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Peterson RG, Xiao R, Katcoff H, Fisher BT, Weiss PF. Effect of first-line biologic initiation on glucocorticoid exposure in children hospitalized with new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: emulation of a pragmatic trial using observational data. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2021; 19:109. [PMID: 34225753 PMCID: PMC8256608 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-021-00597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid exposure is a significant driver of morbidity in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA). We determined the effect of early initiation of biologic therapy (IL-1 or IL-6 inhibition) on glucocorticoid exposure in hospitalized patients with new-onset sJIA. METHODS We emulated a pragmatic sequence of trials ("pseudo-trials") of biologic initiation in children (≤ 18 years) hospitalized with new-onset sJIA utilizing retrospective data from an administrative database from 52 tertiary care children's hospitals from 2008 to 2019. Eligibility window, treatment assignment and start of follow-up between biologic and non-biologic study arms were aligned for each pseudo-trial. Patients in the source population could meet eligibility criteria at several timepoints. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to determine the effect of biologic initiation on in-hospital glucocorticoid exposure. RESULTS Four hundred sixty-eight children met eligibility criteria, of which 19% received biologic therapy without preceding or concomitant initiation of immunomodulatory medications. This proportion significantly increased over time during the study period (p < 0.01). 1451 trial subjects were included across 4 pseudo-trials with 71 assigned to the biologic arm and 1380 assigned to the non-biologic arm. After adjustment, there was a trend toward decreased odds of glucocorticoid initiation in the biologic arm compared to the non-biologic arm (OR 0.39, 95% CI [0.13, 1.15]). CONCLUSION Biologic initiation in children hospitalized with new-onset sJIA significantly increased over time and may be associated with reduced glucocorticoid exposure. The increasing use of first-line biologic therapy may lead to clinically relevant reductions in treatment-related adverse effects of glucocorticoid-reliant therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary G. Peterson
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA ,Dell Children’s Medical Center, Strictly Pediatrics Building, 1301 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Suite 400, Austin, TX 78723 USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Hannah Katcoff
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Brian T. Fisher
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Infectious Diseases, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Pamela F. Weiss
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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Einarsdottir MJ, Ekman P, Trimpou P, Olsson DS, Johannsson G, Ragnarsson O. High prescription rate of oral glucocorticoids in children and adults: A retrospective cohort study from Western Sweden. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:21-28. [PMID: 31631358 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a cornerstone in treating various common and uncommon diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of GC use in terms of doses associated with risk of tertiary adrenal insufficiency in adults and children, and treatment indications. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study. Information on dispensed prescriptions was obtained from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. Patients with prescriptions of prednisolone (or equivalent dose of other GCs) ≥5 mg daily for ≥21 days between 2007 and 2014 were included. Information on concurrent diseases was obtained from the Swedish National Patient Register and the Västra Götaland Regional Healthcare Database. RESULTS Of 1 585 335 inhabitants in Västra Götaland County, 223 211 were included in the study (women 55.6%). Mean age was 48 ± 24 years. Period prevalence of oral GC use during the 8-year study period was 14.1%. The highest prevalence (27.4%) was in men aged 80-89 years and lowest (7.5%) in men 10-19 years of age. The period prevalence in children 0-9 years of age was 10.6%. COPD and asthma were the most common indications for treatment (17.2%) followed by allergy (12.5%) and malignant neoplasms (11.5%). Allergy was the most frequent indication (20.5%) in children and adolescents. CONCLUSION Between 2007 and 2014, every seventh inhabitant in western Sweden received a GC prescription at doses associated with risk of developing tertiary adrenal insufficiency. These findings illustrate the importance of awareness of the potential development of tertiary adrenal insufficiency in both paediatric and adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret J Einarsdottir
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Ekman
- Statistiska Konsultgruppen, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Penelope Trimpou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel S Olsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Analysis of Cytotoxic Activity and Synergistic Effect of Curcuma Longa Extract in Combination with Prednisolone on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Lines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kara C, Çetinkaya S, Gündüz S, Can Yılmaz G, Aycan Z, Aydın M. Efficacy and safety of pamidronate in children with vitamin D intoxication. Pediatr Int 2016; 58:562-8. [PMID: 26646324 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphosphonates are used in the treatment of vitamin D intoxication (VDI) after failure of conventional therapy including prednisolone. Safety concerns restrict the use of bisphosphonates from being used as first-line therapy for VDI