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Wu D, Khan FA, Zhang K, Pandupuspitasari NS, Negara W, Guan K, Sun F, Huang C. Retinoic acid signaling in development and differentiation commitment and its regulatory topology. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110773. [PMID: 37977248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the derivative of vitamin A/retinol, is a signaling molecule with important implications in health and disease. It is a well-known developmental morphogen that functions mainly through the transcriptional activity of nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and, uncommonly, through other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Intracellular RA is under spatiotemporally fine-tuned regulation by synthesis and degradation processes catalyzed by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and P450 family enzymes, respectively. In addition to dictating the transcription architecture, RA also impinges on cell functioning through non-genomic mechanisms independent of RAR transcriptional activity. Although RA-based differentiation therapy has achieved impressive success in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, RA also has pro-tumor activity. Here, we highlight the relevance of RA signaling in cell-fate determination, neurogenesis, visual function, inflammatory responses and gametogenesis commitment. Genetic and post-translational modifications of RAR are also discussed. A better understanding of RA signaling will foster the development of precision medicine to improve the defects caused by deregulated RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kejia Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | | | - Windu Negara
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kaifeng Guan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Chunjie Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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2
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Li X, Li X, Li W, Zhang Y, Guo H, Wang G, Li Y, Wu X, Hu R, Wang S, Zhao X, Chen L, Guan G. Sex-specific meiosis responses to Gsdf in medaka (Oryzias latipes). FEBS J 2022; 290:2760-2779. [PMID: 36515005 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The meiotic entry of undifferentiated germ cells is sexually specific and strictly regulated by the testicular or ovarian environment. Germline stem cells with a set of abnormal sex chromosomes and associated autosomes undergo defective meiotic processes and are eventually eliminated by yet to be defined post-transcriptional modifications. Herein, we report the role of gsdf, a member of BMP/TGFβ family uniquely found in teleost, in the regulation of meiotic entry in medaka (Oryzias latipes) via analyses of gametogenesis in gsdf-deficient XX and XY gonads in comparison with their wild-type siblings. Several differentially expressed genes, including the FKB506-binding protein 7 (fkbp7), were significantly upregulated in pubertal gsdf-deficient gonads. The increase in alternative pre-mRNA isoforms of meiotic synaptonemal complex gene sycp3 was visualized using Integrative Genomics Viewer and confirmed by real-time qPCR. Nevertheless, immunofluorescence analysis showed that Sycp3 protein products reduced significantly in gsdf-deficient XY oocytes. Transmission electron microscope observations showed that normal synchronous cysts were replaced by asynchronous cysts in gsdf-deficient testis. Breeding experiments showed that the sex ratio deviation of gsdf-/- XY gametes in a non-Mendelian manner might be due to the non-segregation of XY chromosomes. Taken together, our results suggest that gsdf plays a role in the proper execution of cytoplasmic and nuclear events through receptor Smad phosphorylation and Sycp3 dephosphorylation to coordinate medaka gametogenesis, including sex-specific mitotic divisions and meiotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Xinwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Yingqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Haiyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Guangxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Yayuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Xiaowen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Ruiqin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Xiaomiao Zhao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Guijun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, China
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3
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Function of Retinoic Acid in Development of Male and Female Gametes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061293. [PMID: 35334951 PMCID: PMC8951023 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, is necessary for many developmental processes in mammals. Much of the field of reproduction has looked toward retinoic acid as a key transcriptional regulator and catalyst of differentiation events. This review focuses on the effects of retinoic acid on male and female gamete formation and regulation. Within spermatogenesis, it has been well established that retinoic acid is necessary for the proper formation of the blood–testis barrier, spermatogonial differentiation, spermiation, and assisting in meiotic completion. While many of the roles of retinoic acid in male spermatogenesis are known, investigations into female oogenesis have provided differing results.
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Heckmann L, Langenstroth-Röwer D, Wistuba J, Portela JMD, van Pelt AMM, Redmann K, Stukenborg JB, Schlatt S, Neuhaus N. The initial maturation status of marmoset testicular tissues has an impact on germ cell maintenance and somatic cell response in tissue fragment culture. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:374-388. [PMID: 32236422 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful in vitro spermatogenesis was reported using immature mouse testicular tissues in a fragment culture approach, raising hopes that this method could also be applied for fertility preservation in humans. Although maintaining immature human testicular tissue fragments in culture is feasible for an extended period, it remains unknown whether germ cell survival and the somatic cell response depend on the differentiation status of tissue. Employing the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), we aimed to assess whether the maturation status of prepubertal and peri-/pubertal testicular tissues influence the outcome of testis fragment culture. Testicular tissue fragments from 4- and 8-month-old (n = 3, each) marmosets were cultured and evaluated after 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42 days. Immunohistochemistry was performed for identification and quantification of germ cells (melanoma-associated antigen 4) and Sertoli cell maturation status (anti-Müllerian hormone: AMH). During testis fragment culture, spermatogonial numbers were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the 4- but not 8-month-old monkeys, at Day 0 versus Day 42 of culture. Moreover, while Sertoli cells from 4-month-old monkeys maintained an immature phenotype (i.e. AMH expression) during culture, AMH expression was regained in two of the 8-month-old monkeys. Interestingly, progression of differentiation to later meiotic stage was solely observed in one 8-month-old marmoset, which was at an intermediate state regarding germ cell content, with gonocytes as well as spermatocytes present, as well as Sertoli cell maturation status. Although species-specific differences might influence the outcome of testis fragment experiments in vitro, our study demonstrated that the developmental status of the testicular tissues needs to be considered as it seems to be decisive for germ cell maintenance, somatic cell response and possibly the differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Heckmann
