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Chapple SA, Smith TM, Skinner MM. Testing the patterning cascade model of cusp development in Macaca fascicularis mandibular molars. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 167:106067. [PMID: 39146659 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Molar crown configuration plays an important role in systematics, and functional and comparative morphology. In particular, the number of cusps on primate molars is often used to identify fossil species and infer their phylogenetic relationships. However, this variability deserves renewed consideration as a number of studies now highlight important developmental mechanisms that may be responsible for the presence of molar cusps in some mammalian taxa. Experimental studies of rodent molars suggest that cusps form under a morphodynamic, patterning cascade model of development (PCM) that involve the iterative formation of enamel knots. This model posits that the size, shape and location of the first-forming cusps determines the presence and positioning of later-forming cusps. DESIGN Here we test whether variation in accessory cusp presence in 13 Macaca fascicularis mandibular second molars (M2s) is consistent with predictions of the PCM. Using micro-CT, we imaged these M2s and employed geometric morphometrics to examine whether shape variation in the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) correlates with accessory cusp presence. RESULTS We find that accessory cusp patterning in macaque M2s is broadly consistent with the PCM. Molars with accessory cusps were larger in size and possessed shorter relative cusp heights compared to molars without accessory cusps. Peripheral cusp formation was also associated with more centrally positioned primary cusps, as predicted by the PCM. CONCLUSIONS While these results demonstrate that a patterning cascade model is broadly appropriate for interpreting cusp variation in Macaca fascicularis molars, it does not explain all manifestations of accessory cusp expression in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Chapple
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Tanya M Smith
- Griffith Centre for Social and Cultural Research and Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Pilloud MA, Kenessey DE, Smith EM, Vlemincq-Mendieta T. Estimation of sex assigned at birth using dental crown and cervical measurements in a modern global sample. J Forensic Sci 2024. [PMID: 39118271 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite developing prior to the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics of the skeleton, the permanent dentition exhibits sexual dimorphism. Therefore, teeth can serve as a means to estimate sex assigned at birth even in young individuals. This project takes a large global sample of maximum dimensions of the crown as well as measurements of the crown at the cervix to explore sexual dimorphism. Dimorphism is noted in teeth throughout the dental arcade, particularly in the canines. We provide sectioning points as well as the probability of correct classification (ranging from 50.9% to 81.3%) for each measurement to aid the practitioner in sex estimation from the dentition. This research provides a method to estimate sex without arbitrary population specifications. We argue for a global approach that incorporates more population variation to remove the need to estimate "ancestry," (which in actuality is translated to a social race category) and therefore does not force sexual dimorphism-related variation into these mutable and ambiguous categories. Further, this paper demonstrates the utility of the dentition as an additional indicator to aid with the estimation of sex assigned at birth in forensic anthropology. The goal of this research is to better understand the expression of sexual dimorphism across the skeleton in a global context.
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3
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Yi Z, Zanolli C, Liao W, Liang H, Yao Y, Tian C, Wang K, Xu G, Wang W. Enamel thickness in the deciduous postcanine dentition of fossil and extant Pongo. J Hum Evol 2024; 191:103493. [PMID: 38714076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Yi
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Wei Liao
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yanyan Yao
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Anthropology Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, 530012, China
| | - Chun Tian
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Guilin Xu
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China; Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environment Change and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Al-Zahawi AR, Ibrahim RO, Talabani RM, Dawood SN, Garib DSH, Abdalla AO. Age and sex related change in tooth enamel thickness of maxillary incisors measured by cone beam computed tomography. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:971. [PMID: 38057794 PMCID: PMC10701974 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To measure adequate enamel thickness of maxillary incisors in planning enamel reduction for a porcelain laminate veneer restoration in relation to chronological age and sex by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in an Iraqi subpopulation. METHODS From 81 CBCT images, 324 maxillary incisors were examined. Enamel thickness was measured at both mesial and distal regions of the tooth in three different levels: cervical, middle, and incisal (occlusal) 1/3 at a sagittal section. Measurements were made for the following tooth areas using CBCT: facial enamel thickness at 1, 3, and 5 mm from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), palatal enamel thickness at 5 mm from the CEJ (5 mm P), facial and palatal enamel thickness at the incisal edge (IFP), mid incisal enamel thickness (IET), and the incisal edge enamel-pulp distance (IEPD). Relationships of enamel thickness with age and sex were evaluated using Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient, a simple linear regression analysis used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in terms of an inverse association between enamel thickness and chronological age at all measurements above the CEJ and the regression model for the mid-incisal enamel thickness was (R2 of 0.4). In contrast, there was an increase in IFP, palatal, and IPED enamel thickness with age. Also, significant differences were found in enamel thickness between males and females, the enamel being thicker in females in relation to facial enamel thickness, enamel palatal thickness above CEJ and IET, while for IEPD, the enamel thickness was greater in males compared to females. CONCLUSION The measurements for enamel thickness outcome variables in relation to chronological age revealed significant differences for each measured distance and there were statistically significant differences in enamel thickness between males and females at all measurements except at IFP. These results demonstrate that CBCT can be used for noninvasive, accurate measurements of enamel thickness in both sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rawa Omar Ibrahim
