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Wildemann B, Ignatius A, Leung F, Taitsman LA, Smith RM, Pesántez R, Stoddart MJ, Richards RG, Jupiter JB. Non-union bone fractures. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:57. [PMID: 34354083 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human skeleton has remarkable regenerative properties, being one of the few structures in the body that can heal by recreating its normal cellular composition, orientation and mechanical strength. When the healing process of a fractured bone fails owing to inadequate immobilization, failed surgical intervention, insufficient biological response or infection, the outcome after a prolonged period of no healing is defined as non-union. Non-union represents a chronic medical condition not only affecting function but also potentially impacting the individual's psychosocial and economic well-being. This Primer provides the reader with an in-depth understanding of our contemporary knowledge regarding the important features to be considered when faced with non-union. The normal mechanisms involved in bone healing and the factors that disrupt the normal signalling mechanisms are addressed. Epidemiological considerations and advances in the diagnosis and surgical therapy of non-union are highlighted and the need for greater efforts in basic, translational and clinical research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Wildemann
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. .,Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University, Ulm, Baden Württemberg, Germany
| | - Frankie Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lisa A Taitsman
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R Malcolm Smith
- Orthopedic trauma service, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Pesántez
- Departamento de Ortopedia Y Traumatología Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá - Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Jesse B Jupiter
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Massachussets General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Menstrual cycle in four New World primates: Poeppig's woolly monkey (Lagothrix poeppigii), red uakari (Cacajao calvus), large-headed capuchin (Sapajus macrocephalus) and nocturnal monkey (Aotus nancymaae). Theriogenology 2019; 123:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Corley M, Valeggia C, Fernandez-Duque E. Hormonal correlates of development and natal dispersal in wild female owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) of Argentina. Horm Behav 2017; 96:42-51. [PMID: 28870603 PMCID: PMC5722690 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pair-living and socially monogamous primates typically do not reproduce before dispersing. It is currently unclear whether this reproductive suppression is due to endocrine or behavioral mechanisms. Cooperatively breeding taxa, like callitrichids, may forego reproduction in natal groups because they reap inclusive fitness benefits and/or they are avoiding inbreeding. However, neither of these benefits of delayed reproduction appear to adequately explain the lack of reproduction prior to leaving the natal group in pair-living monogamous species. In this study, we determined whether wild Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) in the Argentinean Chaco establish reproductive maturity prior to dispersing. We utilized 635 fecal extracts to characterize reproductive hormone profiles of 11 wild juvenile and subadult females using enzyme immunoassays. Subadult females showed hormone profiles indicative of ovulatory cycling and had mean PdG and E1G concentrations approximately five times higher than juveniles. Contrary to expectations from the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, female owl monkeys do not delay puberty, but rather commence ovarian cycling while residing in their natal group. Still, subadults appear to have a period during which they experience irregular, non-conceptive cycles prior to reproducing. Commencing these irregular cycles in the natal group may allow them to develop a state of suspended readiness, which could be essential to securing a mate, while avoiding costs of ranging solitarily. Our results indicate that reproductive suppression in female owl monkeys is not due to endocrine suppression. We suggest that adults likely use behavioral mechanisms to prevent subadults from reproducing with unrelated adult males in their natal group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Fernandez-Duque
- Yale University, Department of Anthropology, USA; Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, USA; Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, USA.
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Fernandez-Duque E, Burke K, Schoenrock K, Wolovich CK, Valeggia CR. Hormonal monitoring of reproductive status in monogamous wild female owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) of the Argentinean Chaco. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2011; 82:143-53. [PMID: 22116541 PMCID: PMC3754882 DOI: 10.1159/000333081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Neotropical owl monkeys (Aotus spp.) are a good model for evaluating the hypothesis that monogamy may arise if female reproductive cycles limit the mating potential of males. To evaluate this hypothesis, we first needed to assess the feasibility of using fecal sampling for monitoring the reproductive status of females. We collected fecal samples (n = 242, from 7 females) from wild adult Aotus azarai females in the Gran Chaco forests of Argentina during 3 years. Fecal estrone-1-glucuronide (E(1)C) and pregnenadiol-3-glucuronide (PdG) tended to rise in parallel during the luteal phase. The average cycle length was 22 ± 3 days (n = 5 females, 10 cycles). We identified 2 conceptive cycles and characterized the E(1)C and PdG profiles of 2 pregnancies. This report is the first of its kind on wild female owl monkeys. Despite the difficulties in sample collection and processing in the field and providing a species-specific validation in the laboratory, we show that fecal samples from A. azarai can be used for monitoring female reproductive status and function.
