1
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Ullah I, Farringer MA, Burkhard AY, Hathaway E, Khushu M, Willett BC, Shin SH, Sharma AI, Martin MC, Shao KL, Dvorin JD, Hartl DL, Volkman SK, Bopp S, Absalon S, Wirth DF. Artemisinin resistance mutations in Pfcoronin impede hemoglobin uptake. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.22.572193. [PMID: 38187525 PMCID: PMC10769401 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.572193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) combination therapies have been critical in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality, but these important drugs are threatened by growing resistance associated with mutations in Pfcoronin and Pfkelch13 . Here, we describe the mechanism of Pfcoronin -mediated ART resistance. Pf Coronin interacts with Pf Actin and localizes to the parasite plasma membrane (PPM), the digestive vacuole (DV) membrane, and membrane of a newly identified preDV compartment-all structures involved in the trafficking of hemoglobin from the RBC for degradation in the DV. Pfcoronin mutations alter Pf Actin homeostasis and impair the development and morphology of the preDV. Ultimately, these changes are associated with decreased uptake of red blood cell cytosolic contents by ring-stage Plasmodium falciparum . Previous work has identified decreased hemoglobin uptake as the mechanism of Pfkelch 13-mediated ART resistance. This work demonstrates that Pf Coronin appears to act via a parallel pathway. For both Pfkelch13 -mediated and Pfcoronin -mediated ART resistance, we hypothesize that the decreased hemoglobin uptake in ring stage parasites results in less heme-based activation of the artemisinin endoperoxide ring and reduced cytocidal activity. This study deepens our understanding of ART resistance, as well as hemoglobin uptake and development of the DV in early-stage parasites.
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2
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Okafor O, Kim K. Cytotoxicity of Quantum Dots in Receptor-Mediated Endocytic and Pinocytic Pathways in Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4714. [PMID: 38731933 PMCID: PMC11083673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising applications of the use of quantum dots (QDs) in the biomedical field, the long-lasting effects of QDs on the cell remain poorly understood. To comprehend the mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of QDs in yeast, we characterized defects associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) as well as pinocytosis using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model in the presence of cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide (CdSe/ZnS) QDs. Our findings revealed that QDs led to an inefficient RME at the early, intermediate, and late stages of endocytic patch maturation at the endocytic site, with the prolonged lifespan of GFP fused yeast fimbrin (Sac6-GFP), a late marker of endocytosis. The transit of FM1-43, a lipophilic dye from the plasma membrane to the vacuole, was severely retarded in the presence of QDs. Finally, QDs caused an accumulation of monomeric red fluorescent protein fused carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (mRFP-Cps1), a vacuolar lumen marker in the vacuole. In summary, the present study provides novel insights into the possible impact of CdSe/ZnS QDs on the endocytic machinery, enabling a deeper comprehension of QD toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA;
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3
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Hill JM, Cai S, Carver MD, Drubin DG. A Role for Cross-linking Proteins in Actin Filament Network Organization and Force Generation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.19.590161. [PMID: 38659919 PMCID: PMC11042252 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.19.590161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The high turgor pressure across the plasma membrane of yeasts creates a requirement for substantial force production by actin polymerization and myosin motor activity for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Endocytic internalization is severely impeded in the absence of fimbrin, an actin filament crosslinking protein called Sac6 in budding yeast. Here, we combine live-cell imaging and mathematical modeling to gain new insights into the role of actin filament crosslinking proteins in force generation. Genetic manipulation showed that CME sites with more crosslinking proteins are more effective at internalization under high load. Simulations of an experimentally constrained, agent-based mathematical model recapitulate the result that endocytic networks with more double-bound fimbrin molecules internalize the plasma membrane against elevated turgor pressure more effectively. Networks with large numbers of crosslinks also have more growing actin filament barbed ends at the plasma membrane, where the addition of new actin monomers contributes to force generation and vesicle internalization. Our results provide a richer understanding of the crucial role played by actin filament crosslinking proteins during actin network force generation, highlighting the contribution of these proteins to the self-organization of the actin filament network and force generation under increased load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Songlin Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Michael D Carver
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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4
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Iglesias R, Citores L, Gay CC, Ferreras JM. Antifungal Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:192. [PMID: 38668617 PMCID: PMC11054410 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of crop diseases caused by fungi remains a major problem and there is a need to find effective fungicides that are environmentally friendly. Plants are an excellent source for this purpose because they have developed defense mechanisms to cope with fungal infections. Among the plant proteins that play a role in defense are ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), enzymes obtained mainly from angiosperms that, in addition to inactivating ribosomes, have been studied as antiviral, fungicidal, and insecticidal proteins. In this review, we summarize and discuss the potential use of RIPs (and other proteins with similar activity) as antifungal agents, with special emphasis on RIP/fungus specificity, possible mechanisms of antifungal action, and the use of RIP genes to obtain fungus-resistant transgenic plants. It also highlights the fact that these proteins also have antiviral and insecticidal activity, which makes them very versatile tools for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Claudia C. Gay
- Laboratory of Protein Research, Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of Northeast Argentina (UNNE-CONICET), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina;
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
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5
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Chand A, Le N, Kim K. CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots' Impact on In Vitro Actin Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4179. [PMID: 38673765 PMCID: PMC11050122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a novel type of nanomaterial that has unique optical and physical characteristics. As such, QDs are highly desired because of their potential to be used in both biomedical and industrial applications. However, the mass adoption of QDs usage has raised concerns among the scientific community regarding QDs' toxicity. Although many papers have reported the negative impact of QDs on a cellular level, the exact mechanism of the QDs' toxicity is still unclear. In this investigation, we study the adverse effects of QDs by focusing on one of the most important cellular processes: actin polymerization and depolymerization. Our results showed that QDs act in a biphasic manner where lower concentrations of QDs stimulate the polymerization of actin, while high concentrations of QDs inhibit actin polymerization. Furthermore, we found that QDs can bind to filamentous actin (F-actin) and cause bundling of the filament while also promoting actin depolymerization. Through this study, we found a novel mechanism in which QDs negatively influence cellular processes and exert toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (A.C.); (N.L.)
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6
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Kryvenko V, Vadász I. Alveolar-capillary endocytosis and trafficking in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360370. [PMID: 38533500 PMCID: PMC10963603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality but lacks specific therapeutic options. Diverse endocytic processes play a key role in all phases of acute lung injury (ALI), including the initial insult, development of respiratory failure due to alveolar flooding, as a consequence of altered alveolar-capillary barrier function, as well as in the resolution or deleterious remodeling after injury. In particular, clathrin-, caveolae-, endophilin- and glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein-mediated endocytosis, as well as, macropinocytosis and phagocytosis have been implicated in the setting of acute lung damage. This manuscript reviews our current understanding of these endocytic pathways and subsequent intracellular trafficking in various phases of ALI, and also aims to identify potential therapeutic targets for patients with ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Kryvenko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
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7
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Narvaez-Ortiz HY, Lynch MJ, Liu SL, Fries A, Nolen BJ. Both Las17-binding sites on Arp2/3 complex are important for branching nucleation and assembly of functional endocytic actin networks in S. cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105766. [PMID: 38367669 PMCID: PMC10944109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Arp2/3 complex nucleates branched actin filaments that drive membrane invagination during endocytosis and leading-edge protrusion in lamellipodia. Arp2/3 complex is maximally activated in vitro by binding of a WASP family protein to two sites-one on the Arp3 subunit and one spanning Arp2 and ARPC1-but the importance of each site in the regulation of force-producing actin networks is unclear. Here, we identify mutations in budding yeast Arp2/3 complex that decrease or block engagement of Las17, the budding yeast WASP, at each site. As in the mammalian system, both sites are required for maximal activation in vitro. Dimerization of Las17 partially restores activity of mutations at both CA-binding sites. Arp2/3 complexes defective at either site assemble force-producing actin networks in a bead motility assay, but their reduced activity hinders motility by decreasing actin assembly near the bead surface and by failing to suppress actin filament bundling within the networks. While even the most defective Las17-binding site mutants assembled actin filaments at endocytic sites, they showed significant internalization defects, potentially because they lack the proper architecture to drive plasma membrane remodeling. Together, our data indicate that both Las17-binding sites are important to assemble functional endocytic actin networks in budding yeast, but Arp2/3 complex retains some activity in vitro and in vivo even with a severe defect at either Las17-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidy Y Narvaez-Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael J Lynch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Su-Ling Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Adam Fries
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Brad J Nolen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
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8
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Tsai FC, Guérin G, Pernier J, Bassereau P. Actin-membrane linkers: Insights from synthetic reconstituted systems. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151402. [PMID: 38461706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
At the cell surface, the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane interact reciprocally in a variety of processes related to the remodeling of the cell surface. The actin cytoskeleton has been known to modulate membrane organization and reshape the membrane. To this end, actin-membrane linking molecules play a major role in regulating actin assembly and spatially direct the interaction between the actin cytoskeleton and the membrane. While studies in cells have provided a wealth of knowledge on the molecular composition and interactions of the actin-membrane interface, the complex molecular interactions make it challenging to elucidate the precise actions of the actin-membrane linkers at the interface. Synthetic reconstituted systems, consisting of model membranes and purified proteins, have been a powerful approach to elucidate how actin-membrane linkers direct actin assembly to drive membrane shape changes. In this review, we will focus only on several actin-membrane linkers that have been studied by using reconstitution systems. We will discuss the design principles of these reconstitution systems and how they have contributed to the understanding of the cellular functions of actin-membrane linkers. Finally, we will provide a perspective on future research directions in understanding the intricate actin-membrane interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ching Tsai
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Physics of Cells and Cancer, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Gwendal Guérin
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Physics of Cells and Cancer, Paris 75005, France
| | - Julien Pernier
- Tumor Cell Dynamics Unit, Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Physics of Cells and Cancer, Paris 75005, France.