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Langenstroth-Röwer
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - J Wistuba
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - J M D Portela
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A M M van Pelt
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Redmann
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - J B Stukenborg
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab Stockholm, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Solna, Sweden
| | - S Schlatt
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Neuhaus
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building D11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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5
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Khanehzad M, Abbaszadeh R, Holakuyee M, Modarressi MH, Nourashrafeddin SM. FSH regulates RA signaling to commit spermatogonia into differentiation pathway and meiosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:4. [PMID: 33407539 PMCID: PMC7789255 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spermatogenesis is a complex process that is controlled by interactions between germ cells and somatic cells. The commitment of undifferentiated spermatogonia to differentiating spermatogonia and normal spermatogenesis requires the action of gonadotropins. Additionally, numerous studies revealed the role of retinoic acid signaling in induction of germ cell differentiation and meiosis entry. MAIN TEXT Recent studies have shown that expression of several RA signaling molecules including Rdh10, Aldh1a2, Crabp1/2 are influenced by changes in gonadotropin levels. Components of signaling pathways that are regulated by FSH signaling such as GDNF, Sohlh1/2, c-Kit, DMRT, BMP4 and NRGs along with transcription factors that are important for proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia are also affected by retinoic acid signaling. CONCLUSION According to all studies that demonstrate the interface between FSH and RA signaling, we suggest that RA may trigger spermatogonia differentiation and initiation of meiosis through regulation by FSH signaling in testis. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the correlation between FSH and RA signaling in spermatogenesis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khanehzad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Abbaszadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Seyed Mehdi Nourashrafeddin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Wang GS, Liang A, Dai YB, Wu XL, Sun F. Expression and localization of retinoid receptors in the testis of normal and infertile men. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:978-985. [PMID: 32770619 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is one of the most important factors regulating spermatogenesis. RA activates downstream pathways through its receptors (retinoic acid receptor alpha [RARA], retinoic acid receptor beta, and retinoic acid receptor gamma [RARG]) and retinoid X receptors (retinoid X receptor alpha [RXRA], retinoid X receptor beta [RXRB], and retinoid X receptor gamma [RXRG]). These receptors may serve as therapeutic targets for infertile men. However, the localization and expression of retinoid receptors in normal and infertile men were unknown. In this study, we found RARA and RARG were mostly localized in spermatocytes and round spermatids, RXRB was mainly expressed in Sertoli cells, and RXRG was expressed in most cell types in the fertile human testis. The localization of RARA, RARG, RXRB, and RXRG in men with hypospermatogenesis (HYPO) was similar to that of men with normal fertility. In addition, the messenger RNA expression levels of RARA, RARG, RXRA, RXRB, and RXRG were significantly decreased in men with Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS) and maturational arrest (MA), but not in men with HYPO. These results suggest that reduced levels of RARA, RARG, RXRB, RXRA, and RXRG are more closely associated with SCOS and MA spermatogenetic failure. These results could contribute to the development of new molecular indicators of spermatogenic dysfunction and might provide novel therapeutic targets for treating male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Shuan Wang
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ajuan Liang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Bing Dai
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wu
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Medical School, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Tan K, Song HW, Wilkinson MF. Single-cell RNAseq analysis of testicular germ and somatic cell development during the perinatal period. Development 2020; 147:dev.183251. [PMID: 31964773 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pro-spermatogonia (SG) serve as the gateway to spermatogenesis. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNAseq), we studied the development of ProSG, their SG descendants and testicular somatic cells during the perinatal period in mice. We identified both gene and protein markers for three temporally distinct ProSG cell subsets, including a migratory cell population with a transcriptome distinct from the previously defined T1- and T2-ProSG stages. This intermediate (I)-ProSG subset translocates from the center of seminiferous tubules to the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) 'niche' in its periphery soon after birth. We identified three undifferentiated SG subsets at postnatal day 7, each of which expresses distinct genes, including transcription factor and signaling genes. Two of these subsets have the characteristics of newly emergent SSCs. We also molecularly defined the development of Sertoli, Leydig and peritubular myoid cells during the perinatal period, allowing us to identify candidate signaling pathways acting between somatic and germ cells in a stage-specific manner during the perinatal period. Our study provides a rich resource for those investigating testicular germ and somatic cell developmental during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hye-Won Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Miles F Wilkinson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA .,Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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8