- Conservative Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | | | - Shilan Nawzad Dawood
- Conservative Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
| | - Didar Sadiq Hama Garib
- Conservative Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
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Desoutter A, Felbacq D, Gergely C, Varga B, Bonnet L, Etienne P, Vialla R, Cuisinier F, Salehi H, Rousseau E, Rufflé B. Properties of dentin, enamel and their junction, studied with Brillouin scattering and compared to Raman microscopy. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 152:105733. [PMID: 37247560 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dentin, enamel and the transition zone, called the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ), have an organization and properties that play a critical role in tooth resilience and in stopping the propagation of cracks. Understanding their chemical and micro-biomechanical properties is then of foremost importance. The aim of this study is to apply Brillouin microscopy on a complex biological structure, that is, the DEJ, and to compare these results with those obtained with Raman microscopy. DESIGN Both techniques allow noncontact measurements at the microscopic scale. Brillouin microscopy is based on the interaction between acoustic phonons and laser photons and gives a relation between the frequency shift of the scattered light and the stiffness of the sample. Raman spectra contain peaks related to specific chemical bonds. RESULTS Comparison of the Brillouin and Raman cartographies reveals correlations between mechanical and chemical properties. Indeed, the shapes of the phosphate content and stiffness curves are similar. The two spectroscopies give compatible values for the mean distance between two tubules, i.e., 4-6 µm. Moreover, for the first time, the daily cross striations of enamel could be studied, indicating a relationship between the variation in the phosphate concentration and the variation in the rigidity within the enamel prisms. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate here the possibility of using Brillouin scattering microscopy to both study complex biological materials such as the enamel-dentin junction and visualize secondary structures. Correlations between the chemical composition and mechanical properties could help in better understanding the tissue histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Desoutter
- LBN, Univ. Montpellier, 545 avenue Professeur Jean-Louis Viala, 34193 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Didier Felbacq
- L2C, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Csilla Gergely
- L2C, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Béla Varga
- L2C, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Bonnet
- L2C, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Etienne
- L2C, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Remy Vialla
- L2C, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Cuisinier
- LBN, Univ. Montpellier, 545 avenue Professeur Jean-Louis Viala, 34193 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hamideh Salehi
- LBN, Univ. Montpellier, 545 avenue Professeur Jean-Louis Viala, 34193 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuel Rousseau
- L2C, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Rufflé
- L2C, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Hamza B, Abdulahad A, Attin T, Wegehaupt FJ. Diamond particles in toothpastes: in-vitro effect on the abrasive enamel wear. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:248. [PMID: 35733139 PMCID: PMC9219232 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diamond particles have recently been used as abrasives in toothpastes, which raises questions about its abrasive behaviour towards enamel. This study was carried out to investigate the abrasive enamel wear caused by three diamond-loaded toothpastes (Candida White Diamond: CWD, Swiss Smile Diamond Glow: SSDG, Emoform F Diamond: EFD) and to compare it with a traditional toothpaste with silica abrasive (Colgate Total Original CTO). Methods Eighty bovine enamel samples were divided into four groups (n = 20) and brushed for 21,600 cycles (60 cycles/min) for 6 h at 2.5-N brushing force. The abrasive enamel wear was recorded with a contact profilometer. The median and interquartile range (IQR) of the abrasive enamel wear was calculated in each group. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using Wilcoxon signed rank exact test and the p value was adjusted according to Holm. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results Diamond-loaded toothpastes caused statistically significantly higher abrasive wear than the traditional toothpaste (p < 0.0001). SSDG caused statistically significantly higher enamel wear (19.0 µm (11.2)) than CWD (8.4 µm (4.6)) and EFD (7.3 µm (3.9)) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Diamond-loaded toothpastes cause higher enamel wear than toothpastes with traditional abrasives and also exhibit different abrasivity behaviour compared to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blend Hamza
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Aralia Abdulahad
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Attin
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian J Wegehaupt
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
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García‐Campos C, Modesto‐Mata M, Martinón‐Torres M, Martín‐Francés L, Martínez de Pinillos M, Arsuaga JL, Bermúdez de Castro JM. Similarities and differences in the dental tissue proportions of the deciduous and permanent canines of Early and Middle Pleistocene human populations. J Anat 2022; 240:339-356. [PMID: 34611899 PMCID: PMC8742968 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The two- and three-dimensional assessment of dental tissues has become routine in human taxonomic studies throughout the years. Nonetheless, most of our knowledge of the variability of the enamel and dentine dimensions of the human evolutionary lineage comes from the study of permanent dentition, and particularly from molars. This leads to a biased view of the variability of these features. Due to their early formation and rapid development, the deciduous teeth allow more simplified inferences regarding the processes involved in the dental tissue development of each group. Therefore, their study could be very valuable in dental palaeohistology. In this research, we have explored the dental tissue proportions of the deciduous canines belonging to some human samples of the Early and Middle Pleistocene. The purpose of this was to discuss the meaning of the similarities and differences observed in their histological pattern, as well as to evaluate the degree of covariance with that observed in the permanent dentition of these populations. Our results show that, although there are some similarities in the dental tissue proportions between the deciduous and permanent canines of the study samples, the two dental classes do not provide a similar or comparable pictures of the dental tissue pattern present in the dentition of fossil hominins. Future works on the dental tissue patterns of the anterior and posterior dentition, including deciduous teeth, of fossil samples, may help to shed light on this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Martinón‐Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaBurgosSpain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Laura Martín‐Francés
