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Mick I, Spring K, Uhr M, Zimmermann US. Alcohol administration attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity in healthy men at low genetic risk for alcoholism, but not in high-risk subjects. Addict Biol 2013; 18:863-71. [PMID: 22260244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute alcohol challenge studies in rodents and naturalistic observations in drinking alcoholics suggest that alcohol stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system. The literature on respective studies in healthy volunteers is more inconsistent, suggesting differential alcohol effects depending on dosage, recent drinking history, family history of alcoholism and alcohol-induced side effects. These papers and the putative pharmacologic mechanisms underlying alcohol effects on the HPA system are reviewed here and compared with a new study, in which we investigated how secretion of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and cortisol is affected by ingestion of 0.6 g/kg ethanol in 33 young healthy socially drinking males with a paternal history of alcoholism (PHP) versus 30 family history negative (FHN) males. Alcohol and placebo were administered in a 2-day, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover design with randomized administration sequence. After administration of placebo, ACTH and cortisol decreased steadily over 130 minutes. In FHN subjects, secretion of both hormones was even more attenuated after alcohol, resulting in significantly lower levels compared with placebo. In PHP subjects, no alcohol effect on hormone secretion could be detected. The ratio of cortisol to ACTH secretion, each expressed as area under the secretion curve, was significantly increased by alcohol in FHN and PHP participants. These results argue against HPA stimulation being a mechanism that promotes the transition from moderate to dependent drinking. The fact that alcohol-induced HPA suppression was not detected in PHP males is consistent with the general concept that subjects at high risk for alcoholism exhibit less-pronounced alcohol effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Mick
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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Escrig MA, Pardo M, Aragon CM, Correa M. Anxiogenic and stress-inducing effects of peripherally administered acetaldehyde in mice: similarities with the disulfiram-ethanol reaction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:404-12. [PMID: 22005600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peripheral accumulation of acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, produces autonomic responses in humans called "flushing". The aversive characteristics of flushing observed in some populations with an isoform of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) less active, are the basis for treating alcoholics with disulfiram, an ALDH inhibitor. Although ethanol and centrally formed acetaldehyde have anxiolytic effects, peripheral accumulation of acetaldehyde may be aversive in part because it is anxiogenic. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of direct administration of acetaldehyde on behavioral measures of anxiety and on hormonal markers of stress in mice. The impact of disulfiram on the anxiolytic actions of ethanol was evaluated. Acetate (a metabolite of acetaldehyde) was also studied. METHODS CD1 male mice received acetaldehyde (0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 mg/kg) at different time intervals and were assessed in the elevated plus maze and in the dark-light box. Corticosterone release after acetaldehyde administration was also assessed. Additional experiments evaluated the impact of disulfiram on the anxiolytic effect of ethanol (0 or 1 mg/kg), and the effect of acetate on the plus maze. RESULTS Direct administration of acetaldehyde (100 mg/kg) had an anxiogenic effect at 1, 11 or 26 min after IP administration. Acetaldehyde was ten times more potent than ethanol at inducing corticosterone release. Disulfiram did not affect behavior on its own, but blocked the anxiolytic effect of ethanol at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, and had an anxiogenic effect at the highest dose (90 mg/kg) when co-administered with ethanol. Acetate did not affect any of the anxiety parameters. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral administration or accumulation of acetaldehyde produces anxiogenic effects and induces endocrine stress responses. This effect is not mediated by its metabolite acetate.