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Li X, Long XY, Xie YJ, Zeng X, Chen X, Mo ZC. The roles of retinoic acid in the differentiation of spermatogonia and spermatogenic disorders. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 497:54-60. [PMID: 31302099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Male fertility depends on the regulatory balance between germ cell self-renewal and differentiation, and the spatial and temporal patterns of this balance must be maintained throughout the life cycle. Retinoic acid and its receptors are important factors in spermatogenesis. Spermatogonia cells can self-proliferate and differentiate and have unique meiotic capabilities; they halve their genetic material and produce monomorphic sperm to pass genetic material to the next generation. A number of studies have found that the spermatogenesis process is halted in animals with vitamin A deficiency and that most germ cells are degraded, but they tend to recover after treatment with RA or vitamin A. This literature review discusses our understanding of how RA regulates sperm cell differentiation and meiosis and also reviews the functional information and details of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Long
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Xie
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Zhong-Cheng Mo
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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9
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Zhao W, Su J, Wang Y, Qian T, Liu Y. Functional importance of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) expression by Sertoli cells in mediating cholesterol metabolism and maintenance of sperm quality. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:984-998. [PMID: 31134714 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells are a type of nurse cell in the seminiferous epithelium that are crucial for sustaining spermatogenesis by extending nutritional and energy support to the developing germ cells. Dysfunction of Sertoli cells could cause disordered spermatogenesis and reduced fertility in males. In this study, we focused on the expression and function of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a lysosomal depalmitoylating enzyme, in Sertoli cells. Here, we show that PPT1 expression in Sertoli cells is responsive to cholesterol treatment and that specific knockout of Ppt1 in Sertoli cells causes male subfertility associated with poor sperm quality and a high ratio of sperm deformity. Specifically, Ppt1 deficiency leads to poor cell variably accompanied with abnormal lysosome accumulation and increased cholesterol levels in Sertoli cells. Further, Ppt1 deficiency results in poor adhesion of developing germ cells to Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium, which is likely to be responsible for the reduced male fertility as a consequence of declines in sperm count and motility as well as a high incidence of sperm head deformity. In summary, PPT1 affects sperm quality and male fertility through regulating lysosomal function and cholesterol metabolism in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dali University, Yunnan, China.,Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Dali University, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dali University, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuntao Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Dali University, Yunnan, China
| | - Tijun Qian
- Vector Laboratory, Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University, Yunnan, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Tian F, Liu S, Shi J, Qi H, Zhao K, Xie B. Transcriptomic profiling reveals molecular regulation of seasonal reproduction in Tibetan highland fish, Gymnocypris przewalskii. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:2. [PMID: 30606119 PMCID: PMC6318897 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Tibetan highland fish, Gymnocypris przewalskii, migrates from Lake Qinghai to its spawning grounds every summer. This seasonal reproduction is critically regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic signals. However, the molecular mechanisms that process environmental oscillations to initiate the seasonal mating are largely unknown. RESULTS A transcriptomic analysis was conducted on the brain and gonad of male and female G. przewalskii in reproductive and nonreproductive seasons. We obtained 2034, 760, 1158 and 17,856 differentially expressed genes between the reproductively active and dormant female brain, male brain, ovary and testis. Among these genes, DIO2 was upregulated in the reproductively active brain and gonad of both males and females. Neuroactive ligand-receptor genes were activated in male and female brain. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that retinol metabolism was uniquely stimulated in reproductively active males. Genes involved in GnRH signaling and sex hormone synthesis exhibited higher expression levels in brain and gonad during the reproductive season. A co-expression network classified all the genes into 9 modules. The network pinpointed CDC42 as the hub gene that connected the pathways in responsible for modulating reproduction in G. przewalskii. Meanwhile, the sex pheromone receptor gene prostaglandin receptor was identified to link to multiple endocrine receptors, such as GnRHR2 in the network. CONCLUSIONS The current study profiled transcriptomic variations between reproductively active and dormant fish, highlighting the potential regulatory mechanisms of seasonal reproduction in G. przewalskii. Our data suggested that the seasonal regulation of reproduction in G. przewalskii was controlled by the external stimulation of photoperiodic variations. The activated transcription of neuroendocrine and sex hormone synthesis genes contributed to seasonal reproduction regulation in G. przewalskii, which was presumably influenced by the increased day-length during the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianquan Shi
- The Rescue and Rehabilitation Center of Naked Carps in Lake Qinghai, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Hongfang Qi
- The Rescue and Rehabilitation Center of Naked Carps in Lake Qinghai, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Baosheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, College of Ecol-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China.
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11