in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pamidronate in comparison with prednisolone in children with VDI. METHODS We reviewed the hospital records of children consecutively diagnosed with VDI at two medical centers in a 15 year period. RESULTS The subjects consisted of 21 children (age, 0.3-4.2 years) who were treated with prednisolone and/or bisphosphonates. Pamidronate (n = 18) or alendronate (n = 3) was used in six patients after unsuccessful prednisolone treatment, and in 15 patients from baseline. Initial serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were 16.1 ± 1.9 mg/dL and 493 ± 219 ng/mL, respectively. The median time to reach normocalcemia in the pamidronate, alendronate and prednisolone groups was 3 days (range, 2-12 days), 4 days (range, 3-6 days) and 17 days (range, 12-26 days), respectively (P = 0.013). The pamidronate group had a fivefold shorter hospital stay than the prednisolone group. Three patients initially treated with prednisolone developed nephrocalcinosis but this did not occur in any patient treated with bisphosphonates from baseline. Apart from transient fever and moderate hypophosphatemia, no side-effect of bisphosphonate treatment was observed. CONCLUSIONS Pamidronate is efficient and safe for the treatment of VDI in children. Pamidronate use significantly shortens the duration of treatment, and thereby may prevent the development of nephrocalcinosis. Instead of prednisolone, pamidronate should be used together with hydration and furosemide as the first-line therapy for VDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kara
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Semra Çetinkaya
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr Sami Ulus Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suzan Gündüz
- Department of Pediatrics, Turgut Özal University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülay Can Yılmaz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Zehra Aycan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr Sami Ulus Children's Hospital, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Aydın
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Lindemeyer RG, Rashewsky SE, Louie PJ, Schleelein L. Anesthetic and dental management of a child with IMAGe syndrome. Anesth Prog 2014; 61:165-8. [PMID: 25517553 DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006-61.4.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMAGe syndrome (OMIM 300290) is a rare multisystem disorder that has a broad phenotypic presentation. Though variable, this disorder mainly consists of Intrauterine growth retardation, Metaphyseal dysplasia, Adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and Genital abnormalities. Patients with IMAGe syndrome present as an uncommon yet important challenge for dentists and anesthesiologists due to their wide range of dysmorphic facial features, adrenal insufficiency, electrolyte imbalances, and need for steroid replacement. The purpose of this case report is to describe the successful anesthetic management of a pediatric patient diagnosed with IMAGe syndrome who presented for full mouth dental rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle G Lindemeyer
- Associate Professor of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Director, Pediatric Dental Residency Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Vannucci G, Cantarini L, Giani T, Marrani E, Moretti D, Pagnini I, Simonini G, Cimaz R. Glucocorticoids in the management of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Paediatr Drugs 2013; 15:343-9. [PMID: 23813411 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-013-0038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have been the mainstay of treatment for many years in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), causing important side effects and some difficulties in the management of this disease. Until the introduction of biologic agents, oral glucocorticoids were used to control fever and other systemic features for several months or even years if systemic manifestations persisted. Nowadays, clinicians have valid alternatives that have revolutionized the natural history of sJIA. Biologic agents, such as the interleukin-1 inhibitors anakinra and the more recent canakinumab, or the interleukin-6 inhibitor tocilizumab, have improved the prognosis of this debilitating disease. Glucocorticoids still have to be considered at the onset of disease when a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy fails or when there are life-threatening complications such as severe anemia or pericarditis, or macrophage activation syndrome. Local (intra-articular) triamcinolone hexacetonide is the treatment of choice for arthritis limited to one joint or a few joints in patients without systemic activity. To date, there is still great heterogeneity in the management of sJIA patients, but in recent years there have been attempts to design algorithms and treatment protocols for glucocorticoids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, and biologic agents. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of glucocorticoid therapy in sJIA, comments on recently published recommendations, and gives practical support to the clinician for management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Vannucci
- Rheumatology Unit, AOU Meyer and University of Florence, V. le Pieraccini 24, 50141, Florence, Italy,
