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Sundwall AJ, Sturup J, Rosén A, Zilg B. Swedish child homicide investigations: A population-based study 1998 to 2017. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 149:106679. [PMID: 38335564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child homicide investigations are intricate, and the forensic examinations are of paramount importance in such cases. Despite this, the forensic profile of child homicides remains unexplored. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to provide an overview of the forensic aspects and investigational challenges in Swedish child homicide cases spanning from 1998 to 2017, with a specific focus on enhancing investigative methods. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 70 cases with 82 victims (41 girls, 41 boys) aged between 0 and 14 were included. METHOD Police, crime scene and autopsy reports of solved Swedish child homicides were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS On average, 3.5 cases (4.1 victims) occurred annually, primarily within families (79 %). Notably, the number of cases increased by 10 % during the latter half of the study period (2008-2017) compared to the initial decade (1998-2007). In nearly 29 % of instances, the perpetrators followed the homicides with their own suicides. A majority of child deaths (89 %) resulted from concentrated acts of violence, most frequently involving blunt or sharp force. Furthermore, 66 % of the homicides took place within the parental home. Adequate crime scene processing, including documentation and evidence collection, occurred in 74 % of cases. The investigation unveiled several complicating factors: 22 % of victims and 47 % of crime scenes displayed no obvious signs of violence. Moreover, offenders often made physical (27 %) and verbal (26 %) attempts to mislead investigators. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, most child homicides are familial in nature and associated with investigational complexities that can lead to misdirection. This research may inform procedural recommendations for child homicide investigations, but further exploration is needed to better understand the forensic characteristics of suspicious child deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jinghede Sundwall
- Swedish Police Authority, Forensics Section, Police Region Bergslagen, Örebro; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Solnavägen 1, SE-171 77 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Sturup
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Solnavägen 1, SE-171 77 Solna, Sweden; Swedish Police Authority, National Department of Operations, Sweden
| | - Annika Rosén
- University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Bergen, Norway; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Eastman Institute, Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brita Zilg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Solnavägen 1, SE-171 77 Solna, Sweden; Department of Forensic Medicine, Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine, Retzius väg 5, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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Bandesha FN, Zarif P, Faraz MA, Moeen F, Rehan KI, Khalid R. Addressing sexual assault in Pakistan: Insights from an analysis of female survivors at Lahore General Hospital. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 99:102590. [PMID: 37703746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Rape is a severe kind of sexual violence that represents a significant violation of human rights. The objective was to investigate the demographic and clinical features of female survivors of sexual assault in Lahore, Pakistan. METHOD A retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine of Lahore General Hospital, analysing records of female sexual assault survivors investigated by affiliated police stations from November 2020 to November 2022. Data were collected from medicolegal certificates and medical notes and analysed using SPSS software. RESULT 282 female survivors reported to Lahore General Hospital's Forensic Medicine Department, aged 5-55 years, with a mean age of 22.74 ± 8.30. A significant proportion (50.4%) were aged 16-25 years. Most survivors were examined between 6 and 24 h (34%) and 2-7 days (37.9%) after the assault, with the majority (95%) exhibiting well-developed secondary sexual characteristics. Sexual assault and physical abuse were both reported in 56.4% of cases. In 77% of cases, the perpetrator was known, and in 36.5% of cases, a weapon was used. No external body injury was observed in 74.8% of cases, and 2.8% showed signs of fresh hymen rupture. The study identified 92.2% of cases lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION This study highlights the pressing need to implement effective measures to prevent and address rape in Pakistan. The findings emphasise the need for education, improved forensic infrastructure and policy reforms to address sexual assault effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pervaiz Zarif
- Ameer-ud-Din Medical College, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Fabiha Moeen
- Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Rida Khalid
- Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
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Wood GJ, Smith JAS, Gall JA. The optimal timing of forensic evidence collection following paediatric sexual assault. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 95:102499. [PMID: 36889049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forensic evidence collection following sexual assault has an important medico-legal role. Despite the advent of DNA profiling, research into the optimisation of forensic biological specimen collection is limited. This has led to inconsistent and variable guidelines for forensic evidence collection. The guidelines in this jurisdiction (Victoria, Australia) recommends that specimens be collected up to 7 days following sexual assault in some circumstances. The aims of this study were to determine the optimal times post sexual assault for the collection of forensic biological evidence in paediatric cases (aged 0-17 years). METHODS A retrospective review of paediatric sexual assault cases seen by the Victorian Forensic Paediatric Medical Service (VFPMS) between 1 January 2009, and 1 May 2016, was undertaken. Specimen site and collection times post assault were collated from VFPMS medico-legal reports and compared with the forensic evidence analysis results reported by the Victoria Police, Forensic Services Department. In addition, a survey of recommended forensic specimen collection times post assault in the different Australian jurisdictions was undertaken for comparison. RESULTS Within the 6 year 5 month period studied there were 122 cases consisting of 562 different forensic specimens that were collected and analysed. 62 (51%) of cases produced one or more positive forensic result and, of the 562 specimens collected, 153 (27%) were positive for one or more of foreign DNA, spermatozoa, semen or saliva. Foreign DNA was more likely to be found if forensic specimens were collected during the first 24 h after the assault as compared with those collected at 25-48 h, (p < 0.005). Similarly, spermatozoa were identified more frequently on swabs collected at 0-24 h compared to 25-48 h (p < 0.002). Foreign DNA was not identified beyond 48 h post assault and spermatozoa were not identified beyond 36 h. Saliva and semen were not identified beyond 24 h. The youngest victims with positive forensic evidence were 2-3 years old. The survey of current forensic specimen collection practice in Australia shows that the guidelines for timing of forensic evidence collection in child sexual assault cases is highly variable between jurisdictions. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the importance of collecting forensic specimens as a matter of urgency, regardless of age, within the first 48 h post assault. Although there is need for further research, the findings indicate a need for the re-evaluation of current guidelines for specimen collection in paediatric sexual assault cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - J Anne S Smith