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Harlow CR, Gems S, Hodges JK, Hearn JP. The relationship between plasma progesterone and the timing of ovulation and early embryonic development in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Erkert HG. Diurnality and nocturnality in nonhuman primates: comparative chronobiological studies in laboratory and nature. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291010701683391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wolovich CK, Evans S, French JA. Dads do not pay for sex but do buy the milk: food sharing and reproduction in owl monkeys (Aotus spp.). Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Barnett DK, Abbott DH. Reproductive adaptations to a large-brained fetus open a vulnerability to anovulation similar to polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Hum Biol 2003; 15:296-319. [PMID: 12704707 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.10149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During the ovarian or menstrual cycle, prior to ovulation, many female primates exhibit a relatively prolonged follicular phase and terminate the postovulatory luteal phase with menstrual bleeding. The prolonged follicular phase is a trait that distinguishes primate from nonprimate species. It enables extended estrogen-induced proliferation and growth of the uterine endometrium prior to progesterone-induced maturation during the luteal phase to accommodate a potential pregnancy with a rapidly invading placenta. Progressive development of both an extended duration of estrogen-induced, preimplantation endometrial proliferation and a rapidly invading placenta across the Primate order may well have been necessary to accommodate differentiation and growth of an increasingly large fetal brain. Prolongation of the follicular phase in primates has also led to the isolation of the final stages of follicle selection (growth deviation of the dominant follicle from its contemporaries) solely within the follicular phase and thus outside the protection of luteal phase progesterone inhibition of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Such primate reproductive characteristics put the latter stages of ovarian follicle selection at risk of exposure to excessive pituitary secretion of LH. Excessive secretion of LH during follicle selection could result not only in impaired follicle development, excessive ovarian androgen secretion, and ovulation failure, but also in excessive estrogenic stimulation of the uterine endometrium without intervening menstrual periods. Such reproductive abnormalities are all found in a single, prevalent infertility syndrome afflicting women in their reproductive years: polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We propose that successful female reproductive adaptations to accommodate the growth demands of large-brained primate fetuses have facilitated a particular vulnerability of higher primates to hypergonadotropic disruption of ovulatory function, as found in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Barnett
- Wisconsin Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
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Hernández-López L, Mayagoitia L, Esquivel-Lacroix C, Rojas-Maya S, Mondragón-Ceballos R. The menstrual cycle of the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). Am J Primatol 2000; 44:183-95. [PMID: 9519238 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)44:3<183::aid-ajp1>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ovarian cycles of four adult female spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) were followed daily throughout 30 days by means of vaginal swabs and blood samplings. Cytological analyses of the vaginal swabs and radioimmunoassay determination of the daily levels of estradiol-17 beta (E2) and progesterone (P4) wer done in order to classify the kind of ovarian cycle of this species. Our results show that Ateles geoffroyi females display menstrual cycles of about 24 days on average. By comparison with the well-known menstrual cycles of women, apes, and Old World monkeys, the four distinctive cytological phases (bleeding, follicular, periovulatory, and luteal) could be recognized; mid-cycle E2 peaks followed by mid-luteal increases of the same hormone were present in all four females. P4 levels were higher after the E2 peak, although both hormones were present throughout the cycles. Also, age-dependent features, hormone profiles, and changes in menstrual phases lengths were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hernández-López
- Ethology Department, Mexican Institute of Psychiatry, Tlalpan, Mexico
