1
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Walker MF, Zhang J, Steiner W, Ku PI, Zhu JF, Michaelson Z, Yen YC, Lee A, Long AB, Casey MJ, Poddar A, Nelson IB, Arveseth CD, Nagel F, Clough R, LaPotin S, Kwan KM, Schulz S, Stewart RA, Tesmer JJG, Caspary T, Subramanian R, Ge X, Myers BR. GRK2 Kinases in the Primary Cilium Initiate SMOOTHENED-PKA Signaling in the Hedgehog Cascade. bioRxiv 2024:2023.05.10.540226. [PMID: 37214942 PMCID: PMC10197709 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.540226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction in development and disease, the atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) SMOOTHENED (SMO) communicates with GLI transcription factors by binding the protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA-C) and physically blocking its enzymatic activity. Here we show that GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2) orchestrates this process during endogenous Hh pathway activation in the vertebrate primary cilium. Upon SMO activation, GRK2 rapidly relocalizes from the ciliary base to the shaft, triggering SMO phosphorylation and PKA-C interaction. Reconstitution studies reveal that GRK2 phosphorylation enables active SMO to bind PKA-C directly. Lastly, the SMO-GRK2-PKA pathway underlies Hh signal transduction in a range of cellular and in vivo models. Thus, GRK2 phosphorylation of ciliary SMO, and the ensuing PKA-C binding and inactivation, are critical initiating events for the intracellular steps in Hh signaling. More broadly, our study suggests an expanded role for GRKs in enabling direct GPCR interactions with diverse intracellular effectors.
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2
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Hilgendorf KI, Myers BR, Reiter JF. Emerging mechanistic understanding of cilia function in cellular signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5. [PMID: 38366037 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, immotile sensory organelles present on most cells in the body that participate broadly in human health, physiology and disease. Cilia generate a unique environment for signal transduction with tight control of protein, lipid and second messenger concentrations within a relatively small compartment, enabling reception, transmission and integration of biological information. In this Review, we discuss how cilia function as signalling hubs in cell-cell communication using three signalling pathways as examples: ciliary G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and polycystin ion channels. We review how defects in these ciliary signalling pathways lead to a heterogeneous group of conditions known as 'ciliopathies', including metabolic syndromes, birth defects and polycystic kidney disease. Emerging understanding of these pathways' transduction mechanisms reveals common themes between these cilia-based signalling pathways that may apply to other pathways as well. These mechanistic insights reveal how cilia orchestrate normal and pathophysiological signalling outputs broadly throughout human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Casey MJ, Chan PP, Li Q, Jette CA, Kohler M, Myers BR, Stewart RA. A Simple and Scalable Zebrafish Model of Sonic Hedgehog Medulloblastoma. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.03.577834. [PMID: 38370799 PMCID: PMC10871209 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.03.577834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and is stratified into three major subgroups. The Sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup represents ~30% of all MB cases and has significant survival disparity depending upon TP53 status. Here, we describe the first zebrafish model of SHH MB using CRISPR to mutate ptch1, the primary genetic driver in human SHH MB. These tumors rapidly arise adjacent to the valvula cerebelli and resemble human SHH MB by histology and comparative genomics. In addition, ptch1-deficient MB tumors with loss of tp53 have aggressive tumor histology and significantly worse survival outcomes, comparable to human patients. The simplicity and scalability of the ptch1 MB model makes it highly amenable to CRISPR-based genome editing screens to identify genes required for SHH MB tumor formation in vivo, and here we identify the grk3 kinase as one such target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattie J. Casey
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Priya P. Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Cicely A. Jette
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Missia Kohler
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Myers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rodney A. Stewart
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Lead contact
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4