- Victorian Forensic Paediatric Medical Service, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - John Am Gall
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Forensic Paediatric Medical Service, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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Hornor G, Benzinger E, Doughty K, Hollar J, Wolf K. Pediatric Forensic Analysis: The Benefits of DNA Collection Beyond 24 Hours. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2022; 18:E29-E37. [PMID: 35149664 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the presence of forensic evidence aids in successful prosecution of sexual abuse, controversy remains regarding the timing and indications for collection of forensic evidence in child sexual abuse/assault. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe forensic evidence findings in acute child sexual abuse after implementing more inclusive indications for collection of evidence in a pediatric emergency department and to identify factors associated with yield of DNA. RESULTS Of the 306 evidence kits collected and analyzed, 110 (35.9%) kits were positive for an interpretable DNA profile foreign to the patient, which may or may not have contributed to the investigation of the sexual abuse concern. Several factors were associated with increased forensic yield of identifiable foreign DNA: increased age of child victim, 48 hours or less between the latest incident of sexual abuse and the collection of forensic evidence, child disclosure of high-severity sexual abuse acts (anal-genital or genital-genital contact) in the pediatric emergency department forensic interview, and sexual abuse by a nonrelative perpetrator. CONCLUSIONS Finally, although certain factors were associated with increased yield of identifiable foreign DNA within each factor, there were multiple outliers where failure to collect forensic evidence would have resulted in a loss of recoverable foreign DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Hornor
- Author Affiliations: International Association of Forensic Nurses
| | | | | | - Jessica Hollar
- Center for Family Safety and Healing, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Kathryn Wolf
- Center for Family Safety and Healing, Nationwide Children's Hospital
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Kaur S, Kaur S, Rawat B, Sharma R. A multidisciplinary approach in pre-pubertal child sexual assault cases - forensic evaluation and suggestions. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 58:102097. [PMID: 35667134 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual assault is highly prevalent in India yet a handful cases are reported under POCSO (Protection against child sexual offenses) Act, 2012. Even though the victims' testimony alone is enough to arrest accused as regulated by the Supreme Court but forensic evidence is still critical for sentencing rapists. A systematic evaluation of such cases will estimate impact of Child sexual assault (CSA) and pinpoint important aspects required for progression of prevention strategies and provision of support. METHOD AND OBJECTIVE Present study reviewed cases pertaining pre-pubertal victims (up to 10 years age). Study included simple descriptive analysis of data highlighting significance of different variables in sexual assault cases involving child victims- perpetration, interventions, medical examination and forensic DNA analysis with the aim to improve primary preventive strategies and identify potential setbacks obstructing road to justice. RESULT The strengths and weaknesses of pre-pubertal sexual assault assessment were identified. This study analyzed socio-economic backgrounds, age of alleged accused and whether known to the victim. Frequently reported type of abuse was assessed and total reviewed cases that yielded DNA profile from exhibits of victims and alleged accused were determined. CONCLUSION As emerged in present study, pre-pubertal CSA is a complicated phenomenon grounded in interplay between societal influences, family support, evidence collection, legal delays, and medical hindrances that greatly affect DNA analysis. Prevalence of CSA is evidently alarming and demands stringent measures to be taken to prevent and control it. Joint and multidisciplinary assessment is important for forensic reporting rather than solo assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suminder Kaur
- DNA Fingerprinting Unit, Biology Division, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, New Delhi, India.
| | - Simarpreet Kaur
- National Council of Educational Research and Training, New Delhi, India
| | - Banita Rawat
- DNA Fingerprinting Unit, Biology Division, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Biology Division, State Forensic Science Laboratory, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Kaur S, Kaur S, Rawat B. Medico-legal evidence collection in child sexual assault cases: a forensic significance. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-021-00258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Every year, millions of children face sexual exploitation worldwide. In India, 109 children (National Crime Records Bureau2018) were sexually abused everyday (22% jump from the previous year). Even with advanced DNA techniques, the conviction rate remains low. The methods used for forensic DNA evidence analysis vary around the world, but the primary step of biological evidence collection plays the most vital role. Proper and timely evidence collection from the victim by a trained medical professional is important.
Main body
Dynamics of child sexual assault being massively different from an adult rape demands altogether different approach of evidence collection. A standard sexual kit employed for evidence collection needs urgent modifications considering genital development of pre- and post-pubertal victims. In the present study, parameters including systemic collection and evaluation of forensic evidences, medico-legal examination, and developmental consequences of sexual assault on pre-pubertal victims were assessed. Further suggestions for separate evidence collection kit during medico-legal examination were given for pre-pubertal victims and alleged accused in sexual assault cases in order to streamline and for better evaluation of DNA analysis in forensic laboratories.
Conclusion
The importance of expert medical practitioners plays a significant role in collection of appropriate information and evidences from the victim of sexual assault. General guidelines for evidence collection in sexual assault cases are not well suited for pre-pubertal victims. Appropriate reforms pertaining to the age and genital development of victims are required. Securing clothing as forensic evidence is essential in most cases as it turned out to be the exclusive evidence bearing material. The purpose of this article is to bring awareness about the thorough medical examination and modified sexual assault kit for pre-pubertal victims and alleged accused for a better approach in evidence collection and conviction rate.