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Luczak SE, Pandika D, Shea SH, Eng MY, Liang T, Wall TL. ALDH2 and ADH1B interactions in retrospective reports of low-dose reactions and initial sensitivity to alcohol in Asian American college students. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:1238-45. [PMID: 21355870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mechanistic model has been proposed for how alcohol-metabolizing gene variants protect individuals from the development of alcohol use disorders, with heightened sensitivity to alcohol being an early step (endophenotype) in this model. This study was designed to determine whether possession of 2 alcohol-metabolizing genes variations, the aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH2*2 allele and the alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B*2 allele, was associated with self-reported sensitivity to alcohol at low doses and at initial use. METHODS Asian-American college students (N=784) of Chinese and Korean descent were genotyped at the ALDH2 and ADH1B loci and assessed for lifetime alcohol symptoms following 1 or 2 drinks and level of response to alcohol during the first 5 lifetime drinking episodes. RESULTS Participants who had an ALDH2*2 allele were more likely to report experiencing all 6 low-dose symptoms and having heightened initial response to alcohol. An interaction was found between ALDH2*2 and ADH1B*2, with ADH1B*2 being associated with heightened self-reported sensitivity to alcohol only in individuals who also possessed 1 ALDH2*2 allele. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the effects of ADH1B*2 may be felt more strongly in Asians who already have some heightened sensitivity to alcohol from possessing 1 ALDH2*2 allele, but who are not too sensitized to alcohol from possessing 2 ALDH2*2 alleles. These results offer additional insight into the discrepant findings that have been reported in the literature for the role of ADH1B*2 in response to alcohol and the development of alcohol-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Luczak
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Crabbe JC, Bell RL, Ehlers CL. Human and laboratory rodent low response to alcohol: is better consilience possible? Addict Biol 2010; 15:125-44. [PMID: 20148776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
If people are brought into the laboratory and given alcohol, there are pronounced differences among individuals in many responses to the drug. Some participants in alcohol challenge protocols show a cluster of 'low level of responses to alcohol' determined by observing post-drinking-related changes in subjective, motor and physiological effects at a given dose level. Those individuals characterized as having low level of response (LR) to alcohol have been shown to be at increased risk for a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol dependence (AD), and this relationship between low LR and AD appears to be in part genetic. LR to alcohol is an area where achieving greater consilience between the human and the rodent phenotypes would seem to be highly likely. However, despite extensive data from both human and rodent studies, few attempts have been made to evaluate the human and animal data systematically in order to understand which aspects of LR appear to be most directly comparable across species and thus the most promising for further study. We review four general aspects of LR that could be compared between humans and laboratory animals: (1) behavioral measures of subjective intoxication; (2) body sway; (3) endocrine responses; and (4) stimulant, autonomic and electrophysiological responses. None of these aspects of LR provide completely face-valid direct comparisons across species. Nevertheless, one of the most replicated findings in humans is the low subjective response, but, as it may reflect either aversively valenced and/or positively valenced responses to alcohol as usually assessed, it is unclear which rodent responses are analogous. Stimulated heart rate appears to be consistent in animal and human studies, although at-risk subjects appear to be more rather than less sensitive to alcohol using this measure. The hormone and electrophysiological data offer strong possibilities of understanding the neurobiological mechanisms, but the rodent data in particular are rather sparse and unsystematic. Therefore, we suggest that more effort is still needed to collect data using refined measures designed to be more directly comparable in humans and animals. Additionally, the genetically mediated mechanisms underlying this endophenotype need to be characterized further across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University and VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Ehlers CL, Lind PA, Wilhelmsen KC. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) and self-reported responses to alcohol in American Indians. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:35. [PMID: 18433502 PMCID: PMC2386778 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in response to the hedonic and adverse effects of a substance is in part an inherited factor that may influence its use, abuse and dependence. The mu opioid receptor is the primary site of action for opiates and individuals with polymorphisms in this receptor appear to have variation in the CNS effects of opiates. Several studies have suggested that this receptor may also mediate some of the effects of non-opioid drugs, such as alcohol. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) with self-reported responses to alcohol, an endophenotype associated with the development of alcohol dependence, in American Indians living on eight contiguous reservations. METHODS Each participant gave a blood sample and completed a structured diagnostic interview. Additionally, response to alcohol was indexed using the expectation version of the subjective high assessment scale (SHAS-E). SNPs were genotyped in 251 participants and data analyses were conducted using SOLAR. RESULTS The estimated heritability (h2) for the SHAS-E phenotypes ranged from 0.01 to 0.28. Endorsing the expectation of a more intense response on one or more of the following items from the SHAS-E: buzzed, clumsy, dizzy, drunk, effects, high, nausea, sleepy, talkative, terrible, and/or uncomfortable after imbibing 2-3 drinks was significantly associated with having at least one minor allele for at least one of 7 SNPs (p < 0.01) in the OPRM1 receptor gene. CONCLUSION These studies provide data to suggest that the minor allele, for most of the polymorphisms in the OPRM1 receptor gene investigated, was found to be associated with a more intense, and/or more adverse, response to alcohol, traits that are significantly correlated with lowered quantity of alcohol consumption and less susceptibility to dependence in this Indian population. These data further suggest that making conclusions on the role of the mu opiod receptor gene in the development of alcohol dependence may be limited if only one polymorphism in the gene is evaluated in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Duranceaux NCE, Schuckit MA, Eng MY, Robinson SK, Carr LG, Wall TL. Associations of Variations in Alcohol Dehydrogenase Genes With the Level of Response to Alcohol in Non-Asians. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:1470-8. [PMID: 16930209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk and protective factors for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are complex and reflect both environmental and genetic factors. Genetic components account for about 50% of the variation and influence several phenotypes, including the level of response (LR) to alcohol as well as alcohol-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms. Variations in the ADH1B and ADH1C genes may influence the LR to alcohol by increasing levels of acetaldehyde during alcohol metabolism, although most data on this question come from Asian populations. METHODS This study evaluated associations of ADH1B and ADH1C genotypes in a non-Asian sample. Participants (N = 117, 69.2% female) were 18- to 29-year-old men and women, primarily Caucasian (70.1%) and black (26.5%), recruited in San Diego, California. The Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism Interview was used to assess demographic, substance use, and psychiatric history information, and the Family History Assessment Module was used to determine first-degree family history of alcohol dependence. An alcohol challenge paradigm was used to gather data on the LR to alcohol over 210 minutes. RESULTS Participants with the ADH1B*1/*2 genotype had a higher LR to alcohol early in the alcohol challenge (i.e., 30, 60, and 90 minutes after drinking) as measured by both alcohol-related changes in subjective feelings of intoxication and body sway, even when controlling for sex and Russian/Eastern European ancestry. A similar trend was seen for ADH1C*1/*1 genotype, although the results were not significant. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that studies searching for genes relating to the LR to alcohol as a vulnerability factor for AUDs should consider controlling for ADH1B genotype, as the ADH1B*2 allele could obscure the impact of other genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C E Duranceaux
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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Wall TL. Genetic associations of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase with alcohol dependence and their mechanisms of action. Ther Drug Monit 2006; 27:700-3. [PMID: 16404797 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000179840.78762.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two alcohol dehydrogenase genes (ADHIB and ADH1C on chromosome 4) and one aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2 on chromosome 12) exhibit functional polymorphisms that are associated with lower rates of alcohol dependence. The ALDH2*2 allele,found almost exclusively in Asian populations, has the strongest relationship. The ADH1B*2, ADH1B*3, and ADHlC*i alleles, found in varying prevalence in different ethnic groups, have also been associated with lower rates of alcohol dependence. Studies of the ADHIBand ADH1C haplotypes, however, have shown that ADH1C*I is in linkage disequilibrium with ADHiB*2, and the ADH1C*i allele does not appear to have significant unique associations with alcohol dependence. The hypothesized mechanism underlying the associations of the ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms with alcohol dependence is that the isoenzymes encoded by these alleles lead to an accumulation of acetaldehyde during alcohol metabolism. Based on their kinetic properties, ALDH2 *2 theoretically should lead to a slower removal of acetaldehyde than ALDH2*1, whereas ADH1B*2 and ADH1B*3 should lead to a more rapid production of acetaldehyde than ADHIB*I. It is further hypothesized that elevations in acetaldehyde cause more intense reactions to alcohol and lead to lower levels of alcohol intake. Data are consistent with the hypothesis that elevations in acetaldehyde, increased sensitivity to alcohol, and lower levels of drinking reflect the mechanism by which the ALDH2*2 allele reduces risk for alcohol dependence. There is also some evidence supporting this mechanism for the ADH1B*2 and ADHIB*3 alleles, but the results are less consistent. These findings highlight the value of trying to elucidate the mechanism by which genes ultimately give rise to differences in alcohol dependence through the examination of mediating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California and the Psychology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System 92161, USA.