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Happ JT, Arveseth CD, Bruystens J, Bertinetti D, Nelson IB, Olivieri C, Zhang J, Hedeen DS, Zhu JF, Capener JL, Bröckel JW, Vu L, King CC, Ruiz-Perez VL, Ge X, Veglia G, Herberg FW, Taylor SS, Myers BR. A PKA inhibitor motif within SMOOTHENED controls Hedgehog signal transduction. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:990-999. [PMID: 36202993 PMCID: PMC9696579 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) cascade is central to development, tissue homeostasis and cancer. A pivotal step in Hh signal transduction is the activation of glioma-associated (GLI) transcription factors by the atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) SMOOTHENED (SMO). How SMO activates GLI remains unclear. Here we show that SMO uses a decoy substrate sequence to physically block the active site of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) catalytic subunit (PKA-C) and extinguish its enzymatic activity. As a result, GLI is released from phosphorylation-induced inhibition. Using a combination of in vitro, cellular and organismal models, we demonstrate that interfering with SMO-PKA pseudosubstrate interactions prevents Hh signal transduction. The mechanism uncovered echoes one used by the Wnt cascade, revealing an unexpected similarity in how these two essential developmental and cancer pathways signal intracellularly. More broadly, our findings define a mode of GPCR-PKA communication that may be harnessed by a range of membrane receptors and kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Happ
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Corvin D Arveseth
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica Bruystens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Bertinetti
- Institute for Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Isaac B Nelson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cristina Olivieri
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Danielle S Hedeen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ju-Fen Zhu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jacob L Capener
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jan W Bröckel
- Institute for Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lily Vu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C C King
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor L Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols,' Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xuecai Ge
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Institute for Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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5
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Ku PI, Sreeja JS, Myers BR, Subramanian R. Real time imaging of the trafficking of a Hedgehog pathway kinesin in the primary cilium. Biophys J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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6
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Arveseth CD, Happ JT, Hedeen DS, Zhu JF, Capener JL, Klatt Shaw D, Deshpande I, Liang J, Xu J, Stubben SL, Nelson IB, Walker MF, Kawakami K, Inoue A, Krogan NJ, Grunwald DJ, Hüttenhain R, Manglik A, Myers BR. Smoothened transduces Hedgehog signals via activity-dependent sequestration of PKA catalytic subunits. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001191. [PMID: 33886552 PMCID: PMC8096101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is essential for organ development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Dysfunction of this cascade drives several cancers. To control expression of pathway target genes, the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO) activates glioma-associated (GLI) transcription factors via an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that, rather than conforming to traditional GPCR signaling paradigms, SMO activates GLI by binding and sequestering protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunits at the membrane. This sequestration, triggered by GPCR kinase (GRK)-mediated phosphorylation of SMO intracellular domains, prevents PKA from phosphorylating soluble substrates, releasing GLI from PKA-mediated inhibition. Our work provides a mechanism directly linking Hh signal transduction at the membrane to GLI transcription in the nucleus. This process is more fundamentally similar between species than prevailing hypotheses suggest. The mechanism described here may apply broadly to other GPCR- and PKA-containing cascades in diverse areas of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corvin D. Arveseth
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John T. Happ
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Danielle S. Hedeen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ju-Fen Zhu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jacob L. Capener
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dana Klatt Shaw
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ishan Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jiahao Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jiewei Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sara L. Stubben
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Isaac B. Nelson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Madison F. Walker
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kouki Kawakami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Grunwald
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Myers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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7
