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Carvalhas-Almeida C, Sehgal A. Glia: the cellular glue that binds circadian rhythms and sleep. Sleep 2025; 48:zsae314. [PMID: 39812780 PMCID: PMC11893543 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Glia are increasingly appreciated as serving an important function in the control of sleep and circadian rhythms. Glial cells in Drosophila and mammals regulate daily rhythms of locomotor activity and sleep as well as homeostatic rebound following sleep deprivation. In addition, they contribute to proposed functions of sleep, with different functions mapping to varied glial subtypes. Here, we discuss recent findings in Drosophila and rodent models establishing a role of glia in circadian or sleep regulation of synaptic plasticity, brain metabolism, removal of cellular debris, and immune challenges. These findings underscore the relevance of glia for benefits attributed to sleep and have implications for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sleep and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Carvalhas-Almeida
- CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Moses D, Needham CA, DeBardeleben H. Quiescent behavior in response to bacterial infection in C. elegans. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2025; 2025. [PMID: 40114851 PMCID: PMC11923603 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Revised: 12/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Sickness behaviors serve an important role in recovery from infection. Using the WorMotel and a motivated displacement assay, we show that C. elegans engages in quiescent behavior following infection with Serratia marcesens , a bacterial pathogen. This quiescence is increased with increasing severity of the infection. Furthermore, we show this behavior is distinct from stress-induced sleep due to a lack of feeding quiescence and regulation by sleep-inducing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moses
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Carly A Needham
- Biology and Health Sciences, Commonwealth University - Bloomsburg
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3
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Hill AJ, Robinson B, Jones JG, Sternberg PW, Van Buskirk C. Sleep drive is coupled to tissue damage via shedding of Caenorhabditis elegans EGFR ligand SISS-1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:10886. [PMID: 39738055 PMCID: PMC11686035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-55252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/01/2025] Open
Abstract
The benefits of sleep extend beyond the nervous system. Peripheral tissues impact sleep regulation, and increased sleep is observed in response to damaging conditions, even those that selectively affect non-neuronal cells. However, the 'sleep need' signal released by stressed tissues is not known. Sleep in the nematode C. elegans is independent of circadian cues and can be triggered rapidly by damaging conditions. This stress-induced sleep is mediated by neurons that require the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) for their sleep-promoting function, but the only known C. elegans EGFR ligand, LIN-3, is not required for sleep. Here we describe SISS-1 (stress-induced sleepless), an EGF family ligand that is required for stress-induced sleep. We show that SISS-1 overexpression induces sleep in an EGFR-dependent, sleep neuron-dependent manner. We find that SISS-1 undergoes stress-responsive shedding by the ADM-4/ADAM17 metalloprotease, and that the ADM-4 site of action depends on the tissue specificity of the stressor. Our findings support a model in which SISS-1 is released from damaged tissues to activate EGFR in sleep neurons, identifying a molecular link between cellular stress and organismal sleep drive. Our data also point to a mechanism insulating this sleep signal from EGFR-mediated signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hill
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Robinson
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Jesse G Jones
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl Van Buskirk
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA.
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4
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Chen Y, Ouyang J, Tang X, Tong J, Liu H, Liu Z, Gong Y. Black tea extracts enhance stress-induced sleep of Caenorhabditis elegans to resist UV damage. Food Res Int 2024; 196:115025. [PMID: 39614550 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/01/2024]
Abstract
Black tea is believed to strengthen the ability of the body to defend itself against external stimuli. Here, by examining Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) locomotor behavior over a short period after UV stress, we found that feeding black tea extract (BTE) caused worms to enter a superior stress-induced sleep (SIS) state, which potentially boosting organismal recovery. BTE enhances SIS through KIN-29 mediated epidermal growth factor signaling and modulation of sleep by specific interneurons ALA and RIS. It also inhibits lipid degradation during sleep. These functions were also observed when theaflavins (TFs) were fed. In conclusion, our results describe a new way for BTE-enhanced damage repair in C. elegans after UV stress that relies on enhanced SIS, and confirm the contribution of TFs therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiangyue Tang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiewen Tong
- College of Tea Science, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Systems Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yushun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China.
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5
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Lloyd E, Xia F, Moore K, Zertuche C, Rastogi A, Kozol R, Kenzior O, Warren W, Appelbaum L, Moran RL, Zhao C, Duboue E, Rohner N, Keene AC. Elevated DNA Damage without signs of aging in the short-sleeping Mexican Cavefish. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.18.590174. [PMID: 38659770 PMCID: PMC11042282 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.18.590174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation of sleep has widespread health consequences and represents an enormous health burden. Short-sleeping individuals are predisposed to the effects of neurodegeneration, suggesting a critical role for sleep in the maintenance of neuronal health. While the effects of sleep on cellular function are not completely understood, growing evidence has identified an association between sleep loss and DNA damage, raising the possibility that sleep facilitates efficient DNA repair. The Mexican tetra fish, Astyanax mexicanus provides a model to investigate the evolutionary basis for changes in sleep and the consequences of sleep loss. Multiple cave-adapted populations of these fish have evolved to sleep for substantially less time compared to surface populations of the same species without identifiable impacts on healthspan or longevity. To investigate whether the evolved sleep loss is associated with DNA damage and cellular stress, we compared the DNA Damage Response (DDR) and oxidative stress levels between A. mexicanus populations. We measured markers of chronic sleep loss and discovered elevated levels of the DNA damage marker γH2AX in the brain, and increased oxidative stress in the gut of cavefish, consistent with chronic sleep deprivation. Notably, we found that acute UV-induced DNA damage elicited an increase in sleep in surface fish but not in cavefish. On a transcriptional level, only the surface fish activated the photoreactivation repair pathway following UV damage. These findings suggest a reduction of the DDR in cavefish compared to surface fish that coincides with elevated DNA damage in cavefish. To examine DDR pathways at a cellular level, we created an embryonic fibroblast cell line from the two populations of A. mexicanus. We observed that both the DDR and DNA repair were diminished in the cavefish cells, corroborating the in vivo findings and suggesting that the acute response to DNA damage is lost in cavefish. To investigate the long-term impact of these changes, we compared the transcriptome in the brain and gut of aged surface fish and cavefish. Strikingly, many genes that are differentially expressed between young and old surface fish do not transcriptionally vary by age in cavefish. Taken together, these findings suggest that cavefish have developed resilience to sleep loss, despite possessing cellular hallmarks of chronic sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Lloyd
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840
| | - Fanning Xia
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Kinsley Moore
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840
| | - Carolina Zertuche
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840
| | - Aakriti Rastogi
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840
| | - Rob Kozol
- Harriet Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Olga Kenzior
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Wesley Warren
- Department of Genomics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- Faculty of Life Science and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Illan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rachel L Moran
