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Bowdring MA, McCarthy DM, Fairbairn CE, Prochaska JJ. Non-alcoholic beverage consumption among US adults who consume alcohol. Addiction 2024; 119:1080-1089. [PMID: 38403280 DOI: 10.1111/add.16452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-alcoholic beverages (NABs) that mimic alcohol without inducing intoxication, such as non-alcoholic beers, non-alcoholic wines and spirit-free drinks, are increasing in popularity. It is unknown whether NABs help to mitigate or stimulate alcohol use. The present study aimed to describe NAB consumption practices among US adults consuming alcohol, characterize who is likely to consume NABs and examine whether NAB use influences desire for and perceived consumption of alcohol. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS The survey study used data collected June-July 2023 from an on-line convenience sample. The first survey (n = 1906) assessed frequency of NAB consumption among US adults who consume alcohol. A second more detailed survey on use patterns was conducted with 466 respondents who reported past-year NAB consumption, of whom 153 (32.83%) screened positive on the CAGE questionnaire for alcohol use disorder (AUD). SETTING This study took place in the United States. MEASUREMENTS NAB consumption measures included type of NAB consumed, frequency, quantity, first consumption age, consumption reasons, consumption contexts and perceived effect on desire for and consumption of alcohol. Alcohol use measures included frequency, quantity and first consumption age. FINDINGS Past-year NAB use was endorsed by 28.44% of respondents (61.70% ever used). Non-alcoholic liquor/'mocktails' were the most common NAB type consumed (83.69%). Compared with respondents without AUD, those who screened positive for AUD were significantly more likely to consume NABs in an effort to decrease or abstain from drinking alcohol [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.24-5.58] and 67.97% endorsed less alcohol consumption (3.23% endorsed more) due to their NAB use. NAB consumption frequency and quantity were significantly positively predicted by alcohol consumption frequency (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.17-1.83) and quantity (β = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.15-0.35), respectively. CONCLUSION Adults who consume alcohol and screen positive for alcohol use disorder report drinking non-alcoholic beverages as a harm reduction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Bowdring
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Denis M McCarthy
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MI, USA
| | - Catharine E Fairbairn
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 East Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Judith J Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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2
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Hashemi R, Vogel EA. Adolescents' perceptions of substance use messaging in the age of social media: resolving cognitive dissonance. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2024; 39:1-11. [PMID: 38183674 PMCID: PMC10805388 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
This study interviewed adolescents about their exposure to and perceptions of substance-related social media content and substance use prevention messages. Participants (analytic sample N = 30, age 14-18 years, in CA, USA, 40% male) were recruited from Instagram and Facebook for online semi-structured interviews. An interview transcript coding guide was developed based on the interview questions and emerging themes. Most (27/30) participants reported exposure to peers using substances on social media through posts made on personal accounts. All peer posts portrayed substance use in a positive light. Most participants reported exposure to formal prevention messages on social media (i.e. public service announcements) (19/30) and in schools (i.e. drug education) (21/30; 70.0%) teaching the negative consequences of substance use. Responses to the differences between peer posts and prevention messages included dismissing prevention messages (7/30), believing that their peers were more credible (4/30), desiring comprehensive substance information (3/30) and believing that the no-use message was ineffective for at-risk youth (4/30). Messages shared by peers online significantly contrasted with prevention messages (i.e. public service announcements and drug education). This difference appeared to undermine prevention message credibility. Balanced prevention messages acknowledging the spectrum of risk and reward when using different substances may reduce dissonance and increase engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhana Hashemi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erin A Vogel
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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3
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Osuafor GN, Okoli CE, Chibuzor G. Exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol consumption among children and early teenagers in South Africa. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:144. [PMID: 37438841 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of information on alcohol adverts on alcohol consumption among early teenagers. The study aimed to examine the association between exposure to alcohol adverts and alcohol consumption. METHODS A sample of 3833 early teenagers aged 12-14 years were extracted from the South African National HIV Prevalence, HIV Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey (SABSSM) 2017. Participants answered questions related to their exposure to alcohol adverts across television, Poster/billboard, events, and social media. Alcohol consumption was assessed on ever consumed alcohol and in the previous 12 months. Information on demographic characteristics was collected. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to process the data. RESULT Exposure to alcohol adverts increases from 5.2% for Events to 77.0% on television. All alcohol media of adverts were associated with alcohol consumption by age. The results mirror studies that demonstrated that exposure to alcohol advertisements was associated with alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION The association between alcohol consumption, exposure to alcohol adverts, and demographic characteristics need the urgent attention of policymakers and interventionists. The focus of action should be on protecting these early teenagers from exposure to media of adverts and risk background factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godswill N Osuafor
- Department of Population Studies and Demography, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mafikeng, South Africa.