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9
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van Zwam MC, Dhar A, Bosman W, van Straaten W, Weijers S, Seta E, Joosten B, van Haren J, Palani S, van den Dries K. IntAct: A nondisruptive internal tagging strategy to study the organization and function of actin isoforms. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002551. [PMID: 38466773 PMCID: PMC10957077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammals have 6 highly conserved actin isoforms with nonredundant biological functions. The molecular basis of isoform specificity, however, remains elusive due to a lack of tools. Here, we describe the development of IntAct, an internal tagging strategy to study actin isoforms in fixed and living cells. We identified a residue pair in β-actin that permits tag integration and used knock-in cell lines to demonstrate that IntAct β-actin expression and filament incorporation is indistinguishable from wild type. Furthermore, IntAct β-actin remains associated with common actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and can be targeted in living cells. We demonstrate the usability of IntAct for actin isoform investigations by showing that actin isoform-specific distribution is maintained in human cells. Lastly, we observed a variant-dependent incorporation of tagged actin variants into yeast actin patches, cables, and cytokinetic rings demonstrating cross species applicability. Together, our data indicate that IntAct is a versatile tool to study actin isoform localization, dynamics, and molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime C. van Zwam
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anubhav Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Willem Bosman
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy van Straaten
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Weijers
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Seta
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Joosten
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Saravanan Palani
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Koen van den Dries
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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10
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Lamb AK, Fernandez AN, Eadaim A, Johnson K, Di Pietro SM. Mechanism of actin capping protein recruitment and turnover during clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306154. [PMID: 37966720 PMCID: PMC10651396 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis depends on polymerization of a branched actin network to provide force for membrane invagination. A key regulator in branched actin network formation is actin capping protein (CP), which binds to the barbed end of actin filaments to prevent the addition or loss of actin subunits. CP was thought to stochastically bind actin filaments, but recent evidence shows CP is regulated by a group of proteins containing CP-interacting (CPI) motifs. Importantly, how CPI motif proteins function together to regulate CP is poorly understood. Here, we show Aim21 and Bsp1 work synergistically to recruit CP to the endocytic actin network in budding yeast through their CPI motifs, which also allosterically modulate capping strength. In contrast, twinfilin works downstream of CP recruitment, regulating the turnover of CP through its CPI motif and a non-allosteric mechanism. Collectively, our findings reveal how three CPI motif proteins work together to regulate CP in a stepwise fashion during endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Lamb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Andres N. Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Abdunaser Eadaim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Katelyn Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Santiago M. Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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11
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Rioux DJ, Prosser DC. A CIE change in our understanding of endocytic mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1334798. [PMID: 38192364 PMCID: PMC10773762 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1334798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The past six decades have seen major advances in our understanding of endocytosis, ranging from descriptive studies based on electron microscopy to biochemical and genetic characterization of factors required for vesicle formation. Most studies focus on clathrin as the major coat protein; indeed, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the primary pathway for internalization. Clathrin-independent (CIE) pathways also exist, although mechanistic understanding of these pathways remains comparatively elusive. Here, we discuss how early studies of CME shaped our understanding of endocytosis and describe recent advances in CIE, including pathways in model organisms that are poised to provide key insights into endocytic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Rioux
- Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Derek C. Prosser
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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12
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Gonzalez Rodriguez S, Wirshing AC, Goodman AL, Goode BL. Cytosolic concentrations of actin binding proteins and the implications for in vivo F-actin turnover. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202306036. [PMID: 37801069 PMCID: PMC10558290 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how numerous actin-binding proteins (ABPs) work in concert to control the assembly, organization, and turnover of the actin cytoskeleton requires quantitative information about the levels of each component. Here, we measured the cellular concentrations of actin and the majority of the conserved ABPs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as the free (cytosolic) fractions of each ABP. The cellular concentration of actin is estimated to be 13.2 µM, with approximately two-thirds in the F-actin form and one-third in the G-actin form. Cellular concentrations of ABPs range from 12.4 to 0.85 µM (Tpm1> Pfy1> Cof1> Abp1> Srv2> Abp140> Tpm2> Aip1> Cap1/2> Crn1> Sac6> Twf1> Arp2/3> Scp1). The cytosolic fractions of all ABPs are unexpectedly high (0.6-0.9) and remain so throughout the cell cycle. Based on these numbers, we speculate that F-actin binding sites are limited in vivo, which leads to high cytosolic levels of ABPs, and in turn helps drive the rapid assembly and turnover of cellular F-actin structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gonzalez Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Alison C.E. Wirshing
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Anya L. Goodman
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University SLO, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L. Goode
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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13
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Yu M, Ma D, Eszterhas S, Rollenhagen C, Lee SA. The Early Endocytosis Gene PAL1 Contributes to Stress Tolerance and Hyphal Formation in Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1097. [PMID: 37998902 PMCID: PMC10672141 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocytic and secretory pathways of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans are fundamental to various key cellular processes such as cell growth, cell wall integrity, protein secretion, hyphal formation, and pathogenesis. Our previous studies focused on several candidate genes involved in early endocytosis, including ENT2 and END3, that play crucial roles in such processes. However, much remains to be discovered about other endocytosis-related genes and their contributions toward Candida albicans secretion and virulence. In this study, we examined the functions of the early endocytosis gene PAL1 using a reverse genetics approach based on CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene deletion. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pal1 is a protein in the early coat complex involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis that is later internalized with the coat. The C. albicans pal1Δ/Δ null mutant demonstrated increased resistance to the antifungal agent caspofungin and the cell wall stressor Congo Red. In contrast, the null mutant was more sensitive to the antifungal drug fluconazole and low concentrations of SDS than the wild type (WT) and the re-integrant (KI). While pal1Δ/Δ can form hyphae and a biofilm, under some hyphal-inducing conditions, it was less able to demonstrate filamentous growth when compared to the WT and KI. The pal1Δ/Δ null mutant had no defect in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and there were no changes in virulence-related processes compared to controls. Our results suggest that PAL1 has a role in susceptibility to antifungal agents, cell wall integrity, and membrane stability related to early endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Yu
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
- Medicine Service, White River Junction VA Medical Center, Hartford, VT 05009, USA; (D.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Dakota Ma
- Medicine Service, White River Junction VA Medical Center, Hartford, VT 05009, USA; (D.M.); (S.E.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Susan Eszterhas
- Medicine Service, White River Junction VA Medical Center, Hartford, VT 05009, USA; (D.M.); (S.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
| | - Christiane Rollenhagen
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
| | - Samuel A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
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14
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Woodard TK, Rioux DJ, Prosser DC. Actin- and microtubule-based motors contribute to clathrin-independent endocytosis in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar117. [PMID: 37647159 PMCID: PMC10846617 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most eukaryotic cells utilize clathrin-mediated endocytosis as well as multiple clathrin-independent pathways to internalize proteins and membranes. Although clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been studied extensively and many machinery proteins have been identified, clathrin-independent pathways remain poorly characterized by comparison. We previously identified the first known yeast clathrin-independent endocytic pathway, which relies on the actin-modulating GTPase Rho1, the formin Bni1 and unbranched actin filaments, but does not require the clathrin coat or core clathrin machinery proteins. In this study, we sought to better understand clathrin-independent endocytosis in yeast by exploring the role of myosins as actin-based motors, because actin is required for endocytosis in yeast. We find that Myo2, which transports secretory vesicles, organelles and microtubules along actin cables to sites of polarized growth, participates in clathrin-independent endocytosis. Unexpectedly, the ability of Myo2 to transport microtubule plus ends to the cell cortex appears to be required for its role in clathrin-independent endocytosis. In addition, dynein, dynactin, and proteins involved in cortical microtubule capture are also required. Thus, our results suggest that interplay between actin and microtubules contributes to clathrin-independent internalization in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Rioux
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
- Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Derek C. Prosser
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
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15