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Nabi AG, Mateen RM, Khalid A, Tariq A, Parveen R. Persistence of Semen on five different fabric types in various water environments. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 327:110944. [PMID: 34419677 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence collected from biological fluids obtained from a crime scene is essentially important in forensic cases. A potential profile can be generated from these obtained samples and this can help in identifying the victims and/or suspects of sexual assault. The water environments selected for this study are all related to the potential crime scenes from which there is a possibility of finding a dead body or clothing of a sexual assault victim. Tap water, River water, Swimming pool water, and Canal water were selected. Fabric types selected were khaddar, linen, silk, polyester, and chiffon. Detection of seminal stains was carried out by three methods; Alternate Light Source (ALS), Acid phosphatase (AP) testing, and Kernechtrot-Picro-indigo-carmine (KPIC) testing. These tests were performed for each fabric type in each water environment after regular intervals, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 4 days, 7 days, and 14 days. This study aimed to compare the ability of five types of fabrics to retain seminal material after immersion in four different types of water environments. Fluorescence was only detected in tap water-soaked silk fabric after 14 days of immersion. Seminal fluid was detected in khaddar, chiffon, silk, and polyester in samples immersed for 14 days in tap water. Spermatozoa were retained by khaddar and silk immersed in tap water, Polyester fabric in tap and river water, Chiffon in only river water and Linen in swimming pool water when immersed for 14 days. However, fluorescence, seminal fluid or spermatozoa were not detected in linen fabric regardless of all the afore mentioned variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghulam Nabi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Rana Muhammad Mateen
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Center for Applied Molecular Biology, CAMB, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Aqsa Khalid
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Tariq
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Rukhsana Parveen
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, CAMB, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Individual and familial characteristics of sexual abuse victims with intellectual disability. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Faller KC. The child sexual abuse disclosure controversy: New perspectives on an abiding problem. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104285. [PMID: 31775078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Cross TP, Schmitt T. Forensic medical results and law enforcement actions following sexual assault: A comparison of child, adolescent and adult cases. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 93:103-110. [PMID: 31075572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sexual assault cases, little research has examined differences in forensic medical findings and law enforcement response by victim age across the entire age range. OBJECTIVE This study addressed this gap by comparing four victim age groups: adults, adolescents over the age of consent, adolescents under the age of consent, and children under 12. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Cases were randomly sampled from a statewide database of medical reports on sexual assault examinations conducted in hospital emergency departments, including only cases reported to law enforcement (N = 563). METHODS Data were combined from a medical report database, from coding of medical documentation and crime laboratory reports, and from case data provided by law enforcement. RESULTS Rates for both younger and older adolescent victims and adult victims were comparable, with no statistically significant differences on most variables: penetration, perpetrator use of force, non-genital and genital injuries, presence of biological evidence, generating assailant DNA profiles, DNA match to suspect, hits in the FBI's DNA database, and law enforcement unfounding (i.e., determining allegations to be false or baseless). Child victims were significantly less likely to have a non-genital injury, and their cases were significantly more likely to be founded by law enforcement. Arrests were significantly more likely when victims were under the age of consent. CONCLUSIONS Despite significant differences by victim age, similarity between adolescent and adult cases was substantial. Both younger and older adolescents may be at higher risk of physical violence during sexual assault than previously recognized, and need greater attention in response systems.
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Kotzé JM, Brits H. Child sexual abuse: The significance of the history and testifying on non-confirmatory findings. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2019; 11:e1-e7. [PMID: 31296017 PMCID: PMC6620543 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v11i1.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite numerous studies and publications, there is still a common expectation that a medical assessment can confirm or rule out child sexual abuse (CSA). The truth is that CSA can never be ruled out and can seldom be confirmed on clinical grounds. AIM The objective of this article was to suggest which aspects to consider when the expert medical witness in a CSA case needs to explain why CSA can seldom be confirmed and can never be ruled out. The importance of a sound medical and medico-legal history was discussed because the history was generally the only positive 'finding' of the assessment of children who have possibly been abused. METHOD Authoritative sources were used to support the explanation of reasons for an absence of corroborative clinical findings in CSA, as defined by the World Health Organization. The authors structured the individual sections by providing a background on which to base the testimony. They then summarised the clinical forensic significance of the information which should be offered in the courts and which should reflect on the court records, to be taken into account in the eventual decision, which will be made by the court. RESULTS A guideline was provided for answering questions frequently posed to the expert witness in child abuse cases where there were no positive findings. CONCLUSION A structure for the explanation of reasons for a normal clinical examination when evaluating children who may have been sexually abused may reduce the discomfort of medical witnesses and improve the quality of expert medical testimony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Kotzé
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; and, Department of Family Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein.