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840
| | - Chongbei Zhao
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Erik Duboue
- Harriet Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840
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6
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Iannacone MJ, Um P, Grubbs JI, van der Linden AM, Raizen DM. Quiescence Enhances Survival during Viral Infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1700222024. [PMID: 39060176 PMCID: PMC11358607 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1700-22.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection causes reduced activity, anorexia, and sleep, which are components of the phylogenetically conserved but poorly understood sickness behavior. We developed a Caenorhabditis elegans model to study quiescence during chronic infection, using infection with the Orsay virus. The Orsay virus infects intestinal cells yet strongly affects behavior, indicating gut-to-nervous system communication. Infection quiescence has the sleep properties of reduced responsiveness and rapid reversibility. Both the ALA and RIS neurons regulate virus-induced quiescence though ALA plays a more prominent role. Quiescence-defective animals have decreased survival when infected, indicating a benefit of quiescence during chronic infectious disease. The survival benefit of quiescence is not explained by a difference in viral load, indicating that it improves resilience rather than resistance to infection. Orsay infection is associated with a decrease in ATP levels, and this decrease is more severe in quiescence-defective animals. We propose that quiescence preserves energetic resources by reducing energy expenditures and/or by increasing extraction of energy from nutrients. This model presents an opportunity to explore the role of sleep and fatigue in chronic infectious illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Iannacone
- Department of Neurology, and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Paul Um
- Department of Neurology, and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jeremy I Grubbs
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | | | - David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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7
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Aviles S, Subramanian S, Nelson MD. New alleles of nlp-2 , nlp-22 , and nlp-23 demonstrate that they are dispensable for stress-induced sleep in C. elegans. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001109. [PMID: 38371321 PMCID: PMC10870154 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is ancient and genetically conserved across phylogeny. Neuropeptide signaling plays a fundamental role in the regulation of sleep for mammals, fish, and invertebrates like Caenorhabditis elegans . Developmentally timed-sleep and stress-induced sleep of C. elegans are controlled by distinct and overlapping neuropeptide pathways. The RPamide neuropeptides nlp-2 , nlp-22 , and nlp-23 , play antagonistic roles during the regulation of developmentally-timed sleep, however, their role in stress-induced sleep has not been explored. These genes are linked on the X chromosome, which has made genetic analyses challenging. Here we used CRISPR to generate new alleles of nlp-22 and nlp-23 , nlp-22 ; nlp-23 double mutants, and nlp-2 ; nlp-22 ; nlp-23 triple mutants. Confirming previous studies, we find that nlp-22 is required for developmentally-timed sleep, and show that nlp-23 is also required. However, all three genes are dispensable for stress-induced sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage Aviles
- Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sanjita Subramanian
- Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Matthew D Nelson
- Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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8
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Purice MD, Severs LJ, Singhvi A. Glia in Invertebrate Models: Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 39:19-49. [PMID: 39190070 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-64839-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Glial cells modulate brain development, function, and health across all bilaterian animals, and studies in the past two decades have made rapid strides to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms of glial functions. The nervous system of the invertebrate genetic model Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has small cell numbers with invariant lineages, mapped connectome, easy genetic manipulation, and a short lifespan, and the animal is also optically transparent. These characteristics are revealing C. elegans to be a powerful experimental platform for studying glial biology. This chapter discusses studies in C. elegans that add to our understanding of how glia modulate adult neural functions, and thereby animal behaviors, as well as emerging evidence of their roles as autonomous sensory cells. The rapid molecular and cellular advancements in understanding C. elegans glia in recent years underscore the utility of this model in studies of glial biology. We conclude with a perspective on future research avenues for C. elegans glia that may readily contribute molecular mechanistic insights into glial functions in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Purice
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Liza J Severs
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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9
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Bechtel W, Bich L. Using neurons to maintain autonomy: Learning from C. elegans. Biosystems 2023; 232:105017. [PMID: 37666409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how biological organisms are autonomous-maintain themselves far from equilibrium through their own activities-requires understanding how they regulate those activities. In multicellular animals, such control can be exercised either via endocrine signaling through the vasculature or via neurons. In C. elegans this control is exercised by a well-delineated relatively small but distributed nervous system that relies on both chemical and electric transmission of signals. This system provides resources to integrate information from multiple sources as needed to maintain the organism. Especially important for the exercise of neural control are neuromodulators, which we present as setting agendas for control through more traditional electrical signaling. To illustrate how the C. elegans nervous system integrates multiple sources of information in controlling activities important for autonomy, we focus on feeding behavior and responses to adverse conditions. We conclude by considering how a distributed nervous system without a centralized controller is nonetheless adequate for autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bechtel
- Department of Philosophy; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093-0119, USA.
| | - Leonardo Bich
- IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind and Society; Department of Philosophy; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Avenida de Tolosa 70; Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018; Spain.
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10
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Le E, McCarthy T, Honer M, Curtin CE, Fingerut J, Nelson MD. The neuropeptide receptor npr-38 regulates avoidance and stress-induced sleep in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3155-3168.e9. [PMID: 37419114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Although essential and conserved, sleep is not without its challenges that must be overcome; most notably, it renders animals vulnerable to threats in the environment. Infection and injury increase sleep demand, which dampens sensory responsiveness to stimuli, including those responsible for the initial insult. Stress-induced sleep in Caenorhabditis elegans occurs in response to cellular damage following noxious exposures the animals attempted to avoid. Here, we describe a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by npr-38, which is required for stress-related responses including avoidance, sleep, and arousal. Overexpression of npr-38 shortens the avoidance phase and causes animals to initiate movement quiescence and arouse early. npr-38 functions in the ADL sensory neurons, which express neuropeptides encoded by nlp-50, also required for movement quiescence. npr-38 regulates arousal by acting on the DVA and RIS interneurons. Our work demonstrates that this single GPCR regulates multiple aspects of the stress response by functioning in sensory and sleep interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Le
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Teagan McCarthy
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Madison Honer
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Caroline E Curtin
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Jonathan Fingerut
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Matthew D Nelson
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA.
