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Khazaal NM, Alghetaa HF, Al-Shuhaib MBS, Al-Thuwaini TM, Alkhammas AH. A novel deleterious oxytocin variant is associated with the lower twinning ratio in Awassi ewes. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3404-3415. [PMID: 36449364 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2152038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the possible association of oxytocin (OXT) gene with reproductive traits in two groups of Awassi ewes that differ in their reproductive potentials. Sheep were genotyped using PCR-single-stranded conformation polymorphism approach. Three genotypes were detected in exon 2, CC, CA, and AA, and a novel SNP was identified with a missense effect on oxytocin (c.188C > A → p.Arg55Leu). A significant (p < 0.01) association of p.Arg55Leu with the twinning rate was found as ewes with AA and CA genotypes exhibited, respectively a lower twinning ratio than those with the wild-type CC genotype. The deleterious impact of p.Arg55Leu was demonstrated by all in silico tools that were utilized to assess the effect of this variant on the structure, function, and stability of oxytocin. Molecular docking showed that p.Arg55Leu caused a dramatic alteration in the binding of oxytocin with its receptor and reduced the number of interacted amino acids between them. Our study suggests that ewes with AA and CA genotypes showed a lower reproductive performance due to the presence of p.Arg55Leu, which caused damaging impacts on oxytocin and is binding with the OXT receptor. The utilization of the p.Arg55Leu could be useful for improving Awassi reproductive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neam M Khazaal
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hasan F Alghetaa
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Tahreer M Al-Thuwaini
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, Iraq
| | - Ahmed H Alkhammas
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, Iraq
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Hazrati P, Ramezani M, Ahmadimoghaddam D, Asl SS, Artimani T. The effects of AdipoRon on cytochrome P450-related gene expression, acute steroidogenic regulatory protein, and structure of ovary in polycystic ovary syndrome model. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:2453-2461. [PMID: 37668858 PMCID: PMC10504226 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the most common causes of infertility in adult women is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which has been identified with symptoms such as chronic hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. Adiponectin modulates steroidogenesis and the expression of ovulation-related genes. Herein, we assessed the effect of AdipoRon (adiponectin agonist) in the PCOS model mice. METHODS The PCOS model was induced with letrozole in the adult female mice and the animals received intraperitoneal injection of AdipoRon (5 mg/kg) for 10 days. Expression of CYP11A, CYP17A, and CYP19A genes, StAR protein, and histomorphology of the ovary were evaluated using real-time RT-PCR, western blotting, and histochemistry methods, respectively. RESULTS Although administration of letrozole caused an increase in the expression of CYP11A, CYP17A, and StAR and a decrease in the CYP19A1 expression, injection of AdipoRon reversed these changes. Moreover, AdipoRon treatment resulted in an improvement of folliculogenesis and a reduction of cysts compared to the letrozole-treated mice. CONCLUSION It is likely that AdipoRon has protective effects on the PCOS through modulation of cytochrome P450-related genes and steroidogenesis but needs further study to be sure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Hazrati
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ramezani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Centre, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Davoud Ahmadimoghaddam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Centre, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Tayebe Artimani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Centre, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Abedal-Majed MA, Abuajamieh M, Al-Qaisi M, Sargent KM, Titi HH, Alnimer MA, Abdelqader A, Shamoun AI, Cupp AS. Sheep with ovarian androgen excess have fibrosis and follicular arrest with increased mRNA abundance for steroidogenic enzymes and gonadotropin receptors. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad082. [PMID: 37061806 PMCID: PMC10184696 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An androgen excess ovarian micro-environment may limit follicle progression in sheep. Two populations of ewes with divergent follicular fluid androstenedione (A4) were identified in a flock in Jordan: High A4; (A4) ≥ 30 ng/mL, (N = 12) or Control A4 (Control); A4 ≤ 15 ng/mL; (N = 12). We hypothesized High A4 ewes would have increased steroidogenic enzyme mRNA abundance, inflammation, and follicular arrest. Messenger RNA abundance for steroidogenic enzymes StAR, CYP17A1, CYP11A1, and HSD3B1 were increased in theca cells while CYP17A1, CYP19A1, and HSD3B1 were increased in granulosa cells in High A4 ewes compared to Control. Gonadotropin receptor mRNA expression for LHCGR was increased in theca and FSHR in granulosa in High A4 ewes. Messenger RNA expression of FOS when reduced, increases expression of CYP17A1 which was observed in High A4 granulosa cells compared to Control. Furthermore, High A4 ewes had greater numbers of primordial follicles (P < 0.001) and fewer developing follicles compared to Control before, and after 7 d of culture, indicating follicular arrest was not alleviated by cortex culture. Increased fibrosis in the ovarian cortex was detected in High A4 ewes relative to Control (P < 0.001) suggesting increased inflammation and altered extracellular matrix deposition. Thus, this High A4 ewes population has similar characteristics to High A4 cows and women with polycystic ovary syndrome suggesting that naturally occurring androgen excess occurs in multiple species and may be a causative factor in follicular arrest and subsequent female sub- or infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abedal-Majed
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohannad Abuajamieh
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohmmad Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Kevin M Sargent
- Department of Agriculture, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
| | - Hosam H Titi
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mufeed A Alnimer