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Deshpande I, Liang J, Hedeen D, Roberts KJ, Zhang Y, Ha B, Latorraca NR, Faust B, Dror RO, Beachy PA, Myers BR, Manglik A. Smoothened stimulation by membrane sterols drives Hedgehog pathway activity. Nature 2019; 571:284-288. [PMID: 31263273 PMCID: PMC6709672 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signalling is fundamental to embryonic development and postnatal tissue regeneration1. Aberrant postnatal Hedgehog signalling leads to several malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma and paediatric medulloblastoma2. Hedgehog proteins bind to and inhibit the transmembrane cholesterol transporter Patched-1 (PTCH1), which permits activation of the seven-transmembrane transducer Smoothened (SMO) via a mechanism that is poorly understood. Here we report the crystal structure of active mouse SMO bound to both the agonist SAG21k and to an intracellular binding nanobody that stabilizes a physiologically relevant active state. Analogous to other G protein-coupled receptors, the activation of SMO is associated with subtle motions in the extracellular domain, and larger intracellular changes. In contrast to recent models3-5, a cholesterol molecule that is critical for SMO activation is bound deep within the seven-transmembrane pocket. We propose that the inactivation of PTCH1 by Hedgehog allows a transmembrane sterol to access this seven-transmembrane site (potentially through a hydrophobic tunnel), which drives the activation of SMO. These results-combined with signalling studies and molecular dynamics simulations-delineate the structural basis for PTCH1-SMO regulation, and suggest a strategy for overcoming clinical resistance to SMO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiahao Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Hedeen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kelsey J Roberts
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Betty Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naomi R Latorraca
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Faust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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McClary AC, Sweeney RT, Biscocho J, Myers BR, Neahring L, Kwei KA, Qu K, Gong X, Ng T, Jones CD, Varma S, Odegaard JI, Rubin B, Troxell ML, Pelham RJ, Zehnder JL, Beachy PA, Pollack JR, West RB. Abstract 3436: Ameloblastoma driver mutations revealed by next-generation sequencing of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rare cancer types are not only understudied, but are typically represented by formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) (rather than freshly-frozen) specimens that are suboptimal for genomic analysis. Ameloblastoma is one such rare tumor type, thought to arise from ameloblasts, the cells that deposit enamel during tooth development. Though typically benign, ameloblastomas are locally destructive to the jaw and face, and new non-surgical interventions are needed. To discover novel driver mutations and therapeutic targets, we optimized methods and performed whole-transcriptome sequencing and/or targeted exon sequencing (TruSeq Cancer Panel) of 8 FFPE cases. Identified mutations were verified, and then evaluated on a larger, independent set of 21 FFPE cases by PCR and Sanger sequencing. From the analysis, we identified recurrent somatic mutations in three key developmental or signaling pathways, including Hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor, and MAP kinase pathways. Functional interrogation of a novel Hedgehog pathway mutation confirmed increased basal pathway activity, and defined the response profile to various pharmacologic Hedgehog inhibitors. Together, our results define new ameloblastoma drivers and nominate new molecularly-directed therapies for this rare but disfiguring disease. More generally, our findings validate a robust approach for discovering driver mutations in rare cancers.
Citation Format: Andrew C. McClary, Robert T. Sweeney, Jewison Biscocho, Benjamin R. Myers, Lila Neahring, Kevin A. Kwei, Kunbin Qu, Xue Gong, Tony Ng, Carol D. Jones, Sushama Varma, Justin I. Odegaard, Brian Rubin, Megan L. Troxell, Robert J. Pelham, James L. Zehnder, Philip A. Beachy, Jonathan R. Pollack, Robert B. West. Ameloblastoma driver mutations revealed by next-generation sequencing of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3436. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3436
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xue Gong
- 1Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Tony Ng
- 3University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Sweeney RT, McClary AC, Myers BR, Biscocho J, Neahring L, Kwei KA, Qu K, Gong X, Ng T, Jones CD, Varma S, Odegaard JI, Sugiyama T, Koyota S, Rubin BP, Troxell ML, Pelham RJ, Zehnder JL, Beachy PA, Pollack JR, West RB. Identification of recurrent SMO and BRAF mutations in ameloblastomas. Nat Genet 2014; 46:722-5. [PMID: 24859340 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the discovery of oncogenic mutations in the Hedgehog and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in over 80% of ameloblastomas, locally destructive odontogenic tumors of the jaw, by genomic analysis of archival material. Mutations in SMO (encoding Smoothened, SMO) are common in ameloblastomas of the maxilla, whereas BRAF mutations are predominant in tumors of the mandible. We show that a frequently occurring SMO alteration encoding p.Leu412Phe is an activating mutation and that its effect on Hedgehog-pathway activity can be inhibited by arsenic trioxide (ATO), an anti-leukemia drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that is currently in clinical trials for its Hedgehog-inhibitory activity. In a similar manner, ameloblastoma cells harboring an activating BRAF mutation encoding p.Val600Glu are sensitive to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. Our findings establish a new paradigm for the diagnostic classification and treatment of ameloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Sweeney
- 1] Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2]
| | - Andrew C McClary
- 1] Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2]
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [4] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [5]