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11
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Li Z, Fouad AD, Bowlin PD, Fan Y, He S, Chang MC, Du A, Teng C, Kassouni A, Ji H, Raizen DM, Fang-Yen C. A robotic system for automated genetic manipulation and analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad197. [PMID: 37416871 PMCID: PMC10321491 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the most widely studied organisms in biology due to its small size, rapid life cycle, and manipulable genetics. Research with C. elegans depends on labor-intensive and time-consuming manual procedures, imposing a major bottleneck for many studies, especially for those involving large numbers of animals. Here, we describe a general-purpose tool, WormPicker, a robotic system capable of performing complex genetic manipulations and other tasks by imaging, phenotyping, and transferring C. elegans on standard agar media. Our system uses a motorized stage to move an imaging system and a robotic arm over an array of agar plates. Machine vision tools identify animals and assay developmental stage, morphology, sex, expression of fluorescent reporters, and other phenotypes. Based on the results of these assays, the robotic arm selectively transfers individual animals using an electrically self-sterilized wire loop, with the aid of machine vision and electrical capacitance sensing. Automated C. elegans manipulation shows reliability and throughput comparable with standard manual methods. We developed software to enable the system to autonomously carry out complex protocols. To validate the effectiveness and versatility of our methods, we used the system to perform a collection of common C. elegans procedures, including genetic crossing, genetic mapping, and genomic integration of a transgene. Our robotic system will accelerate C. elegans research and open possibilities for performing genetic and pharmacological screens that would be impractical using manual methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anthony D Fouad
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter D Bowlin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuying Fan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Siming He
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Meng-Chuan Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angelica Du
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher Teng
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Kassouni
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongfei Ji
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher Fang-Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Duhart JM, Inami S, Koh K. Many faces of sleep regulation: beyond the time of day and prior wake time. FEBS J 2023; 290:931-950. [PMID: 34908236 PMCID: PMC9198110 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The two-process model of sleep regulation posits two main processes regulating sleep: the circadian process controlled by the circadian clock and the homeostatic process that depends on the history of sleep and wakefulness. The model has provided a dominant conceptual framework for sleep research since its publication ~ 40 years ago. The time of day and prior wake time are the primary factors affecting the circadian and homeostatic processes, respectively. However, it is critical to consider other factors influencing sleep. Since sleep is incompatible with other behaviors, it is affected by the need for essential behaviors such as eating, foraging, mating, caring for offspring, and avoiding predators. Sleep is also affected by sensory inputs, sickness, increased need for memory consolidation after learning, and other factors. Here, we review multiple factors influencing sleep and discuss recent insights into the mechanisms balancing competing needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
- These authors contributed equally
- Present address: Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sho Inami
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Kyunghee Koh
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
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13
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Dhillon VS, Deo P, Thomas P, Fenech M. Low Magnesium in Conjunction with High Homocysteine and Less Sleep Accelerates Telomere Attrition in Healthy Elderly Australian. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020982. [PMID: 36674498 PMCID: PMC9866301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between sleep and micronutrients, including magnesium, is implicated in its regulation. The effects of low magnesium and other micronutrients on sleep disruption and telomere loss are not well understood. The present study was carried out in 172 healthy elderly subjects from South Australia. Plasma micronutrients including magnesium were measured. Each participant provided information about their sleep hours (<7 h or ≥7 h). Lymphocyte telomere length (TL) was measured by real-time qPCR assay. Plasma magnesium level was significantly low in subjects who sleep less than 7 h (p = 0.0002). TL was significantly shorter in people who are low in magnesium and sleep less than 7 h (p = 0.01). Plasma homocysteine (Hcy) is negatively associated with magnesium (r = −0.299; p < 0.0001). There is a significant interaction effect of magnesium and Hcy on sleep duration (p = 0.04) and TL (p = 0.003). Our results suggest that inadequate magnesium levels have an adverse impact on sleep and telomere attrition rate in cognitively normal elderly people, and this may be exacerbated by low levels of vitamin B12 and folate that elevate Hcy concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinderpal S. Dhillon
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.S.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Permal Deo
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Philip Thomas
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA 5048, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.S.D.); (M.F.)