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Abstract
One percent to 2% of children in the United States are confirmed victims of child abuse, with many more likely affected. It can be difficult to diagnose, with often misleading medical histories, but acute care providers should be aware of its presenting warning signs and how to evaluate and document suspicious physical findings. Young children who cannot disclose are most vulnerable to forms of abuse with high morbidity and mortality, so it is important to keep it in the differential diagnosis and to be aware of and know how to rule out medical conditions that mimic abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine S Pomeranz
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 Hospital Drive, CW 2-737, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, 1540 Hospital Drive, CW 2-737, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Hu MH, Huang GS, Huang JL, Wu CT, Chao AS, Lo FS, Wu HP. Clinical characteristic and risk factors of recurrent sexual abuse and delayed reported sexual abuse in childhood. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0236. [PMID: 29620636 PMCID: PMC5902297 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a global problem that affects children of all ages, and the evaluation of these victims by psychologic and gynecologic experts in pediatric emergency departments is an important issue. Few data are available on the characteristics of children admitted to pediatric emergency department with recurrent CSA and delayed reported CSA. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical features of, and risk factors for, recurrent CSA and delayed reported CSA. The study retrospectively analyzed victims of CSA who were admitted to a pediatric emergency department. Chi-square tests and univariate analyses were performed to assess the risk factors of recurrent or delayed reported CSA. Of the 91 CSA cases, 32 (35.2%) were recurrent assaults. Of the 70 cases recorded the duration of the event, 22 (31.4%) were delayed report cases. Comparisons of the non-recurrent and recurrent CSA assault groups revealed a significant increase in comorbidities (odds ratio [OR]: 4.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.54-12.93), acute psychiatric problems (OR: 3.18, CI: 1.26-8.06), attempted suicide (OR: 4.23, CI: 1.28-13.99), and the need for treatment with antipsychotic medications (OR: 5.57, CI: 1.37-22.65). Compared with non-delayed reported cases, the delay reported cases of CSA were significantly more likely to have anxiety (P < .05). The CSA victims in the present study exhibited acute medical and/or psychosocial problems, which indicate that pediatric emergency professionals have a responsibility to look for and recognize particular characteristics in these victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Hu
- Division of Pediatric General Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University
- Study Group for prevention and Protection Against Child Abuse and Neglect, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan
| | - Go-Shine Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Study Group for prevention and Protection Against Child Abuse and Neglect, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University
| | - Chang-Teng Wu
- Division of Pediatric General Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
- Study Group for prevention and Protection Against Child Abuse and Neglect, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan
| | - An-Shine Chao
- Study Group for prevention and Protection Against Child Abuse and Neglect, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Linkou Medical Center
| | - Fu-Sung Lo
- Study Group for prevention and Protection Against Child Abuse and Neglect, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ping Wu
- Division of Pediatric General Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
- Study Group for prevention and Protection Against Child Abuse and Neglect, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan
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Alexander R. Medical Evaluations Then and Now. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2017; 32:826-852. [PMID: 27402579 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516657354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of medicine for children suspected of having been sexually abused has advanced significantly since the 1980s. Newer tests such as DNA and nucleic acid amplification have added to the detection of perpetrators and disease, respectively. Non-acute examination physical findings are seen in only 5% to 10% of instances. Physical findings regarding the hymen and anus have been found to often be normal variants-findings that some used to regard as signs of sexual abuse. Newer considerations for clinicians include Internet child pornography, human trafficking, and use of video/photographic recording. New technologies such as high definition digital photography and telemedicine help to document abuse in a much improved way than existed several decades ago. Nevertheless, the basic approach of careful history-taking remains a bedrock for the diagnosis of child sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Chiesa
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Edward Goldson
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Prepubertal vaginal bleeding outside the neonatal period is always abnormal and is very alarming to parents. A variety of practitioners, including obstetrician-gynecologists and pediatricians, may be asked to see patients with this presenting complaint, yet many do not receive adequate training in pediatric gynecology. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Review of the published literature in PubMed, focusing on the last 20 years, regarding the incidence, etiologies, diagnosis, and management strategies for the common causes of prepubertal vaginal bleeding. RESULTS Careful history taking and pediatric-specific gynecological examination skills, including awareness of normal anatomy across the age spectrum and the ability to identify an estrogenized hymen, are keys to the appropriate assessment of this clinical problem. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Prepubertal vaginal bleeding has many causes and requires a thorough targeted history and pediatric genitourinary examination, requiring knowledge of the variants of normal pediatric genitourinary anatomy. Most causes can be easily treated and are less likely to be due to sexual abuse or malignancy.
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Trotman GE, Young-Anderson C, Deye KP. Acute Sexual Assault in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2016; 29:518-526. [PMID: 26702774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents are at high risk for sexual assault. Early medical and mental health evaluation by professionals with advanced training in sexual victimization is imperative to assure appropriate assessment, forensic evidence collection, and follow-up. Moreover, continued research and outreach programs are needed for the development of preventative strategies that focus on this vulnerable population. In this review we highlight key concepts for assessment and include a discussion of risk factors, disclosure, sequelae, follow-up, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gylynthia E Trotman
- Department of Women's and Infants' Services, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center/Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Christian Young-Anderson
- Freddie Mac Foundation Child and Adolescent Protection Center, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Katherine P Deye
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia; Freddie Mac Foundation Child and Adolescent Protection Center, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
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Edinburgh L, Saewyc E, Levitt C. Gender Differences In Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse Experiences Among Young Teens. J Sch Nurs 2016; 22:278-84. [PMID: 17172200 DOI: 10.1177/10598405060220050601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrafamilial sexual abuse experiences of young adolescents (ages 10–14), particularly young teen boys, are not well studied. This retrospective chart review study compared psychosocial correlates and victimization experiences between young adolescent girls ( n = 226) and boys ( n = 64) referred to a hospital child advocacy center. Several differences in risk behaviors and abuse experiences were found: Girls were more likely to have run away, to be truant from school, to report substance use, to have multiple perpetrators, and to have physical findings from the abuse. Boys were more likely to have a diagnosis of attention deficit disorder and to report anal penetration, and rarely disclosed abuse at the time of the incident. Peers were girls’ most common choice for disclosing abuse, whereas boys confided most often in their mothers or other adults. These findings suggest sexually abused young adolescent girls and boys need distinct, developmentally appropriate screening and care in school and health care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Edinburgh
- Midwest Children's Resource Center, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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20
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Rostion CG, Galaz MI, Contador M, Aldunate M, Benavides S, Harz C. Helpfulness of rectoanal endosonography in diagnosis of sexual abuse in a child. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:1151-61. [PMID: 26860457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical importance of sexual abuse in children has rapidly expanded in recent years, but despite of it, the lack of medical signs in the vast majority of sexual abuse cases, makes it difficult to assess. Given that, owing to our prior experience in endosonography (EUS) of the anal canal in child with anorectal malformations, we wanted to test EUS as a diagnostic method of sexual abuse in a child. PURPOSE The purpose of our study is to present our experience in the use of anorectal EUS among children with suspected sexual abuse. MATERIALS/METHODS We present 40 consecutive patients (34 boys and 6 girls, age: 10months-13years) recruited from April 2010 to December 2012, with suspected sexual abuse those made a transrectal EUS. RESULTS The procedure was well-tolerated in all patients without complications. Rectoanal EUS findings were normal in 27 patients and showed a partial interruption in the external anal sphincter in 8, scars in 2, double rail image in 2, and rectal wall hematoma in 1. CONCLUSIONS The interpretation of findings in children depends of historical, physical, and laboratory findings. We believe that anal EUS is another aid in the constellation of clinical factors that could help in diagnostic of sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gloria Rostion
- Dr. Roberto del Río Hospital, Universidad de Chile; Clínica Santa María Santiago de Chile.