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Girardi CS, Rostirolla DC, Lini FJM, Brum PO, Delgado J, Ribeiro CT, Teixeira AA, Peixoto DO, Heimfarth L, Kunzler A, Moreira JCF, Gelain DP. Nuclear RXRα and RXRβ receptors exert distinct and opposite effects on RA-mediated neuroblastoma differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:317-328. [PMID: 30529222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) promotes differentiation in multiple neurogenic cell types by promoting gene reprogramming through retinoid receptors and also by inducing cytosolic signaling events. The nuclear RXR receptors are one of the main mediators of RA cellular effects, classically by joining the direct receptors of RA, the nuclear RAR receptors, in RAR/RXR dimers which act as transcription factors. Distinct RXR genes lead to RXRα, RXRβ and RXRγ subtypes, but their specific roles in neuronal differentiation remain unclear. We firstly investigated both RXRs and RARs expression profiles during RA-mediated neuronal differentiation of human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, and found varying levels of retinoid receptors transcript and protein contents along the process. In order to understand the roles of the expression of distinct RXR subtypes to RA signal transduction, we performed siRNA-mediated silencing of RXRα and RXRβ during the first stages of SH-SY5Y differentiation. Our results showed that RXRα is required for RA-induced neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells, since its silencing compromised cell cycle arrest and prevented the upregulation of neuronal markers and the adoption of neuronal morphology. Besides, silencing of RXRα affected the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. By contrast, silencing of RXRβ improved neurite extension and led to increased expression of tau and synaptophysin, suggesting that RXRβ may negatively regulate neuronal parameters related to neurite outgrowth and function. Our results indicate distinct functions for RXR subtypes during RA-dependent neuronal differentiation and reveal new perspectives for studying such receptors as clinical targets in therapies aiming at restoring neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Saibro Girardi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Diana Carolina Rostirolla
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Janini Mota Lini
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ozorio Brum
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Delgado
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Camila Tiefensee Ribeiro
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Alexsander Alves Teixeira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oppermann Peixoto
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Luana Heimfarth
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Alice Kunzler
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-003, Brazil
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Chano T, Kita H, Avnet S, Lemma S, Baldini N. Prominent role of RAB39A-RXRB axis in cancer development and stemness. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 29515775 PMCID: PMC5839406 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we found that RAB39A, a member of the RAS oncogene family, was selectively expressed in cancer cells of different histotypes, by analyzing gene expression in human osteosarcoma cells and the cancer stem cells (CSCs) and by comparing them with normal cells through global transcriptomics and principal component analyses. We further validated RAB39A as a therapeutic target, by silencing its expression. The silencing impaired cancer stemness and spherogenic ability in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis in vivo. RNA-seq analyses in the silenced spheres suggested that RAB39A is associated downstream with RXRB and KLF4. Notably, RXRB expression was inhibited in RAB39A-silenced CSCs. Induced overexpression of RXRB in RAB39A-silenced cells restored spherogenic ability and tumorigenesis, confirming RXRB as a major effector of RAB39A. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of ∼400 human cancer tissues showed that RAB39A was highly expressed in sarcomas and in malignancies of lymphoid, adrenal and testicular tissues. Our data provide the rationale for targeting of the RAB39A-RXRB axis as a therapy for aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhiro Chano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Lemma
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Kumar A, Raut S, Balasinor NH. Endocrine regulation of sperm release. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:1595-1603. [DOI: 10.1071/rd18057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermiation (sperm release) is the culmination of a spermatid’s journey in the seminiferous epithelium. After a long association with the Sertoli cell, spermatids have to finally ‘let go’ of the support from Sertoli cells in order to be transported to the epididymis. Spermiation is a multistep process characterised by removal of excess spermatid cytoplasm, recycling of junctional adhesion molecules by endocytosis, extensive cytoskeletal remodelling and final spermatid disengagement. Successful execution of all these events requires coordinated regulation by endocrine and paracrine factors. This review focuses on the endocrine regulation of spermiation. With the aim of delineating how hormones control the various aspects of spermiation, this review provides an analysis of recent advances in research on the hormonal control of molecules associated with the spermiation machinery. Because spermiation is one of the most sensitive phases of spermatogenesis to variations in hormone levels, understanding their molecular control is imperative to advance our knowledge of the nuances of spermatogenesis and male fertility.
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Lipid Metabolism is Closely Associated with Normal Testicular Growth Based on Global Transcriptome Profiles in Normal and Underdeveloped Testis of Obese Zucker (fa/fa) Rats. Lipids 2017; 52:951-960. [PMID: 28965254 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zucker (fa/fa) obese rats often have non-identical and differently sized paired testes, leaving one testis underdeveloped. Our earlier study found that the underdeveloped testes, > 30% smaller than the normal ones, have a selective decrease in docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6), a dominant fatty acid in the testes. This study was conducted to examine global testicular transcriptome profile in underdeveloped testes relative to developed ones using Rat Gene 2.0 ST Array (Affymetrix, USA). Testes were obtained from 14-week-old, sexually mature male obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Out of the 1790 transcripts differentially expressed, 1108 and 682 were over-expressed in the underdeveloped and normal testis, respectively (fold change ≥ 2 and P < 0.05). The ingenuity pathway analysis indicated that transcripts that were under-expressed in the underdeveloped testis, relative to the normal testes, are involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, sphingomyelin metabolism and phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis. Transcripts that were over-expressed in underdeveloped testes, relative to normal testis, are involved in the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 mediated oxidative stress responses. These data indicate that genes involved in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress play a crucial role in testicular growth and the maintenance of testical health.