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14
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Davis K, Mitchell C, Weissenfels O, Bai J, Raizen DM, Ailion M, Topalidou I. G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK-2) controls exploration through neuropeptide signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010613. [PMID: 36652499 PMCID: PMC9886303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals alter their behavior in manners that depend on environmental conditions as well as their developmental and metabolic states. For example, C. elegans is quiescent during larval molts or during conditions of satiety. By contrast, worms enter an exploration state when removed from food. Sensory perception influences movement quiescence (defined as a lack of body movement), as well as the expression of additional locomotor states in C. elegans that are associated with increased or reduced locomotion activity, such as roaming (exploration behavior) and dwelling (local search). Here we find that movement quiescence is enhanced, and exploration behavior is reduced in G protein-coupled receptor kinase grk-2 mutant animals. grk-2 was previously shown to act in chemosensation, locomotion, and egg-laying behaviors. Using neuron-specific rescuing experiments, we show that GRK-2 acts in multiple ciliated chemosensory neurons to control exploration behavior. grk-2 acts in opposite ways from the cGMP-dependent protein kinase gene egl-4 to control movement quiescence and exploration behavior. Analysis of mutants with defects in ciliated sensory neurons indicates that grk-2 and the cilium-structure mutants act in the same pathway to control exploration behavior. We find that GRK-2 controls exploration behavior in an opposite manner from the neuropeptide receptor NPR-1 and the neuropeptides FLP-1 and FLP-18. Finally, we show that secretion of the FLP-1 neuropeptide is negatively regulated by GRK-2 and that overexpression of FLP-1 reduces exploration behavior. These results define neurons and molecular pathways that modulate movement quiescence and exploration behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Davis
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology (CEET), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christo Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Olivia Weissenfels
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jihong Bai
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David M. Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Ailion
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Irini Topalidou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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15
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Ouyang J, Peng Y, Gong Y. New Perspectives on Sleep Regulation by Tea: Harmonizing Pathological Sleep and Energy Balance under Stress. Foods 2022; 11:3930. [PMID: 36496738 PMCID: PMC9738644 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep, a conservative evolutionary behavior of organisms to adapt to changes in the external environment, is divided into natural sleep, in a healthy state, and sickness sleep, which occurs in stressful environments or during illness. Sickness sleep plays an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis under an injury and promoting physical recovery. Tea, a popular phytochemical-rich beverage, has multiple health benefits, including lowering stress and regulating energy metabolism and natural sleep. However, the role of tea in regulating sickness sleep has received little attention. The mechanism underlying tea regulation of sickness sleep and its association with the maintenance of energy homeostasis in injured organisms remains to be elucidated. This review examines the current research on the effect of tea on sleep regulation, focusing on the function of tea in modulating energy homeostasis through sickness sleep, energy metabolism, and damage repair in model organisms. The potential mechanisms underlying tea in regulating sickness sleep are further suggested. Based on the biohomology of sleep regulation, this review provides novel insights into the role of tea in sleep regulation and a new perspective on the potential role of tea in restoring homeostasis from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuxuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Physical Education, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413002, China
| | - Yushun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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16
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Juanez K, Ghose P. Repurposing the Killing Machine: Non-canonical Roles of the Cell Death Apparatus in Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:825124. [PMID: 35237604 PMCID: PMC8882910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.825124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we highlight the increasingly divergent functions of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell elimination genes in the nervous system, beyond their well-documented roles in cell dismantling and removal. We describe relevant background on the C. elegans nervous system together with the apoptotic cell death and engulfment pathways, highlighting pioneering work in C. elegans. We discuss in detail the unexpected, atypical roles of cell elimination genes in various aspects of neuronal development, response and function. This includes the regulation of cell division, pruning, axon regeneration, and behavioral outputs. We share our outlook on expanding our thinking as to what cell elimination genes can do and noting their versatility. We speculate on the existence of novel genes downstream and upstream of the canonical cell death pathways relevant to neuronal biology. We also propose future directions emphasizing the exploration of the roles of cell death genes in pruning and guidance during embryonic development.
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17
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Zada D, Sela Y, Matosevich N, Monsonego A, Lerer-Goldshtein T, Nir Y, Appelbaum L. Parp1 promotes sleep, which enhances DNA repair in neurons. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4979-4993.e7. [PMID: 34798058 PMCID: PMC8688325 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of the sleep drivers and the mechanisms through which sleep relieves the cellular homeostatic pressure are unclear. In flies, zebrafish, mice, and humans, DNA damage levels increase during wakefulness and decrease during sleep. Here, we show that 6 h of consolidated sleep is sufficient to reduce DNA damage in the zebrafish dorsal pallium. Induction of DNA damage by neuronal activity and mutagens triggered sleep and DNA repair. The activity of the DNA damage response (DDR) proteins Rad52 and Ku80 increased during sleep, and chromosome dynamics enhanced Rad52 activity. The activity of the DDR initiator poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (Parp1) increased following sleep deprivation. In both larva zebrafish and adult mice, Parp1 promoted sleep. Inhibition of Parp1 activity reduced sleep-dependent chromosome dynamics and repair. These results demonstrate that DNA damage is a homeostatic driver for sleep, and Parp1 pathways can sense this cellular pressure and facilitate sleep and repair activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zada
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yaniv Sela
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 69978, Israel
| | - Noa Matosevich
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 69978, Israel
| | - Adir Monsonego
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tali Lerer-Goldshtein
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yuval Nir
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 69978, Israel
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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18
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Chávez-Pérez C, Jafari N, Keenan BT, Raizen DM, Rohacek AM. Motivated displacement assay distinguishes ALA neuron mutants from RIS neuron mutants during recovery from heat stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021:10.17912/micropub.biology.000468. [PMID: 34557657 PMCID: PMC8453304 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The interneurons ALA and RIS both regulate stress induced sleep in C. elegans but their roles in awake animal movement has been reported to differ. We describe the development of a motivated mobility-based assay that distinguishes between animals mutant for ALA function and those mutant for RIS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Chávez-Pérez
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Niusha Jafari
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Brendan T Keenan
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
Correspondence to: David M Raizen ()
| | - Alex M Rohacek
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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19
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Hammerquist AM, Escorcia W, Curran SP. Maf1 regulates intracellular lipid homeostasis in response to DNA damage response activation. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1086-1093. [PMID: 33788576 PMCID: PMC8351542 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of DNA damage and maintenance of lipid metabolism are critical factors for general cellular homeostasis. We discovered that in response to DNA damage–inducing UV light exposure, intact Caenorhabditis elegans accumulate intracellular lipids in a dose-dependent manner. The increase in intracellular lipids in response to exposure to UV light utilizes mafr-1, a negative regulator of RNA polymerase III and the apical kinases atm-1 and atl-1 of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. In the absence of exposure to UV light, the genetic ablation of mafr-1 results in the activation of the DDR, including increased intracellular lipid accumulation, phosphorylation of ATM/ATR target proteins, and expression of the Bcl-2 homology region genes, egl-1 and ced-13. Taken together, our results reveal mafr-1 as a component the DDR pathway response to regulating lipid homeostasis following exposure to UV genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Hammerquist