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaBurgosSpain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES)TarragonaSpain
| | | | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Centro MixtoUCM‐ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento HumanosMadridSpain
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaBurgosSpain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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8
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Fernée C, Zakrzewski S, Robson Brown K. Dimorphism in dental tissues: Sex differences in archaeological individuals for multiple tooth types. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 175:106-127. [PMID: 33247477 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dimorphism in the dentition has been observed in human populations worldwide. However, research has largely focused on traditional linear crown measurements. As imaging systems, such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), become increasingly more accessible, new dental measurements such as dental tissue size and proportions can be obtained. This research investigates the variation of dental tissues and proportions by sex in archaeological samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Upper and lower first incisor to second premolar tooth rows were obtained from 30 individuals (n = 300), from 3 archaeological samples. The teeth were micro-CT scanned and surface area and volumetric measurements were obtained from the surface meshes extracted. Dental wear was also recorded and differences between sexes determined. RESULTS Enamel and crown measurements were found to be larger in females. Conversely, dentine and root measurements were larger in males. DISCUSSION The findings support the potential use of dental tissues to estimate sex of individuals from archaeological samples, while also indicating that individuals aged using current dental aging methods may be underaged or overaged due to sex differences in enamel thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Fernée
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sonia Zakrzewski
- Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate Robson Brown
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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9
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Yi Z, Liao W, Zanolli C, Wang W. A robust alternative to assessing three-dimensional relative enamel thickness for the use in taxonomic assessment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:555-567. [PMID: 33247444 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Three-dimensional relative enamel thickness (3DRET) is important for assessing hypotheses about taxonomy, phylogeny, and dietary reconstruction for primates. However, its weaknesses have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we analyze its weaknesses and propose an index aiming at better taxonomic discrimination. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dimensionless 3D index, ratio of enamel-thickness to dentine-thickness (3DRED), which is defined as the cubic root of the ratio of 3D average enamel thickness (3DAET) to 3D average dentine thickness (3DADT), is proposed here. To compare 3DRET and 3DRED and their sensitivity to voxel size, a fossil orangutan molar was scanned 14 times with different resolutions ranging from 10 to 50 μm. Enamel thickness analysis was carried out for each resultant digital model. In addition, enamel thickness measurements of 179 mandibular permanent molars (eight genera) were analyzed, followed by investigating the relationship between 3DRET and 3DAET and between 3DRED and 3DAET. RESULTS Regarding sensitivity, 3DRED is more robust than 3DRET. In addition, 3DRET is correlated with 3DAET by linear curve with regression coefficients approximating or larger than 0.8 in most cases, while 3DRED shows less correlation with 3DAET. Furthermore, there are clear separations between different taxa in the bivariate plot of 3DRED against 3DAET, indicative of the taxonomic value of 3DRED. CONCLUSION Under certain conditions, 3DRED promises to be a robust and reliable alternative to 3DRET in taxonomic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Yi
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liao
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Anthropology Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Wei Wang
- Anthropology Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, China.,Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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10
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Ortiz A, Schander-Triplett K, Bailey SE, Skinner MM, Hublin JJ, Schwartz GT. Enamel thickness variation in the deciduous dentition of extant large-bodied hominoids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:500-513. [PMID: 32767577 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enamel thickness features prominently in hominoid evolutionary studies. To date, however, studies of enamel thickness in humans, great apes, and their fossil relatives have focused on the permanent molar row. Comparatively little research effort has been devoted to tissue proportions within deciduous teeth. Here we attempt to fill this gap by documenting enamel thickness variation in the deciduous dentition of extant large-bodied hominoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used microcomputed tomography to image dental tissues in 80 maxillary and 78 mandibular deciduous premolars of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla, and Pongo. Two-dimensional virtual sections were created from the image volumes to quantify average (AET) and relative (RET) enamel thickness, as well as its distribution across the crown. RESULTS Our results reveal no significant differences in enamel thickness among the great apes. Unlike the pattern present in permanent molars, Pongo does not stand out as having relatively thicker-enameled deciduous premolars than P. troglodytes and Gorilla. Humans, on the other hand, possess significantly thicker deciduous premolar enamel in comparison to great apes. Following expectations from masticatory biomechanics, we also find that the "functional" side (protocone, protoconid) of deciduous premolars generally possesses thicker enamel than the "nonfunctional" side. DISCUSSION Our study lends empirical support to anecdotal observations that patterns of AET and RET observed for permanent molars of large-bodied apes do not apply to deciduous premolars. By documenting enamel thickness variation in hominoid deciduous teeth, this study provides the comparative context to interpret rates and patterns of wear of deciduous teeth and their utility in life history reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ortiz