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Anas Abdelqader
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Ahmad I Shamoun
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Andrea S Cupp
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln (UNL), Nebraska 68583, USA
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Use of Agriculturally Important Animals as Models in Biomedical Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:315-333. [PMID: 34807449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Livestock have contributed significantly to advances in biomedicine and offer unique advantages over rodent models. The human is the ideal biomedical model; however, ethical reasons limit the testing of hypotheses and treatments in humans. Rodent models are frequently used as alternatives to humans due to size, low cost, and ease of genetic manipulation, and have contributed tremendously to our understanding of human health and disease. However, the use of rodents in translational research pose challenges for researchers due to physiological differences to humans. The use of livestock species as biomedical models can address these challenges as livestock have several similarities to human anatomy, physiology, genetics, and metabolism and their larger size permits collection of more frequent and often larger samples. Additionally, recent advances in genetics in livestock species allow for studies in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which have the added benefit of applications to both humans in biomedical research and livestock in improving production. In this review, we provide an overview of scientific findings using livestock and benefits of each model to the livestock industry and to biomedical research.
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Hopkins TIR, Bemmer VL, Franks S, Dunlop C, Hardy K, Dunlop IE. Micromechanical mapping of the intact ovary interior reveals contrasting mechanical roles for follicles and stroma. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121099. [PMID: 34537501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Follicle development in the ovary must be tightly regulated to ensure cyclical release of oocytes (ovulation). Disruption of this process is a common cause of infertility, for example via polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Recent ex vivo studies suggest that follicle growth is mechanically regulated, however, crucially, the actual mechanical properties of the follicle microenvironment have remained unknown. Here we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) spherical probe indentation to map and quantify the mechanical microenvironment in the mouse ovary, at high resolution and across the entire width of the intact (bisected) ovarian interior. Averaging over the entire organ, we find the ovary to be a fairly soft tissue comparable to fat or kidney (mean Young's Modulus 3.3±2.5 kPa). This average, however, conceals substantial spatial variations, with the overall range of tissue stiffnesses from c. 0.5-10 kPa, challenging the concept that a single Young's Modulus can effectively summarize this complex organ. Considering the internal architecture of the ovary, we find that stiffness is low at the edge and centre which are dominated by stromal tissue, and highest in an intermediate zone that is dominated by large developmentally-advanced follicles, confirmed by comparison with immunohistology images. These results suggest that large follicles are mechanically dominant structures in the ovary, contrasting with previous expectations that collagen-rich stroma would dominate. Extending our study to the highest resolutions (c. 5 μm) showed substantial mechanical variations within the larger zones, even over very short (sub-100 μm) lengths, and especially within the stiffer regions of the ovary. Taken together, our results provide a new, physiologically accurate, framework for ovarian biomechanics and follicle tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I R Hopkins
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Victoria L Bemmer
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stephen Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Carina Dunlop
- Department of Mathematics, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kate Hardy
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Iain E Dunlop
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Supplementation of granulosa cells conditioned medium with pyruvate and testosterone could improve early follicular development in cultured 1-day-old mouse ovaries. ZYGOTE 2021; 29:468-475. [PMID: 33910666 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199421000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In vitro activation of primordial follicles could serve as a safe method to preserve fertility in patients with cancer subjected to ovarian tissue cryopreservation during oncotherapy, however the culture medium for this purpose requires to be optimized. Granulosa cell conditioned medium (GCCM) has been recognized to enhance primordial follicle activation and the present study was conducted to understand whether addition of pyruvate, a combination of insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS) or testosterone to GCCM could improve its efficiency in this regard. To this end, 1-day-old mouse ovaries were cultured in four different media including CON (control; containing GGCM only), PYR (containing GCCM plus pyruvate), ITS (containing GCCM plus ITS) or TES (containing GCCM plus testosterone) for 11 days. Furthermore, follicular dynamics and gene expression of factors involved in follicular development were assessed using histological examination and RT-PCR, respectively, on days 5 and 11 of culture. Pyruvate decreased follicular activation, but it enhanced the progression of follicles to the primary stage. Moreover, it upregulated Bmp15 and Cx37 (P < 0.05). In the ITS group, activation of follicles was not affected and total number of follicles was reduced by day 11 of culture. Additionally, ITS downregulated Pi3k, Gdf9, Bmp15 and Cx37 (P < 0.05). Although testosterone did not affect primordial follicle activation, it enhanced the development of follicles up to the preantral stage (P < 0.05). Furthermore, testosterone inhibited the expression of Pten but stimulated the expression of Gdf9 and Cx37 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed that inclusion of pyruvate and testosterone into GCCM could enhance the early development of follicles in cultured 1-day-old mouse ovaries.