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.,Molecular and Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Wilber Escorcia
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.,Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH 45207
| | - Sean P Curran
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.,Molecular and Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
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20
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Honer M, Buscemi K, Barrett N, Riazati N, Orlando G, Nelson MD. Orcokinin neuropeptides regulate sleep in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:440-452. [PMID: 33044108 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1830084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Orcokinin neuropeptides are conserved among ecdysozoans, but their functions are incompletely understood. Here, we report a role for orcokinin neuropeptides in the regulation of sleep in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The C. elegans orcokinin peptides, which are encoded by the nlp-14 and nlp-15 genes, are necessary and sufficient for quiescent behaviors during developmentally timed sleep (DTS) as well as during stress-induced sleep (SIS). The five orcokinin neuropeptides encoded by nlp-14 have distinct but overlapping functions in the regulation of movement and defecation quiescence during SIS. We suggest that orcokinins may regulate behavioral components of sleep-like states in nematodes and other ecdysozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Honer
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristen Buscemi
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natalie Barrett
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Niknaz Riazati
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gerald Orlando
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew D Nelson
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans' behavioral states, like those of other animals, are shaped by its immediate environment, its past experiences, and by internal factors. We here review the literature on C. elegans behavioral states and their regulation. We discuss dwelling and roaming, local and global search, mate finding, sleep, and the interaction between internal metabolic states and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Flavell
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Young-Jai You
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, 464-8602, Japan
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22
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KLF4 Exerts Sedative Effects in Pentobarbital-Treated Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:596-606. [PMID: 32789565 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
KLF4 is a zinc-finger transcription factor that plays an essential role in many biological processes, including neuroinflammation, neuron regeneration, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Through effects on these processes, KLF4 has likely roles in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. However, little is known about the role of KLF4 in more immediate behavioral processes that similarly depend upon broad changes in brain excitability, such as the sleep process. Here, behavioral approaches, western blot, and immunohistochemical experiments were used to explore the role of KLF4 on sedation and the potential mechanisms of those effects. The results showed that overexpression of KLF4 prolonged loss of righting reflex (LORR) duration in pentobarbital-treated mice and increased c-Fos expression in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), while it decreased c-Fos expression in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). Moreover, overexpression of KLF4 reduced the expression of p53 in the hypothalamus and increased the expression of STAT3 in the hypothalamus. Therefore, these results suggest that KLF4 exerts sedative effects through the regulation of p53 and STAT3 expression, and it indicates a role of KLF4 ligands in the treatment of sleep disorders.
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23
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Soto R, Van Buskirk C. The C. elegans CEPsh glia are largely dispensable for stress-induced sleep. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2020; 2020:10.17912/micropub.biology.000261. [PMID: 32550520 PMCID: PMC7261240 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rony Soto
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge CA USA 91330
| | - Cheryl Van Buskirk
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge CA USA 91330
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24
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Grubbs JJ, van der Linden AM, Raizen DM. Regulation of sleep by KIN-29 is not developmental. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2020; 2020. [PMID: 32550493 PMCID: PMC7252321 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Grubbs
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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25
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Goetting DL, Mansfield R, Soto R, Buskirk CV. Cellular damage, including wounding, drives C. elegans stress-induced sleep. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:430-439. [PMID: 32362197 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1752203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Across animal phyla, sleep is associated with increased cellular repair, suggesting that cellular damage may be a core component of sleep pressure. In support of this notion, sleep in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can be triggered by damaging conditions, including noxious heat, high salt, and ultraviolet light exposure. It is not clear, however, whether this stress-induced sleep (SIS) is a direct consequence of cellular damage, or of a resulting energy deficit, or whether it is triggered simply by the sensation of noxious conditions. Here, we show that thermosensation is dispensable for heat-induced sleep, that osmosensation is dispensable for salt-induced sleep, and that wounding is also a sleep trigger, together indicating that SIS is not triggered by sensation of noxious environments. We present evidence that genetic variation in cellular repair pathways impacts sleep amount, and that SIS involves systemic monitoring of cellular damage. We show that the low-energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is not required for SIS, suggesting that energy deficit is not the primary sleep trigger. Instead, AMPK-deficient animals display enhanced SIS responses, and pharmacological activation of AMPK reduces SIS, suggesting that ATP-dependent repair of cellular damage mitigates sleep pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree L Goetting
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Mansfield
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rony Soto
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl Van Buskirk
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Grubbs JJ, Lopes LE, van der Linden AM, Raizen DM. A salt-induced kinase is required for the metabolic regulation of sleep. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000220. [PMID: 32315298 PMCID: PMC7173979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lines of evidence point to links between sleep regulation and energy homeostasis, but mechanisms underlying these connections are unknown. During Caenorhabditis elegans sleep, energetic stores are allocated to nonneural tasks with a resultant drop in the overall fat stores and energy charge. Mutants lacking KIN-29, the C. elegans homolog of a mammalian Salt-Inducible Kinase (SIK) that signals sleep pressure, have low ATP levels despite high-fat stores, indicating a defective response to cellular energy deficits. Liberating energy stores corrects adiposity and sleep defects of kin-29 mutants. kin-29 sleep and energy homeostasis roles map to a set of sensory neurons that act upstream of fat regulation as well as of central sleep-controlling neurons, suggesting hierarchical somatic/neural interactions regulating sleep and energy homeostasis. Genetic interaction between kin-29 and the histone deacetylase hda-4 coupled with subcellular localization studies indicate that KIN-29 acts in the nucleus to regulate sleep. We propose that KIN-29/SIK acts in nuclei of sensory neuroendocrine cells to transduce low cellular energy charge into the mobilization of energy stores, which in turn promotes sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Grubbs
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lindsey E. Lopes
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - David M. Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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27
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McClanahan PD, Dubuque JM, Kontogiorgos-Heintz D, Habermeyer BF, Xu JH, Ma AM, Raizen DM, Fang-Yen C. A quiescent state following mild sensory arousal in Caenorhabditis elegans is potentiated by stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4140. [PMID: 32139752 PMCID: PMC7057961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal's behavioral and physiological response to stressors includes changes to its responses to stimuli. How such changes occur is not well understood. Here we describe a Caenorhabditis elegans quiescent behavior, post-response quiescence (PRQ), which is modulated by the C. elegans response to cellular stressors. Following an aversive mechanical or blue light stimulus, worms respond first by briefly moving, and then become more quiescent for a period lasting tens of seconds. PRQ occurs at low frequency in unstressed animals, but is more frequent in animals that have experienced cellular stress due to ultraviolet light exposure as well as in animals following overexpression of epidermal growth factor (EGF). PRQ requires the function of the carboxypeptidase EGL-21 and the calcium-activated protein for secretion (CAPS) UNC-31, suggesting it has a neuropeptidergic mechanism. Although PRQ requires the sleep-promoting neurons RIS and ALA, it is not accompanied by decreased arousability, and does not appear to be homeostatically regulated, suggesting that it is not a sleep state. PRQ represents a simple, tractable model for studying how neuromodulatory states like stress alter behavioral responses to stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. McClanahan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jessica M. Dubuque