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Guo S, Hoeprich GJ, Magliozzi JO, Gelles J, Goode BL. Dynamic remodeling of actin networks by cyclase-associated protein and CAP-Abp1 complexes. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4484-4495.e5. [PMID: 37797614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
How actin filaments are spatially organized and remodeled into diverse higher-order networks in vivo is still not well understood. Here, we report an unexpected F-actin "coalescence" activity driven by cyclase-associated protein (CAP) and enhanced by its interactions with actin-binding protein 1 (Abp1). We directly observe S. cerevisiae CAP and Abp1 rapidly transforming branched or linear actin networks by bundling and sliding filaments past each other, maximizing filament overlap, and promoting compaction into bundles. This activity does not require ATP and is conserved, as similar behaviors are observed for the mammalian homologs of CAP and Abp1. Coalescence depends on the CAP oligomerization domain but not the helical folded domain (HFD) that mediates its functions in F-actin severing and depolymerization. Coalescence by CAP-Abp1 further depends on interactions between CAP and Abp1 and interactions between Abp1 and F-actin. Our results are consistent with a mechanism in which the formation of energetically favorable sliding CAP and CAP-Abp1 crosslinks drives F-actin bundle compaction. Roles for CAP and CAP-Abp1 in actin remodeling in vivo are supported by strong phenotypes arising from deletion of the CAP oligomerization domain and by genetic interactions between sac6Δ and an srv2-301 mutant that does not bind Abp1. Together, these observations identify a new actin filament remodeling function for CAP, which is further enhanced by its direct interactions with Abp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Guo
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Gregory J Hoeprich
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Joseph O Magliozzi
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Jeff Gelles
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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16
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Le N, Chand A, Braun E, Keyes C, Wu Q, Kim K. Interactions between Quantum Dots and G-Actin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14760. [PMID: 37834208 PMCID: PMC10572542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a type of nanoparticle with excellent optical properties, suitable for many optical-based biomedical applications. However, the potential of quantum dots to be used in clinical settings is limited by their toxicity. As such, much effort has been invested to examine the mechanism of QDs' toxicity. Yet, the current literature mainly focuses on ROS- and apoptosis-mediated cell death induced by QDs, which overlooks other aspects of QDs' toxicity. Thus, our study aimed to provide another way by which QDs negatively impact cellular processes by investigating the possibility of protein structure and function modification upon direct interaction. Through shotgun proteomics, we identified a number of QD-binding proteins, which are functionally associated with essential cellular processes and components, such as transcription, translation, vesicular trafficking, and the actin cytoskeleton. Among these proteins, we chose to closely examine the interaction between quantum dots and actin, as actin is one of the most abundant proteins in cells and plays crucial roles in cellular processes and structural maintenance. We found that CdSe/ZnS QDs spontaneously bind to G-actin in vitro, causing a static quenching of G-actin's intrinsic fluorescence. Furthermore, we found that this interaction favors the formation of a QD-actin complex with a binding ratio of 1:2.5. Finally, we also found that CdSe/ZnS QDs alter the secondary structure of G-actin, which may affect G-actin's function and properties. Overall, our study provides an in-depth mechanistic examination of the impact of CdSe/ZnS QDs on G-actin, proposing that direct interaction is another aspect of QDs' toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Le
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (N.L.); (A.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Abhishu Chand
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (N.L.); (A.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Emma Braun
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (N.L.); (A.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Chloe Keyes
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Springfield, MO 65806, USA; (C.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qihua Wu
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, Springfield, MO 65806, USA; (C.K.); (Q.W.)
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (N.L.); (A.C.); (E.B.)
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17
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Stephan OOH. Effects of environmental stress factors on the actin cytoskeleton of fungi and plants: Ionizing radiation and ROS. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:330-355. [PMID: 37066976 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin is an abundant and multifaceted protein in eukaryotic cells that has been detected in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. In cooperation with numerous interacting accessory-proteins, monomeric actin (G-actin) polymerizes into microfilaments (F-actin) which constitute ubiquitous subcellular higher order structures. Considering the extensive spatial dimensions and multifunctionality of actin superarrays, the present study analyses the issue if and to what extent environmental stress factors, specifically ionizing radiation (IR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), affect the cellular actin-entity. In that context, this review particularly surveys IR-response of fungi and plants. It examines in detail which actin-related cellular constituents and molecular pathways are influenced by IR and related ROS. This comprehensive survey concludes that the general integrity of the total cellular actin cytoskeleton is a requirement for IR-tolerance. Actin's functions in genome organization and nuclear events like chromatin remodeling, DNA-repair, and transcription play a key role. Beyond that, it is highly significant that the macromolecular cytoplasmic and cortical actin-frameworks are affected by IR as well. In response to IR, actin-filament bundling proteins (fimbrins) are required to stabilize cables or patches. In addition, the actin-associated factors mediating cellular polarity are essential for IR-survivability. Moreover, it is concluded that a cellular homeostasis system comprising ROS, ROS-scavengers, NADPH-oxidases, and the actin cytoskeleton plays an essential role here. Consequently, besides the actin-fraction which controls crucial genome-integrity, also the portion which facilitates orderly cellular transport and polarized growth has to be maintained in order to survive IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian O H Stephan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bavaria, 91058, Germany
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18
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Yang S, Shen W, Hu J, Cai S, Zhang C, Jin S, Guan X, Wu J, Wu Y, Cui J. Molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of liquid-liquid phase separation during antiviral immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162211. [PMID: 37251408 PMCID: PMC10210139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal separation of cellular components is vital to ensure biochemical processes. Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and nuclei play a major role in isolating intracellular components, while membraneless organelles (MLOs) are accumulatively uncovered via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to mediate cellular spatiotemporal organization. MLOs orchestrate various key cellular processes, including protein localization, supramolecular assembly, gene expression, and signal transduction. During viral infection, LLPS not only participates in viral replication but also contributes to host antiviral immune responses. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of the roles of LLPS in virus infection may open up new avenues for treating viral infectious diseases. In this review, we focus on the antiviral defense mechanisms of LLPS in innate immunity and discuss the involvement of LLPS during viral replication and immune evasion escape, as well as the strategy of targeting LLPS to treat viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weishan Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihui Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenqiu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouheng Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Guan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Cui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Shil S, Tsuruta M, Kawauchi K, Miyoshi D. Biomolecular Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation for Biotechnology. BIOTECH 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 37092470 PMCID: PMC10123627 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of biomolecules induces condensed assemblies called liquid droplets or membrane-less organelles. In contrast to organelles with lipid membrane barriers, the liquid droplets induced by LLPS do not have distinct barriers (lipid bilayer). Biomolecular LLPS in cells has attracted considerable attention in broad research fields from cellular biology to soft matter physics. The physical and chemical properties of LLPS exert a variety of functions in living cells: activating and deactivating biomolecules involving enzymes; controlling the localization, condensation, and concentration of biomolecules; the filtration and purification of biomolecules; and sensing environmental factors for fast, adaptive, and reversible responses. The versatility of LLPS plays an essential role in various biological processes, such as controlling the central dogma and the onset mechanism of pathological diseases. Moreover, biomolecular LLPS could be critical for developing new biotechnologies such as the condensation, purification, and activation of a series of biomolecules. In this review article, we introduce some fundamental aspects and recent progress of biomolecular LLPS in living cells and test tubes. Then, we discuss applications of biomolecular LLPS toward biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daisuke Miyoshi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan
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20
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Bigge BM, Rosenthal NE, Avasthi P. Initial ciliary assembly in Chlamydomonas requires Arp2/3 complex-dependent endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar24. [PMID: 36753382 PMCID: PMC10092647 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-09-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliary assembly, trafficking, and regulation are dependent on microtubules, but the mechanisms of ciliary assembly also require the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we dissect subcellular roles of actin in ciliogenesis by focusing on actin networks nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex in the powerful ciliary model, Chlamydomonas. We find that the Arp2/3 complex is required for the initial stages of ciliary assembly when protein and membrane are in high demand but cannot yet be supplied from the Golgi complex. We provide evidence for Arp2/3 complex-dependent endocytosis of ciliary proteins, an increase in endocytic activity upon induction of ciliary growth, and relocalization of plasma membrane proteins to newly formed cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brae M Bigge
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
| | - Nicholas E Rosenthal
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
| | - Prachee Avasthi
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