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21
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DNA transfer during laundering may yield complete genetic profiles. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 23:240-247. [PMID: 27236542 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a number of child sexual abuse cases, the alleged perpetrator is a member of the nuclear family. In those cases, there is a possibility that the suspect's DNA was innocently deposited onto the child's clothing without acts of sexual assault ever occurring, for example via secondary transfer within the washing machine. To assess the quantity and quality of DNA that may be transferred among clothing during laundering, we conducted three series of experiments. First, we evaluated the level of spermatozoa that may be transferred by washing pristine pairs of underwear with bed sheets containing a varying number of ejaculates. Secondly, we explored whether current genetic methods may also detect the transfer of DNA from vaginal secretions during a machine wash. Finally, we analyzed the background levels of DNA on children's underwear collected from control families where sexual abuse never occurred. For both spermatozoa and vaginal secretions, we revealed that sufficient amounts of DNA may transfer onto laundered clothing to yield complete genetic profiles. Furthermore, DNA from relatives living within the same household was found in most cuttings taken from control children's underwear. Based on these findings, we present a framework for the handling and interpretation of intrafamilial sexual abuse cases. These suggestions should help determine whether DNA was deposited directly onto a fabric or merely transferred during a wash.
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Klettke B, Hallford D, Mellor D. Perceptions of credibility of sexual abuse victims across generations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2016; 44:91-97. [PMID: 26439120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The success of prosecutions of perpetrators of sexual abuse often depends substantially upon the perceived credibility of the victim witness. However, perceptions of credibility may vary by generation of the observer, and the constitution of juries may therefore lead to bias. In this study we examined whether perceptions of credibility of female victims of sexual abuse varied across generation Y, generation X, "baby boomers", and "builders". One hundred and twenty-eight jury-eligible members of the community from each generation (N=512) responded to ten questions assessing the perceived believability, competence, trustworthiness, demeanour and sexual naiveté of females providing testimony related to alleged sexual abuse. Although consistent between-generation differences were not found for all questions, or all four groups of generational cohorts, in instances where significant differences were found, it was consistently the older generation groups (builders and baby boomers) that attributed less credibility to the victim than the younger generation groups (generation Y and generation X). The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Klettke
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - David Hallford
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - David Mellor
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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23
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Purps J, Geppert M, Nagy M, Roewer L. Validation of a combined autosomal/Y-chromosomal STR approach for analyzing typical biological stains in sexual-assault cases. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 19:238-242. [PMID: 26280567 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA testing is an established part of the investigation and prosecution of sexual assault. The primary purpose of DNA evidence is to identify a suspect and/or to demonstrate sexual contact. However, due to highly uneven proportions of female and male DNA in typical stains, routine autosomal analysis often fails to detect the DNA of the assailant. To evaluate the forensic efficiency of the combined application of autosomal and Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers, we present a large retrospective casework study of probative evidence collected in sexual-assault cases. We investigated up to 39 STR markers by testing combinations of the 16-locus NGMSElect kit with both the 23-locus PowerPlex Y23 and the 17-locus Yfiler kit. Using this dual approach we analyzed DNA extracts from 2077 biological stains collected in 287 cases over 30 months. To assess the outcome of the combined approach in comparison to stand-alone autosomal analysis we evaluated informative DNA profiles. Our investigation revealed that Y-STR analysis added up to 21% additional, highly informative (complete, single-source) profiles to the set of reportable autosomal STR profiles for typical stains collected in sexual-assault cases. Detection of multiple male contributors was approximately three times more likely with Y-chromosomal profiling than with autosomal STR profiling. In summary, 1/10 cases would have remained inconclusive (and could have been dismissed) if Y-STR analysis had been omitted from DNA profiling in sexual-assault cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Purps
- Department Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Geppert
- Department Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Nagy
- Department Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Roewer
- Department Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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Samuels-Kalow M, Mollen C. ACUTE PELVIC PAIN IN THE ADOLESCENT: A CASE REPORT. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2015; 16:119-124. [PMID: 26273230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of acute pelvic pain in the adolescent female requires differentiating among a broad differential diagnosis that includes potentially serious illness across several organ systems. The case presented provides an illustration of the assessment and management of acute pelvic pain, and key teaching points about important potential causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Samuels-Kalow
- Division of Emergency Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - C Mollen
- Division of Emergency Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
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25
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Lombardi M, Canter J, Patrick PA, Altman R. Is fluorescence under an alternate light source sufficient to accurately diagnose subclinical bruising? J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:444-9. [PMID: 25677469 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This single-blinded, randomized validation study was conducted to evaluate whether fluorescence under alternate light sources (ALS) is sufficient to diagnose subclinical bruising (bruising not visible under white light). Standardized trauma was induced on randomly selected ventral forearms. On days 1, 7, and 14 investigators independently examined case forearms under white light for perceived bruising and under ALS for fluorescence and compared body maps. 56 case and 62 control forearms (n = 118) were examined. Sensitivity of ALS on days 1, 7, and 14 was 76.8%, 69.6%, and 60.7%, respectively, compared to 69.6%, 60.0%, and 32.1% for white light. The specificity of ALS on days 1, 7, and 14 was 51.6%, 59.7%, and 53.2%, respectively, compared to 71.0%, 81.4%, and 86.9% for white light. ALS has increased sensitivity yet low specificity compared to white light in accurately detecting bruises. Fluorescence under ALS is not sufficient to accurately or responsibly diagnose subclinical bruising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lombardi