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Stener-Victorin E, Padmanabhan V, Walters KA, Campbell RE, Benrick A, Giacobini P, Dumesic DA, Abbott DH. Animal Models to Understand the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa010. [PMID: 32310267 PMCID: PMC7279705 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 1 out of 10 women worldwide are diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the leading cause of female reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. Despite its high prevalence, PCOS and its accompanying morbidities are likely underdiagnosed, averaging > 2 years and 3 physicians before women are diagnosed. Although it has been intensively researched, the underlying cause(s) of PCOS have yet to be defined. In order to understand PCOS pathophysiology, its developmental origins, and how to predict and prevent PCOS onset, there is an urgent need for safe and effective markers and treatments. In this review, we detail which animal models are more suitable for contributing to our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of PCOS. We summarize and highlight advantages and limitations of hormonal or genetic manipulation of animal models, as well as of naturally occurring PCOS-like females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kirsty A Walters
- Fertility & Research Centre, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anna Benrick
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- School of Health Sciences and Education, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Daniel A Dumesic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, California
| | - David H Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Zhao C, Zhou Y, Shen X, Gong M, Lu Y, Fang C, Chen J, Ju R. Circular RNA expression profiling in the fetal side of placenta from maternal polycystic ovary syndrome and circ_0023942 inhibits the proliferation of human ovarian granulosa cell. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 301:963-971. [PMID: 32193602 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely expressed noncoding RNAs which play important roles in various processes. The present study aimed to explore the effect of maternal PCOS on the expression of circRNAs in fetus and assessed the potential role of circRNA in human ovarian granulosa cell proliferation. METHODS Total RNA was extracted from the fetal side of placental tissues from maternal PCOS (n = 3) and healthy puerpera (n = 3) for circRNA microarray. Real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the microarray data in fetal side of placental tissues from puerpera with (n = 18) and without (n = 30) PCOS. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were applied to predict the functions and pathways of circ_0023942 host genes. The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed through bioinformatics prediction. Circ_0023942 overexpression vector was transiently transfected into human ovarian granulosa cell lines KGN and COV434. Cell proliferation was detected by cell counting kit-8. The protein expression level was determined by western blot. RESULTS Compared with healthy puerpera, 14 circRNAs were significantly upregulated and 101 circRNAs were significantly downregulated in the fetal side of placenta from maternal PCOS according to the microarray data. Six differentially expressed circRNAs were selected for validation by RT-qPCR, and the expression patterns of circ_0023942, circ_0002151, circ_0001274, and circ_0008514 were consistent with the microarray data. Circ_0023942 was chosen for further investigation. GO and KEGG analysis predicted that circ_0023942 participated in the regulation of developmental process and the MAPK signaling pathway. Seven miRNAs were predicted to be the targets of circ_0023942. Overexpression of circ_0023942 inhibited human ovarian granulosa cell proliferation and suppressed the expression of CDK-4. CONCLUSION Maternal PCOS impairs circ_0023942 expression in fetus. Overexpression of circ_0023942 inhibits human ovarian granulosa cell proliferation possibly via regulating CDK-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Gong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingfei Lu
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Ju
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China.