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Sezer RG, Guran T, Paketçi C, Seren LP, Bozaykut A, Bereket A. Comparison of oral alendronate versus prednisolone in treatment of infants with vitamin D intoxication. Acta Paediatr 2012; 101:e122-5. [PMID: 22004010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this report was to compare the efficacy of oral alendronate versus prednisolone treatment in addition to conventional measures in infants with vitamin D intoxication. METHODS In six infants (aged 8.0 ± 2.1 months) with vitamin D intoxication, time to achieve normocalcemia with prednisolone treatment (Group I, n = 4) or alendronate treatment (Group II, n = 4, two infants started treatment from the baseline and two after unsuccessful prednisolone treatment) in addition to intravenous hydration and diuretic therapy were compared. RESULTS Baseline serum calcium levels ranged between 3.8 and 4.77 mmol/L. In the prednisolone group, although two patients reached normocalcemia on 7th and 12th days of treatment, other two patients did not despite 23 and 15 days of treatment and therefore switched to alendronate treatment. The mean duration of prednisolone treatment in these four patients was 14.2 ± 6.7 days (range 7-23). In the alendronate group, two patients who started treatment from the baseline achieved normocalcemia on the 5th day. Other two patients achieved normocalcemia 2 days after switching to alendronate. Thus, the mean time to reach normocalcemia after single oral alendronate administration was 3.5 ± 1.7 days (range 2-5) (p < 0.01 versus Group I). CONCLUSION Alendronate treatment achieves normocalcemia four times earlier than prednisolone treatment and shortens hospital stay in infants with vitamin D intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia G Sezer
- Department of Pediatrics, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Childrens Diseases Research and Training State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Gurion R, Lehman TJA, Moorthy LN. Systemic arthritis in children: a review of clinical presentation and treatment. Int J Inflam 2011; 2012:271569. [PMID: 22235382 PMCID: PMC3253447 DOI: 10.1155/2012/271569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) constitutes a small part of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), yet has a disproportionally higher rate of mortality. Despite being grouped under JIA, it is considered to be a multifactorial autoinflammatory disease. The objective of this paper is to review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics, clinical manifestations, complications, therapy, prognosis, and outcome of sJIA. The presentation and clinical manifestations of sJIA have not changed much in the past several decades, but the collective understanding of the pathogenesis and the development of new targeted therapies (particularly the biologic agents) have transformed and improved the disease outcome for children with sJIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Gurion
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - T. J. A. Lehman
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery and Clinical Pediatrics Weill Medical Center, Cornell University, 535 E 70 St, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - L. N. Moorthy
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of NJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Bibas Bonet ME, De Petrino SF, Meson O, De Budeguer MV, Perdigon G. Optimal Effect of Lactobacillus delbruecki subsp. bulgaricus, Among Other Lactobacilli Species, on the Number of IgA and Mast Cells Associated with the Mucosa in Immunosuppressed Mice. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540109999780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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10
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Chatterjee M, Speiser PW. Pamidronate treatment of hypercalcemia caused by vitamin D toxicity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2007; 20:1241-8. [PMID: 18183797 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2007.20.11.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We present a 16 month-old previously healthy boy with refractory hypercalcemia due to an overdose of an over-the-counter vitamin supplement. The patient presented to the emergency department with a few weeks' history of irritability, constipation and intermittent vomiting. His serum calcium was found to be 18 mg/dl. He was first treated with intravenous fluids, furosemide and glucocorticoids without significant improvement, but became eucalcemic within 24 hours after receiving a single dose of pamidronate. This case highlights the potential danger of high dose vitamin supplements in children, and the salutary effects of treatment with bisphosphonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Chatterjee
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Schneider Children's Hospital, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA.
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García-Carrasco M, Fuentes-Alexandro S, Escárcega RO, Rojas-Rodriguez J, Escobar LE. Efficacy of thalidomide in systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2007; 74:500-3. [PMID: 17706449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thalidomide is an immunomodulating agent which reverses many of the cytokine disturbances seen in systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA) with inadequate response to other treatments. We report 3 cases of recalcitrant SoJIA which improved dramatically after treatment with thalidomide. PATIENTS Three children aged 9, 8, and 6 years diagnosed with SoJIA treated with conventional therapy including NSAIDs, corticosteroids, methotrexate and etanercept failed to respond fully and their condition worsened. Thalidomide was begun based on two previous reports showing its efficacy in recalcitrant SoJIA. RESULTS Thalidomide produced successful remission of the disease in all 3 patients according to the preliminary criteria for inactive disease and clinical remission of JIA. CONCLUSION Thalidomide may be a viable, alternative corticoid-sparing therapy in patients with recalcitrant, multidrug-resistant SoJIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario García-Carrasco
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, HGZ #36, CMN Manuel Avila Camacho, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico.