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
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Dubowitz H, Christian CW, Hymel K, Kellogg ND. Forensic medical evaluations of child maltreatment: a proposed research agenda. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:1734-1746. [PMID: 25224781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Physicians play an important role in the forensic evaluation of suspected child abuse and neglect. There has been considerable progress in the medical field, helping distinguish findings related to maltreatment from other conditions or circumstances. Nevertheless, important questions remain. This article covers several of these questions and proposes a research agenda concerning five main topics: sexual abuse, neglect, fractures, abusive head trauma, and physicians work in interdisciplinary settings. The suggestions are hardly inclusive, but offer suggestions the authors think are priorities, and ones that research could reasonably address. By providing some background to gaps in our knowledge, this paper should be of interest to a broader audience than just medical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy W Christian
- The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Nancy D Kellogg
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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27
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Herrmann B, Banaschak S, Csorba R, Navratil F, Dettmeyer R. Physical Examination in Child Sexual Abuse. DEUTSCHES ÄRZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2014.0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lewis TE, Klettke B, Day A. The influence of medical and behavioral evidence on conviction rates in cases of child sexual abuse. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2014; 23:431-441. [PMID: 24641628 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2014.896843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse cases have one of the lowest conviction rates across all charges. While research has investigated the impact of attitudes and beliefs in judicial decision makers, little is known about the influence of medical evidence. The aim of this study was to examine how the presence or absence of evidence impacts on conviction. A sample of 113 child sexual abuse cases from Australia were coded for the types of evidence that were presented as well as other relevant descriptive data. The most significant predictor of verdict was the behavior of the child rather than the presence of medical evidence. This finding suggests that greater attention might be given to the collection and reporting of this evidence in future trials.
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29
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Jenny C, Crawford-Jakubiak JE. The evaluation of children in the primary care setting when sexual abuse is suspected. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e558-67. [PMID: 23897912 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical report updates a 2005 report from the American Academy of Pediatrics on the evaluation of sexual abuse in children. The medical assessment of suspected child sexual abuse should include obtaining a history, performing a physical examination, and obtaining appropriate laboratory tests. The role of the physician includes determining the need to report suspected sexual abuse; assessing the physical, emotional, and behavioral consequences of sexual abuse; providing information to parents about how to support their child; and coordinating with other professionals to provide comprehensive treatment and follow-up of children exposed to child sexual abuse.
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Hornor G, Thackeray J, Scribano P, Curran S, Benzinger E. Pediatric sexual assault nurse examiner care: trace forensic evidence, ano-genital injury, and judicial outcomes. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2012; 8:105-111. [PMID: 22925125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-3938.2011.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although pediatric sexual assault nurse examiners (P-SANEs) have been providing care for over two decades there remain major gaps in the literature describing the quality of P-SANE care and legal outcomes associated with their cases. The purpose of this study was to compare quality indicators of care in a pediatric emergency department (PED) before and after the implementation of a P-SANE program described in terms of trace forensic evidence yield, identification of perpetrator DNA, and judicial outcomes in pediatric acute sexual assault. METHOD A retrospective review of medical and legal records of all patients presenting to the PED at Nationwide Children's Hospital with concerns of acute sexual abuse/assault requiring forensic evidence collection from 1/1/04 to 12/31/07 was conducted. FINDINGS Detection and documentation of ano-genital injury, evaluation and documentation of pregnancy status, and testing for N. gonorrhea and C. trachomatis was significantly improved since implementation of the P-SANE Program compared to the historical control. DISCUSSION The addition of a P-SANE to the emergency department (ED) provider team improved the quality of care to child/adolescent victims of acute sexual abuse/assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Hornor
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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31
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Leder MR. Acute Sexual Assault and Evidence Collection in the DNA Era. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zeren C, Arslan MM, Karanfil R, Akcan R. A case of a serial sexual offender: The first ever report from Turkey. J Forensic Leg Med 2012; 19:428-30. [PMID: 22920769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There have been cases of serial sexual offenders and studies dealing with such cases in the literature. However, no serial sexual offender case was reported in Turkey, to the best of our knowledge. In this article, as the first report from Turkey, we present a serial sexual offender who assaulted 27 women. The assailant entered a total of 29 houses, and assaulted victims in 27 of them, and he failed to assault two individuals. The 'modus operandi' of the offender was identical in all assault cases and led the police towards a hypothesis that these assaults were all committed by the same individual. The offender did not admit the assaults and strictly refused a forensic psychiatric examination. Being an individual with a high level of education, having a respected position and profession, choosing women aged older than 18 years as victims were among distinctive features of the presented offender.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zeren
- Mustafa Kemal University, Medical Faculty, Department of Forensic Medicine, 31100 Hatay, Turkey.