| | - Jewison Biscocho
- 1] Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2]
| | - Lila Neahring
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [4] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kevin A Kwei
- 1] Genomic Health, Redwood City, California, USA. [2]
| | - Kunbin Qu
- Genomic Health, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tony Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carol D Jones
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Justin I Odegaard
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Toshihiro Sugiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Souichi Koyota
- Department of Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Brian P Rubin
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan L Troxell
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - James L Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [3] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [4] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Robert B West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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10
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Myers BR, Sever N, Chong YC, Kim J, Belani JD, Rychnovsky S, Bazan JF, Beachy PA. Hedgehog pathway modulation by multiple lipid binding sites on the smoothened effector of signal response. Dev Cell 2013; 26:346-57. [PMID: 23954590 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling during development and in postembryonic tissues requires activation of the 7TM oncoprotein Smoothened (Smo) by mechanisms that may involve endogenous lipidic modulators. Exogenous Smo ligands previously identified include the plant sterol cyclopamine (and its therapeutically useful synthetic mimics) and hydroxylated cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols); Smo is also highly sensitive to cellular sterol levels. The relationships between these effects are unclear because the relevant Smo structural determinants are unknown. We identify the conserved extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) as the site of action for oxysterols on Smo, involving residues structurally analogous to those contacting the Wnt lipid adduct in the homologous Frizzled CRD; this modulatory effect is distinct from that of cyclopamine mimics, from Hh-mediated regulation, and from the permissive action of cellular sterol pools. These results imply that Hh pathway activity is sensitive to lipid binding at several Smo sites, suggesting mechanisms for tuning by multiple physiological inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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11
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Abstract
Animals sense changes in ambient temperature irrespective of whether core body temperature is internally maintained (homeotherms) or subject to environmental variation (poikilotherms). Here we show that a cold-sensitive ion channel, TRPM8, displays dramatically different thermal activation ranges in frogs versus mammals or birds, consistent with variations in these species' cutaneous and core body temperatures. Thus, somatosensory receptors are not static through evolution, but show functional diversity reflecting the characteristics of an organism's ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Myers
- Department of Physiology; University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yaron M. Sigal
- Department of Physiology; University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David Julius
- Department of Physiology; University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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13
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Myers BR, Beecham S, van Leeuwen JA, Keegan A. Depletion of E. coli in permeable pavement mineral aggregate storage and reuse systems. Water Sci Technol 2009; 60:3091-3099. [PMID: 19955632 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2009.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Permeable pavement reservoirs provide an important opportunity for the harvesting and storage of stormwater for reuse. This research aims to determine whether storage in dolomite, calcite and quartzite mineral aggregates in the base course of a permeable pavement impacts on the survival of the pathogen indicator organism Escherichia coli (E. coli) in storage. The reasons for depletion were also investigated. Twelve model permeable pavement storage reservoirs were filled, in triplicate, with dolomite, calcite and quartzite. Three reservoirs contained no aggregate. After filling with pathogen spiked rainwater, the concentration of E. coli was examined for 22 days in the reservoirs. The reservoirs were then agitated to determine if there was E. coli present which was not in aqueous suspension. The results of the experiments show that there is no significant difference in the depletion of E. coli found in reservoirs without aggregate, and those filled with dolomite or calcite. The rate of depletion was found to be significantly lower in the quartzite filled reservoirs. Agitation of the reservoirs yielded increases in the aqueous concentration of E. coli in all reservoir types, suggesting that the bacteria are adhering to the surface of the mineral aggregate and to the reservoir walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Myers
- School of Natural and Built Environments, Centre for Water Management and Reuse, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes South Australia, 5095, Australia.