| | | | - Gladys Chibuzor
- Centre for advocacy on drugs and substance abuse, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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4
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Schuler MS, Evans-Polce RJ. Perceived Substance Use Risks Among Never Users: Sexual Identity Differences in a Sample of U.S. Young Adults. Am J Prev Med 2022; 63:987-996. [PMID: 36115799 PMCID: PMC10198135 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lower perceived risk is a well-established risk factor for initiating substance use behaviors and an integral component of many health behavior theories. Established literature has shown that many substance use behaviors are more prevalent among individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual than among those who identify as heterosexual. However, potential differences in perceived risk by sexual identity among individuals with no lifetime use have not been well characterized to date. METHODS Data on 111,785 adults aged 18-34 years (including 11,377 lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults) were from the 2015-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Perceived risks (classified as great risk versus less than great risk) were assessed with 11 National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey items regarding 6 different substances (alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and heroin). Survey-weighted and sex-stratified logistic regression models were used to estimate sexual identity differences regarding perceived great risk among those reporting no lifetime use. Analyses were conducted in 2021-2022. RESULTS Gay men, bisexual men, lesbian/gay women, and bisexual women were all significantly less likely than heterosexual peers to perceive great risk associated with specific marijuana, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and heroin use behaviors. Bisexual men and women were also significantly less likely than heterosexual peers to perceive great risk associated with binge drinking behaviors and smoking ≥1 packs of cigarettes daily. CONCLUSIONS This novel investigation among never users provides evidence that lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults perceive significantly lower risks associated with multiple substance use behaviors than heterosexual adults, which may indicate important sexual identity differences in susceptibility to substance use initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca J Evans-Polce
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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5
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The impact of COVID-19 on children's lives in the United States: Amplified inequities and a just path to recovery. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2022; 52:101181. [PMID: 35400596 PMCID: PMC8923900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2022.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Jackson KM, Bartholow BD. Psychological Processes Underlying Effects of Alcohol Marketing on Youth Drinking. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2021. [PMID: 32079564 PMCID: PMC7064005 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Evidence increasingly suggests that alcohol marketing plays a significant
role in facilitating underage drinking. This article presents a review of
empirical studies and relevant theoretical models proposing plausible
psychological mechanisms or processes responsible for associations between
alcohol-related marketing and youth drinking. Method: We review key psychological processes pertaining to cognitive mechanisms and
social cognitive models that operate at the individual or intrapersonal
level (attitude formation, expectancies) and the social or interpersonal
level (personal identity, social identity, social norms). We use dominant
psychological and media theories to support our statements of putative
causal inferences, including the Message Interpretation Processing Model,
Prototype Willingness Model, and Reinforcing Spirals Model. Results: Based on the evidence, we propose an integrated conceptual model that depicts
relevant psychological processes as they work together in a complex chain of
influence, and we highlight those constructs that have received the greatest
support in the literature. Conclusions: The evidence to date suggests that perceptions of others’ behaviors
and attitudes in relation to alcohol (social norms) may be a more potent
driver of youth drinking than evaluations of drinking outcomes
(expectancies). Considerably more research—especially experimental
research—is needed to understand the extent to which theoretically
relevant psychological processes have unique effects on adolescent and young
adult drinking behavior, with the ultimate goal of identifying modifiable
intervention targets to produce reductions in the initiation and maintenance
of underage alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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7
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Noel JK, Sammartino CJ, Rosenthal SR. Exposure to Digital Alcohol Marketing and Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2021. [PMID: 32079562 PMCID: PMC7064004 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Alcohol marketing has proliferated on digital media, such as websites, social
media, and apps. A systematic review was conducted to examine studies of
associations between exposure to digital alcohol marketing and alcohol
consumption. Method: Eight electronic databases were searched for “alcohol” and
“marketing” through 14 February 2017. Studies were included if
exposure to digital alcohol marketing and alcohol consumption, or related
attitudes and intentions, were assessed. Studies were excluded if they only
measured exposure to alcohol depictions posted online by family and friends.
Study quality was also assessed. Results: In all, 25 studies were included, including 2 randomized controlled trials,
15 cross-sectional studies, and 8 prospective cohort studies. There was a
consistent finding across studies that participation and engagement with
digital alcohol marketing—such as clicking on an alcohol ad, visiting
an alcohol-branded website, liking or sharing an ad on social media, or
downloading alcohol-branded content—was positively associated with
alcohol use. The effects of simple exposure to digital alcohol advertising
were inconclusive. Proper blinding of subjects, measuring exposures before
the outcomes, and measuring the exposures multiple times would improve study
quality. Conclusions: Although more research is needed, existing studies suggest that engagement
with digital alcohol marketing is positively associated with increased
alcohol consumption and increased binge or hazardous drinking behavior.