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Daphne Kontogiorgos-Heintz
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Ben F. Habermeyer
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Joyce H. Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Anthony M. Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David M. Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Christopher Fang-Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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28
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Abstract
Sleep is a universal phenomenon occurring in all species studied thus far. Sleep loss results in adverse physiological effects at both the organismal and cellular levels suggesting an adaptive role for sleep in the maintenance of overall health. This review examines the bidirectional relationship between sleep and cellular stress. Cellular stress in this review refers to a shift in cellular homeostasis in response to an external stressor. Studies that illustrate the fact that sleep loss induces cellular stress and those that provide evidence that cellular stress in turn promotes sleep will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nirinjini Naidoo
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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29
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Fine Particulate Matter Leads to Unfolded Protein Response and Shortened Lifespan by Inducing Oxidative Stress in C. elegans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2492368. [PMID: 31885780 PMCID: PMC6925806 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2492368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been proven as one of the most critical regulatory mechanisms involved in fine Particulate Matter- (PM2.5-) mediated toxicity. For a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that enable oxidative stress to participate in PM2.5-induced toxic effects, the current study explored the effects of oxidative stress induced by PM2.5 on UPR and lifespan in C. elegans. The results implicated that PM2.5 exposure induced oxidative stress response, enhanced metabolic enzyme activity, activated UPR, and shortened the lifespan of C. elegans. Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could suppress the UPR through reducing the oxidative stress; both the antioxidant NAC and UPR inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) could rescue the lifespan attenuation caused by PM2.5, indicating that the antioxidant and moderate proteostasis contribute to the homeostasis and adaptation to oxidative stress induced by PM2.5.
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30
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Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling Promotes Sleep through a Combined Series and Parallel Neural Circuit. Curr Biol 2019; 30:1-16.e13. [PMID: 31839447 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep requires sleep-active neurons that depolarize to inhibit wake circuits. Sleep-active neurons are under the control of homeostatic mechanisms that determine sleep need. However, little is known about the molecular and circuit mechanisms that translate sleep need into the depolarization of sleep-active neurons. During many stages and conditions in C. elegans, sleep requires a sleep-active neuron called RIS. Here, we defined the transcriptome of RIS and discovered that genes of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway are expressed in RIS. Because of cellular stress, EGFR directly activates RIS. Activation of EGFR signaling in the ALA neuron has previously been suggested to promote sleep independently of RIS. Unexpectedly, we found that ALA activation promotes RIS depolarization. Our results suggest that ALA is a drowsiness neuron with two separable functions: (1) it inhibits specific behaviors, such as feeding, independently of RIS, (2) and it activates RIS. Whereas ALA plays a strong role in surviving cellular stress, surprisingly, RIS does not. In summary, EGFR signaling can depolarize RIS by an indirect mechanism through activation of the ALA neuron that acts upstream of the sleep-active RIS neuron and through a direct mechanism using EGFR signaling in RIS. ALA-dependent drowsiness, rather than RIS-dependent sleep bouts, appears to be important for increasing survival after cellular stress, suggesting that different types of behavioral inhibition play different roles in restoring health. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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31
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Hart MP. Stress-Induced Neuron Remodeling Reveals Differential Interplay Between Neurexin and Environmental Factors in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 213:1415-1430. [PMID: 31558583 PMCID: PMC6893388 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are neuronal adhesion molecules important for synapse maturation, function, and plasticity. Neurexins have been genetically associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia, but can have variable penetrance and phenotypic severity. Heritability studies indicate that a significant percentage of risk for ASD and schizophrenia includes environmental factors, highlighting a poorly understood interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The singular Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of human neurexins, nrx-1, controls experience-dependent morphologic remodeling of a GABAergic neuron in adult males. Here, I show remodeling of this neuron's morphology in response to each of three environmental stressors (nutritional, heat, or genotoxic stress) when applied specifically during sexual maturation. Increased outgrowth of axon-like neurites following adolescent stress is the result of an altered morphologic plasticity in adulthood. Despite remodeling being induced by each of the three stressors, only nutritional stress affects downstream behavior and is dependent on neurexin/nrx-1 Heat or genotoxic stress in adolescence does not alter behavior despite inducing GABAergic neuron remodeling, in a neurexin/nrx-1 independent fashion. Starvation-induced remodeling is also dependent on neuroligin/nlg-1, the canonical binding partner for neurexin/nrx-1, and the transcription factors FOXO/daf-16 and HSF1/hsf-1hsf-1 and daf-16, in addition, each have unique roles in remodeling induced by heat and UV stress. The differential molecular mechanisms underlying GABAergic neuron remodeling in response to different stressors, and the disparate effects of stressors on downstream behavior, are a paradigm for understanding how genetics, environmental exposures, and plasticity may contribute to brain dysfunction in ASDs and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hart
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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32
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Gonzales DL, Zhou J, Fan B, Robinson JT. A microfluidic-induced C. elegans sleep state. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5035. [PMID: 31695031 PMCID: PMC6834590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An important feature of animal behavior is the ability to switch rapidly between activity states, however, how the brain regulates these spontaneous transitions based on the animal's perceived environment is not well understood. Here we show a C. elegans sleep-like state on a scalable platform that enables simultaneous control of multiple environmental factors including temperature, mechanical stress, and food availability. This brief quiescent state, which we refer to as microfluidic-induced sleep, occurs spontaneously in microfluidic chambers, which allows us to track animal movement and perform whole-brain imaging. With these capabilities, we establish that microfluidic-induced sleep meets the behavioral requirements of C. elegans sleep and depends on multiple factors, such as satiety and temperature. Additionally, we show that C. elegans sleep can be induced through mechanosensory pathways. Together, these results establish a model system for studying how animals process multiple sensory pathways to regulate behavioral states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Gonzales
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jasmine Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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33
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Soto R, Goetting DL, Van Buskirk C. NPR-1 Modulates Plasticity in C. elegans Stress-Induced Sleep. iScience 2019; 19:1037-1047. [PMID: 31522115 PMCID: PMC6745490 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is beneficial yet antagonistic to critical functions such as foraging and escape, and we aim to understand how these competing drives are functionally integrated. C. elegans, which lives in reduced oxygen environments, engages in developmentally timed sleep (DTS) during larval stage transitions and engages in stress-induced sleep (SIS) during recovery from damaging conditions. Although DTS and SIS use distinct mechanisms to coordinate multiple sleep-associated behaviors, we show that movement quiescence in these sleep states is similarly integrated with the competing drive to avoid oxygen. Furthermore, by manipulating oxygen to deprive animals of SIS, we observe sleep rebound in a wild C. elegans isolate, indicating that sleep debt accrues during oxygen-induced SIS deprivation. Our work suggests that multiple sleep states adopt a common, highly plastic effector of movement quiescence that is suppressed by aversive stimuli and responsive to homeostatic sleep pressure, providing a limited window of opportunity for escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Soto
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Desiree L Goetting
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Cheryl Van Buskirk
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA.