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Jain M, Kalsi AK, Srivastava A, Gupta YK, Halder A. High Serum Estradiol and Heavy Metals Responsible for Human Spermiation Defect-A Pilot Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 10:RC09-RC13. [PMID: 28208955 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/22483.8990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spermiation is a process of releasing sperm into the lumen of seminiferous tubules. Failure in releasing sperm into the lumen is designated as spermiation defect. Spermiation defect cases present as oligo-azoospermia or azoospermia despite normal gonadotropins and testicular histology/cytology. Human spermiation defect never got attention to investigate infertility practice. Most of the information on spermiation defect, so far is from animal experiments. We assume some cases of non-obstructive azoospermia with normal gonadotropins and testicular histology/cytology could be due to spermiation defect. AIM The aim of the study was to find out the underlying aetiology in cases of human spermiation defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 13 cases of spermiation defect and 20 fertile men as control constituted study material. Cases were studied for chromosomal abnormalities by conventional karyotyping, sex chromosome mosaicism by interphase XY FISH, Yq microdeletion by STS PCR, sertoli cell quality (function) and quantity (numbers) by serum Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) and inhibin B besides other hormones like Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH), prolactin, testosterone and estradiol. Vitamin A concentration in serum was also measured. Presence of heavy metal was investigated by elemental electron microscopy in seminal cells (eight cases) & by spectrometry in serum as well as seminal plasma. RESULTS Chromosomal and Yq microdeletion study failed to detect any abnormalities. AMH, inhibin B and vitamin A were also normal. Estradiol level was high in 6 out of 13 cases (46%) while platinum in seminal cells was high in 4 cases (50%). High (four times or more) serum level of lead and nickel was observed in 11 (85%) and 6 (46%) cases, respectively. CONCLUSION High serum concentration of heavy metals like lead & nickel or high platinum accumulation in seminal cells or high serum estradiol alone or in combinations may be underlying aetiologic factors in human spermiation defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Jain
- Scientist, Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Amanpreet Kaur Kalsi
- PhD Student, Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Srivastava
- Scientist, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Gupta
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Ashutosh Halder
- Professor, Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
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16
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Differential lactate and cholesterol synthetic activities in XY and XX Sertoli cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41912. [PMID: 28150810 PMCID: PMC5288785 DOI: 10.1038/srep41912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SRY, a sex-determining gene, induces testis development in chromosomally female (XX) individuals. However, mouse XX Sertoli cells carrying Sry (XX/Sry Sertoli cells) are incapable of fully supporting germ cell development, even when the karyotype of the germ cells is XY. While it has therefore been assumed that XX/Sry Sertoli cells are not functionally equivalent to XY Sertoli cells, it has remained unclear which specific functions are affected. To elucidate the functional difference, we compared the gene expression of XY and XX/Sry Sertoli cells. Lactate and cholesterol metabolisms, essential for nursing the developing germ cells, were down-regulated in XX/Sry cells, which appears to be caused at least in part by the differential expression of histone modification enzymes SMCX/SMCY (H3K4me3 demethylase) and UTX/UTY (H3K27me3 demethylase) encoded by the sex chromosomes. We suggest that down-regulation of lactate and cholesterol metabolism that may be due to altered epigenetic modification affects the nursing functions of XX/Sry Sertoli cells.
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Reda A, Hou M, Winton TR, Chapin RE, Söder O, Stukenborg JB. In vitro differentiation of rat spermatogonia into round spermatids in tissue culture. Mol Hum Reprod 2016; 22:601-12. [PMID: 27430551 PMCID: PMC5013872 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do the organ culture conditions, previously defined for in vitro murine male germ cell differentiation, also result in differentiation of rat spermatogonia into post-meiotic germ cells exhibiting specific markers for haploid germ cells? SUMMARY ANSWER We demonstrated the differentiation of rat spermatogonia into post-meiotic cells in vitro, with emphasis on exhibiting, protein markers described for round spermatids. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Full spermatogenesis in vitro from immature germ cells using an organ culture technique in mice was first reported 5 years ago. However, no studies reporting the differentiation of rat spermatogonia into post-meiotic germ cells exhibiting the characteristic protein expression profile or into functional sperm have been reported. STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS Organ culture of testicular fragments of 5 days postpartum (dpp) neonatal rats was performed for up to 52 days. Evaluation of microscopic morphology, testosterone levels, mRNA and protein expression as measured by RT-qPCR and immunostaining were conducted to monitor germ cell differentiation in vitro. Potential effects of melatonin, Glutamax® medium, retinoic acid and the presence of epidydimal fat tissue on the spermatogenic process were evaluated. A minimum of three biological replicates were performed for all experiments presented in this study. One-way ANOVA, ANOVA on ranks and student's t-test were applied to perform the statistical analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Male germ cells, present in testicular tissue pieces grown from 5 dpp rats, exhibited positive protein expression for Acrosin and Crem (cAMP (cyclic adenosine mono phosphate) response element modulator) after 52 days of culture in vitro. Intra-testicular testosterone production could be observed after 3 days of culture, while when epididymal fat tissue was added, spontaneous contractility of cultured seminiferous tubules could be observed after 21 days. However, no supportive effect of the supplementation with any factor or the co-culturing with epididymal fat tissue on germ cell differentiation in vitro or testosterone production was observed. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The human testis is very different in physiology from the rat testis, further investigations are still needed to optimize the organ culture system for future use in humans. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The successful differentiation of undifferentiated spermatogonia using the testis explant culture system might be employed in future to produce sperm from human spermatogonia as a clinical tool for fertility preservation in boys and men suffering infertility. LARGE SCALE DATA None. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported financially by the Frimurare Barnhuset in Stockholm, the Paediatric Research Foundation, Jeanssons Foundation, Sällskåpet Barnåvard in Stockholm, Swedish Research Council/Academy of Finland, Emil and Wera Cornells Foundation, Samariten Foundation, the Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation as well as through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet. All authors declare no conflicts of interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reda
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Q2:08; Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Q2:08; Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Winton
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Drug Safety R&D, MS-8274-1336 , Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - R E Chapin
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Drug Safety R&D, MS-8274-1336 , Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - O Söder