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21
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Rosenbloom AD, Pollard TD. The proline-rich domain of fission yeast WASp (Wsp1p) interacts with actin filaments and inhibits actin polymerization. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:672-681. [PMID: 36650956 PMCID: PMC10023459 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) family activate Arp2/3 complex (actin-related proteins 2 and 3 complex) to form actin filament branches. The proline-rich domain (PRD) of WASp contributes to branching nucleation, and the PRD of budding yeast Las17 binds actin filaments [Urbanek AN et al. (2013) Curr Biol 23, 196-203]. Biochemical assays showed the recombinant PRD of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe Wsp1p binds actin filaments with micromolar affinity. Recombinant PRDs of both Wsp1p and Las17p slowed the elongation of actin filaments by Mg-ATP-actin monomers by half and slowed the spontaneous polymerization of Mg-ATP-actin monomers modestly. The affinity of PRDs of WASp-family proteins for actin filaments is high enough to contribute to the reported stimulation of actin filament branching by Arp2/3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Rosenbloom
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8103 USA
| | - Thomas D. Pollard
- Departments of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and of Cell Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103 USA
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22
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Hummel DR, Kaksonen M. Spatio-temporal regulation of endocytic protein assembly by SH3 domains in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar19. [PMID: 36696224 PMCID: PMC10011730 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-09-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a conserved eukaryotic membrane trafficking pathway that is driven by a sequentially assembled molecular machinery that contains over 60 different proteins. SH3 domains are the most abundant protein-protein interaction domain in this process, but the function of most SH3 domains in protein dynamics remains elusive. Using mutagenesis and live-cell fluorescence microscopy in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we dissected SH3-mediated regulation of the endocytic pathway. Our data suggest that multiple SH3 domains regulate the actin nucleation-promoting Las17-Vrp1 complex, and that the network of SH3 interactions coordinates both Las17-Vrp1 assembly and dissociation. Furthermore, most endocytic SH3 domain proteins use the SH3 domain for their own recruitment, while a minority use the SH3 domain to recruit other proteins and not themselves. Our results provide a dynamic map of SH3 functions in yeast endocytosis and a framework for SH3 interaction network studies across biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Hummel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Department of Biochemistry, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Marko Kaksonen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Department of Biochemistry, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
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23
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Insights of Endocytosis Signaling in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032971. [PMID: 36769293 PMCID: PMC9918140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis in mammalian cells is a fundamental cellular machinery that regulates vital physiological processes, such as the absorption of metabolites, release of neurotransmitters, uptake of hormone cellular defense, and delivery of biomolecules across the plasma membrane. A remarkable characteristic of the endocytic machinery is the sequential assembly of the complex proteins at the plasma membrane, followed by internalization and fusion of various biomolecules to different cellular compartments. In all eukaryotic cells, functional characterization of endocytic pathways is based on dynamics of the protein complex and signal transduction modules. To coordinate the assembly and functions of the numerous parts of the endocytic machinery, the endocytic proteins interact significantly within and between the modules. Clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis, caveolar pathway, and receptor mediated endocytosis have been attributed to a greater variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles such as, autophagy, metabolism, cell division, apoptosis, cellular defense, and intestinal permeabilization. Notably, any defect or alteration in the endocytic machinery results in the development of pathological consequences associated with human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and inflammatory diseases. In this review, an in-depth endeavor has been made to illustrate the process of endocytosis, and associated mechanisms describing pathological manifestation associated with dysregulated endocytosis machinery.
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24
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Le N, Routh J, Kirk C, Wu Q, Patel R, Keyes C, Kim K. Red CdSe/ZnS QDs' Intracellular Trafficking and Its Impact on Yeast Polarization and Actin Filament. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030484. [PMID: 36766825 PMCID: PMC9914768 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots are nanoparticles (2-10 nm) that emit strong and tunable fluorescence. Quantum dots have been heavily used in high-demand commercialized products, research, and for medical purposes. Emerging concerns have demonstrated the negative impact of quantum dots on living cells; however, the intracellular trafficking of QDs in yeast cells and the effect of this interaction remains unclear. The primary goal of our research is to investigate the trafficking path of red cadmium selenide zinc sulfide quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS QDs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the impact QDs have on yeast cellular dynamics. Using cells with GFP-tagged reference organelle markers and confocal microscopy, we were able to track the internalization of QDs. We found that QDs initially aggregate at the exterior of yeast cells, enter the cell using clathrin-receptor-mediated endocytosis, and distribute at the late Golgi/trans-Golgi network. We also found that the treatment of red CdSe/ZnS QDs resulted in growth rate reduction and loss of polarized growth in yeast cells. Our RNA sequence analysis revealed many altered genes. Particularly, we found an upregulation of DID2, which has previously been associated with cell cycle arrest when overexpressed, and a downregulation of APS2, a gene that codes for a subunit of AP2 protein important for the recruitment of proteins to clathrin-mediated endocytosis vesicle. Furthermore, CdSe/ZnS QDs treatment resulted in a slightly delayed endocytosis and altered the actin dynamics in yeast cells. We found that QDs caused an increased level of F-actin and a significant reduction in profilin protein expression. In addition, there was a significant elevation in the amount of coronin protein expressed, while the level of cofilin was unchanged. Altogether, this suggests that QDs favor the assembly of actin filaments. Overall, this study provides a novel toxicity mechanism of red CdSe/ZnS QDs on yeast actin dynamics and cellular processes, including endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Le
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Jonathan Routh
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Cameron Kirk
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Qihua Wu
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Rishi Patel
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Chloe Keyes
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
- Correspondence:
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25
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Wirshing AC, Rodriguez SG, Goode BL. Evolutionary tuning of barbed end competition allows simultaneous construction of architecturally distinct actin structures. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213854. [PMID: 36729023 PMCID: PMC9929936 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
How cells simultaneously assemble actin structures of distinct sizes, shapes, and filamentous architectures is still not well understood. Here, we used budding yeast as a model to investigate how competition for the barbed ends of actin filaments might influence this process. We found that while vertebrate capping protein (CapZ) and formins can simultaneously associate with barbed ends and catalyze each other's displacement, yeast capping protein (Cap1/2) poorly displaces both yeast and vertebrate formins. Consistent with these biochemical differences, in vivo formin-mediated actin cable assembly was strongly attenuated by the overexpression of CapZ but not Cap1/2. Multiwavelength live cell imaging further revealed that actin patches in cap2∆ cells acquire cable-like features over time, including recruitment of formins and tropomyosin. Together, our results suggest that the activities of S. cerevisiae Cap1/2 have been tuned across evolution to allow robust cable assembly by formins in the presence of high cytosolic levels of Cap1/2, which conversely limit patch growth and shield patches from formins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C.E. Wirshing
- https://ror.org/05abbep66Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Sofia Gonzalez Rodriguez
- https://ror.org/05abbep66Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Bruce L. Goode
- https://ror.org/05abbep66Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA,Correspondence to Bruce L. Goode:
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26
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Gopaldass N, De Leo MG, Courtellemont T, Mercier V, Bissig C, Roux A, Mayer A. Retromer oligomerization drives SNX-BAR coat assembly and membrane constriction. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112287. [PMID: 36644906 PMCID: PMC9841331 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins exit from endosomes through tubular carriers coated by retromer, a complex that impacts cellular signaling, lysosomal biogenesis and numerous diseases. The coat must overcome membrane tension to form tubules. We explored the dynamics and driving force of this process by reconstituting coat formation with yeast retromer and the BAR-domain sorting nexins Vps5 and Vps17 on oriented synthetic lipid tubules. This coat oligomerizes bidirectionally, forming a static tubular structure that does not exchange subunits. High concentrations of sorting nexins alone constrict membrane tubes to an invariant radius of 19 nm. At lower concentrations, oligomers of retromer must bind and interconnect the sorting nexins to drive constriction. Constricting less curved membranes into tubes, which requires more energy, coincides with an increased surface density of retromer on the sorting nexin layer. Retromer-mediated crosslinking of sorting nexins at variable densities may thus tune the energy that the coat can generate to deform the membrane. In line with this, genetic ablation of retromer oligomerization impairs endosomal protein exit in yeast and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Gopaldass
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Vincent Mercier
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Christin Bissig
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Program Chemical BiologyGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
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27