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34
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Cianciulli A, Yoslov L, Buscemi K, Sullivan N, Vance RT, Janton F, Szurgot MR, Buerkert T, Li E, Nelson MD. Interneurons Regulate Locomotion Quiescence via Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Signaling During Stress-Induced Sleep in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 213:267-279. [PMID: 31292211 PMCID: PMC6727807 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is evolutionarily conserved, thus studying simple invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans can provide mechanistic insight into sleep with single cell resolution. A conserved pathway regulating sleep across phylogeny involves cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a ubiquitous second messenger that functions in neurons by activating protein kinase A. C. elegans sleep in response to cellular stress caused by environmental insults [stress-induced sleep (SIS)], a model for studying sleep during sickness. SIS is controlled by simple neural circuitry, thus allowing for cellular dissection of cAMP signaling during sleep. We employed a red-light activated adenylyl cyclase, IlaC22, to identify cells involved in SIS regulation. We found that pan-neuronal activation of IlaC22 disrupts SIS through mechanisms independent of the cAMP response element binding protein. Activating IlaC22 in the single DVA interneuron, the paired RIF interneurons, and in the CEPsh glia identified these cells as wake-promoting. Using a cAMP biosensor, epac1-camps, we found that cAMP is decreased in the RIF and DVA interneurons by neuropeptidergic signaling from the ALA neuron. Ectopic overexpression of sleep-promoting neuropeptides coded by flp-13 and flp-24, released from the ALA, reduced cAMP in the DVA and RIFs, respectively. Overexpression of the wake-promoting neuropeptides coded by pdf-1 increased cAMP levels in the RIFs. Using a combination of optogenetic manipulation and in vivo imaging of cAMP we have identified wake-promoting neurons downstream of the neuropeptidergic output of the ALA. Our data suggest that sleep- and wake-promoting neuropeptides signal to reduce and heighten cAMP levels during sleep, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Cianciulli
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
| | - Lauren Yoslov
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
| | - Kristen Buscemi
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
| | - Nicole Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
| | - Ryan T Vance
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
| | - Francis Janton
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
| | - Mary R Szurgot
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
| | - Thomas Buerkert
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
| | - Edwin Li
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
| | - Matthew D Nelson
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
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35
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Robinson B, Goetting DL, Cisneros Desir J, Van Buskirk C. aptf-1 mutants are primarily defective in head movement quiescence during C. elegans sleep. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2019; 2019:10.17912/micropub.biology.000148. [PMID: 32550461 PMCID: PMC7252393 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Robinson
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge CA USA 91330
| | - Desiree L Goetting
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge CA USA 91330
| | - Janine Cisneros Desir
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge CA USA 91330
| | - Cheryl Van Buskirk
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge CA USA 91330
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36
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Churgin MA, Szuperak M, Davis KC, Raizen DM, Fang-Yen C, Kayser MS. Quantitative imaging of sleep behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans and larval Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1455-1488. [PMID: 30953041 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is nearly universal among animals, yet remains poorly understood. Recent work has leveraged simple model organisms, such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster larvae, to investigate the genetic and neural bases of sleep. However, manual methods of recording sleep behavior in these systems are labor intensive and low in throughput. To address these limitations, we developed methods for quantitative imaging of individual animals cultivated in custom microfabricated multiwell substrates, and used them to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying sleep. Here, we describe the steps necessary to design, produce, and image these plates, as well as analyze the resulting behavioral data. We also describe approaches for experimentally manipulating sleep. Following these procedures, after ~2 h of experimental preparation, we are able to simultaneously image 24 C. elegans from the second larval stage to adult stages or 20 Drosophila larvae during the second instar life stage at a spatial resolution of 10 or 27 µm, respectively. Although this system has been optimized to measure activity and quiescence in Caenorhabditis larvae and adults and in Drosophila larvae, it can also be used to assess other behaviors over short or long periods. Moreover, with minor modifications, it can be adapted for the behavioral monitoring of a wide range of small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Churgin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Milan Szuperak
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristen C Davis
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology (CEET), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Chronobiology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Fang-Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Chronobiology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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37
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Bringmann H. Genetic sleep deprivation: using sleep mutants to study sleep functions. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201846807. [PMID: 30804011 PMCID: PMC6399599 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental conserved physiological state in animals and humans. It may serve multiple functions, ranging from energy conservation to higher brain operation. Understanding sleep functions and the underlying mechanisms requires the study of sleeplessness and its consequences. The traditional approach to remove sleep is sleep deprivation (SD) by sensory stimulation. However, stimulation-induced SD can be stressful and can cause non-specific side effects. An emerging alternative method is "genetic SD", which removes sleep using genetics or optogenetics. Sleep requires sleep-active neurons and their regulators. Thus, genetic impairment of sleep circuits might lead to more specific and comprehensive sleep loss. Here, I discuss the advantages and limits of genetic SD in key genetic sleep model animals: rodents, zebrafish, fruit flies and roundworms, and how the study of genetic SD alters our view of sleep functions. Genetic SD typically causes less severe phenotypes compared with stimulation-induced SD, suggesting that sensory stimulation-induced SD may have overestimated the role of sleep, calling for a re-investigation of sleep functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Bringmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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38