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Q2:08; Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J-B Stukenborg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Q2:08; Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis requires a stem cell pool, a period of amplification of cell numbers, the completion of reduction division to haploid cells (meiosis), and the morphological transformation of the haploid cells into spermatozoa (spermiogenesis). The net result of these processes is the production of massive numbers of spermatozoa over the reproductive lifetime of the animal. One study that utilized homogenization-resistant spermatids as the standard determined that human daily sperm production (dsp) was at 45 million per day per testis (60). For each human that means ∼1,000 sperm are produced per second. A key to this level of gamete production is the organization and architecture of the mammalian testes that results in continuous sperm production. The seemingly complex repetitious relationship of cells termed the "cycle of the seminiferous epithelium" is driven by the continuous commitment of undifferentiated spermatogonia to meiosis and the period of time required to form spermatozoa. This commitment termed the A to A1 transition requires the action of retinoic acid (RA) on the undifferentiated spermatogonia or prospermatogonia. In stages VII to IX of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, Sertoli cells and germ cells are influenced by pulses of RA. These pulses of RA move along the seminiferous tubules coincident with the spermatogenic wave, presumably undergoing constant synthesis and degradation. The RA pulse then serves as a trigger to commit undifferentiated progenitor cells to the rigidly timed pathway into meiosis and spermatid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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19
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Agrimson KS, Hogarth CA. Germ Cell Commitment to Oogenic Versus Spermatogenic Pathway: The Role of Retinoic Acid. Results Probl Cell Differ 2016; 58:135-166. [PMID: 27300178 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31973-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The core of the decision to commit to either oogenesis or spermatogenesis lies in the timing of meiotic entry. Primordial germ cells within the fetal ovary become committed to the female pathway prior to birth and enter meiosis during embryonic development. In the fetal testis, however, the germ cells are protected from this signal before birth and instead receive this trigger postnatally. There is a growing body of evidence to indicate that RA is the meiosis-inducing factor in both sexes, with the gender-specific timing of meiotic entry controlled via degradation of this molecule only within the fetal testis. This chapter will review our current understanding of how RA controls germ cell fate in both the embryonic ovary and postnatal testis, highlighting the key studies that have led to the hypothesis that RA can drive the commitment to meiosis in both sexes and discussing the current debate over whether RA truly is the meiosis-inducing factor in the fetal ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie S Agrimson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Cathryn A Hogarth
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
- The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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20
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Role of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling in post-natal male germ cell differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hogarth CA, Arnold S, Kent T, Mitchell D, Isoherranen N, Griswold MD. Processive pulses of retinoic acid propel asynchronous and continuous murine sperm production. Biol Reprod 2014; 92:37. [PMID: 25519186 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.126326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The asynchronous cyclic nature of spermatogenesis is essential for continual sperm production and is one of the hallmarks of mammalian male fertility. While various mRNA and protein localization studies have indirectly implicated changing retinoid levels along testis tubules, no quantitative evidence for these changes across the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium currently exists. This study utilized a unique mouse model of induced synchronous spermatogenesis, localization of the retinoid-signaling marker STRA8, and sensitive quantification of retinoic acid concentrations to determine whether there are fluctuations in retinoid levels at each of the individual stages of germ cell differentiation and maturation to sperm. These data show that processive pulses of retinoic acid are generated during spermatogonial differentiation and are the likely trigger for cyclic spermatogenesis and allow us, for the first time, to understand how the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium is generated and maintained. In addition, this study represents the first direct quantification of a retinoid gradient controlling cellular differentiation in a postnatal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn A Hogarth
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Samuel Arnold
- University of Washington Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Travis Kent
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Debra Mitchell
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- University of Washington Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael D Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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22
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Checking the Pulse of Vitamin A Metabolism and Signaling during Mammalian Spermatogenesis. J Dev Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jdb2010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Lucas TF, Nascimento AR, Pisolato R, Pimenta MT, Lazari MFM, Porto CS. Receptors and signaling pathways involved in proliferation and differentiation of Sertoli cells. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 4:e28138. [PMID: 25225624 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.28138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the hormones and other factors regulating Sertoli cell survival, proliferation, and maturation in neonatal, peripubertal, and pubertal life remains one of the most critical questions in testicular biology. The regulation of Sertoli cell proliferation and differentiation is thought to be controlled by cell-cell junctions and a set of circulating and local hormones and growth factors. In this review, we will focus on receptors and intracellular signaling pathways activated by androgen, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid hormone, activin, retinoids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor, relaxin, and estrogen, with special emphasis on estrogen receptors. Estrogen receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways that converge on cell cycle and transcription factors and play a role in the regulation of Sertoli cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Fg Lucas
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology; Department of Pharmacology; Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; INFAR; Vila Clementino; São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Aline R Nascimento
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology; Department of Pharmacology; Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; INFAR; Vila Clementino; São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Raisa Pisolato
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology; Department of Pharmacology; Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; INFAR; Vila Clementino; São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Maristela T Pimenta
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology; Department of Pharmacology; Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; INFAR; Vila Clementino; São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima M Lazari
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology; Department of Pharmacology; Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; INFAR; Vila Clementino; São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Catarina S Porto
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology; Department of Pharmacology; Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; INFAR; Vila Clementino; São Paulo, SP Brazil
