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Nie Y, Pan T, He J, Li Y. Impaired social reward processing in individuals with Internet gaming disorder and its relationship with early face perception. Addict Behav 2024; 153:108006. [PMID: 38457987 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has found that individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) show different patterns of social function impairments in game-related and real-life social contexts. Impaired social reward processing may be the underlying mechanism according to the Social Motivation Theory. Thus, in this study, event-related potentials were recorded from 24 individuals with IGD and 24 healthy gamers during a social judgement task. We focused on reward positivity (RewP) elicited by game-related and real-life social rewards, and N170 elicited by game avatar faces and real faces. These indicators were used to explore the neurocognitive mechanism of impaired social reward processing in individuals with IGD and its relationship with early face perception. Results showed that (1) the RewP elicited by real-life social reward was considerably reduced in individuals with IGD relative to healthy gamers. (2) The N170 elicited by game avatar faces in individuals with IGD was larger than that elicited by real faces. However, the N170 was not associated with RewP in either group. (3) The score for IGD severity was correlated with the RewP elicited by real-life social reward and the N170 elicited by game avatar face. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the impaired social reward processing in individuals with IGD is mainly manifested in a decreased neural sensitivity to real-life social reward. Meanwhile, the reduced RewP elicited by real-life social reward and the enhanced N170 elicited by game avatar face might serve as potential biomarkers for IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Nie
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbo He
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yongxin Li
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China.
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Fong TCT, Junus A, Wen M, Yip PSF. Comorbidity among symptoms of internet gaming disorder, social withdrawal, and depression in 3430 young people in Hong Kong: A network analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 359:319-326. [PMID: 38777272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to examine the comorbidity among symptoms of internet gaming disorder (IGD), social withdrawal, and depression using the network perspective. METHODS An online survey recruited 3430 young people in Hong Kong (mean age = 19.4 years, 80.5 % male) via gaming channels in 2019. The participants completed the 9-item IGD Scale, Hikikomori Questionnaire, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Network analysis was conducted using R to estimate the central symptoms of IGD and depression in individual networks and identified the bridge symptoms in combined network of IGD, social withdrawal, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS All network models showed high stability. 'Withdrawal', 'Loss of control', and 'Tolerance' were the central IGD symptoms, while 'Depressed mood' and 'Self-blame/guilt' were the central depressive symptoms. The bridge symptoms were 'Gaming as escape or mood relief' from IGD cluster, 'Depressed mood' and 'Self-blame/guilt' from depression cluster, and 'Marked social isolation at home' and 'Significant distress due to social isolation' from social withdrawal cluster. The combined network showed no significant differences in network structure and global strength across gender and age groups. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional sample only indicated undirected associations between the symptoms in the three clusters and could not model the intra-individual variation. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided the first results on the comorbidity among IGD, social withdrawal, and depression at a symptom level among Chinese young people via network analysis. The bridge symptoms highlight potential targets for interventions of comorbidity among the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted C T Fong
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Centre on Behavioral Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Alvin Junus
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Wen
- Department of Sociology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Paul S F Yip
- Department of Social Work & Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Huang C, Guo L, Sun Y, Lu J, Shan H, Du J, Jiang H, Shao S, Deng M, Wen X, Zhu R, Su H, Zhong N, Zhao M. Disrupted inter-brain synchronization in the prefrontal cortex between adolescents and young adults with gaming disorders during the real-world cooperating video games. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:386-394. [PMID: 38401807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaming disorder (GD) and hazardous gaming (HG) have a high incidence among adolescents and young adults and have caused various negative consequences. Interpersonal interaction deficits are closely related to GD and HG, however, the underlying brain mechanisms are still unclear. METHODS The current study recruited 46 healthy subjects and 32 subjects with GD/HG. Gaming time and frequency, gaming disorder risks, life events, strengths, and difficulties were measured with scales. Subjects were randomly paired into 12 HC-HC dyads, 15 GD/HG-HC dyads, and 7 GD/HG-GD/HG dyads and in pairs completed a real-world cooperating video game - "Tied Together" with functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning recording in the prefrontal cortex. The inter-brain synchronization in each region of the PFC between dyads was calculated by wavelet to transform coherence to measure brain-to-brain synchronization. RESULTS We found subjects with GD/HG reported higher risks of gaming. The highest IBS in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex significantly decreased in the GD/HG-HC and GD/HG-GD/HG dyads compared with healthy controls. A decreasing highest IBS of the left dlPFC was related to a decreasing level of peer problems. LIMITATIONS We declare limitations of age gaps of samples, undistinguishing GD from HG, use of sub-samples, and the broad concept of interpersonal interaction. CONCLUSIONS The current study found a decreased highest IBS in the left dlPFC among adolescents and young adults with gaming diseases. It may provide new prevention and treatment insights into gaming disorders targeting disrupted interpersonal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanning Huang