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33
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Csorba R, Tsikouras P, Lampé R, Póka R. The sexual abuse of female children in Hungary: 20 years' experience. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286:161-6. [PMID: 22395864 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-012-2282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of female children who experience sexual abuse and explore common features that may assist in developing prevention strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 1990 and 2010, 266 girls under the age of 18 years, suspected of being sexually abused, visited the Department of Adolescent Gynecology. We retrospectively collected data illustrating the features of all cases. Seventy-eight percent of the victims were primary school students, and 45% of them were between 11 and 14 years of age. RESULTS The perpetrator knew the victim in 67% of the cases and was a stranger in 33%. Seventy-five (28%) perpetrators were members of the victims' families. In 14% of cases, the perpetrator was the victim's father and in 9% her stepfather. The abuse had occurred on multiple occasions in 29% of the cases. The occurrence rate of abuse was highest in the summer season (54%). As much as 63% of children experienced vaginal penetration, while 37% experienced a variety of sexual contact that did not involve penetration. Eighty-five victims were physically injured, and in 40 cases the presence of sperm was confirmed in vulvo-vaginal smears. A high proportion of female child sexual abuse takes place within the family and is revealed only after multiple episodes. The true prevalence of sexual abuse is being appreciated now that Hungarian law and society have recognized this societal problem. CONCLUSION Prevention requires a systematic and lifelong approach to educating children about personal space and privacy and is the responsibility of parents and professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Csorba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
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Abstract
Child sexual abuse is a common pediatric problem that concerns all pediatric health care providers. Management of child sexual abuse is multifaceted and multidisciplinary. Specialized health providers can provide consultation, but this availability does not minimize the role of the referring physician who often has ongoing contact with the family. Physicians are mandated to report cases of suspected or confirmed sexual abuse. In the majority of cases, a child’s statement about sexual abuse is the strongest evidence that abuse has occurred. Physical examination is normal in the majority of sexual abuse victims. Accurate, evidence-based interpretation of physical and laboratory findings is essential. Normal examinations, normal variants, and findings indicative of sexual contact must be differentiated. Forensic evidence collection and prophylactic treatments may be indicated when patients present within 72 hours of an abusive episode, and patients should be triaged accordingly. Potentially negative psychosocial outcomes should be addressed for patients and their families on initial evaluation and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Fortin
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Tener D, Lang-Franco N, Ofir S, Lev-Wiesel R. The Use of Medical Clowns as a Psychological Distress Buffer During Anogenital Examination of Sexually Abused Children. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2011.578025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE A child's self-disclosure of abuse is a critical component in initiating intervention to stop abuse and decrease the likelihood of long-term negative outcomes. This study described the context in which child abuse victims disclosed to forensic nurses. DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty interviews were conducted at the International Forensic Nurses Scientific Assembly 2007 and then analyzed using narrative inquiry methodology. RESULTS Five themes emerged: child-friendly environment, building rapport, engaged listening, believing unconditionally, and the potential for false disclosures. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nurses can provide an environment that allows a child the perception of limitless time to share their unique stories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cris Finn
- Loretto Heights School of Nursing, Regis University, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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37
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Stewart ST. Hymenal characteristics in girls with and without a history of sexual abuse. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2011; 20:521-536. [PMID: 21970644 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2011.606106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the recent literature on physical findings related to the hymen in pubertal and prepubertal girls with and without a history of sexual abuse. Characteristics of normal hymenal anatomy, acute traumatic findings, and characteristics of healed trauma are discussed, particularly with regard to changes in the interpretation of these findings that have occurred over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T Stewart
- Child Crisis Center, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509, USA.
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Abstract
The medical examination of the sexually abused child may have evidentiary, medical, and therapeutic purposes, and the timing of the examination requires consideration of each of these objectives. In cases of acute sexual assault, emergent examinations may be needed to identify injury, collect forensic evidence, and provide infection and pregnancy prophylaxis. Alternately, most sexually abused children are not identified immediately after assault, and the timing of the examination needs to balance physical and emotional issues with the availability of qualified examiners. In all cases, the best interests of the child should be paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy W Christian
- The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Debertin A, Seifert D, Mützel E. Forensisch-medizinische Untersuchung von Mädchen und Jungen bei Verdacht auf Misshandlung und Missbrauch. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-011-0777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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40
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Thackeray JD, Hornor G, Benzinger EA, Scribano PV. Forensic evidence collection and DNA identification in acute child sexual assault. Pediatrics 2011; 128:227-32. [PMID: 21788217 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe forensic evidence findings and reevaluate previous recommendations with respect to timing of evidence collection in acute child sexual assault and to identify factors associated with yield of DNA. METHODS This was a retrospective review of medical and legal records of patients aged 0 to 20 years who required forensic evidence collection. RESULTS Ninety-seven of 388 (25%) processed evidence-collection kits were positive and 63 (65%) of them produced identifiable DNA. There were 20 positive samples obtained from children younger than 10 years; 17 of these samples were obtained from children seen within 24 hours of the assault. Three children had positive body samples beyond 24 hours after the assault, including 1 child positive for salivary amylase in the underwear and on the thighs 54 hours after the assault. DNA was found in 11 children aged younger than 10 years, including the child seen 54 hours after the assault. Collection of evidence within 24 hours of the assault was identified as an independent predictor of DNA detection. CONCLUSIONS Identifiable DNA was collected from a child's body despite cases in which: evidence collection was performed >24 hours beyond the assault; the child had a normal/nonacute anogenital examination; there was no reported history of ejaculation; and the victim had bathed and/or changed clothes before evidence collection. Failure to conduct evidence collection on prepubertal children beyond 24 hours after the assault will result in rare missed opportunities to identify forensic evidence, including identification of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Thackeray
- Family Violence Coalition at Nationwide Children's, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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41