Governments should consider implementing digital alcohol marketing
regulations under the precautionary principle as the alcohol
industry’s self-regulated marketing codes are likely ineffective at
protecting populations vulnerable to alcohol-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Noel
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Cara J Sammartino
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Samantha R Rosenthal
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
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8
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Sargent JD, Babor TF. The Relationship Between Exposure to Alcohol Marketing and Underage Drinking Is Causal. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2021. [PMID: 32079567 PMCID: PMC7063998 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This article summarizes the findings of narrative and systematic literature reviews focused on the relationship between exposure to alcohol marketing and youth drinking, viewed in context of criteria for causality. We also consider the implications of this proposition for alcohol policy and public health. Method: Our descriptive synthesis of findings is from 11 narrative and systematic reviews using the nine Bradford Hill causality criteria: (a) strength of association, (b) consistency, (c) specificity of association, (d) temporality, (e) biological gradient, (f) biological plausibility, (g) coherence, (h) experimental evidence, and (i) analogy. Results: Evidence of causality for all nine of the Bradford Hill criteria was found across the review articles commissioned for this supplement and in other previously published reviews. In some reviews, multiple Bradford Hill criteria were met. The reviews document that a substantial amount of empirical research has been conducted in a variety of countries using different but complementary research designs. Conclusions: The research literature available today is consistent with the judgment that the association between alcohol marketing and drinking among young persons is causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Sargent
- C. Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas F Babor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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9
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Fiala SC, Dilley JA, Everson EM, Firth CL, Maher JE. Youth Exposure to Marijuana Advertising in Oregon's Legal Retail Marijuana Market. Prev Chronic Dis 2020; 17:E110. [PMID: 32975510 PMCID: PMC7553221 DOI: 10.5888/pcd17.190206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research from tobacco and alcohol markets suggests advertising exposure is associated with perceptions of lower risk and increased use among young people. Limiting marketing may be a regulatory approach to prevent potential negative effects of retail marijuana legalization on youth use. This study assessed marijuana advertising exposure reported by youths in Oregon after the start of retail marijuana sales in October 2015. Methods Data from a 2017 school-based survey of Oregon 8th (N = 14,852) and 11th (N = 11,895) graders were used to characterize marijuana advertising exposure. Subgroup differences in reported exposure were assessed by using Pearson χ2 tests and multiple logistic regression. Results About three-quarters of 8th (72.2%) and 11th graders (78.1%) in Oregon reported seeing marijuana advertising in the past month. Youths most frequently reported seeing advertising on storefronts and online, and odds of exposure were significantly higher for girls; lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths; current marijuana users; 8th graders living with an adult who uses marijuana; and youths in school districts with a closer average proximity to retail marijuana stores. Conclusion Reporting exposure to marijuana advertising is common among youths in Oregon’s legal retail market. Oregon and other states working to prevent youth marijuana use may want to examine how well their rules are working to prevent youth exposure. Although some sources of youth advertising exposure may be difficult to regulate and enforce (eg, online), others may be within the purview of state authority (eg, billboards, storefronts) depending on state-specific interpretation of free speech protections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Fiala
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Section, Oregon Public Health Division, 800 NE Oregon St, Ste 730, Portland, OR 97232.
| | - Julia A Dilley
- Oregon Public Health Division and Multnomah County Health Department - Program Design and Evaluation Services, Portland, Oregon
| | - Erik M Everson
- Oregon Public Health Division and Multnomah County Health Department - Program Design and Evaluation Services, Portland, Oregon
| | - Caislin L Firth
- Oregon Public Health Division and Multnomah County Health Department - Program Design and Evaluation Services, Portland, Oregon
| | - Julie E Maher
- Oregon Public Health Division and Multnomah County Health Department - Program Design and Evaluation Services, Portland, Oregon
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10
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Sargent JD, Babor TF. The Relationship Between Exposure to Alcohol Marketing and Underage Drinking Is Causal. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020; Sup 19:113-124. [PMID: 32079567 PMCID: PMC7063998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article summarizes the findings of narrative and systematic literature reviews focused on the relationship between exposure to alcohol marketing and youth drinking, viewed in context of criteria for causality. We also consider the implications of this proposition for alcohol policy and public health. METHOD Our descriptive synthesis of findings is from 11 narrative and systematic reviews using the nine Bradford Hill causality criteria: (a) strength of association, (b) consistency, (c) specificity of association, (d) temporality, (e) biological gradient, (f) biological plausibility, (g) coherence, (h) experimental evidence, and (i) analogy. RESULTS Evidence of causality for all nine of the Bradford Hill criteria was found across the review articles commissioned for this supplement and in other previously published reviews. In some reviews, multiple Bradford Hill criteria were met. The reviews document that a substantial amount of empirical research has been conducted in a variety of countries using different but complementary research designs. CONCLUSIONS The research literature available today is consistent with the judgment that the association between alcohol marketing and drinking among young persons is causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Sargent
- C. Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas F. Babor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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11