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Schned AR, Ornvold K, Tsongalis GJ, Chobanian MC. Fatal relapse of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis triggered by successive Epstein-Barr and varicella zoster virus infections. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47:915-22. [PMID: 16632033 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.02.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Schned
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Abstract
We report a case of an adolescent girl treated with high-dose oral steroids for prolonged coughing thought to be secondary to unstable asthma. Iatrogenic adrenal suppression led to clinical appearance of Cushing syndrome and associated bilateral early post-capsular cataracts, slowing of growth velocity and osteopenia. After weaning off steroids, there was a spontaneous increase in aeral lumbar bone mineral density and also catch-up growth evident over a 5-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana G Gozzi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, which is characterised by recurrent disease flares that may affect any organ system. Renal involvement remains one of the chief causes of morbidity and mortality in children with lupus. Nephritis occurs in approximately two-thirds of patients, ranging from mild glomerulitis to life-threatening occurrences of diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. As lupus nephritis is a condition of no single aetiology, there is no single cure. Corticosteroids, although still the first line of treatment, are increasingly being superseded by cytotoxic drugs, in particular cyclophosphamide and corticosteroid-sparing agents. Newer agents such as mycophenolate mofetil, although effective in the treatment of lupus in adults, are less effective in children. Standard of care for highly active lupus nephritis in children remains intravenous cyclophosphamide, although preliminary experience suggests that the addition of rituximab may allow for remission induction with a reduction in cumulative cyclophosphamide dose. Combination therapies and newer agents appear promising for the future as our understanding of the immune system and its dysregulation in SLE improves. In this review, we discuss the current standards of care, newer therapies currently in use, and emerging treatments still undergoing development and investigation. We conclude by discussing our guidelines for treatment at the present time and suggestions for the comprehensive care of children with lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Adams
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Adams A, Lehman TJA. Update on the pathogenesis and treatment of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17:612-6. [PMID: 16093841 DOI: 10.1097/01.bor.0000169363.69066.d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis accounts for only about 20% of most reported series, children with systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis are often the most difficult to treat. Many children with persistent systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis have marked physical and emotional disability as a result of both disease and treatment-related morbidities. This review highlights recent studies that better elucidate the etiopathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. New therapies derived from better understanding of cytokines, cytokine gene expression, and their complex interactions, which result in inflammation, are improving our ability to control active disease while reducing or reliance on corticosteroids. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis have led to therapies that specifically target the cytokines found in abnormal quantities in children with active disease. Biologic agents that directly target interleukin-1a, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha are currently in use, and additional agents that modulate interleukin-18, myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14, natural killer cell function, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor production are under investigation. SUMMARY Anakinra, monoclonal antibody to interleukin-6 receptor, and thalidomide each have led to significant clinical improvement with fewer side effects than resulted when corticosteroids were the mainstay of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Adams
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Vitamin D intoxication in infancy has serious consequences attributable to acute hypercalcemia and subsequent hypercalcuria/nephrocalcinosis. Current treatments of patients with vitamin D intoxication are unsatisfactory and associated with prolonged hypercalcemia. We now report the use of oral alendronate sodium in a 3-month-old infant with vitamin D intoxication. Short-term oral alendronate sodium treatment effectively corrected hypercalcemia/hypercalciuria, decreased the duration of hospitalization, and appears safe in 15 months of observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Bereket
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul 81030, Turkey.
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Lehman TJA, Striegel KH, Onel KB. Thalidomide therapy for recalcitrant systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 2002; 140:125-7. [PMID: 11815776 DOI: 10.1067/mpd.2002.120835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis unresponsive to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be controlled with corticosteroids, but these drugs have significant side effects. We report 2 steroid-dependent children with systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis who did not respond to multiple nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporine, and etanercept. Both children had significant improvement with thalidomide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J A Lehman
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Sanford Weill Medical Center of Cornell University, New York 10021, USA
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18
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Abstract
The increased life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) may lead to medical complications such as osteoporosis. Based on data collected through a MEDLINE search (1985-May 1999) and review of references for additional relevant articles, nutrition status, weight, and disease severity are factors most highly correlated with osteopenia. Links also were noted with calcium and vitamin D intake, hypogonadism, chronic inflammation, and age, but findings in these areas are not consistent from one report to the next. Increased fracture rates and kyphosis are consequences of osteoporosis. Simple measures such as compliance with recommended nutrition guidelines and restrictions in corticosteroid therapy could be considered first-line management options. Further studies must be conducted to clarify factors involved in the etiology of osteoporosis in patients with CF and to identify the best treatment and prevention methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lambert