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Wall TL, Shea SH, Luczak SE, Cook TAR, Carr LG. Genetic associations of alcohol dehydrogenase with alcohol use disorders and endophenotypes in white college students. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005; 114:456-65. [PMID: 16117582 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Associations of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene polymorphisms (ADH1B*2 and ADH1C*1) with a lifetime alcohol use disorder (AUD) were examined in White college students. Alcohol-related endophenotypes likely to be influenced by elevations in acetaldehyde were also assessed. Individuals with an ADH1B*2 allele had lower rates of AUDs, consumed a lower maximum number of drinks in a 24-hr period, reported a greater level of response to alcohol, were more likely to have experienced alcohol-induced headaches following 1 or 2 drinks, and reported more severe hangovers than those lacking this allele. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that enhanced sensitivity to alcohol and lower levels of alcohol use reflect the mechanism by which ADH1B*2 protects against developing an AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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Hendershot CS, MacPherson L, Myers MG, Carr LG, Wall TL. Psychosocial, cultural and genetic influences on alcohol use in Asian American youth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:185-95. [PMID: 15957669 PMCID: PMC2749922 DOI: 10.15288/jsa.2005.66.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Environmental and cultural factors, as well as a genetic variant of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (the ALDH2*2 allele) have been identified as correlates of alcohol use among Asian Americans. However, concurrent examination of these variables has been rare. The present study assessed parental alcohol use, acculturation and ALDH2 gene status in relation to lifetime, current and heavy episodic drinking among Chinese and Korean American undergraduates. METHOD Participants (N = 428, 51% women; 52% Chinese American, age 18-19 years) were first-year college students in a longitudinal study of substance use initiation and progression. Data were collected via structured interview and self-report, and participants provided a blood sample for genotyping at the ALDH2 locus. RESULTS Gender, parental alcohol use and acculturation significantly predicted drinking behavior. However, none of the hypothesized moderating relationships were significant. In contrast with previous studies, ALDH2 gene status was not associated with alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that although the variables examined influence alcohol use, moderating effects were not observed in the present sample of Asian American college students. Findings further suggest that the established association of ALDH2 status and drinking behavior in Asians may not be evident in late adolescence. It is possible that ALDH2 status is associated with alcohol consumption only following initiation and increased drinking experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S. Hendershot
- Correspondence may be sent to Mark G. Myers at: Psychology 116B, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, or via . Christian S. Hendershot is with the Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Laura MacPherson is with the San Diego State University/University of California. San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA. Lucinda G. Carr is with the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Laura MacPherson
- Correspondence may be sent to Mark G. Myers at: Psychology 116B, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, or via . Christian S. Hendershot is with the Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Laura MacPherson is with the San Diego State University/University of California. San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA. Lucinda G. Carr is with the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mark G. Myers
- Correspondence may be sent to Mark G. Myers at: Psychology 116B, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, or via . Christian S. Hendershot is with the Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Laura MacPherson is with the San Diego State University/University of California. San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA. Lucinda G. Carr is with the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lucinda G. Carr
- Correspondence may be sent to Mark G. Myers at: Psychology 116B, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, or via . Christian S. Hendershot is with the Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Laura MacPherson is with the San Diego State University/University of California. San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA. Lucinda G. Carr is with the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tamara L. Wall