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Sukumar M, DeFlorio R, Pai CY, Stone DE. A member of the claudin superfamily influences formation of the front domain in pheromone-responding yeast cells. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286256. [PMID: 36601911 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization in response to chemical gradients is important in development and homeostasis across eukaryota. Chemosensing cells orient toward or away from gradient sources by polarizing along a front-rear axis. Using the mating response of budding yeast as a model of chemotropic cell polarization, we found that Dcv1, a member of the claudin superfamily, influences front-rear polarity. Although Dcv1 localized uniformly on the plasma membrane (PM) of vegetative cells, it was confined to the rear of cells responding to pheromone, away from the pheromone receptor. dcv1Δ conferred mislocalization of sensory, polarity and trafficking proteins, as well as PM lipids. These phenotypes correlated with defects in pheromone-gradient tracking and cell fusion. We propose that Dcv1 helps demarcate the mating-specific front domain primarily by restricting PM lipid distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhushalini Sukumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Reagan DeFlorio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Chih-Yu Pai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - David E Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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28
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Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation of Biomacromolecules and Its Roles in Metabolic Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193023. [PMID: 36230986 PMCID: PMC9562192 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) compartmentalizes and concentrates biomacromolecules into liquid-like condensates, which underlies membraneless organelles (MLOs) formation in eukaryotic cells. With increasing evidence of the LLPS concept and methods, this phenomenon as a novel principle accounts for explaining the precise spatial and temporal regulation of cellular functions. Moreover, the phenomenon that LLPS tends to concentrate proteins is often accompanied by several abnormal signals for human diseases. It is reported that multiple metabolic diseases are strongly associated with the deposition of insoluble proteinaceous aggregating termed amyloids. At present, recent studies have observed the roles of LLPS in several metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and metabolic bone diseases (MBDs). This review aims to expound on the current concept and methods of LLPS and summarize its vital roles in T2DM, AD, and MBDs, uncover novel mechanisms of these metabolic diseases, and thus provide powerful potential therapeutic strategies and targets for ameliorating these metabolic diseases.
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29
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Skruzny M. The endocytic protein machinery as an actin-driven membrane-remodeling machine. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151267. [PMID: 35970066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a principal membrane trafficking route of all eukaryotic cells, forces are applied to invaginate the plasma membrane and form endocytic vesicles. These forces are provided by specific endocytic proteins and the polymerizing actin cytoskeleton. One of the best-studied endocytic systems is endocytosis in yeast, known for its simplicity, experimental amenability, and overall similarity to human endocytosis. Importantly, the yeast endocytic protein machinery generates and transmits tremendous force to bend the plasma membrane, making this system beneficial for mechanistic studies of cellular force-driven membrane reshaping. This review summarizes important protein players, molecular functions, applied forces, and open questions and perspectives of this robust, actin-powered membrane-remodeling protein machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Skruzny
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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30
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Enshoji M, Miyano Y, Yoshida N, Nagano M, Watanabe M, Kunihiro M, Siekhaus DE, Toshima JY, Toshima J. Eps15/Pan1p is a master regulator of the late stages of the endocytic pathway. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213415. [PMID: 35984332 PMCID: PMC9396825 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a multistep process involving the sequential recruitment and action of numerous proteins. This process can be divided into two phases: an early phase, in which sites of endocytosis are formed, and a late phase in which clathrin-coated vesicles are formed and internalized into the cytosol, but how these phases link to each other remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that anchoring the yeast Eps15-like protein Pan1p to the peroxisome triggers most of the events occurring during the late phase at the peroxisome. At this ectopic location, Pan1p recruits most proteins that function in the late phases-including actin nucleation promoting factors-and then initiates actin polymerization. Pan1p also recruited Prk1 kinase and actin depolymerizing factors, thereby triggering disassembly immediately after actin assembly and inducing dissociation of endocytic proteins from the peroxisome. These observations suggest that Pan1p is a key regulator for initiating, processing, and completing the late phase of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Enshoji
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Miyano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Yoshida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minami Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kunihiro
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daria E. Siekhaus
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Junko Y. Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan,School of Health Science, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan,Junko Y. Toshima:
| | - Jiro Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan,Correspondence to Jiro Toshima:
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31
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Li D. Role of Spectrin in Endocytosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152459. [PMID: 35954302 PMCID: PMC9368487 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal spectrin is found in (non)erythroid cells. Eukaryotic endocytosis takes place for internalizing cargos from extracellular milieu. The role of spectrin in endocytosis still remains poorly understood. Here, I summarize current knowledge of spectrin function, spectrin-based cytoskeleton and endocytosis of erythrocytes, and highlight how spectrin contributes to endocytosis and working models in different types of cells. From an evolutionary viewpoint, I discuss spectrin and endocytosis in a range of organisms, particularly in plants and yeast where spectrin is absent. Together, the role of spectrin in endocytosis is related to its post-translational modification, movement/rearrangement, elimination (by proteases) and meshwork fencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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32
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Williams TD, Cacioppo R, Agrotis A, Black A, Zhou H, Rousseau A. Actin remodelling controls proteasome homeostasis upon stress. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1077-1087. [PMID: 35739319 PMCID: PMC9276530 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When cells are stressed, bulk translation is often downregulated to reduce energy demands while stress-response proteins are simultaneously upregulated. To promote proteasome assembly and activity and maintain cell viability upon TORC1 inhibition, 19S regulatory-particle assembly chaperones (RPACs) are selectively translated. However, the molecular mechanism for such selective translational upregulation is unclear. Here, using yeast, we discover that remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton is important for RPAC translation following TORC1 inhibition. mRNA of the RPAC ADC17 is associated with actin cables and is enriched at cortical actin patches under stress, dependent upon the early endocytic protein Ede1. ede1∆ cells failed to induce RPACs and proteasome assembly upon TORC1 inhibition. Conversely, artificially tethering ADC17 mRNA to cortical actin patches enhanced its translation upon stress. These findings suggest that actin-dense structures such as cortical actin patches may serve as a translation platform for a subset of stress-induced mRNAs including regulators of proteasome homeostasis. Williams et al. report that, upon TORC1 inhibition in yeast, mRNA of the chaperone protein ADC17 is localized to cortical actin patches where its translation is enhanced upon stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas David Williams
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Roberta Cacioppo
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alexander Agrotis
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ailsa Black
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Houjiang Zhou
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Adrien Rousseau
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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33
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Dahhan DA, Bednarek SY. Advances in structural, spatial, and temporal mechanics of plant endocytosis. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2269-2287. [PMID: 35674447 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking underlies processes essential for plant growth and development, including the perception of and response to abiotic and extracellular stimuli, post-Golgi and exocytic trafficking, and cytokinesis. Protein adaptors and regulatory factors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis that contribute to the formation of endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles are evolutionarily conserved. Yet, work of the last ten years has identified differences between the endocytic mechanisms of plants and Opisthokonts involving the endocytic adaptor TPLATE complex, the requirement of actin during CME, and the function of clathrin-independent endocytosis in the uptake of plant-specific plasma membrane proteins. Here, we review clathrin-mediated and -independent pathways in plants and describe recent advances enabled by new proteomic and imaging methods, and conditional perturbation of endocytosis. In addition, we summarize the formation and trafficking of clathrin-coated vesicles based on temporal and structural data garnered from high-resolution quantitative imaging studies. Finally, new information about the cross-talk between endocytosis and other endomembrane trafficking pathways and organelles will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana A Dahhan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
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34