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Clark H, Coll-Seck AM, Banerjee A, Peterson S, Dalglish SL, Ameratunga S, Balabanova D, Bhan MK, Bhutta ZA, Borrazzo J, Claeson M, Doherty T, El-Jardali F, George AS, Gichaga A, Gram L, Hipgrave DB, Kwamie A, Meng Q, Mercer R, Narain S, Nsungwa-Sabiiti J, Olumide AO, Osrin D, Powell-Jackson T, Rasanathan K, Rasul I, Reid P, Requejo J, Rohde SS, Rollins N, Romedenne M, Singh Sachdev H, Saleh R, Shawar YR, Shiffman J, Simon J, Sly PD, Stenberg K, Tomlinson M, Ved RR, Costello A. A future for the world's children? A WHO-UNICEF-Lancet Commission. Lancet 2020; 395:605-658. [PMID: 32085821 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Clark
- The Helen Clark Foundation, Auckland, New Zealand; Partnership for Maternal Newborn & Child Health, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anshu Banerjee
- Department of Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Peterson
- UNICEF Headquarters, Programme Division, Health Section, New York, USA
| | - Sarah L Dalglish
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shanthi Ameratunga
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dina Balabanova
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, OT, Canada; Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - John Borrazzo
- Global Financing Facility, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mariam Claeson
- Global Financing Facility, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tanya Doherty
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fadi El-Jardali
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Beirut, Lebanon; Knowledge to Policy Center American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Asha S George
- School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | | | - Lu Gram
- Institute for Global Health, London, UK
| | - David B Hipgrave
- UNICEF Headquarters, Programme Division, Health Section, New York, USA
| | - Aku Kwamie
- Health Policy and Systems Research Consultant, Accra, Ghana
| | - Qingyue Meng
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Raúl Mercer
- Program of Social Sciences and Health, Latin American School of Social Sciences, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sunita Narain
- Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Timothy Powell-Jackson
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Papaarangi Reid
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Requejo
- Division of Data, Analysis, Planning and Monitoring, Data and Analytics Section, New York, USA
| | - Sarah S Rohde
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nigel Rollins
- Department of Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Harshpal Singh Sachdev
- Pediatrics and Clinical Epidemiology, Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana Saleh
- Knowledge to Policy Center American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yusra R Shawar
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Shiffman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathon Simon
- Department of Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karin Stenberg
- Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rajani R Ved
- National Health Systems Resource Centre, New Delhi, India
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12
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Davis JP, Pedersen ER, Tucker JS, Dunbar MS, Seelam R, Shih R, D'Amico EJ. Long-term Associations Between Substance Use-Related Media Exposure, Descriptive Norms, and Alcohol Use from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:1311-1326. [PMID: 31025156 PMCID: PMC6816265 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents and young adults in the United States are constantly exposed to substance-related media and advertising content. The current study seeks to explore, developmentally, how exposure to substance-related media content influences both normative beliefs about peer alcohol use and individual alcohol use. Youth (N = 4'840; 50.6% female) were followed for ten years from age 12 to 22. Auto-regressive latent trajectory with structured residual (ALT-SR) models were used to explore within-person reciprocal associations between substance-related media content, descriptive norms, and alcohol use. Results indicated that' across adolescence and young adulthood, exposure to substance-related media content was associated with increased alcohol use via perceived alcohol norms. The pathway from media exposure to alcohol use was mediated by increased perceived norms for adolescents only. With screen time increasing over the last decade, it is important to invest resources into real-time interventions that address substance-related social media content as it relates to misperceived norms and to begin these interventions in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Davis
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Eric R Pedersen
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90401, USA
| | - Joan S Tucker
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90401, USA
| | - Michael S Dunbar
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Ave #600, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rachana Seelam
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90401, USA
| | - Regina Shih
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90401, USA
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Ave #600, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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13
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Critchlow N, MacKintosh AM, Thomas C, Hooper L, Vohra J. Awareness of alcohol marketing, ownership of alcohol branded merchandise, and the association with alcohol consumption, higher-risk drinking, and drinking susceptibility in adolescents and young adults: a cross-sectional survey in the UK. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025297. [PMID: 30872548 PMCID: PMC6530316 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore awareness of alcohol marketing and ownership of alcohol branded merchandise in adolescents and young adults in the UK, what factors are associated with awareness and ownership, and what association awareness and ownership have with alcohol consumption, higher-risk drinking and susceptibility. DESIGN Online cross-sectional survey conducted during April-May 2017. SETTING The UK. PARTICIPANTS Adolescents and young adults aged 11-19 years in the UK (n=3399). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) (0-12) and indication of higher-risk consumption (>5 AUDIT-C) in current drinkers. Susceptibility to drink (yes/no) in never drinkers. RESULTS Eighty-two per cent of respondents were aware of at least one form of alcohol marketing in the past month and 17% owned branded merchandise. χ2 tests found that awareness of marketing and ownership of branded merchandise varied within drinking variables. For example, higher awareness of alcohol marketing was associated with being a current drinker (χ2=114.04, p<0.001), higher-risk drinking (χ2=85.84, p<0.001), and perceived parental (χ2=63.06, p<0.001) and peer approval of consumption (χ2=73.08, p<0.001). Among current drinkers, multivariate regressions (controlling for demographics and covariates) found that marketing awareness and owning branded merchandise was positively associated with AUDIT-C score and higher-risk consumption. For example, current drinkers reporting medium marketing awareness were twice as likely to be higher-risk drinkers as those reporting low awareness (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.18, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.42, p<0.001). Among never drinkers, respondents who owned branded merchandise were twice as likely to be susceptible to drinking as those who did not (AOR=1.98, 95% CI 1.20 to 3.24, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Young people, above and below the legal purchasing age, are aware of a range of alcohol marketing and almost one in five own alcohol branded merchandise. In current drinkers, alcohol marketing awareness was associated with increased consumption and greater likelihood of higher-risk consumption. In never drinkers, ownership of branded merchandise was associated with susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Anne Marie MacKintosh
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Christopher Thomas
- Cancer Policy Research Centre (CPRC), Cancer Research UK, London, London, UK
| | - Lucie Hooper
- Cancer Policy Research Centre (CPRC), Cancer Research UK, London, London, UK
| | - Jyotsna Vohra
- Cancer Policy Research Centre (CPRC), Cancer Research UK, London, London, UK
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Lillard DR, Molloy E, Zan H. Television and Magazine Alcohol Advertising: Exposure and Trends by Sex and Age. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:881-892. [PMID: 30573019 PMCID: PMC6308172 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to document exposure to alcohol advertising by sex, age, and the level and type of alcohol people consume. METHOD We use unique marketing survey data that link the media individuals consume and advertising appearing in those media. Our sample of 306,451 men and women represents the population age 18 and older living in the 48 contiguous United States between 1996 and 2009. We measure advertising exposure not with the standard expenditure data but with counts of actual advertisements people likely saw. We relate advertising exposure across groups defined by age, gender, and the amount of beer, wine, and spirits consumed. RESULTS We found that drinkers, particularly young male drinkers, see much more alcohol advertising. Men, especially younger men, see more advertisements for alcohol of all types than do women. Their higher exposure is largely explained by sex differences in the propensity to read sports and adult magazines and to watch sports and gambling television programs. CONCLUSIONS The evidence highlights the need to recognize, and when possible, control for the fact that a selected group of individuals is more likely to see alcohol advertising. Firms successfully place advertising on programs and in magazines viewed by youth and drinkers. To estimate whether seeing advertising causes people to drink (more), researchers need to develop clever identification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean R. Lillard
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NBER, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Hua Zan
- University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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15
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Lillard DR, Molloy E, Zan H. Television and Magazine Alcohol Advertising: Exposure and Trends by Sex and Age. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:881-892. [PMID: 30573019 PMCID: PMC6308172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to document exposure to alcohol advertising by sex, age, and the level and type of alcohol people consume. METHOD We use unique marketing survey data that link the media individuals consume and advertising appearing in those media. Our sample of 306,451 men and women represents the population age 18 and older living in the 48 contiguous United States between 1996 and 2009. We measure advertising exposure not with the standard expenditure data but with counts of actual advertisements people likely saw. We relate advertising exposure across groups defined by age, gender, and the amount of beer, wine, and spirits consumed. RESULTS We found that drinkers, particularly young male drinkers, see much more alcohol advertising. Men, especially younger men, see more advertisements for alcohol of all types than do women. Their higher exposure is largely explained by sex differences in the propensity to read sports and adult magazines and to watch sports and gambling television programs. CONCLUSIONS The evidence highlights the need to recognize, and when possible, control for the fact that a selected group of individuals is more likely to see alcohol advertising. Firms successfully place advertising on programs and in magazines viewed by youth and drinkers. To estimate whether seeing advertising causes people to drink (more), researchers need to develop clever identification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean R Lillard
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NBER, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Hua Zan
- University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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16
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Chambers T, Pearson A, Kawachi I, Stanley J, Smith M, Barr M, Mhurchu CN, Signal L. Children's home and school neighbourhood exposure to alcohol marketing: Using wearable camera and GPS data to directly examine the link between retailer availability and visual exposure to marketing. Health Place 2018; 54:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Chambers T, Stanley J, Signal L, Pearson AL, Smith M, Barr M, Ni Mhurchu C. Quantifying the Nature and Extent of Children's Real-time Exposure to Alcohol Marketing in Their Everyday Lives Using Wearable Cameras: Children's Exposure via a Range of Media in a Range of Key Places. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:626-633. [PMID: 30052769 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Children's exposure to alcohol marketing is typically measured using self-report data, television viewing data or street marketing audits, which are subject to bias and often do not provide quantifiable measures of daily exposure. This article describes an innovative methodology to capture the world in which children live using wearable cameras. Short summary Children wearing wearable cameras were exposed 4.5 times per day to alcohol marketing in multiple places and via a range of marketing media. The results reinforce calls for legislative restrictions and a global response to alcohol marketing in order to protect children and reduce alcohol-related harm. Methods Children aged 11-13 years (n = 167) wore cameras that automatically captured images approximately every 7 s for a 4-day period between June 2014 and July 2015. Content analysis of images (n = 700,000) was manually undertaken to assess children's exposure to alcohol marketing. Results On average, children were exposed to alcohol marketing 4.5 (95% CI: 3.3, 6.0) times per day, excluding within off-licence retailers, on screens and product packaging. Children were exposed at home (47%), on-licence alcohol retailers (19%), off-licence shop fronts (16%) and sporting venues (12%), and via sports sponsorship (31%) and shop front signage (31%) and merchandise (25%). The highest exposure rates were found among Māori (5.4 times higher than New Zealand European) and Pacific (3.0 times higher than New Zealand European), and boys (2.0 times higher than girls). Conclusions These findings highlight the urgent need to implement strict legislative restrictions on all forms of alcohol marketing to fulfil the World Health Organization Global Alcohol Strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Chambers