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Schander-Triplett
- Barrett, The Honors College, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Shara E Bailey
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Gary T Schwartz
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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11
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García-Campos C, Modesto-Mata M, Martinón-Torres M, Martínez de Pinillos M, Martín-Francés L, Arsuaga JL, Bermúdez de Castro JM. Sexual dimorphism of the enamel and dentine dimensions of the permanent canines of the Middle Pleistocene hominins from Sima de los Huesos (Burgos, Spain). J Hum Evol 2020; 144:102793. [PMID: 32442650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is an important component of the total variation seen in populations and plays a key role in taxonomic debates. In this study, microtomographic (microcomputed tomography) techniques were applied to a sample of hominin teeth from the Sima de los Huesos site (Spain). Dental tissue proportions of the permanent canines were assessed to characterize the pattern and degree of sexual dimorphism within this population. In addition, the possible similarities and differences with the Homo neanderthalensis remains from Krapina (Croatia) and with a recent modern human sample were evaluated. A combination of classical statistical approaches with more novel techniques allowed us not only to ratify the sex allocation of the individuals previously assigned in the literature but also to estimate the sex of the youngest individuals, which were not assessed in previous studies. Likewise, the sexes of certain extensively worn canines and isolated pieces were estimated. As a result, the sex ratio observed in our dental sample from the Sima de los Huesos population is 5:9 (Nm:Nf). In general terms, both Sima de los Huesos and Krapina dental samples have a degree of sexual dimorphism in their permanent canine tissue proportions that does not surpass that of modern humans. The marked dimorphic root volume of Sima de los Huesos mandibular canines is the exception, which surpasses the modern human mean, although it falls within the 95% confidence interval. Therefore, our results do not support that dental tissue proportions of the European Middle Pleistocene populations were more dimorphic than in modern humans. However, the differences in canine tissue proportions are great enough to allow sex estimation with a high degree of confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia García-Campos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre La Evolución Humana, Paseo de La Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain; Anthropology Department, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK.
| | - Mario Modesto-Mata
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre La Evolución Humana, Paseo de La Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain; Anthropology Department, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - María Martinón-Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre La Evolución Humana, Paseo de La Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain; Anthropology Department, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Marina Martínez de Pinillos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre La Evolución Humana, Paseo de La Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain; Anthropology Department, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Laura Martín-Francés
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre La Evolución Humana, Paseo de La Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain; Anthropology Department, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK; Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre La Evolución Humana, Paseo de La Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain; Anthropology Department, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK
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Aris C, Mahoney P, O'Hara MC, Deter C. Enamel thickness and growth rates in modern human permanent first molars over a 2000 year period in Britain. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:141-157. [PMID: 32078160 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explores variation and trends in first molar enamel thickness and daily enamel secretion rates over a 2000 year period in Britain. METHODS Permanent first molars (n = 89) from the Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Medieval periods, as well as modern-day Britain, were analyzed using standard histological methods. Relative enamel thickness (RET) and linear measurements of cuspal and lateral thickness were calculated for mesial cusps. Daily secretion rates (DSRs) were calculated for inner, mid, and outer enamel regions in both cuspal and lateral enamel. Significant differences and trends were identified between samples using nonparametric statistical tests. RESULTS Enamel thickness differed between some populations, but no temporal trends were identified. Early Anglo-Saxon molars had significantly thinner RET than both Late Anglo-Saxon (p < .00) and Medieval (p < .00) molars. Lateral enamel from the Roman molars was significantly thinner than the modern-day sample (p = .04). In contrast, a significant slowing trend in DSRs was observed across the more ancient to modern-day samples in every measured region except the mid-lateral enamel region. DISCUSSION This study presents the first evidence for a gradual slowing in the daily rate that enamel is secreted in molars over the past 2000 years in Britain. However, this trend was not matched by consistent or significant positive or negative shifts in enamel thickness. These findings suggest that modern human molars of similar enamel thickness, from different modern and ancient populations, formed at different rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Aris
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Patrick Mahoney
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Mackie C O'Hara
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chris Deter
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Dunn RR, Spiros MC, Kamnikar KR, Plemons AM, Hefner JT. Ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wfs2.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhian R. Dunn
- Department of Anthropology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Micayla C. Spiros
- Department of Anthropology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Kelly R. Kamnikar
- Department of Anthropology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Amber M. Plemons
- Department of Anthropology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Joseph T. Hefner
- Department of Anthropology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
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14