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Herrick JR, Agoramoorthy G, Rudran R, Harder JD. Urinary progesterone in free-ranging red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus): preliminary observations of the estrous cycle and gestation. Am J Primatol 2000; 51:257-63. [PMID: 10941442 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2345(200008)51:4<257::aid-ajp5>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to develop and validate a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for measurement of unconjugated progesterone (P) concentrations in the urine of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) and to use urinary P profiles to characterize the reproductive cycle of this species. Analysis of P profiles from two females provided a preliminary estimate of the length of the estrous cycle (mean days +/- S.E.M. = 29.5 +/- 1.5; n = 2), and indicated that one female red howler copulated throughout two apparent estrous cycles. Urinary P concentrations during two confirmed pregnancies (211.8 +/- 29.7 ng P/ml) were higher (P < 0.05) than during the luteal phase (77.4 +/- 10.6 ng P/ml; n = 4) of the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Herrick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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Rauth-Widmann B, Fuchs E, Erkert HG. Infradian alteration of circadian rhythms in owl monkeys (Aotus lemurinus griseimembra): an effect of estrous? Physiol Behav 1996; 59:11-8. [PMID: 8848469 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Long-term recordings of locomotor activity, feeding activity and core temperature carried out in 7 male and 7 female adult owl monkeys (Aotus lemurinus griseimembra) revealed sex-specific infradian alterations in the level of these circadian functions when the monkeys were housed under lighting conditions which neither inhibited nor enhanced (i.e., "masked,") their circadian activity rhythms. Such nonmasking lighting conditions were: constant dim light (LL) at 0.1-0.5 lx, photoperiods consisting of 0.5 h light (L) at 80 lx and 23.5 h darkness (D) at 0.5 lx, and skeleton photoperiods consisting of two 80-lux light pulses of 0.5 h applied at intervals of 12:12 h and 9:15 h, respectively. In 5 of the female and none of the male owl monkeys, the amount of locomotor activity per day or per circadian cycle, increased at an average interval of 14.0 +/- 2.3 days to 198.4 +/- 48.2%, while the feeding activity was concomitantly reduced to 53.7 +/- 11.2%, and the core temperature level dropped by 0.3 +/- 0.1 degrees C, as compared to the respective preceding level of these parameters. The period of this infradian periodicity superimposed on the circadian rhythms corresponds approximately to the ovarian cycle length of Aotus (6,7). As food deprivation for one day resulted in a drop in core temperature is probably the result of reduced food intake. The infradian rise in activity and the decrease in food intake might be an effect of the ovarian cyclic variation in estrogen level.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rauth-Widmann
- Zoologisches Institut/Tierphysiologie der Universität Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Coe CL, Savage A, Bromley LJ. Phylogenetic influences on hormone levels across the primate order. Am J Primatol 1992; 28:81-100. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350280202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/1990] [Revised: 01/11/1992] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Dixson A. Observations on the Evolution and Behavioral Significance of “Sexual Skin” in Female Primates. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Endocrinology of pregnancy in the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) and its evolutionary significance. INT J PRIMATOL 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02693742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ghosh M, Hutz R, Dukelow WR. Serum Estradiol 17
β
, Progesterone, and Relative Luteinizing Hormone Levels in
Saimiri sciureus
: Cyclic Variations and the Effect of Laparoscopy and Follicular Aspiration. J Med Primatol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1982.tb00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ghosh
- Endocrine Research UnitMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - R.J. Hutz
- Endocrine Research UnitMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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Wilson CA, Bonney RC, Everard DM, Parrott RF, Wise J. Mechanisms of action of p-chlorophenylalanine in stimulating sexual receptivity in the female rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982; 16:777-84. [PMID: 6178119 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(82)90234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Scientific Report 1979‐1981. J Zool (1987) 1982. [PMCID: PMC7166430 DOI: 10.1111/jzo.1982.197.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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DIXSON AF. Some observations on the reproductive physiology and behaviour of the Owl monkey in captivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1982.tb02017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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