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Dupont J, Reverchon M, Bertoldo MJ, Froment P. Nutritional signals and reproduction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:527-537. [PMID: 24084162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that nutrition influences reproductive function in various mammalian species (agricultural animals, rodents and human). However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between nutrition, energy metabolism and reproductive function are poorly understood. This review considers nutrient sensors as a molecular link between food molecules and consequences for female and male fertility. It focuses on the roles and the molecular mechanisms of some of the relevant hormones, such as insulin and adipokines, and of energy substrates (glucose, fatty acids and amino acids), in the gonadotropic axis (central nervous system and gonads). A greater understanding of the interactions between nutrition and fertility is required for both better management of the physiological processes and the development of new molecules to prevent or cure metabolic diseases and their consequences for fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Dupont
- UMR 7247, INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Maxime Reverchon
- UMR 7247, INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Michael J Bertoldo
- UMR 7247, INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- UMR 7247, INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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25
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Nicholls PK, Harrison CA, Rainczuk KE, Wayne Vogl A, Stanton PG. Retinoic acid promotes Sertoli cell differentiation and antagonises activin-induced proliferation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 377:33-43. [PMID: 23831638 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From puberty and throughout adult spermatogenesis, retinoid signalling is essential for germ cell differentiation and male fertility. The initiation of spermatogonial differentiation and germ cell meiosis occurs under the direction of local retinoid signalling in the testis, and corresponds with the final phase of somatic Sertoli cell differentiation at puberty. Here, we consider the cellular and molecular basis of retinoid actions upon Sertoli cell differentiation. Primary rat Sertoli cells were isolated during the pubertal proliferative and quiescent phases at postnatal days 10- and 20- respectively, and cultured with all-trans-retinoic acid. We show that retinoid signalling can potently suppress activin-induced proliferation by antagonising G1 phase progression and entry into the cell cycle. Retinoid signalling was also found to initiate tight junction formation in primary Sertoli cells, consistent with a pro-differentiative role. This study implicates retinoid signalling in the differentiation of both somatic and germ cells in the testis at puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Nicholls
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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26
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Maqdasy S, Baptissart M, Vega A, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA, Volle DH. Cholesterol and male fertility: what about orphans and adopted? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:30-46. [PMID: 22766106 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The link between cholesterol homeostasis and male fertility has been clearly suggested in patients who suffer from hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome. This has been confirmed by the generation of several transgenic mouse models or in animals fed with high cholesterol diet. Next to the alteration of the endocrine signaling pathways through steroid receptors (androgen and estrogen receptors); "orphan" and "adopted" nuclear receptors, such as the Liver X Receptors (LXRs), the Proliferating Peroxisomal Activated Receptors (PPARs) or the Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1), have been involved in this cross-talk. These transcription factors show distinct expression patterns in the male genital tract, explaining the large panel of phenotypes observed in transgenic male mice and highlighting the importance of lipid homesostasis and the complexity of the molecular pathways involved. Increasing our knowledge of the roles of these nuclear receptors in male germ cell differentiation could help in proposing new approaches to either treat infertile men or define new strategies for contraception.
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27
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Teves ME, Jha KN, Song J, Nagarkatti-Gude DR, Herr JC, Foster JA, Strauss JF, Zhang Z. Germ cell-specific disruption of the Meig1 gene causes impaired spermiogenesis in mice. Andrology 2012; 1:37-46. [PMID: 23258628 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis expressed gene 1 (Meig1) was originally identified in a search for mammalian genes potentially involved in meiosis. Seven mouse Meig1 transcripts with the same coding region, but different 5'-UTRs, have been identified. These transcripts have different tissue distributions, two are only present in the testis. In the testis, Meig1 is present in germ cells and Sertoli cells. A Meig1 conditional knockout model has been generated. When Meig1 was inactivated globally by crossing with Cmv-Cre transgenic mice, the Meig1-deficient males were sterile due to severe spermiogenic defects, and had no obvious defects in meiosis. To further study its role in individual cell types in the testis, the Meig1(flox) mice were crossed with Hsp2a-Cre, Prm-Cre, and Amh-Cre mice, in which the Cre recombinase is driven by the heat shock protein 2 (Hsp2a) gene promoter (expressed in spermatocytes), the protamine 1 gene promoter (expressed in post-meiotic spermatids) and the anti-Mullerian hormone (Amh) gene promoter (expressed in Sertoli cells) respectively. Both Meig1 mRNA and protein were undetectable in testis of the Hsp2a-Cre; Meig1(flox/flox) mice and all the mutant adult males tested were sterile. This phenotype mirrors that of the Cmv-Cre; Meig1(flox/flox) mice. Even though the total testicular Meig1 mRNA and protein expression levels were dramatically reduced in testis of the Prm-Cre; Meig1(flox/flox) males, all the mice tested were fertile, and there was no significant difference in sperm count and sperm motility compared with age-matched Meig1(flox/flox) male mice. Disruption of Meig1 in the Sertoli cells did not affect the MEIG1 protein expression. Amh-Cre; Meig1(flox/flox) males were fertile, and produced the same amount of spermatozoa as age-matched Meig1(flox/flox) mice. The testicular histology was also normal. Our results indicate that MEIG1 regulates spermiogenesis through effects in germ cells alone, and that the Meig1 gene must be active during a discrete period in spermatogenesis after which it is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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28
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Transcriptional regulation of cell adhesion at the blood-testis barrier and spermatogenesis in the testis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 763:281-94. [PMID: 23397630 PMCID: PMC4108166 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis involves precise co-ordination of multiple cellular events that take place in the seminiferous epithelium composed of Sertoli cells and developing germ cells during the seminiferous epithelial cycle. Given the cyclic and co-ordinated nature of spermatogenesis, temporal and spatial expression of certain genes pertinent to a specific cellular event are essential. As such, transcriptional regulation is one of the major regulatory machineries in controlling the cell type- and stage-specific gene expression, some of which are under the influence of gonadotropins (e.g., FSH and LH) and sex steroids (e.g., testosterone and estradiol-17beta). Recent findings regarding transcriptional control of spermatogenesis, most notably target genes at the Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-spermatid interface at the site of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and apical ectoplasmic specialization (apical ES), respectively, involving in cell adhesion are reviewed and discussed herein. This is a much neglected area of research and a concerted effort by investigators is needed to understand transcriptional regulation of cell adhesion function in the testis particularly at the BTB during spermatogenesis.
