIF-1α protein accumulation and malignant transformation of HBECs. This study highlights DNMT3a as a potential prognostic biomarker or therapeutic target to improve clinical outcomes in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory, Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhongxian Tian
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory, Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lijiong He
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory, Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory, Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Junlan Zhu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory, Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yang Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory, Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory, Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaohui Hua
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory, Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Haishan Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory, Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory, Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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7
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Yang X, Zhao Y, Wei Q, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang W, Liu X, Kuai J, Wang F, Wei W. GRK2 inhibits Flt-1 + macrophage infiltration and its proangiogenic properties in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:241-255. [PMID: 38261818 PMCID: PMC10792976 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with a complex etiology. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infiltration are associated with RA severity. We have reported the deletion of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) reprograms macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype by recovering G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. However, as more GRK2-interacting proteins were discovered, the GRK2 interactome mechanisms in RA have been understudied. Thus, in the collagen-induced arthritis mouse model, we performed genetic GRK2 deletion using GRK2f/fLyz2-Cre+/- mice. Synovial inflammation and M1 polarization were improved in GRK2f/fLyz2-Cre+/- mice. Supporting experiments with RNA-seq and dual-luciferase reporter assays identified peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) as a new GRK2-interacting protein. We further confirmed that fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt-1), which promoted macrophage migration to induce angiogenesis, was inhibited by GRK2-PPARγ signaling. Mechanistically, excess GRK2 membrane recruitment in CIA MDMs reduced the activation of PPARγ ligand-binding domain and enhanced Flt-1 transcription. Furthermore, the treatment of mice with GRK2 activity inhibitor resulted in significantly diminished CIA pathology, Flt-1+ macrophages induced-synovial inflammation, and angiogenesis. Altogether, we anticipate to facilitate the elucidation of previously unappreciated details of GRK2-specific intracellular signaling. Targeting GRK2 activity is a viable strategy to inhibit MDMs infiltration, affording a distinct way to control joint inflammation and angiogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xuemin Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Luping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wankang Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiajie Kuai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Fengling Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
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8
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Lian F, Li H, Ma Y, Zhou R, Wu W. Recent advances in primary cilia in bone metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1259650. [PMID: 37886641 PMCID: PMC10598340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1259650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that are widespread on the cell surface and play a key role in tissue development and homeostasis by sensing and transducing various signaling pathways. The process of intraflagellar transport (IFT), which is propelled by kinesin and dynein motors, plays a crucial role in the formation and functionality of cilia. Abnormalities in the cilia or ciliary transport system often cause a range of clinical conditions collectively known as ciliopathies, which include polydactyly, short ribs, scoliosis, thoracic stenosis and many abnormalities in the bones and cartilage. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of primary cilia and ciliary transport systems in bone development, we describe the role of cilia in bone formation, cartilage development and bone resorption, and we summarize advances in the study of primary cilia in fracture healing. In addition, the recent discovery of crosstalk between integrins and primary cilia provides new insights into how primary cilia affect bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Lian
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Ma
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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9
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Csukasi F, Bosakova M, Barta T, Martin JH, Arcedo J, Barad M, Rico-Llanos GA, Zieba J, Becerra J, Krejci P, Duran I, Krakow D. Skeletal diseases caused by mutations in PTH1R show aberrant differentiation of skeletal progenitors due to dysregulation of DEPTOR. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:963389. [PMID: 36726589 PMCID: PMC9885499 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.963389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the balance between skeletogenesis and adipogenesis is a pathogenic feature in multiple skeletal disorders. Clinically, enhanced bone marrow adiposity in bones impairs mobility and increases fracture risk, reducing the quality of life of patients. The molecular mechanism that underlies the balance between skeletogenesis and adipogenesis is not completely understood but alterations in skeletal progenitor cells' differentiation pathway plays a key role. We recently demonstrated that parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) control the levels of DEPTOR, an inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and that DEPTOR levels are altered in different skeletal diseases. Here, we show that mutations in the PTH receptor-1 (PTH1R) alter the differentiation of skeletal progenitors in two different skeletal genetic disorders and lead to accumulation of fat or cartilage in bones. Mechanistically, DEPTOR controls the subcellular localization of TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding domain), a transcriptional regulator that governs skeletal stem cells differentiation into either bone and fat. We show that DEPTOR regulation of TAZ localization is achieved through the control of Dishevelled2 (DVL2) phosphorylation. Depending on nutrient availability, DEPTOR directly interacts with PTH1R to regulate PTH/PTHrP signaling or it forms a complex with TAZ, to prevent its translocation to the nucleus and therefore inhibit its transcriptional activity. Our data point DEPTOR as a key molecule in skeletal progenitor differentiation; its dysregulation under pathologic conditions results in aberrant bone/fat balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Csukasi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), Malaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czechia