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, Wellington, 23a Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Rd, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James Stanley
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, Wellington, 23a Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Louise Signal
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, Wellington, 23a Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Amber L Pearson
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, Wellington, 23a Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Rd, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Moira Smith
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, Wellington, 23a Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Barr
- Health Promotion & Policy Research Unit, University of Otago, Wellington, 23a Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Cliona Ni Mhurchu
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, 261 Morrin Road, Glen Innes, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Gabrielli J. Media/Marketing Influences on Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Abuse. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018; 5:146-157. [PMID: 30393590 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0199-6.media/marketing] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the state of research on substance use portrayals in marketing and media, considering exposure to tobacco, alcohol, e-cigarette, and marijuana content. Putative mechanisms are offered, and recommendations made for effective prevention strategies for mitigating the influence of these portrayals. RECENT FINDINGS There is consistent evidence that adolescents and young adults are highly exposed to substance use portrayals and that these portrayals are associated with subsequent substance use. Exposure via new media (social networking sites, brand websites) has risen rapidly. Social norms and cognitions appear to at least partially account for the effects of portrayals on youth substance use. SUMMARY Digital media has surpassed traditional marketing, which is concerning because youth have on-demand access to content and are active consumers of digital media. Developmentally appropriate media literacy interventions that include a parenting component and target multiple substances and media domains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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19
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Gabrielli J. Media/Marketing Influences on Adolescent and Young Adult Substance Abuse. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018; 5:146-157. [PMID: 30393590 PMCID: PMC6208350 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the state of research on substance use portrayals in marketing and media, considering exposure to tobacco, alcohol, e-cigarette, and marijuana content. Putative mechanisms are offered, and recommendations made for effective prevention strategies for mitigating the influence of these portrayals. RECENT FINDINGS There is consistent evidence that adolescents and young adults are highly exposed to substance use portrayals and that these portrayals are associated with subsequent substance use. Exposure via new media (social networking sites, brand websites) has risen rapidly. Social norms and cognitions appear to at least partially account for the effects of portrayals on youth substance use. SUMMARY Digital media has surpassed traditional marketing, which is concerning because youth have on-demand access to content and are active consumers of digital media. Developmentally appropriate media literacy interventions that include a parenting component and target multiple substances and media domains are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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20
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Martino SC, Setodji CM, Collins RL, D’Amico EJ, Shadel WG, Tolpadi A, Becker KM. Persistence of Shifts in Beliefs Associated With Exposure to Alcohol Advertising Among Adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:399-407. [PMID: 29885147 PMCID: PMC6005255 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to quantify the persistence of immediate changes in adolescents' alcohol-related beliefs associated with exposure to alcohol advertising. METHOD Middle school students (N = 606) carried handheld devices for 14 days and logged all of their exposures to alcohol advertisements as they naturally occurred. Perceptions of the typical person one's age who drinks ("prototype perceptions") and perceived norms regarding alcohol use were assessed after each exposure to advertising and at random prompts issued daily throughout the assessment period. Generalized additive modeling was used to determine how long pro-drinking shifts in beliefs persisted after exposure to advertising. RESULTS Following exposure to advertisements, positivity of youth's prototype perceptions immediately increased (β = .07, 95% CI [.06, .09]) and then decreased (β = -.05, 95% CI [-.07, -.03]) over the subsequent 1.5 days, whereas perceived normativeness of alcohol use immediately increased (β = .04, 95% CI [.01, .06]) and then decreased (β = -.03, 95% CI [-.05, -.01]) over the subsequent 2 days. Changes in beliefs occurring after 1.5 days for prototype perceptions and after 2 days for perceived norms were not statistically significant, suggesting that these beliefs were no longer affected by the advertising exposure. CONCLUSIONS Findings are consistent with theories of alcohol advertising effects that presume that repeated exposure results in cumulative, enduring effects on beliefs. Given the rate of decay of alcohol advertising effects, it may be important to limit youth exposures to one every 2 days to avoid cumulative, lasting pro-drinking shifts in beliefs or to devise ways to interrupt cumulative effects with counter-messaging through media, parents, or other influential others at similar intervals.