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Liu SL, Narvaez-Ortiz HY, Miner M, Kiemel J, Oberhelman N, Watt A, Wagner AR, Luan Q, Helgeson LA, Nolen BJ. Analysis of functional surfaces on the actin nucleation promoting factor Dip1 required for Arp2/3 complex activation and endocytic actin network assembly. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102019. [PMID: 35533728 PMCID: PMC9168731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arp2/3 complex nucleates branched actin filaments that drive processes like endocytosis and lamellipodial protrusion. WISH/DIP/SPIN90 (WDS) proteins form a class of Arp2/3 complex activators or nucleation promoting factors (NPFs) that, unlike WASP family NPFs, activate Arp2/3 complex without requiring preformed actin filaments. Therefore, activation of Arp2/3 complex by WDS proteins is thought to produce the initial actin filaments that seed branching nucleation by WASP-bound Arp2/3 complexes. However, whether activation of Arp2/3 complex by WDS proteins is important for the initiation of branched actin assembly in cells has not been directly tested. Here, we used structure-based point mutations of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe WDS protein Dip1 to test the importance of its Arp2/3-activating activity in cells. Six of thirteen Dip1 mutants caused severe defects in Arp2/3 complex activation in vitro, and we found a strong correlation between the ability of mutants to activate Arp2/3 complex and to rescue endocytic actin assembly defects caused by deleting Dip1. These data support a model in which Dip1 activates Arp2/3 complex to produce actin filaments that initiate branched actin assembly at endocytic sites. Dip1 mutants that synergized with WASP in activating Arp2/3 complex in vitro showed milder defects in cells compared to those that did not, suggesting that in cells the two NPFs may coactivate Arp2/3 complex to initiate actin assembly. Finally, the mutational data reveal important complementary electrostatic contacts at the Dip1-Arp2/3 complex interface and corroborate the previously proposed wedge model, which describes how Dip1 binding triggers structural changes that activate Arp2/3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ling Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Heidy Y Narvaez-Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Matt Miner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Jack Kiemel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Nicholas Oberhelman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - April Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrew R Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Qing Luan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Luke A Helgeson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Brad J Nolen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
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35
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Lamb AK, Di Pietro SM. Utilizing chemically induced dimerization of FKBP to analyze endocytosis by live-cell imaging in budding yeast. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101323. [PMID: 35496798 PMCID: PMC9038778 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically induced dimerization (CID) is a useful tool for artificially inducing protein-protein interactions. Although CID has been used extensively for live-cell microscopy applications in mammalian systems, it is rarely utilized in yeast cell biology studies. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for the utilization of a CID system in live-cell microscopy experiments of budding yeast endocytosis. While focusing on the study of endocytosis, this protocol framework is adaptable to the study of other cellular processes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Lamb et al. (2021). Generation of yeast strains for endogenous expression of FKBP-tagged proteins Utilization of an inducible homodimerization system in S. cerevisiae Fluorescence microscopy imaging of clathrin-mediated endocytosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Lamb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Santiago M. Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870, USA
- Corresponding author
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36
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Dionne U, Percival LJ, Chartier FJM, Landry CR, Bisson N. SRC homology 3 domains: multifaceted binding modules. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:772-784. [PMID: 35562294 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of complexes following the detection of extracellular signals is often controlled by signaling proteins comprising multiple peptide binding modules. The SRC homology (SH)3 family represents the archetypical modular protein interaction module, with ~300 annotated SH3 domains in humans that regulate an impressive array of signaling processes. We review recent findings regarding the allosteric contributions of SH3 domains host protein context, their phosphoregulation, and their roles in phase separation that challenge the simple model in which SH3s are considered to be portable domains binding to specific proline-rich peptide motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Dionne
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer et Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, QC, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications (PROTEO), QC, Canada
| | - Lily J Percival
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer et Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, QC, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications (PROTEO), QC, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Manchester, UK
| | - François J M Chartier
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer et Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, QC, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications (PROTEO), QC, Canada
| | - Christian R Landry
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications (PROTEO), QC, Canada; Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada; Department of Biology, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Bisson
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer et Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, QC, Canada; Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications (PROTEO), QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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37
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Belessiotis-Richards A, Larsen AH, Higgins SG, Stevens MM, Alexander-Katz A. Coarse-Grained Simulations Suggest Potential Competing Roles of Phosphoinositides and Amphipathic Helix Structures in Membrane Curvature Sensing of the AP180 N-Terminal Homology Domain. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2789-2797. [PMID: 35394774 PMCID: PMC9036517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The generation and sensing of membrane curvature by proteins has become of increasing interest to researchers with multiple mechanisms, from hydrophobic insertion to protein crowding, being identified. However, the role of charged lipids in the membrane curvature-sensing process is still far from understood. Many proteins involved in endocytosis bind phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) lipids, allowing these proteins to accumulate at regions of local curvature. Here, using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we study the curvature-sensing behavior of the ANTH domain, a protein crucial for endocytosis. We selected three ANTH crystal structures containing either an intact, split, or truncated terminal amphipathic helix. On neutral membranes, the ANTH domain has innate curvature-sensing ability. In the presence of PIP2, however, only the domain with an intact helix senses curvature. Our work sheds light on the role of PIP2 and its modulation of membrane curvature sensing by proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Belessiotis-Richards
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Andreas H. Larsen
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Stuart G. Higgins
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Alfredo Alexander-Katz
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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38
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Liu H, Zhou P, Qi M, Guo L, Gao C, Hu G, Song W, Wu J, Chen X, Chen J, Chen W, Liu L. Enhancing biofuels production by engineering the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1886. [PMID: 35393407 PMCID: PMC8991263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely employed as a cell factory for the production of biofuels. However, product toxicity has hindered improvements in biofuel production. Here, we engineer the actin cytoskeleton in S. cerevisiae to increase both the cell growth and production of n-butanol and medium-chain fatty acids. Actin cable tortuosity is regulated using an n-butanol responsive promoter-based autonomous bidirectional signal conditioner in S. cerevisiae. The budding index is increased by 14.0%, resulting in the highest n-butanol titer of 1674.3 mg L−1. Moreover, actin patch density is fine-tuned using a medium-chain fatty acid responsive promoter-based autonomous bidirectional signal conditioner. The intracellular pH is stabilized at 6.4, yielding the highest medium-chain fatty acids titer of 692.3 mg L−1 in yeast extract peptone dextrose medium. Engineering the actin cytoskeleton in S. cerevisiae can efficiently alleviate biofuels toxicity and enhance biofuels production. Product toxicity is one of the factors that hinder biofuel production. Here, the authors engineer the actin cytoskeleton to increase cell growth and production of n-butanol and medium-chain fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Mengya Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guipeng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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39
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Abouelezz A, Almeida-Souza L. The mammalian endocytic cytoskeleton. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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40
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Candida albicans END3 Mediates Endocytosis and Has Subsequent Roles in Cell Wall Integrity, Morphological Switching, and Tissue Invasion. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0188021. [PMID: 35234488 PMCID: PMC8941917 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01880-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of endocytosis in Candida albicans secretion, filamentation, and virulence remains poorly understood, despite its importance as a fundamental component of intracellular trafficking. Given that secretory mutants display defects in endocytosis, we have focused our attention on endocytic mutants to understand the interconnection between endocytosis and other secretory pathways. Using a reverse-genetic approach based upon CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene deletion, we studied the functions of the gene END3, which plays a key role in clathrin-based endocytosis. In the end3Δ/Δ null mutant, clathrin-mediated endocytosis was substantially reduced. While in vitro growth, cell morphology, and vacuoles appeared normal, the mutant was impaired in actin patch formation, filamentous growth, biofilm formation, cell wall integrity, and extracellular protease secretion. In addition, susceptibility to various antifungal agents was altered. Consistent with the inability to form hyphae, in an in vitro keratinocyte infection model, the null mutant displayed reduced damage of mammalian adhesion zippers and host cell death. Thus, C. albicans END3 has a role in efficient endocytosis that is required for cell wall integrity, protein secretion, hyphal formation, and virulence-related processes. These findings suggest that impaired endocytosis subsequently affects other secretory pathways, providing evidence of the interconnection between these processes. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is a fungal commensal organism that can cause serious opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients leading to substantial complications and mortality. A better understanding of the microbe's biology to develop more effective therapeutic and diagnostic tools is required as invasive candidiasis is a problem of continued clinical importance. This study focuses on endocytosis, an important but incompletely understood cellular mechanism needed to uptake nutrients and communicate with a cell's environment. In this study, we have assessed the role of endocytosis in cell wall integrity, biofilm formation, and tissue invasion in C. albicans. These findings will improve our understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying endocytosis and will inform us of the interconnection with other intracellular transport processes.