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomas Barta
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jorge H Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jesus Arcedo
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), Malaga, Spain
| | - Maya Barad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gustavo A Rico-Llanos
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), Malaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer Zieba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose Becerra
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), Malaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czechia
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), Malaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Sato H, Suga K, Suzue M, Honma Y, Hayabuchi Y, Miyai S, Kurahashi H, Nakagawa R. Novel large deletion involving EVC and EVC2 in Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Hum Genome Var 2022; 9:15. [PMID: 35581188 PMCID: PMC9114401 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-022-00190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is an autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia that is characterized by thoracic hypoplasia, polydactyly, oral abnormalities, and congenital heart disease. It is caused by pathogenic variants in the EVC or EVC2 genes. We report a case of a newborn with a compound heterozygous variant comprising NM_147127.5: c.1991dup:[p.Lys665Glufs*10] in the EVC2 gene and a novel large deletion involving exon 1 in EVC and exons 1-7 in EVC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sato
- grid.412772.50000 0004 0378 2191Department of Pediatrics, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramotocho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenichi Suga
- grid.412772.50000 0004 0378 2191Department of Pediatrics, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramotocho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masashi Suzue
- grid.412772.50000 0004 0378 2191Department of Pediatrics, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramotocho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukako Honma
- grid.412772.50000 0004 0378 2191Department of Pediatrics, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramotocho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Hayabuchi
- grid.412772.50000 0004 0378 2191Department of Pediatrics, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramotocho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Miyai
- grid.256115.40000 0004 1761 798XDivision of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- grid.256115.40000 0004 1761 798XDivision of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ryuji Nakagawa
- grid.412772.50000 0004 0378 2191Department of Pediatrics, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramotocho, Tokushima, Japan
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11
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Li N, Shan S, Li XQ, Chen TT, Qi M, Zhang SN, Wang ZY, Zhang LL, Wei W, Sun WY. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 as Novel Therapeutic Target in Fibrotic Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 12:822345. [PMID: 35111168 PMCID: PMC8801426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.822345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), an important subtype of GRKs, specifically phosphorylates agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Besides, current research confirms that it participates in multiple regulation of diverse cells via a non-phosphorylated pathway, including interacting with various non-receptor substrates and binding partners. Fibrosis is a common pathophysiological phenomenon in the repair process of many tissues due to various pathogenic factors such as inflammation, injury, drugs, etc. The characteristics of fibrosis are the activation of fibroblasts leading to myofibroblast proliferation and differentiation, subsequent aggerate excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Then, a positive feedback loop is occurred between tissue stiffness caused by ECM and fibroblasts, ultimately resulting in distortion of organ architecture and function. At present, GRK2, which has been described as a multifunctional protein, regulates copious signaling pathways under pathophysiological conditions correlated with fibrotic diseases. Along with GRK2-mediated regulation, there are diverse effects on the growth and apoptosis of different cells, inflammatory response and deposition of ECM, which are essential in organ fibrosis progression. This review is to highlight the relationship between GRK2 and fibrotic diseases based on recent research. It is becoming more convincing that GRK2 could be considered as a potential therapeutic target in many fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Qi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
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12
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Zhou H, Zhang L, Chen Y, Zhu CH, Chen FM, Li A. Research progress on the hedgehog signalling pathway in regulating bone formation and homeostasis. Cell Prolif 2021; 55:e13162. [PMID: 34918401 PMCID: PMC8780935 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation is a complex regeneration process that was regulated by many signalling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, BMP and Hedgehog (Hh). All of these signalling have been demonstrated to participate in the bone repair process. In particular, one promising signalling pathway involved in bone formation and homeostasis is the Hh pathway. According to present knowledge, Hh signalling plays a vital role in the development of various tissues and organs in the embryo. In adults, the dysregulation of Hh signalling has been verified to be involved in bone‐related diseases in terms of osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and bone fracture; and during the repair processes, Hh signalling could be reactivated and further modulate bone formation. In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding on the function of Hh signalling in bone formation and homeostasis. Additionally, the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade to coordinate and mediate the osteogenesis process have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Li X, Yang S, Chinipardaz Z, Koyama E, Yang S. SAG therapy restores bone growth and reduces enchondroma incidence in a model of skeletal chondrodysplasias caused by Ihh deficiency. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:461-475. [PMID: 34820473 PMCID: PMC8591400 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation mutations in the Indian hedgehog (Ihh) gene in humans cause numerous skeletal chondrodysplasias, including acrocapitofemoral dysplasia, brachydactyly type A1, and human short stature. The lack of an appropriate human-relevant model to accurately represent these chondrodysplasias has hampered the identification of clinically effective treatments. Here, we established a mouse model of human skeletal dysplasia induced by Ihh gene mutations via ablation of Ihh in Aggrecan-positive (Acan+) cells using Aggrecan (Acan)-creERT transgenic mice. Smoothen agonist (SAG) promoted Hh activity and rescued chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation by stimulating smoothened trafficking to the cilium in Ihh-silenced cells. SAG treatment corrected mouse stature and significantly decreased mortality without evidence of toxicity. Moreover, Ihh ablation in Acan+ cells produced enchondroma-like tissues near the growth plates that were significantly reduced by SAG treatment. These results demonstrated that SAG effectively treats skeletal dysplasia caused by Ihh gene mutations in a mouse model, suggesting that SAG may represent a potential drug for the treatment of these diseases and/or enchondromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Li