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Akbarinejad V, Gharagozlou F, Vojgani M, Shourabi E, Makiabadi MJM. Inferior fertility and higher concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone in dairy cows with longer anogenital distance. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 68:47-53. [PMID: 30851696 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Anogenital distance (AGD), which is an indicator of prenatal androgen exposure, has been reported to have high variability and negative association with fertility in dairy cows. Prenatal exposure to androgens could influence the development of primordial follicles and size of ovarian reserve, which is related to reproduction. However, the relationship between AGD and size of ovarian reserve has not been studied. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the association between AGD and circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), as an indirect marker of ovarian reserve, and to evaluate serum AMH concentration and reproductive performance in dairy cows with short and long AGD. Anogenital distance was measured 28 to 32 d postpartum, and based on the median of AGD, cows were divided into 2 subsets including short (n = 43) and long (n = 43) AGD groups. Afterward, serum AMH was evaluated on the day of estrus in cows that were estrus-synchronized. Furthermore, reproductive data of dairy cows during the previous lactation period were collected from the herd database. Concentrations of serum AMH tended to be positively associated with length of AGD, and there was a tendency for higher serum AMH concentrations in the long (634.89 ± 74.52 pg/mL) than short (451.39 ± 45.92 pg/mL) AGD group (0.05 <P ≤ 0.10). There was a tendency for more days to first service, lower first service conception rate, and higher proportion of repeat breeders in long (99.95 ± 5.34 d, 30.23% and 32.56%, respectively) than short (89.07 ± 4.97 d, 48.84% and 16.28%, respectively) AGD cows (0.05 <P ≤ 0.10). Services per conception did not differ between short (2.30 ± 0.27) and long (2.93 ± 0.29) AGD cows (P > 0.05). Calving to conception interval was prolonged in long (194.30 ± 17.12 d) than short (147.14 ± 13.11 d) AGD cows (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed elevated serum AMH concentrations and poor reproductive performance in cows with longer AGD compared with cows with shorter AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Akbarinejad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - F Gharagozlou
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Vojgani
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Shourabi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M J M Makiabadi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abedal-Majed
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Andrea S Cupp
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Tamadon A, Hu W, Cui P, Ma T, Tong X, Zhang F, Li X, Shao LR, Feng Y. How to choose the suitable animal model of polycystic ovary syndrome? TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND MODERN MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s2575900018300047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a gynecological metabolic and endocrine disorder with uncertain etiology. To understand the etiology of PCOS or the evaluation of various therapeutic agents, different animal models have been introduced. Considering this fact that is difficult to develop an animal model that mimics all aspects of this syndrome, but, similarity of biological, anatomical, and/or biochemical features of animal model to the human PCOS phenotypes can increase its application. This review paper evaluates the recently researched animal models and introduced the best models for different research purposes in PCOS studies. During January 2013 to January 2017, 162 studies were identified which applied various kinds of animal models of PCOS including rodent, primate, ruminant and fish. Between these models, prenatal and pre-pubertal androgen rat models and then prenatal androgen mouse model have been studied in detail than others. The comparison of main features of these models with women PCOS demonstrates higher similarity of these three models to human conditions. Thereafter, letrozole models can be recommended for the investigation of various aspects of PCOS. Interestingly, similarity of PCOS features of post-pubertal insulin and human chorionic gonadotropin rat models with women PCOS were considerable which can make it as a good choice for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Tamadon
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Tong Ma
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tong
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Linus R. Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Walters KA, Bertoldo MJ, Handelsman DJ. Evidence from animal models on the pathogenesis of PCOS. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:271-281. [PMID: 29779581 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition in women, and is characterized by reproductive, endocrine and metabolic features. However, there is no simple unequivocal diagnostic test for PCOS, its etiology remains unknown and there is no cure. Hence, the management of PCOS is suboptimal as it relies on the ad hoc empirical management of its symptoms only. Decisive studies are required to unravel the origins of PCOS, but due to ethical and logistical reasons these are not possible in humans. Experimental animal models for PCOS have been established which have enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying PCOS and propose novel mechanism-based therapies to treat the condition. This review examines the findings from various animal models to reveal the current knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning the development of PCOS, and also provides insights into the implications from these studies for improved clinical management of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Walters
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - M J Bertoldo
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - D J Handelsman
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia.