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Floyed RL, Hirsh DA, Greenbaum VJ, Simon HK. Development of a screening tool for pediatric sexual assault may reduce emergency-department visits. Pediatrics 2011; 128:221-6. [PMID: 21788216 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the characteristics of a novel screening tool used to identify which prepubertal children should potentially receive an initial evaluation for alleged sexual assault in a nonemergent setting. METHODS Electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed from 2007 to 2008. Visits with a chief complaint or diagnosis of alleged sexual assault for patients aged 12 years or younger were identified. Complete records, those with no evaluation before pediatric emergency-department arrival, and those with child advocacy center follow-up were included. Records were reviewed to answer the following: (1) Did the incident occur in the past 72 hours, and was there oral or genital to genital/anal contact? (2) Was genital or rectal pain, bleeding, discharge, or injury present? (3) Was there concern for the child's safety? (4) Was an unrelated emergency medical condition present? An affirmative response to any of the questions was considered a positive screen (warranting immediate evaluation); all others were considered negative screens. Those who had positive physical examination findings of anogenital trauma or infection, a change in custody, or an emergency medical condition were defined as high risk (having a positive outcome). RESULTS A total of 163 cases met study criteria; 90 of 163 (55%) patients had positive screens and 73 of 163 (45%) had negative screens. No patients with negative screens were classified as high risk. The screening tool has sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval: 93.5-100.0). CONCLUSIONS This screening tool may be effective for determining which children do not require emergency-department evaluation for alleged sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Floyed
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Jenny
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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Girardet R, Bolton K, Lahoti S, Mowbray H, Giardino A, Isaac R, Arnold W, Mead B, Paes N. Collection of forensic evidence from pediatric victims of sexual assault. Pediatrics 2011; 128:233-8. [PMID: 21788219 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the time period after sexual assault of a child that specimens may yield evidence using DNA amplification. Secondary questions included the comparative laboratory yields of body swabs versus other specimens, and the correlation between physical findings and laboratory results. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from evidence-collection kits from children 13 years and younger were reviewed. Kits were screened for evidence using traditional methods, and DNA testing was performed for positive specimens. Laboratory data were compared with historical information. RESULTS There were 277 evidence-collection kits analyzed; 151 were collected from children younger than 10; 222 kits (80%) had 1 or more positive laboratory screening test, of which 56 (20%) tested positive by DNA. The time interval to collection was <24 hours for 30 of the 56 positive kits (68% positives with a documented time interval), and 24 (43% of all positive kits) were positive only by nonbody specimens. The majority of children with DNA were aged 10 or older, but kits from 14 children younger than 10 also had a positive DNA result, of which 5 were positive by a body swab collected between 7 and 95 hours after assault. Although body swabs were important sources of evidence for older children, they were significantly less likely than nonbody specimens to yield DNA among children younger than 10 (P = .002). There was no correlation between physical findings and laboratory evidence. CONCLUSIONS Body samples should be considered for children beyond 24 hours after assault, although the yield is limited. Physical examination findings do not predict yield of forensic laboratory tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Girardet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Niec A. Forensic issues in the assessment of sexually assaulted adolescents. Paediatr Child Health 2011; 7:153-9. [PMID: 20046288 DOI: 10.1093/pch/7.3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a general overview of the principles of conducting a forensic evaluation of adolescents who have been exposed to sexual abuse. This problem is common and is associated with a large burden of suffering. There is a strong likelihood that most paediatricians will be called on to perform such evaluations at some point in time. This overview includes a description of the forensic examination, focuses on such issues as consent and contact with child protection services, and provides specific guidelines about interviewing the adolescent. Familiarity with how to conduct a forensic evaluation will hopefully improve the availability of this service for adolescents. Contact with the legal profession can be stressful. At the same time, paediatricians are in a unique position to advocate on behalf of their adolescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Niec
- Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, McMaster Site, Hamilton, Ontario
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Medico-Legal evaluation of child sexual abuse over a six-year period from 2004 to 2009 in the Suez Canal area, Egypt. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Zwickl S, Merriman G. The association between childhood sexual abuse and adult female sexual difficulties. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2010.530251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gunduz T, Karbeyaz K, Ayranci U. Evaluation of the Adjudicated Incest Cases in Turkey: Difficulties in Notification of Incestuous Relationships. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:438-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maiquilla SMB, Salvador JM, Calacal GC, Sagum MS, Dalet MRM, Delfin FC, Tabbada KA, Franco SAEL, Perdigon HB, Madrid BJ, Tan MP, De Ungria MCA. Y-STR DNA analysis of 154 female child sexual assault cases in the Philippines. Int J Legal Med 2010; 125:817-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Newton AW, Vandeven AM. The role of the medical provider in the evaluation of sexually abused children and adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2010; 19:669-686. [PMID: 21113834 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2010.523448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It was only 30 years ago that the medical community began to develop an increased awareness of child sexual abuse, and the role of the medical provider in the evaluation of sexually abused children has evolved significantly. As clinicians worldwide develop a greater understanding of the impact of the sexual abuse evaluation on the child, the roles of the physician and nurse have changed. In the United States, current practice often uses a multidisciplinary assessment involving skilled forensic interviewing of the child and a medical examination done by a medical provider with specialized training in sexual abuse. In order to minimize child interviews, these assessments are frequently held in settings such as child advocacy centers, where forensic interviewers and medical clinicians, child protective service workers, and police and district attorneys can work jointly to address the legal and protective issues in a coordinated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Whittier Newton
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Kisanga F, Mbwambo J, Hogan N, Nystrom L, Emmelin M, Lindmark G. Perceptions of child sexual abuse-a qualitative interview study with representatives of the socio-legal system in urban Tanzania. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2010; 19:290-309. [PMID: 20509078 DOI: 10.1080/10538711003789031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Through in-depth interviews, this study explored perceptions and experiences of key players handling child sexual offense cases in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The informants included public police investigators, magistrates, legal workers, and social workers working with nongovernmental organizations. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Five themes emerged summarizing factors associated with sexual offenses, including community passivity, legal system weaknesses, legal framework inadequacy, and key players' vulnerabilities. Addressing the identified weaknesses may promote justice, while changes in attitudes and norms are needed for the prevention of sexual offenses to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kisanga
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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