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Doshi S, Price E, Landis J, Barot U, Sabatella M, Lans H, Kalb RG. Neuropeptide signaling regulates the susceptibility of developing C. elegans to anoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:197-208. [PMID: 30529384 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate delivery of oxygen to organisms during development can lead to cell dysfunction/death and life-long disabilities. Although the susceptibility of developing cells to low oxygen conditions changes with maturation, the cellular and molecular pathways that govern responses to low oxygen are incompletely understood. Here we show that developing Caenorhabditis elegans are substantially more sensitive to anoxia than adult animals and that this sensitivity is controlled by nervous system generated hormones (e.g., neuropeptides). A screen of neuropeptide genes identified and validated nlp-40 and its receptor aex-2 as a key regulator of anoxic survival in developing worms. The survival-promoting action of impaired neuropeptide signaling does not rely on five known stress resistance pathways and is specific to anoxic insult. Together, these data highlight a novel cell non-autonomous pathway that regulates the susceptibility of developing organisms to anoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachee Doshi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Emma Price
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin Landis
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Urva Barot
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mariangela Sabatella
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Oncode Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Hannes Lans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Oncode Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Robert G Kalb
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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39
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Cobb E, Hall J, Palazzolo DL. Induction of Metallothionein Expression After Exposure to Conventional Cigarette Smoke but Not Electronic Cigarette (ECIG)-Generated Aerosol in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:426. [PMID: 29740339 PMCID: PMC5925786 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: With the invention of electronic cigarettes (ECIG), many questions have been raised regarding their safety as an alternative to smoking conventional cigarettes. Conventional cigarette smoke contains a variety of toxicants including heavy metals. However, ECIG-generated aerosol contains only trace amounts of metals, adding to the argument for it being a safer alternative. In response to heavy metal exposure, metallothioneins are induced in cells to help store the metal, detoxify the body, and are also known responders to oxidative stress. In an attempt to add to the evaluation of the safety of ECIGs, metallothionein expression was quantified using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as an assessment of stress induced cellular damage caused by exposure. Methods: Adult nematodes were exposed to either ECIG aerosol or conventional cigarette smoke at doses of 15, 30, and 45 puffs, the equivalent of one, two, and three cigarettes, respectively. Movement, survival, and stress-induced sleep were assessed for up to 24 h after exposure. Relative expression levels for mtl-1 and mtl-2, C. elegans metallothionein genes, were analyzed after 1, 5, and 24 h post exposure using quantitative RT-PCR. Results: Nematodes exposed to conventional cigarette smoke underwent stress-induced sleep in a dose dependent manner with animals recovering to values within the range of air control after 5 h post exposure. Those exposed to ECIG aerosol did not undergo stress-induced sleep and were indistinguishable from controls. The expression of mtl-1 increased in a dose and time dependent manner in C. elegans exposed to conventional cigarette smoke, with a maximum expression observed at 5 h post exposure of 45 puffs. No induction of mtl-2 was observed in any animals. Additionally, ECIG aerosol did not induce expression of mtl-1 and mtl-2 at levels different than those of untreated. Conclusion: ECIG aerosol failed to induce a stress response in C. elegans. In contrast, conventional cigarette smoke induced the production of mtl-1 in a manner that correlates with the induction of stress-induced sleep suggesting a stress response to damage. The lack of cellular stress response to ECIG aerosol suggests it may be a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cobb
- School of Mathematics and Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States.,DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
| | - Julie Hall
- Department of Biology, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
| | - Dominic L Palazzolo
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
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40
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Bennett HL, Khoruzhik Y, Hayden D, Huang H, Sanders J, Walsh MB, Biron D, Hart AC. Normal sleep bouts are not essential for C. elegans survival and FoxO is important for compensatory changes in sleep. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:10. [PMID: 29523076 PMCID: PMC5845181 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation impairs learning, causes stress, and can lead to death. Notch and JNK-1 pathways impact C. elegans sleep in complex ways; these have been hypothesized to involve compensatory sleep. C. elegans DAF-16, a FoxO transcription factor, is required for homeostatic response to decreased sleep and DAF-16 loss decreases survival after sleep bout deprivation. Here, we investigate connections between these pathways and the requirement for sleep after mechanical stress. RESULTS Reduced function of Notch ligand LAG-2 or JNK-1 kinase resulted in increased time in sleep bouts during development. These animals were inappropriately easy to arouse using sensory stimulation, but only during sleep bouts. This constellation of defects suggested that poor quality sleep bouts in these animals might activate homeostatic mechanisms, driving compensatory increased sleep bouts. Testing this hypothesis, we found that DAF-16 FoxO function was required for increased sleep bouts in animals with defective lag-2 and jnk-1, as loss of daf-16 reduced sleep bouts back to normal levels. However, loss of daf-16 did not suppress arousal thresholds defects. Where DAF-16 function was required differed; in lag-2 and jnk-1 animals, daf-16 function was required in neurons or muscles, respectively, suggesting that disparate tissues can drive a coordinated response to sleep need. Sleep deprivation due to mechanical stimulation can cause death in many species, including C. elegans, suggesting that sleep is essential. We found that loss of sleep bouts in C. elegans due to genetic manipulation did not impact their survival, even in animals lacking DAF-16 function. However, we found that sleep bout deprivation was often fatal when combined with the concurrent stress of mechanical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results in C. elegans confirm that Notch and JNK-1 signaling are required to achieve normal sleep depth, suggest that DAF-16 is required for increased sleep bouts when signaling decreases, and that failure to enter sleep bouts is not sufficient to cause death in C. elegans, unless paired with concurrent mechanical stress. These results suggest that mechanical stress may directly contribute to death observed in previous studies of sleep deprivation and/or that sleep bouts have a uniquely restorative role in C. elegans sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Bennett
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Yulia Khoruzhik
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box GL-N, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Dustin Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box GL-N, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Huiyan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Jarred Sanders
- Department of Physics, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Melissa B. Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - David Biron
- Department of Physics, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Anne C. Hart
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box GL-N, Providence, RI 02912 USA
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