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Zanolli C, Biglari F, Mashkour M, Abdi K, Monchot H, Debue K, Mazurier A, Bayle P, Le Luyer M, Rougier H, Trinkaus E, Macchiarelli R. A Neanderthal from the Central Western Zagros, Iran. Structural reassessment of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar. J Hum Evol 2019; 135:102643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sorenti M, Martinón-Torres M, Martín-Francés L, Perea-Pérez B. Sexual dimorphism of dental tissues in modern human mandibular molars. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:332-340. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sorenti
- Department of Anthropology; University College London; London United Kingdom
| | - María Martinón-Torres
- Department of Anthropology; University College London; London United Kingdom
- CENIEH (National Research Center on Human Evolution); Burgos Spain
| | - Laura Martín-Francés
- CENIEH (National Research Center on Human Evolution); Burgos Spain
- De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie; University of Bordeaux; Pessac Cedex France
| | - Bernardo Perea-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Antropología Forense, Escuela de Medicina Legal y Forense; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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16
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García-Campos C, Martinón-Torres M, Martínez de Pinillos M, Modesto-Mata M, Martín-Francés L, Perea-Pérez B, Zanolli C, Bermúdez de Castro JM. Modern humans sex estimation through dental tissue patterns of maxillary canines. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:914-923. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia García-Campos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
- Anthropology Department; University College London; London United Kingdom
| | - María Martinón-Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
- Anthropology Department; University College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Marina Martínez de Pinillos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
- Anthropology Department; University College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Mario Modesto-Mata
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
- Anthropology Department; University College London; London United Kingdom
- Equipo Primeros Pobladores de Extremadura; Casa de la Cultura Rodríguez Moñino; Cáceres Spain
| | - Laura Martín-Francés
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199; Pessac Cedex France
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
| | | | - Clément Zanolli
- UMR 5288 CNRS; University Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; France
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
- Anthropology Department; University College London; London United Kingdom
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17
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In vitro study of white spot lesion: Maxilla and mandibular teeth. Saudi Dent J 2018; 30:142-150. [PMID: 29628737 PMCID: PMC5884248 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of resin infiltration on colour changes and surface roughness of artificial white spot lesions (WSLs) on maxillary and mandibular premolar. Materials and methods Sixty (60) extracted sound Maxilla (Mx) and Mandibular (Mn) premolars were randomly divided into 2 groups (test and control). Artificial WSLs were produced on buccal surface of teeth and were immersed in artificial saliva for 8 weeks. Colour components (L∗, a∗, b∗) and surface roughness (Sa∗) were assessed on 40 teeth using colour difference meter RD-100 and Alicona® Infinite Focus profilometer respectively. The measurements were done at baseline (T1), directly after artificial WSLs (T2), after 24 hours immersed in saliva and application of resin (T3) and immersion in artificial saliva for 1 (T4), 2 (T5), 4 (T6), 6 (T7) and 8 (T8) weeks. SEM images analysis were carried out on 20 teeth in four time points. Results The values of L∗ (lightness), b∗ (yellow/blue) and Sa∗ (surface roughness) are gradually reduced to the baseline value. Whereas, the value of a∗ gradually increased with distinct treatment time to achieve the baseline value. The higher value of L∗ and Sa∗, the whiter the lesion suggesting higher degree of enamel demineralization and surface roughness. Lower L∗ values suggest a masking colour effect. Conclusion The material produced favorable esthetics on colour and the surface roughness of teeth at distinct treatment times. It is recommended to be used to improve WSL post orthodontic treatment.
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García‐Campos C, Martinón‐Torres M, Martín‐Francés L, Martínez de Pinillos M, Modesto‐Mata M, Perea‐Pérez B, Zanolli C, Labajo González E, Sánchez Sánchez JA, Ruiz Mediavilla E, Tuniz C, Bermúdez de Castro JM. Contribution of dental tissues to sex determination in modern human populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:459-472. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia García‐Campos
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
| | - María Martinón‐Torres
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
| | - Laura Martín‐Francés
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199 F_33615Pessac Cedex France
| | - Marina Martínez de Pinillos
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
| | - Mario Modesto‐Mata
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
- Equipo Primeros Pobladores de Extremadura, Casa de la Cultura Rodríguez MoñinoCáceres Spain
| | - Bernardo Perea‐Pérez
- Laboratorio de Antropología Forense, Escuela de Medicina Legal y ForenseUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Spain
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, UMR 5288 CNRS, University Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier France
| | - Elena Labajo González
- Laboratorio de Antropología Forense, Escuela de Medicina Legal y ForenseUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Spain
| | | | - Elena Ruiz Mediavilla
- Laboratorio de Antropología Forense, Escuela de Medicina Legal y ForenseUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Spain
| | - Claudio Tuniz
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) of TriesteTrieste Italy
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