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Garduño-Rosales M, Callejas-Negrete OA, Medina-Castellanos E, Bartnicki-García S, Herrera-Estrella A, Mouriño-Pérez RR. F-actin dynamics following mechanical injury of Trichoderma atroviride and Neurospora crassa hyphae. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 159:103672. [PMID: 35150841 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We investigated hyphae regeneration in Trichoderma atroviride and Neurospora crassa, with particular focus on determining the role of the actin cytoskeleton after mechanical injury. Filamentous actin (F-actin) dynamics were observed by live-cell confocal microscopy in both T. atroviride and N. crassa strains expressing Lifeact-GFP. In growing hyphae of both fungi, F-actin localized in three different structural forms: patches, cables and actomyosin rings. Most patches were conspicuously arranged in a collar in the hyphal subapex. A strong F-actin signal, likely actin filaments, colocalized with the core of the Spitzenkörper. Filaments and cables of F-actin we observed along the cortex throughout hyphae. Following mechanical damage at the margin of growing mycelia of T. atroviride and N. crassa, the severed hyphae lost their cytoplasmic contents, but plugging of the septal pore by a Woronin body, the rest of the hyphal tube remained whole. In both fungi, patches of F-actin began accumulating next to the plugged septum. Regeneration was attained by the emergence of a new hyphal tube as an extension of the plugged septum wall. The septum wall was gradually remodeled into the apical wall of the emerging hypha. Whereas in T. atroviride the re-initiation of polarized growth took about ∼1 h, in N. crassa, actin patch accumulation began almost immediately, and new growing hyphae were observed ∼30 min after injury. By confocal microscopy, we found that chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1), a microvesicle (chitosome) component, accumulated next to the plugged septum in regenerating hyphae of N. crassa. We concluded that the actin cytoskeleton plays a key role in hyphal regeneration by supporting membrane remodeling, helping to facilitate transport of vesicles responsible for new wall growth and organization of the new tip-growth apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisela Garduño-Rosales
- Departamento de Microbiología. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., México
| | - Olga A Callejas-Negrete
- Departamento de Microbiología. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., México
| | - Elizabeth Medina-Castellanos
- Departamento de Microbiología. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., México; Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV-Irapuato. Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Salomon Bartnicki-García
- Departamento de Microbiología. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV-Irapuato. Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Rosa R Mouriño-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, B.C., México.
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Das J, Tiwari M, Subramanyam D. Clathrin Light Chains: Not to Be Taken so Lightly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:774587. [PMID: 34970544 PMCID: PMC8712872 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.774587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin is a cytosolic protein involved in the intracellular trafficking of a wide range of cargo. It is composed of three heavy chains and three light chains that together form a triskelion, the subunit that polymerizes to form a clathrin coated vesicle. In addition to its role in membrane trafficking, clathrin is also involved in various cellular and biological processes such as chromosomal segregation during mitosis and organelle biogenesis. Although the role of the heavy chains in regulating important physiological processes has been well documented, we still lack a complete understanding of how clathrin light chains regulate membrane traffic and cell signaling. This review highlights the importance and contributions of clathrin light chains in regulating clathrin assembly, vesicle formation, endocytosis of selective receptors and physiological and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Das
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India.,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Mahak Tiwari
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India.,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Candida albicans ENT2 Contributes to Efficient Endocytosis, Cell Wall Integrity, Filamentation, and Virulence. mSphere 2021; 6:e0070721. [PMID: 34585966 PMCID: PMC8550084 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00707-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epsins play a pivotal role in the formation of endocytic vesicles and potentially provide a linkage between endocytic and other trafficking pathways. We identified a Candida albicans epsin, ENT2, that bears homology to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae early endocytosis genes ENT1 and ENT2 and studied its functions by a reverse genetic approach utilizing CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene deletion. The C. albicans ent2Δ/Δ null mutant displayed cell wall defects and altered antifungal drug sensitivity. To define the role of C. albicans ENT2 in endocytosis, we performed assays with the lipophilic dye FM4-64 that revealed greatly reduced uptake in the ent2Δ/Δ mutant. Next, we showed that the C. albicans ent2Δ/Δ mutant was unable to form hyphae and biofilms. Assays for virulence properties in an in vitro keratinocyte infection model demonstrated reduced damage of mammalian adhesion zippers and host cell death from the ent2Δ/Δ mutant. We conclude that C. albicans ENT2 has a role in efficient endocytosis, a process that is required for maintaining cell wall integrity, hyphal formation, and virulence-defining traits. IMPORTANCE The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is an important cause of invasive infections in hospitalized patients and a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. Despite its clinical importance, we still need to improve our ability to diagnose and treat this common pathogen. In order to support these advancements, a greater understanding of the biology of C. albicans is needed. In these studies, we are focused on the fundamental biological process of endocytosis, of which little is directly known in C. albicans. In addition to studying the function of a key gene in this process, we are examining the role of endocytosis in the virulence-related processes of filamentation, biofilm formation, and tissue invasion. These studies will provide greater insight into the role of endocytosis in causing invasive fungal infections.