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29
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Hogarth CA, Amory JK, Griswold MD. Inhibiting vitamin A metabolism as an approach to male contraception. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:136-44. [PMID: 21277790 PMCID: PMC3070762 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although oral contraceptives have been available to women since the 1960s, contraceptive options for men have remained limited. Spermatogenesis relies on the active metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid, to drive spermatogonial differentiation and to allow the production of normal numbers of sperm. Recent evidence describes how the enzymes which control vitamin A metabolism in the testis could be targeted to generate effective male contraceptives; however, the detailed mechanism(s) regarding how vitamin A regulates normal spermatogenesis are still unknown. The essential nature of vitamin A to male germ cell development and the prospects of developing the proteins responsible for the generation, transport, and storage of retinoic acid as targets for male contraceptive development are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn A. Hogarth
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - John K. Amory
- University of Washington Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael D. Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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O'Donnell L, Nicholls PK, O'Bryan MK, McLachlan RI, Stanton PG. Spermiation: The process of sperm release. SPERMATOGENESIS 2011; 1:14-35. [PMID: 21866274 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.1.1.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spermiation is the process by which mature spermatids are released from Sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubule lumen prior to their passage to the epididymis. It takes place over several days at the apical edge of the seminiferous epithelium, and involves several discrete steps including remodelling of the spermatid head and cytoplasm, removal of specialized adhesion structures and the final disengagement of the spermatid from the Sertoli cell. Spermiation is accomplished by the co-ordinated interactions of various structures, cellular processes and adhesion complexes which make up the "spermiation machinery". This review addresses the morphological, ultrastructural and functional aspects of mammalian spermiation. The molecular composition of the spermiation machinery, its dynamic changes and regulatory factors are examined. The causes of spermiation failure and their impact on sperm morphology and function are assessed in an effort to understand how this process may contribute to sperm count suppression during contraception and to phenotypes of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza O'Donnell
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton, VIC Australia
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31
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Hermo L, Pelletier RM, Cyr DG, Smith CE. Surfing the wave, cycle, life history, and genes/proteins expressed by testicular germ cells. Part 5: intercellular junctions and contacts between germs cells and Sertoli cells and their regulatory interactions, testicular cholesterol, and genes/proteins associated with more than one germ cell generation. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:409-94. [PMID: 19941291 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the testis, cell adhesion and junctional molecules permit specific interactions and intracellular communication between germ and Sertoli cells and apposed Sertoli cells. Among the many adhesion family of proteins, NCAM, nectin and nectin-like, catenins, and cadherens will be discussed, along with gap junctions between germ and Sertoli cells and the many members of the connexin family. The blood-testis barrier separates the haploid spermatids from blood borne elements. In the barrier, the intercellular junctions consist of many proteins such as occludin, tricellulin, and claudins. Changes in the expression of cell adhesion molecules are also an essential part of the mechanism that allows germ cells to move from the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule to the adluminal compartment thus crossing the blood-testis barrier and well-defined proteins have been shown to assist in this process. Several structural components show interactions between germ cells to Sertoli cells such as the ectoplasmic specialization which are more closely related to Sertoli cells and tubulobulbar complexes that are processes of elongating spermatids embedded into Sertoli cells. Germ cells also modify several Sertoli functions and this also appears to be the case for residual bodies. Cholesterol plays a significant role during spermatogenesis and is essential for germ cell development. Lastly, we list genes/proteins that are expressed not only in any one specific generation of germ cells but across more than one generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Hermo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2.
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32
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Doyle TJ, Oudes AJ, Kim KH. Temporal profiling of rat transcriptomes in retinol-replenished vitamin A-deficient testis. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2010; 55:145-63. [PMID: 19886770 DOI: 10.3109/19396360902896844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
At least in mammals, retinoic acid is a pivotal factor in maintaining the functionality of the testis, in particular, for the progression of germ cells from mitosis to meiosis. Removal of dietary vitamin A or a targeted deletion of retinoic acid receptor alpha gene (Rara), the receptor for retinoic acid, in mice, led to testicular degeneration by a dramatic loss of germ cells and a loss of control of the spermatogenic cycle. The germ cells that remained in the vitamin A deficient (VAD) rat testis were spermatogonia and a few preleptotene spermatocytes. Spermatogenesis can be reinitiated by injection of VAD rats with retinol, the metabolic precursor of retinoic acid, but to date, the functions of retinoic acid in the testis remain elusive. We have applied DNA microarray technology to investigate the time-dependent transcriptome changes that occur 4 to 24 h after retinol replenishment in the VAD rat testis. The retinol-regulated gene expression occurred both in germ cells and Sertoli cells. Bioinformatic analyses revealed time-dependent clusters of genes and canonical pathways that may have critical functions for proper progression through spermatogenesis. In particular, gene clusters that emerged dealt with: (1) cholesterol and oxysterol homeostasis, * (2) the regulation of steroidogenesis, (3) glycerophospholipid metabolism, (4) the regulation of acute inflammation, (5) the regulation of the cell cycle including ubiquitin-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins and control of centrosome and genome integrity, and (6) the control of membrane scaffolding proteins that can integrate multiple small GTPase signals within a cell. These results provide insights into the potential role of retinoic acid in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Doyle
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4234, USA
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