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Monalisa W, Kokila G, Sharma HD, Gopinathan PA, Singh OM, Kumaraswamy S. Sexual dimorphism of enamel area, coronal dentin area, bicervical diameter and dentinoenamel junction scallop area in longitudinal ground section. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22:423-429. [PMID: 30651693 PMCID: PMC6306578 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_182_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sex determination plays an important role in forensics; several studies done using radiographs, model cast and animal teeth have shown that males possess larger tooth crown and more dentin than that of the females. As physical sectioning of tooth provides more accurate measurement of enamel thickness when compared with other methods, the present study was done to evaluate and compare enamel area (EA), coronal dentin area (CDA), bi-cervical diameter (BCD), average enamel thickness (AET) and dentinoenamel junction scallop area (DEJ-SA) in longitudinal ground sections of first premolars between males and females. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 extracted first premolar teeth were used for the study, of which 30 were from male and 30 were from female. A longitudinal ground section of 15 maxillary and 15 mandibular premolars of approximately 50 μm was prepared buccolingually at the center of each tooth and mounted on the slide. Multiple photomicrographs were captured with the help of Image Analysis System Software-Progres, Speed XT core 3. EA, CDA, length of the dentinoenamel junction and BCD were measured. Average DEJ-SA and AET were also calculated. Results: Mann–Whitney U- test was used for statistical analysis. It was found that EA and AET were significantly greater in females than in males. On the contrary, it was found that CDA was significantly greater in males than in females. However, no significant difference was found in BCD and DEJ-SA between males and females. Conclusion: Permanent first premolar can be reliably used in the field of forensic in establishing gender of individuals by measuring its EA, CDA and AET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakambam Monalisa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dental College, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of medical sciences, Porompat, Manipur, India
| | - Ganganna Kokila
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumkuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Pillai Arun Gopinathan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Sankara Dental College, Varkala, Kerala, India
| | | | - Shubha Kumaraswamy
- Department of Dentistry, Sridevi Institute of Medical Science and Research Hospital, Tumkuru, Karnataka, India
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20
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Buti L, Le Cabec A, Panetta D, Tripodi M, Salvadori PA, Hublin JJ, Feeney RNM, Benazzi S. 3D enamel thickness in Neandertal and modern human permanent canines. J Hum Evol 2017; 113:162-172. [PMID: 29054166 PMCID: PMC5667889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enamel thickness figures prominently in studies of human evolution, particularly for taxonomy, phylogeny, and paleodietary reconstruction. Attention has focused on molar teeth, through the use of advanced imaging technologies and novel protocols. Despite the important results achieved thus far, further work is needed to investigate all tooth classes. We apply a recent approach developed for anterior teeth to investigate the 3D enamel thickness of Neandertal and modern human (MH) canines. In terms of crown size, the values obtained for both upper and lower unworn/slightly worn canines are significantly greater in Neandertals than in Upper Paleolithic and recent MH. The 3D relative enamel thickness (RET) is significantly lower in Neandertals than in MH. Moreover, differences in 3D RET values between the two groups appear to decrease in worn canines beginning from wear stage 3, suggesting that both the pattern and the stage of wear may have important effects on the 3D RET value. Nevertheless, the 3D average enamel thickness (AET) does not differ between the two groups. In both groups, 3D AET and 3D RET indices are greater in upper canines than in lower canines, and overall the enamel is thicker on the occlusal half of the labial aspect of the crown, particularly in MH. By contrast, the few early modern humans investigated show the highest volumes of enamel while for all other components of 3D enamel, thickness this group holds an intermediate position between Neandertals and recent MH. Overall, our study supports the general findings that Neandertals have relatively thinner enamel than MH (as also observed in molars), indicating that unworn/slightly worn canines can be successfully used to discriminate between the two groups. Further studies, however, are needed to understand whether these differences are functionally related or are the result of pleiotropic or genetic drift effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buti
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, V. Ariani, 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Adeline Le Cabec
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cédex 9, France.
| | - Daniele Panetta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Tripodi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Piero A Salvadori
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Robin N M Feeney
- UCD School of Medicine, Health Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, V. Ariani, 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Neanderthal and Denisova tooth protein variants in present-day humans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183802. [PMID: 28902892 PMCID: PMC5597096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Environment parameters, diet and genetic factors interact to shape tooth morphostructure. In the human lineage, archaic and modern hominins show differences in dental traits, including enamel thickness, but variability also exists among living populations. Several polymorphisms, in particular in the non-collagenous extracellular matrix proteins of the tooth hard tissues, like enamelin, are involved in dental structure variation and defects and may be associated with dental disorders or susceptibility to caries. To gain insights into the relationships between tooth protein polymorphisms and dental structural morphology and defects, we searched for non-synonymous polymorphisms in tooth proteins from Neanderthal and Denisova hominins. The objective was to identify archaic-specific missense variants that may explain the dental morphostructural variability between extinct and modern humans, and to explore their putative impact on present-day dental phenotypes. Thirteen non-collagenous extracellular matrix proteins specific to hard dental tissues have been selected, searched in the publicly available sequence databases of Neanderthal and Denisova individuals and compared with modern human genome data. A total of 16 non-synonymous polymorphisms were identified in 6 proteins (ameloblastin, amelotin, cementum protein 1, dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1, enamelin and matrix Gla protein). Most of them are encoded by dentin and enamel genes located on chromosome 4, previously reported to show signs of archaic introgression within Africa. Among the variants shared with modern humans, two are ancestral (common with apes) and one is the derived enamelin major variant, T648I (rs7671281), associated with a thinner enamel and specific to the Homo lineage. All the others are specific to Neanderthals and Denisova, and are found at a very low frequency in modern Africans or East and South Asians, suggesting that they may be related to particular dental traits or disease susceptibility in these populations. This modern regional distribution of archaic dental polymorphisms may reflect persistence of archaic variants in some populations and may contribute in part to the geographic dental variations described in modern humans.