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21
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Rose SW, Mayo A, Ganz O, Perreras L, D'Silva J, Cohn A. Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, marketing, and substance use among young adults. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2018; 18:558-577. [PMID: 29424638 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2018.1425949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Perceived experiences of discrimination have been linked to negative health behaviors including tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use across various racial/ethnic groups. Tobacco and alcohol marketing exposure have also been linked with substance use. This study examined the independent and interacting effects of perceived experiences of discrimination and exposure to alcohol and tobacco marketing, and receptivity to marijuana marketing on substance use in an online survey of a multiethnic sample of young adults in 6 metropolitan areas (n = 505). African Americans (mean (M) = 1.96, 9% 5CI [1.84, 2.09]) and Hispanics (M = 1.98, 95% CI [1.87, 2.09]) reported higher levels of perceived discrimination than Whites (M = 1.52, 95% CI [1.40, 1.64]), p < .001. African Americans had higher levels of exposure to tobacco and alcohol marketing; Hispanics reported higher levels of exposure to alcohol marketing and receptivity to marijuana promotion. Discrimination and marketing exposure were independently associated with higher odds of all 3 outcomes, controlling for covariates (AOR from 2.1 to 3.4 for discrimination; AOR from 1.4 to 13.8 for marketing). Models showed a significant interaction of discrimination and tobacco marketing on past 30-day cigarette use (F = 5.5; p = .02). Individuals with high levels of tobacco marketing exposure were likely to report high past 30-day cigarette use regardless of level of discrimination, while those with low exposure were only at increased risk of reporting cigarette use at higher levels of discrimination. Both perceived discrimination and marketing exposure play a role in substance use. Interventions should consider discrimination as a significant risk factor underlying vulnerability to substance use among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Mayo
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute , Washington , DC
| | - Ollie Ganz
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute , Washington , DC.,George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health , Washington , DC
| | | | - Joanne D'Silva
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute , Washington , DC.,University of Maryland School of Public Health , College Park , Maryland
| | - Amy Cohn
- Battelle Memorial Institute , Arlington , Virginia.,Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington , DC
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22
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Vincke E, Vyncke P. Does Alcohol Catch the Eye? Investigating Young Adults' Attention to Alcohol Consumption. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 15:1474704917730207. [PMID: 28946754 PMCID: PMC10638873 DOI: 10.1177/1474704917730207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Many studies on young adults' motivations for drinking overlook the symbolic aspects of alcohol use. However, research indicates that young adults' alcohol consumption is also driven by signaling motivations. Although the interest of a receiver is a necessary prerequisite of a signal, no previous studies have verified whether drinking behavior indeed attracts young adults' attention. Therefore, we conducted two studies. A two-part eye-tracking study ( N1 = 135, N2 = 140) showed that both young men and young women pay special visual attention to male and female drinking behavior. Additionally, a recall experiment ( N = 321) confirmed that observed male and female drinking is better remembered than observed nonsignaling, functional behavior. Moreover, alcoholic beverages also receive special attention, as they were recalled better than other functional products, and also nonalcoholic drinks similar in color and shape. In summary, the experiments clearly showed that male and female drinking behavior can be used as a signal, as both behaviors clearly function as an attention-attracting cue. Additionally, as alcoholic beverages draw more attention than nonalcoholic drinks, this attention is clearly linked to the alcohol element of the drinking behavior.