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Barrett ES, Hoeger KM, Sathyanarayana S, Abbott DH, Redmon JB, Nguyen RHN, Swan SH. Anogenital distance in newborn daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome indicates fetal testosterone exposure. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:307-314. [PMID: 29310733 PMCID: PMC5997496 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174417001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects ~7% of reproductive age women. Although its etiology is unknown, in animals, excess prenatal testosterone (T) exposure induces PCOS-like phenotypes. While measuring fetal T in humans is infeasible, demonstrating in utero androgen exposure using a reliable newborn biomarker, anogenital distance (AGD), would provide evidence for a fetal origin of PCOS and potentially identify girls at risk. Using data from a pregnancy cohort (The Infant Development and Environment Study), we tested the novel hypothesis that infant girls born to women with PCOS have longer AGD, suggesting higher fetal T exposure, than girls born to women without PCOS. During pregnancy, women reported whether they ever had a PCOS diagnosis. After birth, infant girls underwent two AGD measurements: anofourchette distance (AGD-AF) and anoclitoral distance (AGD-AC). We fit adjusted linear regression models to examine the association between maternal PCOS and girls' AGD. In total, 300 mother-daughter dyads had complete data and 23 mothers reported PCOS. AGD was longer in the daughters of women with a PCOS diagnosis compared with daughters of women with no diagnosis (AGD-AF: β=1.21, P=0.05; AGD-AC: β=1.05, P=0.18). Results were stronger in analyses limited to term births (AGD-AF: β=1.65, P=0.02; AGD-AC: β=1.43, P=0.09). Our study is the first to examine AGD in offspring of women with PCOS. Our results are consistent with findings that women with PCOS have longer AGD and suggest that during PCOS pregnancies, daughters may experience elevated T exposure. Identifying the underlying causes of PCOS may facilitate early identification and intervention for those at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Barrett
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Kathleen M. Hoeger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121; Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - David H. Abbott
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53703; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - J. Bruce Redmon
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454
| | - Ruby H. N. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454
| | - Shanna H. Swan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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Li Y, Ruan X, Wang H, Li X, Cai G, Du J, Wang L, Zhao Y, Mueck AO. Comparing the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes of Chinese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome with and without antiandrogenic pretreatment. Fertil Steril 2018. [PMID: 29525688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in healthy Chinese women and to investigate whether these outcomes could be decreased in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by ethinylestradiol/cyproterone acetate (EE/CPA) pretreatment. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Medical university. PATIENT(S) Six thousand healthy women (group A) were selected from 24,566 pregnant women by randomized sampling. Four hundred forty-eight patients with PCOS without EE/CPA pretreatment were assigned to group B, and 222 patients with PCOS with 3 months of pretreatment to group C. All patients with PCOS had biochemical and/or clinical hyperandrogenism and conceived within 3 monthly ovulation inductions using clomiphene. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), premature delivery (PD), and neonatal birth weight. RESULT(S) The prevalence of GDM, PIH, and PD was higher in group B than in groups A and C (A vs. B vs. C: GDM, 21.2% vs. 35.0% vs. 22.5%; PIH, 6.5% vs. 14.1% vs. 7.7%; PD, 5.4% vs. 8.6% vs. 6.8%). No significant difference was found in neonatal birth weight. After adjusting for age, pregestational body mass index, education level, and employment status, PCOS without pretreatment increased the risk of GDM (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.666; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.340-2.072), PIH (aOR = 1.487; 95% CI, 1.093-2.023), and PD (aOR = 1.522; 95% CI 1.051-2.205), compared with healthy women. No increased risk was found in group C. CONCLUSION(S) In our highly selected study population, patients with PCOS are more likely to develop GDM, PIH, and PD. Pretreatment with EE/CPA was associated with a lower risk of GDM, PIH, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglu Li
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyan Ruan
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Research Centre for Women's Health and University Women's Hospital of Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Husheng Wang
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiju Cai
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Alfred O Mueck
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Research Centre for Women's Health and University Women's Hospital of Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Puttabyatappa M, Padmanabhan V. Developmental Programming of Ovarian Functions and Dysfunctions. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 107:377-422. [PMID: 29544638 PMCID: PMC6119353 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the origin of several ovarian pathologies remain unclear. In addition to the genetic basis, developmental insults are gaining attention as a basis for the origin of these pathologies. Such early insults include maternal over or under nutrition, stress, and exposure to environmental chemicals. This chapter reviews the development and physiological function of the ovary, the known ovarian pathologies, the developmental check points of ovarian differentiation impacted by developmental insults, the role played by steroidal and metabolic factors as mediaries, the epigenetic mechanisms via which these mediaries induce their effects, and the knowledge gaps for targeting future studies to ultimately aid in the development of improved treatments.