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22
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Le Luyer M, Coquerelle M, Rottier S, Bayle P. Internal Tooth Structure and Burial Practices: Insights into the Neolithic Necropolis of Gurgy (France, 5100-4000 cal. BC). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159688. [PMID: 27447183 PMCID: PMC4957824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in the dental crown form are widely studied to interpret evolutionary changes in primates as well as to assess affinities among human archeological populations. Compared to external metrics of dental crown size and shape, variables including the internal structures such as enamel thickness, tissue proportions, and the three-dimensional shape of enamel-dentin junction (EDJ), have been described as powerful measurements to study taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, dietary, and/or developmental patterns. In addition to providing good estimate of phenotypic distances within/across archeological samples, these internal tooth variables may help to understand phylogenetic, functional, and developmental underlying causes of variation. In this study, a high resolution microtomographic-based record of upper permanent second molars from 20 Neolithic individuals of the necropolis of Gurgy (France) was applied to evaluate the intrasite phenotypic variation in crown tissue proportions, thickness and distribution of enamel, and EDJ shape. The study aims to compare interindividual dental variations with burial practices and chronocultural parameters, and suggest underlying causes of these dental variations. From the non-invasive characterization of internal tooth structure, differences have been found between individuals buried in pits with alcove and those buried in pits with container and pits with wattling. Additionally, individuals from early and recent phases of the necropolis have been distinguished from those of the principal phase from their crown tissue proportions and EDJ shape. The results suggest that the internal tooth structure may be a reliable proxy to track groups sharing similar chronocultural and burial practices. In particular, from the EDJ shape analysis, individuals buried in an alcove shared a reduction of the distolingual dentin horn tip (corresponding to the hypocone). Environmental, developmental and/or functional underlying causes might be suggested for the origin of phenotypic differences shared by these individuals buried in alcoves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Le Luyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, de la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, Anthropologie (UMR 5199 PACEA), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Stéphane Rottier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, de la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, Anthropologie (UMR 5199 PACEA), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Priscilla Bayle
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199, de la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, Anthropologie (UMR 5199 PACEA), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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Kato A, Tang N, Borries C, Papakyrikos AM, Hinde K, Miller E, Kunimatsu Y, Hirasaki E, Shimizu D, Smith TM. Intra- and interspecific variation in macaque molar enamel thickness. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:447-59. [PMID: 25146639 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Enamel thickness has played an important role in studies of primate taxonomy, phylogeny, and functional morphology, although its variation among hominins is poorly understood. Macaques parallel hominins in their widespread geographic distribution, relative range of body sizes, and radiation during the last five million years. To explore enamel thickness variation, we quantified average and relative enamel thickness (AET and RET) in Macaca arctoides, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca fuscata, Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina, and Macaca sylvanus. Enamel area, dentine area, and enamel-dentine junction length were measured from mesial sections of 386 molars scanned with micro-computed tomography, yielding AET and RET indices. Intraspecific sex differences were not found in AET or RET. Macaca fuscata had the highest AET and RET, M. fascicularis showed the lowest AET, and M. arctoides had the lowest RET. The latitudinal distribution of macaque species was associated with AET for these six species. Temperate macaques had thicker molar enamel than did tropical macaques, suggesting that thick enamel may be adaptive in seasonal environments. Additional research is needed to determine if thick enamel in temperate macaques is a response to intensified hard-object feeding, increased abrasion, and/or a broader diet with a greater range of food material properties. The extreme ecological flexibility of macaques may prohibit identification of consistent trends between specific diets and enamel thickness conditions. Such complications of interpretation of ecological variability, dietary diversity, and enamel thickness may similarly apply for fossil Homo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kato
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138; Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, 4648650, Japan
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Quantification of the dental morphology of orangutans. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:213757. [PMID: 24348143 PMCID: PMC3852088 DOI: 10.1155/2013/213757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orangutans are believed to have close biological affinities to humans. Teeth being the hardest tissue provide useful information on primate evolution. Furthermore, knowledge of the pulp chamber and root canal morphology is important for dental treatment. A female Bornean orangutan and a Sumatran male orangutan skull were available for this study. Both of their dentitions, comprising 50 teeth, were scanned employing the cone-beam computed tomography for both metrical and nonmetrical analyses. Measurements included tooth and crown length, root length, enamel covered crown height, root canal length (posterior teeth), length of pulpal space (anterior teeth), and root canal width. Nonmetrical parameters included number of canals per root, number of foramina in each root, and root canal morphology according to Vertucci's classification. It was found that the enamel covered crown height was the longest in the upper central incisors although the canine was the longest amongst the anterior teeth. Both the upper premolars were three-rooted while the lower second premolar of the Sumatran orangutan was two-rooted, with two foramina. The mandibular lateral incisors of the Bornean orangutan were longer than the central incisors, a feature similar to humans. In addition, secondary dentine deposition was noticed, a feature consistent with aged humans.