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Collins RL, Martino SC, Kovalchik SA, D'Amico EJ, Shadel WG, Becker KM, Tolpadi A. Exposure to alcohol advertising and adolescents' drinking beliefs: Role of message interpretation. Health Psychol 2017. [PMID: 28639822 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent research revealed momentary associations between exposure to alcohol advertising and positive beliefs about alcohol among adolescents (Martino et al., 2016). We reanalyzed those data to determine whether associations depend on adolescents' appraisal of ads. METHOD Over a 10-month period in 2013, 589 youth, ages 11-14, in the Los Angeles, CA, area, participated in a 14-day ecological momentary assessment, logging all exposures to alcohol advertisements as they occurred and completing brief assessments of their skepticism toward, liking of, and identification with any people in each ad, as well as their alcohol-related beliefs at the moment. Participants also completed measures of their alcohol- related beliefs at random moments of nonexposure throughout each day. Mixed-effects regression models compared beliefs about alcohol at moments of exposure to alcohol advertising that was appraised in a particular way (e.g., with liking, without liking) to beliefs at random moments. RESULTS When youth encountered ads they appraised positively, their beliefs about alcohol were significantly more positive than when they were queried at random moments. Beliefs in the presence of ads that were not positively appraised were generally similar to beliefs at random moments. CONCLUSION Youth are active participants in the advertising process. How they respond to and process alcohol advertising strongly moderates the association between exposure and alcohol-related beliefs. More effort is needed to identify attributes of alcohol advertisements, and of youth, that determine how youth process alcohol ads. This information can be used to either limit exposure to problematic ads or make youth more resilient to such exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Kersbergen I, Field M. Visual attention to alcohol cues and responsible drinking statements within alcohol advertisements and public health campaigns: Relationships with drinking intentions and alcohol consumption in the laboratory. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 31:435-446. [PMID: 28493753 PMCID: PMC5467671 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both alcohol advertising and public health campaigns increase alcohol consumption in the short term, and this may be attributable to attentional capture by alcohol-related cues in both types of media. The present studies investigated the association between (a) visual attention to alcohol cues and responsible drinking statements in alcohol advertising and public health campaigns, and (b) next-week drinking intentions (Study 1) and drinking behavior in the lab (Study 2). In Study 1, 90 male participants viewed 1 of 3 TV alcohol adverts (conventional advert; advert that emphasized responsible drinking; or public health campaign; between-subjects manipulation) while their visual attention to alcohol cues and responsible drinking statements was recorded, before reporting their drinking intentions. Study 2 used a within-subjects design in which 62 participants (27% male) viewed alcohol and soda advertisements while their attention to alcohol/soda cues and responsible drinking statements was recorded, before completing a bogus taste test with different alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks. In both studies, alcohol cues attracted more attention than responsible drinking statements, except when viewing a public health TV campaign. Attention to responsible drinking statements was not associated with intentions to drink alcohol over the next week (Study 1) or alcohol consumption in the lab (Study 2). However, attention to alcohol portrayal cues within alcohol advertisements was associated with ad lib alcohol consumption in Study 2, although attention to other types of alcohol cues (brand logos, glassware, and packaging) was not associated. Future studies should investigate how responsible drinking statements might be improved to attract more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Kersbergen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool
| | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool
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25
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Abstract
Purpose of Review This review investigates effects of alcohol advertising on adolescent drinking. Prior reviews focused on behavioral outcomes and long-term effects. In contrast, the present review focuses on subgroups with greater exposure to alcohol advertising, research methods to study alcohol advertising, potential mechanisms underlying relationships between adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising and increased drinking and points to prevention/intervention strategies that may reduce effects of alcohol advertising. Recent Findings Alcohol advertising influences current and future drinking. Further, evidence suggests adolescents may be targeted specifically. Alcohol advertisements may influence behavior by shifting alcohol expectancies, norms regarding alcohol use, and positive attitudes. Media literacy programs may be an effective intervention strategy. Summary Adolescents are exposed to large quantities of alcohol advertisements, which violates guidelines set by the alcohol industry. However, media literacy programs may be a promising strategy for adolescents to increase critical thinking and create more realistic expectations regarding alcohol.
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D'Amico EJ, Martino SC, Collins RL, Shadel WG, Tolpadi A, Kovalchik S, Becker KM. Factors associated with younger adolescents' exposure to online alcohol advertising. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 31:212-219. [PMID: 27819430 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the extent and nature of youth exposure to online alcohol advertising, or factors that may be associated with exposure. The current study recruited middle school students who completed a paper survey and then logged each alcohol advertisement that they encountered over a 2-week period using cell phones as part of an ecological momentary assessment design. We examined the percentage of youth who reported exposure to online alcohol advertising in the past 2 weeks, average weekly rate of exposure, types of online alcohol advertisements youth reported seeing, and factors that increased youths' risk of exposure to online alcohol advertising. Analyses are based on 485 participants (47% female; 25% Hispanic, 25% White, 27% Black; 6% Asian, 16% other). Youth logged exposures to a total of 3,966 (16,018 weighted for underreporting) alcohol advertisements across the monitoring period; 154 (568 weighted) or 3.6% were online ads. Seventeen percent of youth reported seeing any online alcohol ad; the majority of online ads seen were video commercials (44.8%) and banner/side ads (26.6%). Factors associated with greater ad exposure were being older, rebellious, and Black race; greater parental monitoring and more hours spent on social media were associated with less exposure. Findings provide important information about adolescents' exposure to online alcohol advertising and what might contribute to a greater likelihood of exposure. Given that online ad exposure is linked to drinking behavior, prevention programming for younger adolescents should continue to address this issue to help youth make healthy choices regarding alcohol use. (PsycINFO Database Record
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