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Cheong JN, Cuffe JSM, Jefferies AJ, Anevska K, Moritz KM, Wlodek ME. Sex-Specific Metabolic Outcomes in Offspring of Female Rats Born Small or Exposed to Stress During Pregnancy. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4104-4120. [PMID: 27571133 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Low birth weight increases adult metabolic disease risk in both the first (F1) and second (F2) generation. Physiological stress during pregnancy in F1 females that were born small induces F2 fetal growth restriction, but the long-term metabolic health of these F2 offspring is unknown. Uteroplacental insufficiency (restricted) or sham (control) surgery was performed in F0 rats. F1 females (control, restricted) were allocated to unstressed or stressed pregnancies. F2 offspring exposed to maternal stress in utero had reduced birth weight. At 6 months, F2 stressed males had elevated fasting glucose. In contrast, F2 restricted males had reduced pancreatic β-cell mass. Interestingly, these metabolic deficits were not present at 12 month. F2 males had increased adrenal mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and IGF-1 receptor when their mothers were born small or exposed to stress during pregnancy. Stressed control F2 males had increased expression of adrenal genes that regulate androgen signaling at 6 months, whereas expression increased in restricted male and female offspring at 12 months. F2 females from stressed mothers had lower area under the glucose curve during glucose tolerance testing at 12 months compared with unstressed females but were otherwise unaffected. If F1 mothers were either born small or exposed to stress during her pregnancy, F2 offspring had impaired physiological outcomes in a sex- and age-specific manner. Importantly, stress during pregnancy did not exacerbate disease risk in F2 offspring of mothers born small, suggesting that they independently program disease in offspring through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean N Cheong
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew J Jefferies
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kristina Anevska
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology (J.N.C., A.J.J., K.A., M.E.W.), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences (J..S.M.C., K.M.M.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Medical Science (J.S.M.C.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Department of Physiology (K.A.), Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Hamlin HJ, Edwards TM, McCoy J, Cruze L, Guillette LJ. Environmentally relevant concentrations of nitrate increase plasma testosterone concentrations in female American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 238:55-60. [PMID: 27118707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic nitrogen is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that is contributing to the degradation of freshwater, estuarine, and coastal ecosystems worldwide. The effects of environmental nitrate, a principal form of nitrogen, on the health of aquatic life is of increasing concern. We exposed female American alligators to three concentrations of nitrate (0.7, 10 and 100mg/L NO3-N) for a duration of five weeks and five months from hatch. We assessed growth, plasma sex steroid and thyroid hormone concentrations, and transcription levels of key genes involved in steroidogenesis (StAR, 3β-HSD, and P450scc) and hepatic clearance (Cyp1a, Cyp3a). Exposure to 100mg/L NO3-N for both five weeks and five months resulted in significantly increased plasma testosterone (T) concentrations compared with alligators in the reference treatment. No differences in 17β-estradiol, progesterone, or thyroid hormones were observed, nor were there differences in alligator weight or the mRNA abundance of steroidogenic or hepatic genes. Plasma and urinary nitrate concentrations increased with increasing nitrate treatment levels, although relative plasma concentrations of nitrate were significantly lower in five month, versus five week old animals, possibly due to improved kidney function in older animals. These results indicate that environmentally relevant concentrations of nitrate can increase circulating concentrations of T in young female alligators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Hamlin
- School of Marine Sciences, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Maine, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, and Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Thea M Edwards
- Department of Biology, University of the South, 159 Spencer Hall, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jessica McCoy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, and Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Lori Cruze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, and Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, and Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is substantial evidence to support a role for androgens acting via the androgen receptor in the development of the pathological disorder, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is the most common endocrine condition in women, but its etiology remains unknown. This review focuses on how animal experimental models of PCOS are providing strong evidence to support hyperandrogenism as an important mediator in the development of PCOS characteristics. RECENT FINDINGS A variety of animal models for PCOS have now been established by increasing androgen exposure, supporting a role for androgens in the pathogenesis of PCOS. However, some androgens can be aromatized into estrogens leading to confusion on which PCOS traits are primary mediated via androgenic (mediated via the androgen receptor) or estrogenic (mediated via the estrogen receptor) mechanisms. Recent findings from studies comparing the induction of PCOS by aromatizable and nonaromatizable androgens, as well as androgen receptor knockout mouse models have enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying PCOS, and verify that androgen receptor-mediated actions play a key role in the development of PCOS. SUMMARY Animal models have provided strong evidence to support that androgen receptor-mediated actions are key mediators in the development of PCOS traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty A Walters
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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