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25
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Benazzi S, Panetta D, Fornai C, Toussaint M, Gruppioni G, Hublin JJ. Technical Note: Guidelines for the digital computation of 2D and 3D enamel thickness in hominoid teeth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:305-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Daniele Panetta
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology; National Research Council; Via G. Moruzzi 1 Pisa 56124 Italy
| | - Cinzia Fornai
- Department of Anthropology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 Vienna 1090 Austria
| | - Michel Toussaint
- Direction de l'Archéologie; Service Public de Wallonie; 1 rue des Brigades d'Irlande Namur B-5100 Belgium
| | - Giorgio Gruppioni
- Department of Cultural Heritage; University of Bologna; Via degli Ariani 1 Ravenna 48121 Italy
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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Mahoney P. Testing functional and morphological interpretations of enamel thickness along the deciduous tooth row in human children. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:518-25. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mahoney
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent; Canterbury; Kent CT2 7NR; UK
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27
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Willman JC, Maki J, Bayle P, Trinkaus E, Zilhão J. Middle Paleolithic human remains from the Gruta Da Oliveira (Torres Novas), Portugal. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 149:39-51. [PMID: 22610966 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Additional Middle Paleolithic human remains from layers 17, 18, and 22 of the Gruta da Oliveira, Portugal consist of a proximal manual phalanx 2 (Oliveira 5), a partial postcanine tooth (Oliveira 6), a humeral diaphysis (Oliveira 7), a distal mandibular molar (Oliveira 8), and a mandibular premolar (P(3) ) (Oliveira 9). Oliveira 5, 6, and 8 are unremarkable for Late Pleistocene humans. The Oliveira 7 right humerus is moderately robust or the individual had the stocky body proportions of other European (including Iberian) Neandertals. The Oliveira 9 P(3) has a large and symmetrical crown and lacks a distal accessory ridge and accessory lingual cusps, overlapping both Neandertal and recent human ranges of variation. It contrasts with at least recent human P(3) s in having relatively thin enamel. These join the Oliveira 1 to 4 remains in further documenting early MIS 3 Neandertal morphology in western Iberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Willman
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Smith TM, Olejniczak AJ, Zermeno JP, Tafforeau P, Skinner MM, Hoffmann A, Radovčić J, Toussaint M, Kruszynski R, Menter C, Moggi-Cecchi J, Glasmacher UA, Kullmer O, Schrenk F, Stringer C, Hublin JJ. Variation in enamel thickness within the genus Homo. J Hum Evol 2012; 62:395-411. [PMID: 22361504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent humans and their fossil relatives are classified as having thick molar enamel, one of very few dental traits that distinguish hominins from living African apes. However, little is known about enamel thickness in the earliest members of the genus Homo, and recent studies of later Homo report considerable intra- and inter-specific variation. In order to assess taxonomic, geographic, and temporal trends in enamel thickness, we applied micro-computed tomographic imaging to 150 fossil Homo teeth spanning two million years. Early Homo postcanine teeth from Africa and Asia show highly variable average and relative enamel thickness (AET and RET) values. Three molars from South Africa exceed Homo AET and RET ranges, resembling the hyper thick Paranthropus condition. Most later Homo groups (archaic European and north African Homo, and fossil and recent Homo sapiens) possess absolutely and relatively thick enamel across the entire dentition. In contrast, Neanderthals show relatively thin enamel in their incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, although incisor AET values are similar to H. sapiens. Comparisons of recent and fossil H. sapiens reveal that dental size reduction has led to a disproportionate decrease in coronal dentine compared with enamel (although both are reduced), leading to relatively thicker enamel in recent humans. General characterizations of hominins as having 'thick enamel' thus oversimplify a surprisingly variable craniodental trait with limited taxonomic utility within a genus. Moreover, estimates of dental attrition rates employed in paleodemographic reconstruction may be biased when this variation is not considered. Additional research is necessary to reconstruct hominin dietary ecology since thick enamel is not a prerequisite for hard-object feeding, and it is present in most later Homo species despite advances in technology and food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Smith
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Lopez-Valenzuela M, Ramírez O, Rosas A, García-Vargas S, de la Rasilla M, Lalueza-Fox C, Espinosa-Parrilla Y. An ancestral miR-1304 allele present in Neanderthals regulates genes involved in enamel formation and could explain dental differences with modern humans. Mol Biol Evol 2012; 29:1797-806. [PMID: 22319171 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic changes in regulatory elements are likely to result in phenotypic effects that might explain population-specific as well as species-specific traits. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional repressors involved in the control of almost every biological process. These small noncoding RNAs are present in various phylogenetic groups, and a large number of them remain highly conserved at the sequence level. MicroRNA-mediated regulation depends on perfect matching between the seven nucleotides of its seed region and the target sequence usually located at the 3' untranslated region of the regulated gene. Hence, even single changes in seed regions are predicted to be deleterious as they may affect miRNA target specificity. In accordance to this, purifying selection has strongly acted on these regions. Comparison between the genomes of present-day humans from various populations, Neanderthal, and other nonhuman primates showed an miRNA, miR-1304, that carries a polymorphism on its seed region. The ancestral allele is found in Neanderthal, nonhuman primates, at low frequency (~5%) in modern Asian populations and rarely in Africans. Using miRNA target site prediction algorithms, we found that the derived allele increases the number of putative target genes for the derived miRNA more than ten-fold, indicating an important functional evolution for miR-1304. Analysis of the predicted targets for derived miR-1304 indicates an association with behavior and nervous system development and function. Two of the predicted target genes for the ancestral miR-1304 allele are important genes for teeth formation, enamelin, and amelotin. MicroRNA overexpression experiments using a luciferase-based assay showed that the ancestral version of miR-1304 reduces the enamelin- and amelotin-associated reporter gene expression by 50%, whereas the derived miR-1304 does not have any effect. Deletion of the corresponding target sites for miR-1304 in these dental genes avoided their repression, which further supports their regulation by the ancestral miR-1304. Morphological studies described several differences in the dentition of Neanderthals and present-day humans like slower dentition timing and thicker enamel for present-day humans. The observed miR-1304-mediated regulation of enamelin and amelotin could at least partially underlie these differences between the two Homo species as well as other still-unraveled phenotypic differences among modern human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lopez-Valenzuela
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Smith TM, Kupczik K, Machanda Z, Skinner MM, Zermeno JP. Enamel thickness in Bornean and Sumatran orangutan dentitions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 147:417-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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