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Yoshida N, Ogura I, Nagano M, Ando T, Toshima JY, Toshima J. Cooperative regulation of endocytic vesicle transport by yeast Eps15-like protein Pan1p and epsins. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101254. [PMID: 34592316 PMCID: PMC8628263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic actin filaments are required for the formation and internalization of endocytic vesicles. Yeast actin cables serve as a track for the translocation of endocytic vesicles to early endosomes, but the molecular mechanisms regulating the interaction between vesicles and the actin cables remain ambiguous. Previous studies have demonstrated that the yeast Eps15-like protein Pan1p plays an important role in this interaction, and that interaction is not completely lost even after deletion of the Pan1p actin-binding domain, suggesting that additional proteins mediate association of the vesicle with the actin cable. Other candidates for mediating the interaction are endocytic coat proteins Sla2p (yeast Hip1R) and Ent1p/2p (yeast epsins), as these proteins can bind to both the plasma membrane and the actin filament. Here, we investigated the degree of redundancy in the actin-binding activities of Pan1p, Sla2p, and Ent1p/2p involved in the internalization and transport of endocytic vesicles. Expression of the nonphosphorylatable form of Pan1p, Pan1-18TA, caused abnormal accumulation of both actin cables and endocytic vesicles, and this accumulation was additively suppressed by deletion of the actin-binding domains of both Pan1p and Ent1p. Interestingly, deletion of the actin-binding domains of Pan1p and Ent1p in cells lacking the ENT2 gene resulted in severely defective internalization of endocytic vesicles and recruitment of actin cables to the site of endocytosis. These results suggest that Pan1p and Ent1p/2p cooperatively regulate the interaction between the endocytic vesicle and the actin cable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yoshida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ippo Ogura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ando
- Department of Applied Electronics, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Y Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan; School of Health Science, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jiro Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Wong AKO, Young BP, Loewen CJ. Ist2 recruits the lipid transporters Osh6/7 to ER-PM contacts to maintain phospholipid metabolism. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e201910161. [PMID: 34259806 PMCID: PMC8282664 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ER-plasma membrane (PM) contacts are proposed to be held together by distinct families of tethering proteins, which in yeast include the VAP homologues Scs2/22, the extended-synaptotagmin homologues Tcb1/2/3, and the TMEM16 homologue Ist2. It is unclear whether these tethers act redundantly or whether individual tethers have specific functions at contacts. Here, we show that Ist2 directly recruits the phosphatidylserine (PS) transport proteins and ORP family members Osh6 and Osh7 to ER-PM contacts through a binding site located in Ist2's disordered C-terminal tethering region. This interaction is required for phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) production by the PS decarboxylase Psd2, whereby PS transported from the ER to the PM by Osh6/7 is endocytosed to the site of Psd2 in endosomes/Golgi/vacuoles. This role for Ist2 and Osh6/7 in nonvesicular PS transport is specific, as other tethers/transport proteins do not compensate. Thus, we identify a molecular link between the ORP and TMEM16 families and a role for endocytosis of PS in PE synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher J.R. Loewen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Micalizzi EW, Golshani A, Smith ML. Propionic acid disrupts endocytosis, cell cycle, and cellular respiration in yeast. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:335. [PMID: 34454571 PMCID: PMC8403364 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We previously identified propionic acid as a microbially-produced volatile organic compound with fungicidal activity against several pathogenic fungi. The purpose of this work is to better understand how propionic acid affects fungi by examining some of the effects of this compound on the yeast cell. Results We show that propionic acid causes a dramatic increase in the uptake of lucifer yellow in yeast cells, which is consistent with enhanced endocytosis. Additionally, using a propidium iodide assay, we show that propionic acid treatment causes a significant increase in the proportion of yeast cells in G1 and a significant decrease in the proportion of cells in G2, suggesting that propionic acid causes a cell cycle arrest in yeast. Finally, we show that the reduction of MTT is attenuated in yeast cells treated with propionic acid, indicating that propionic acid disrupts cellular respiration. Understanding the effects of propionic acid on the yeast cell may aid in assessing the broader utility of this compound. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05752-z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashkan Golshani
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Myron L Smith
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Liquid-liquid phase separation in human health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:290. [PMID: 34334791 PMCID: PMC8326283 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) represents a vital and ubiquitous phenomenon underlying the formation of membraneless organelles in eukaryotic cells (also known as biomolecular condensates or droplets). Recent studies have revealed evidences that indicate that LLPS plays a vital role in human health and diseases. In this review, we describe our current understanding of LLPS and summarize its physiological functions. We further describe the role of LLPS in the development of human diseases. Additionally, we review the recently developed methods for studying LLPS. Although LLPS research is in its infancy-but is fast-growing-it is clear that LLPS plays an essential role in the development of pathophysiological conditions. This highlights the need for an overview of the recent advances in the field to translate our current knowledge regarding LLPS into therapeutic discoveries.
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Lamb AK, Fernandez AN, Peersen OB, Di Pietro SM. The dynein light chain protein Tda2 functions as a dimerization engine to regulate actin capping protein during endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1459-1473. [PMID: 34081539 PMCID: PMC8351736 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-01-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin- and actin-mediated endocytosis is a fundamental process in eukaryotic cells. Previously, we discovered Tda2 as a new yeast dynein light chain (DLC) that works with Aim21 to regulate actin assembly during endocytosis. Here we show Tda2 functions as a dimerization engine bringing two Aim21 molecules together using a novel binding surface different than the canonical DLC ligand binding groove. Point mutations on either protein that diminish the Tda2-Aim21 interaction in vitro cause the same in vivo phenotype as TDA2 deletion showing reduced actin capping protein (CP) recruitment and increased filamentous actin at endocytic sites. Remarkably, chemically induced dimerization of Aim21 rescues the endocytic phenotype of TDA2 deletion. We also uncovered a CP interacting motif in Aim21, expanding its function to a fundamental cellular pathway and showing such motif exists outside mammalian cells. Furthermore, specific disruption of this motif causes the same deficit of actin CP recruitment and increased filamentous actin at endocytic sites as AIM21 deletion. Thus, the data indicate the Tda2-Aim21 complex functions in actin assembly primarily through CP regulation. Collectively, our results provide a mechanistic view of the Tda2-Aim21 complex and its function in actin network regulation at endocytic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Lamb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870
| | - Andres N Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870
| | - Olve B Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870
| | - Santiago M Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1870
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Lemière J, Ren Y, Berro J. Rapid adaptation of endocytosis, exocytosis and eisosomes after an acute increase in membrane tension in yeast cells. eLife 2021; 10:62084. [PMID: 33983119 PMCID: PMC9045820 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in eukaryotes, actin assembly is required to overcome large membrane tension and turgor pressure. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the actin machinery adapts to varying membrane tension remain unknown. In addition, how cells reduce their membrane tension when they are challenged by hypotonic shocks remains unclear. We used quantitative microscopy to demonstrate that cells rapidly reduce their membrane tension using three parallel mechanisms. In addition to using their cell wall for mechanical protection, yeast cells disassemble eisosomes to buffer moderate changes in membrane tension on a minute time scale. Meanwhile, a temporary reduction in the rate of endocytosis for 2–6 min and an increase in the rate of exocytosis for at least 5 min allow cells to add large pools of membrane to the plasma membrane. We built on these results to submit the cells to abrupt increases in membrane tension and determine that the endocytic actin machinery of fission yeast cells rapidly adapts to perform CME. Our study sheds light on the tight connection between membrane tension regulation, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Lemière
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
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Duan X, Chen X, Wang K, Chen L, Glomb O, Johnsson N, Feng L, Zhou XQ, Bi E. Essential role of the endocytic site-associated protein Ecm25 in stress-induced cell elongation. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109122. [PMID: 34010635 PMCID: PMC8202958 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells adopt a different morphology to cope with stress is not well understood. Here, we show that budding yeast Ecm25 associates with polarized endocytic sites and interacts with the polarity regulator Cdc42 and several late-stage endocytic proteins via distinct regions, including an actin filament-binding motif. Deletion of ECM25 does not affect Cdc42 activity or cause any strong defects in fluid-phase and clathrin-mediated endocytosis but completely abolishes hydroxyurea-induced cell elongation. This phenotype is accompanied by depolarization of the spatiotemporally coupled exo-endocytosis in the bud cortex while maintaining the overall mother-bud polarity. These data suggest that Ecm25 provides an essential link between the polarization signal and the endocytic machinery to enable adaptive morphogenesis under stress conditions. How cells adopt a different morphology to cope with stress is not well understood. Duan et al. report that the budding yeast protein Ecm25 plays an essential role in stress-induced cell elongation by linking the polarity regulator Cdc42 to the late-stage endocytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Duan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Kangji Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
| | - Oliver Glomb
- Institut für Molekulare Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nils Johnsson
- Institut für Molekulare Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, China.
| | - Erfei Bi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA.
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