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.,Department of Spinal Surgery, East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zahra Chinipardaz
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.,The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Abraham SP, Nita A, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Cilia kinases in skeletal development and homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:577-608. [PMID: 34582081 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are dynamic compartments that regulate multiple aspects of cellular signaling. The production, maintenance, and function of cilia involve more than 1000 genes in mammals, and their mutations disrupt the ciliary signaling which manifests in a plethora of pathological conditions-the ciliopathies. Skeletal ciliopathies are genetic disorders affecting the development and homeostasis of the skeleton, and encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from isolated polydactyly to lethal syndromic dysplasias. The recent advances in forward genetics allowed for the identification of novel regulators of skeletogenesis, and revealed a growing list of ciliary proteins that are critical for signaling pathways implicated in bone physiology. Among these, a group of protein kinases involved in cilia assembly, maintenance, signaling, and disassembly has emerged. In this review, we summarize the functions of cilia kinases in skeletal development and disease, and discuss the available and upcoming treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Shea CA, Murphy P. The Primary Cilium on Cells of Developing Skeletal Rudiments; Distribution, Characteristics and Response to Mechanical Stimulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:725018. [PMID: 34490272 PMCID: PMC8418538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo movement is important for tissue differentiation and the formation of functional skeletal elements during embryonic development: reduced mechanical stimulation results in fused joints and misshapen skeletal rudiments with concomitant changes in the signaling environment and gene expression profiles in both mouse and chick immobile embryos. Despite the clear relationship between movement and skeletogenesis, the precise mechanisms by which mechanical stimuli influence gene regulatory processes are not clear. The primary cilium enables cells to sense mechanical stimuli in the cellular environment, playing a crucial mechanosensory role during kidney development and in articular cartilage and bone but little is known about cilia on developing skeletal tissues. Here, we examine the occurrence, length, position, and orientation of primary cilia across developing skeletal rudiments in mouse embryos during a period of pronounced mechanosensitivity and we report differences and similarities between wildtype and muscle-less mutant (Pax3Spd/Spd) rudiments. Strikingly, joint regions tend to have cilia positioned and oriented away from the joint, while there was a less obvious, but still significant, preferred position on the posterior aspect of cells within the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Regions of the developing rudiments have characteristic proportions of ciliated cells, with more cilia in the resting and joint zones. Comparing wildtype to muscle-less mutant embryos, cilia are shorter in the mutant with no significant difference in the proportion of ciliated cells. Cilia at the mutant joint were also oriented away from the joint line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Shea
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Matthees ESF, Haider RS, Hoffmann C, Drube J. Differential Regulation of GPCRs-Are GRK Expression Levels the Key? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687489. [PMID: 34109182 PMCID: PMC8182058 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of transmembrane receptors and their signal transduction is tightly regulated by GPCR kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins. In this review, we discuss novel aspects of the regulatory GRK/β-arrestin system. Therefore, we briefly revise the origin of the "barcode" hypothesis for GPCR/β-arrestin interactions, which states that β-arrestins recognize different receptor phosphorylation states to induce specific functions. We emphasize two important parameters which may influence resulting GPCR phosphorylation patterns: (A) direct GPCR-GRK interactions and (B) tissue-specific expression and availability of GRKs and β-arrestins. In most studies that focus on the molecular mechanisms of GPCR regulation, these expression profiles are underappreciated. Hence we analyzed expression data for GRKs and β-arrestins in 61 tissues annotated in the Human Protein Atlas. We present our analysis in the context of pathophysiological dysregulation of the GPCR/GRK/β-arrestin system. This tissue-specific point of view might be the key to unraveling the individual impact of different GRK isoforms on GPCR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB – Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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17
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Signal transduction in primary cilia - analyzing and manipulating GPCR and second messenger signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107836. [PMID: 33744260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium projects from the surface of most vertebrate cells, where it senses extracellular signals to regulate diverse cellular processes during tissue development and homeostasis. Dysfunction of primary cilia underlies the pathogenesis of severe diseases, commonly referred to as ciliopathies. Primary cilia contain a unique protein repertoire that is distinct from the cell body and the plasma membrane, enabling the spatially controlled transduction of extracellular cues. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key in sensing environmental stimuli that are transmitted via second messenger signaling into a cellular response. Here, we will give an overview of the role of GPCR signaling in primary cilia, and how ciliary GPCR signaling can be targeted by pharmacology, chemogenetics, and optogenetics.
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