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14
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Abstract
The capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, contributes to thermal and chemical sensitivity of primary afferent neurons of the pain pathway, but many aspects of its regulation remain elusive. In this issue of Neuron, Lishko et al. describe a high-resolution structure of a TRPV1 domain, providing insight into the molecular basis of channel modulation while revealing new functions for a widely expressed protein interaction fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Myers
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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15
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Desai BN, Myers BR, Schreiber SL. FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein associates with mitochondria and senses osmotic stress via mitochondrial dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:4319-24. [PMID: 11930000 PMCID: PMC123646 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.261702698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FKBP12-rapamycin associated protein (FRAP, also known as mTOR or RAFT) is the founding member of the phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinase family and functions as a sensor of physiological signals that regulate cell growth. Signals integrated by FRAP include nutrients, cAMP levels, and osmotic stress, and cellular processes affected by FRAP include transcription, translation, and autophagy. The mechanisms underlying the integration of such diverse signals by FRAP are largely unknown. Recently, FRAP has been reported to be regulated by mitochondrial dysfunction and depletion of ATP levels. Here we show that exposure of cells to hyperosmotic conditions (and to glucose-deficient growth medium) results in rapid and reversible dissipation of the mitochondrial proton gradient. These results suggest that the ability of FRAP to mediate osmotic stress response (and glucose deprivation response) is by means of an intermediate mitochondrial dysfunction. We also show that in addition to cytosolic FRAP a large portion of FRAP associates with the mitochondrial outer membrane. The results support the existence of a stress-sensing module consisting of mitochondria and mitochondrial outer membrane-associated FRAP. This module allows the cell to integrate a variety of stress signals that affect mitochondrial function and regulate a growth checkpoint involving p70 S6 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal N Desai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Immunology Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Spain J, Greifenhagen R, Myers BR. Challenges facing pharmacy practice during Operation Desert Storm. Hosp Pharm 1993; 28:317-8, 320-2, 334. [PMID: 10125326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Many challenges face the pharmacist in a combat zone hospital. The 13th Evacuation Hospital, Wisconsin Army National Guard was deployed in support of Operation Desert Storm. Its mission before and during the ground campaign identified key areas where pharmacy involvement assisted in the provision of care. Special skills and subject areas were determined. This article reviews the authors' experiences and offers suggestions to aid pharmacy personnel in preparation for future deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spain
- Second Infantry Division, Camp Casey, Korea
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17
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Rodriquez AA, Myers BR, Ford CN. Laryngeal electromyography in the diagnosis of laryngeal nerve injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71:587-90. [PMID: 2369296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A practical technique of electromyographic (EMG) sampling of the cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid (vocalis) muscles is described. Quantitative motor unit action potential (MUAP) analysis on a group of seven healthy subjects revealed a mean amplitude of 426 microV for the vocalis and 500 microV for the cricothyroid muscle. Mean MUAP duration for the vocalis muscle was 3.5 msec and 4.4 msec for the cricothyroid. Normal activation patterns are reviewed for each muscle. The results of EMG studies in 18 consecutive patients referred to the EMG laboratory with chronic hoarseness was reviewed. There was good agreement between findings at laryngoscopy and EMG, although more widespread involvement was seen on EMG than was suspected on the basis of laryngoscopy. Vocal cord immobility (apparent paralysis) was not usually accompanied by the total absence of MUAPs. The procedure was well tolerated without local anesthesia and provides information about peripheral nerves which may be of prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Rodriquez
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison
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Abstract
Pork loins were divided into small roasts. Thirty roasts were uninoculated and 30 were inoculated by dipping in 1 % peptone water containing 100 Colony-forming units (CFU)/ml of pectinolytic Yersinia enterocolitica . Twenty-four each of the uninoculated and inoculated roasts were sprayed with or dipped in 5 or 10% solutions of potassium sorbate. All roasts were then vacuum-packaged and stored at 5°C. After storage for 1 or 21 d, three roasts from each group were examined for psychrotrophic plate count (PPC) and the 3-tube most probable number of pectionolytic bacteria. Counts of psychrotrophs on lean surfaces of untreated controls increased by nearly 3.4 log10. Numbers on sorbate-treated lean surfaces increased about 2.0 log10. Growth and differences in counts on fatty surfaces were less. Numbers of pectinolytic bacteria on lean surfaces of controls increased by nearly 2.0 log10, but numbers of pectinase producers did not change significantly during storage of sorbate-treated samples. Of 30 pectinolytic isolates identified from roasts stored 21 d at 5°C, 87% were Yersinia spp. and 13% were Klebsiella oxytoca . Since most of the pectinolytic isolates were psychrotrophs of public health significance, inhibition of their growth by sorbate is of particular importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Myers