- Correspondence may be sent to Mark G. Myers at: Psychology 116B, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, or via . Christian S. Hendershot is with the Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Laura MacPherson is with the San Diego State University/University of California. San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA. Lucinda G. Carr is with the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
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Dorne JLCM, Walton K, Renwick AG. Human variability for metabolic pathways with limited data (CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, ADH, esterases, glycine and sulphate conjugation). Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:397-421. [PMID: 14871582 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Accepted: 10/13/2003] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human variability in the kinetics of a number of phase I (CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, alcohol dehydrogenase and hydrolysis) and phase II enzymes (glycine and sulphate conjugation) was analysed using probe substrates metabolised extensively (>60%) by these routes. Published pharmacokinetic studies (after oral and intravenous dosing) in healthy adults and available data on subgroups of the population (effects of ethnicity, age and disease) were abstracted using parameters relating primarily to chronic exposure [metabolic and total clearances, area under the plasma concentration time-curve (AUC)] and acute exposure (C(max)). Interindividual differences in kinetics for all these pathways were low in healthy adults ranging from 21 to 34%. Pathway-related uncertainty factors to cover the 95th, 97.5th and 99th centiles of healthy adults were derived for each metabolic route and were all below the 3.16 kinetic default uncertainty factor in healthy adults, with the possible exception of CYP2C9*3/*3 poor metabolisers (based on a very limited number of subjects). Previous analyses of other pathways have shown that neonates represent the most susceptible subgroup and this was true also for glycine conjugation for which an uncertainty factor of 29 would be required to cover 99% of this subgroup. Neonatal data were not available for any other pathway analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L C M Dorne
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University of Southampton, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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Nishimura FT, Fukunaga T, Kajiura H, Umeno K, Takakura H, Ono T, Nishijo H. Effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotype on cardiovascular and endocrine responses to alcohol in young Japanese subjects. Auton Neurosci 2002; 102:60-70. [PMID: 12492137 DOI: 10.1016/s1566-0702(02)00206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) genotype on cardiovascular and endocrine responses to alcohol ingestion in young, healthy Japanese subjects. For this purpose, we monitored changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure (BP), finger blood flow (BF) and facial skin temperature (FST) during and after alcohol ingestion (0.4 ml/kg body weight). Spectral analyses of beat-to-beat variations of heart rate (HR), BP and BF were applied. Two major spectral components were examined at low frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF: 0.15-10.4 Hz) bands for HR and BP variability (BPV). Significant effects for ALDH2 genotype were observed in HR variability (HRV) analysis; HF power of HRV was markedly depressed and the LF/HF ratio was significantly higher with alcohol in ALDH2-deficient (ND) subjects, while ALDH2-normal (NN) subjects did not display such changes. Analysis of BP variability showed increased LF and HF power after alcohol ingestion in the NN subjects, but there were no significant differences between genotypic groups. We also examined BF variability (BFV) in six major spectral components; power of the 0.8-2.2 Hz frequency band was significantly affected by genotype and higher power was observed in the ND subjects. Plasma concentrations of both epinephrine and norepinephrine increased after alcohol ingestion only in the ND subjects. Furthermore, plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of epinephrine, but not norepinephrine, were higher after alcohol ingestion in the ND than in the NN subjects. Blood acetaldehyde levels were about 10-fold higher in the ND than in the NN subjects although blood alcohol levels similarly increased in the ND and NN subjects. Our results also indicated that alcohol ingestion increased secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones including ACTH, beta-endorphin and cortisol in the ND subjects. The present results along with previous studies suggest that alcohol-induced tachycardia in the ND subjects was probably mediated by acetaldehyde-induced rise in epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla and/or changes in the autonomic nervous system. Alcohol-induced relative predominance of cardiac sympathetic activity in the ND subjects might be ascribed partly to increased norepinephrine secretion from sympathetic nerve terminals. Effects of acetaldehyde on these cardiovascular and endocrine systems were discussed in terms of their effects on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusae T Nishimura
- Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
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McCarthy DM, Brown SA, Carr LG, Wall TL. ALDH2 Status, Alcohol Expectancies, and Alcohol Response: Preliminary Evidence for a Mediation Model. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Wall TL, Shea SH, Chan KK, Carr LG. A genetic association with the development of alcohol and other substance use behavior in Asian Americans. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2001; 110:173-8. [PMID: 11261392 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies of Asian adults have found that alcohol use and alcohol dependence are related to variation in the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene. To investigate the association of ALDH2 with the development of drug involvement, the authors analyzed retrospective information about the onset and regular use of alcohol and other substances as reported by 180 Asian American college students. Possession of an ALDH2*2 allele was not related to initiation of alcohol use or having ever been intoxicated, but individuals with ALDH2*2 alleles were less likely to be regular drinkers, were less likely to have engaged in a binge-drinking episode, reported a lower number of maximum drinks consumed in a 24-hr period, and were less likely to have used tobacco regularly than those without this genetic variant. These findings suggest that ALDH2 is associated with the development of not only alcohol-related behavior but other substance use behavior as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, and Psychology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, USA.
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Canals J, Colomina M, Domingo J, Domènech E. Influence of smoking and drinking habits on salivary cortisol levels. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Effects of genetic polymorphisms in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes on alcohol hypersensitivity and alcohol-related health problems in orientals. Environ Health Prev Med 1996; 1:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/1995] [Accepted: 12/11/1995] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Asian men were genotyped for alleles of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) and tested on two separate occasions following oral administration of placebo and 0.75 ml/kg alcohol. Sixty minutes after beverage ingestion, event-related potentials were elicited using an auditory oddball paradigm. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that alcohol produced significant increases in P300 latency and significant decreases in P300 amplitude compared with placebo. Subjects with ALDH2*1/2*2 genotype (n = 14) demonstrated some significantly greater P300 effects after alcohol than subjects with ALDH2*1/2*1 genotype (n = 15), despite equivalent blood alcohol concentrations. These data suggest that neurocognitive functioning may be more impaired following alcohol in subjects with an ALDH2*2 allele. These findings further suggest that a genetically controlled factor (deficiency in ALDH enzyme activity) might contribute to a decreased likelihood of alcohol intake and protection from alcoholism, because of an enhanced sensitivity to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Wall
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Slutske WS, Heath AC, Madden PA, Bucholz KK, Dinwiddie SH, Dunne MP, Statham DS, Whitfield JB, Martin NG. Is alcohol-related flushing a protective factor for alcoholism in Caucasians? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19:582-92. [PMID: 7573778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although alcohol-related flushing seems to be a genetically influenced protective factor for alcoholism in some Asian groups, little is known about whether this is true for Caucasians. The evidence for alcohol-related flushing as a protective factor for the development of alcoholism was examined in a sample of 5831 Australian twins (2041 men, 3790 women) who were administered a structured psychiatric interview. Twin correlations for self-reported adverse alcohol reactions (e.g., "flushing or blushing" and "feeling very sleepy" after drinking 1 or 2 drinks) were modest, suggesting minimal contribution of genetic factors, but when corrected for reliability of measurement, were consistent with moderate heritabilities. In accord with studies examining Asian samples, we found that individuals who experienced adverse reactions after drinking small amounts of alcohol drank less often and slightly less per drinking occasion than those who did not experience adverse reactions. However, those who experienced adverse reactions were more likely to have symptoms of alcoholism and to report a parental history of alcohol problems. We conclude that self-reported alcohol-related flushing is not a protective factor for alcoholism in Caucasians and may be a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Slutske
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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