- Pharmacy Department, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Québec City, Canada
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Maruyama S, Minagawa M, Shimizu T, Oya H, Yamamoto S, Musha N, Abo W, Weerasinghe A, Hatakeyama K, Abo T. Administration of glucocorticoids markedly increases the numbers of granulocytes and extrathymic T cells in the bone marrow. Cell Immunol 1999; 194:28-35. [PMID: 10357878 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, steroid hormones, are widely used as an anti-inflammatory drug. However, clinicians have sometimes encountered adverse drug reactions such as ulcers and tissue damage. In this study, we investigated how such adverse reactions of glucocorticoids are evoked, using an experimental mice model. When hydrocortisone (0.5 or 1.0 mg/day/mouse) was administered daily for 2 weeks, severe leukocytopenia was induced in all immune system organs. However, granulocytes (Gr-1(+)Mac-1(+)) were increased in number in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. This seemed to be due to an elevated level of myelopoiesis in the bone marrow. As well as increasing in number, granulocytes were functionally activated as estimated by the Ca2+ influx and superoxide production. The proportion of primordial T cells (CD3(int)IL-2Rbeta+) in the thymus and the number of primordial T cells in the bone marrow also increased. Mice administered hydrocortisone became susceptible to stress. Thus, these mice showed gastric ulcers when they were exposed to restraint stress for 12 h. These results suggest that activated granulocytes and primordial T cells might provide a mechanism involved in steroid ulcers and tissue damage, possibly through the superoxide production of granulocytes and the autoreactivity of primordial T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maruyama
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
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Becker JM, Arora A, Scarfone RJ, Spector ND, Fontana-Penn ME, Gracely E, Joffe MD, Goldsmith DP, Malatack JJ. Oral versus intravenous corticosteroids in children hospitalized with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103:586-90. [PMID: 10200005 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that in the emergency treatment of an asthma exacerbation, corticosteroids used in conjunction with beta-agonists result in lower hospitalization rates for children and adults. Furthermore, orally administered corticosteroids have been found to be effective in the treatment of outpatients with asthma. However, similar data in inpatients is lacking. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of oral prednisone versus intravenous methylprednisolone in equivalent doses for the treatment of an acute asthma exacerbation in hospitalized children. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, double-placebo study comparing oral prednisone at 2 mg/kg/dose (maximum 120 mg/dose) twice daily versus intravenous methylprednisolone at 1 mg/kg/dose (maximum 60 mg/dose) four times daily in a group of patients 2 through 18 years of age hospitalized for an acute asthma exacerbation. All patients were assessed by a clinical asthma score 3 times a day. The main study outcome was length of hospitalization; total length of stay and time elapsed before beta-agonists could be administered at 6-hour intervals. Duration of supplemental oxygen administration and peak flow measurements were secondary outcome measures. RESULTS Sixty-six patients were evaluated. Children in the prednisone group had a mean length of stay of 70 hours compared with 78 hours for the methylprednisolone group (P =.52). Children in the prednisone group were successfully weaned to beta-agonists in 6-hour intervals after 59 hours compared with 68 hours for the methylprednisolone group (P =.47). Patients receiving prednisone required supplemental oxygen for 30 hours compared with 52 hours for the methylprednisolone group (P =.04). CONCLUSION There was no difference in length of hospital stay between asthmatic patients receiving oral prednisone and those receiving intravenous methylprednisolone. Because hospitalization charges are approximately 10 times greater for intravenous methylprednisolone compared with oral prednisone, the use of oral prednisone to treat inpatients with acute asthma would result in substantial savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Becker
- Department of Pediatrics, MCP Hahnemann School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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21
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Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids cannot be separated from their metabolic effects as all cells use the same glucocorticoid receptor; therefore when corticosteroids are prescribed measures should be taken to minimise their side effects. Clearly, the chance of significant side effects increases with the dose and duration of treatment and so the minimum dose necessary to control the disease should be given. Before embarking on a long term course of corticosteroids the factors summarised in Table 1 should be considered. A full discussion with the patient is necessary in order to explain the benefits and risks of corticosteroid treatment. A patient information leaflet is now provided by the manufacturers of all systemic corticosteroid preparations. As emphasised by the recent publication by the Committee on the Safety of Medicines, advice to patients is the key to the safe use of long term systemic corticosteroids and it recommends discussing the following points with the patient: not to stop taking corticosteroids suddenly to see a doctor if they become unwell of the increased susceptibility to infections, especially chickenpox of the serious side effects that may occur to read and keep the patient information leaflet to always carry the steroid treatment card and to show it to any health professional involved in their treatment. In addition the following suggestions may help to minimise some side effects: a single morning dose early dietary modification--low calorie, low sodium, and high potassium awareness of possible errors of judgment on high doses. Once started on corticosteroids the patient should be regularly reviewed to assess the response to the treatment with adjustments to keep the dose at a minimum.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ozdemir
- Pediatric Pulmonary Section, Arizona Respiratory Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
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