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Region, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - J E Edmondson
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Region, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - M E Anderson
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Region, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - R T Marshall
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Region, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Myers BR, Marshall RT, Edmondson JE, Stringer WC. Isolation of Pectinolytic Aeromonas hydrophila and Yersinia enterocolitica from Vacuum-Packaged Pork 1. J Food Prot 1982; 45:33-37. [PMID: 30866351 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-45.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A survey was made of commercially available vacuum-packaged fresh pork held at 5 C for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Also, four vacuum-packaged leg roasts were stored for 21 days at 5 C then for 90 days at -18 C before sampling. Surface cores of meat were enriched in sorbitol bile broth 21 days at 5 C to enhance recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica on pectin agar. Of the 54 samples surveyed, 20% yielded highly pectinolytic colonies of Aeromonas hydrophila that were cytotoxic to Y1 and HeLa cells, 6% yielded Y. enterocolitica and 6% yielded Yersinia intermedia . Yersinia was recovered from both fresh and frozen samples. This is believed to be the first report of pectinolysis by A. hydrophila and recovery of cytotoxic A. hydrophila from vacuum-packaged pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Myers
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - R T Marshall
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - J E Edmondson
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - W C Stringer
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Abstract
A technique for reconstructing point-by-point light emission from a plasma using a series of one-dimensional, line-of-sight measurements is described. The method, an adaptation of tomographic x-ray scans, does not assume any symmetry in the plasma, unlike an Abel inversion. Results from the Tormac IV toroidal bicusp device are presented, in which plasma light was collected by a 16-channel polychromator with 0.4-A resolution and a 1-micros time response. Reconstructed plasma light emission with spatial, temporal, and wavelength resolution is then calculated. The profiles of reconstructed spectral lines (Stark broadened H(beta) and Doppler broadened He II 4686-A lines from the 90% H, 10% He plasma) are used to monitor local plasma density and temperature. A spatial resolution of 2 cm in a 14 x 24 cm vessel, which is determined by the number of angles that the plasma is viewed from, is realized. This technique is particularly useful when a high-temperature plasma is surrounded and obscured by a low-temperature, highly emissive plasma near the vessel walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Myers
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Young SO, Park JB, Kenner GH, Moore RR, Myers BR, Sauer BW. Dental implant fixation by electrically mediated process. I. Interfacial strength. Biomater Med Devices Artif Organs 1978; 6:111-26. [PMID: 687714 DOI: 10.3109/10731197809118697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the effect of electrical stimulation on canine alveolar bone, porous PMMA dental implants with a solid core (on which a Pt-13% Rh electrode was wound) were implanted in the mesial socket of the canine mandibular fourth premolars bilaterally. The positive electrode was implanted into the distal socket. The power pack was placed over the masseteric fossa. The implants, wires and power packs were all implanted subcutaneously. Each animal had an experimental and control implant. Mechanical push-out samples were prepared by sectioning a 2mm thick section of the mandible with the implant in the middle. The samples were tested immediately and the load-deflection curves were obtained.
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Park JB, Young SO, Kenner GH, von Recum AF, Myers BR, Moore RR. Dental implant fixation by electrically mediated process. II. Tissue ingrowth. Biomater Med Devices Artif Organs 1978; 6:291-303. [PMID: 749940 DOI: 10.3109/10731197809119790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of electrical stimulation on the interfacial strength of the porous polymethylmethacrylate implant/oral tissue union and the amount of tissue growth was investigated in the fourth premolars of dogs. The study indicates the interfacial strength peaks at about three weeks and decreases thereafter for both control and the stimulated specimens. The stimulated side showed consistently higher strength than its paired control. There was a positive relationship between implant period and amount of tissue in the pores although the latter was not correlated with the interfacial strength. Microradiographs showed a different pattern of new bone formation on the stimulated side when compared to the control. On both sides, bone formation occurred upward from the bottom of the tooth socket while on the stimulated side, new bone also developed from the sides of the tooth socket which was minimal in the controls. It is proposed that the direction of oral tissue formation is responsible for the different results obtained in this study compared with a similar study on long bones.
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