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Changning District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidi Shan
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuxin Shao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqiao Deng
- Antai College of Economics & Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xifeng Wen
- Antai College of Economics & Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiming Zhu
- Antai College of Economics & Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Na Zhong
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Bäcklund C, Sörman DE, Gavelin HM, Király O, Demetrovics Z, Ljungberg JK. Comparing psychopathological symptoms, life satisfaction, and personality traits between the WHO and APA frameworks of gaming disorder symptoms: A psychometric investigation. Scand J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38475668 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association and Gaming Disorder in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization requires consistent psychological measures for reliable estimates. The current study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT), the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10), and the Five-Item Gaming Disorder Test (GDT-5) and to compare the WHO and the APA frameworks of gaming disorder symptoms in terms of psychopathological symptoms, life satisfaction, and personality traits. METHODS A sample of 723 Swedish gamers was recruited (29.8% women, 68.3% men, 1.9% other, Mage = 29.50 years, SD = 8.91). RESULTS The results indicated notable differences regarding the estimated possible risk groups between the two frameworks. However, the association between gaming disorder symptoms and personality traits, life satisfaction, and psychopathological symptoms appeared consistent across the two frameworks. The results showed excellent psychometric properties in support of the one-factor model of the GDT, IGDT-10, and GDT-5, including good reliability estimates (McDonald's omega) and evidence of construct validity. Additionally, the results demonstrated full gender and age measurement invariance of the GDT, IGDT-10, and GDT-5, indicating that gaming disorder symptoms are measured equally across the subgroups. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the IGDT-10, GDT-5, and GDT are appropriate measures for assessing gaming disorder symptoms and facilitating future research in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bäcklund
- Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Daniel Eriksson Sörman
- Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | | | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Jessica K Ljungberg
- Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Ghazi FR, Gan WY, Tung SEH, Chen IH, Poon WC, Siaw YL, Ruckwongpatr K, Chen JS, Huang SW, Griffiths MD, Lin CY. Problematic Gaming in Malaysian University Students: Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Malay Language Versions of Gaming Disorder Test and Gaming Disorder Scale for Young Adults. Eval Health Prof 2024; 47:93-104. [PMID: 37365830 DOI: 10.1177/01632787231185845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
As research on gaming disorder (GD) is growing globally, the need for a valid and reliable instrument to assess GD has become crucial. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study translated and evaluated the psychometric properties of Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) and Gaming Disorder Scale for Young Adults (GADIS-YA) into Malay language versions. The sample comprised 624 university students (females = 75.6%; mean age = 22.27 years) recruited via an online survey from May to August 2022, using a convenience sampling method. Participants completed both GDT and GADIS-YA scales and other relevant measures including Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), and time spent on social media and gaming. Results showed that both instruments reported satisfactory internal consistency, and confirmatory factor analysis supported the one-factor structure for GDT and two-factor structure for GADIS-YA. Both scales were strongly correlated with each other and with the IGDS9-SF, BSMAS, and time spent on social media and gaming, supporting concurrent validity. Measurement invariance of both scales was confirmed across gender and gaming time. These findings suggest that the Malay versions of GDT and GADIS-YA are reliable and valid measures of problematic gaming among Malaysian university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Raihana Ghazi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ying Gan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Serene En Hui Tung
- Division of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Hua Chen
- Chinese Academy of Education Big Data, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Wai Chuen Poon
- Sunway Business School, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yan-Li Siaw
- Faculty of Education, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Kamolthip Ruckwongpatr
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Stavropoulos V, Zarate D, Prokofieva M, Van de Berg N, Karimi L, Gorman Alesi A, Richards M, Bennet S, Griffiths MD. Deep learning(s) in gaming disorder through the user-avatar bond: A longitudinal study using machine learning. J Behav Addict 2023; 12:878-894. [PMID: 37943343 PMCID: PMC10786223 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Gaming disorder [GD] risk has been associated with the way gamers bond with their visual representation (i.e., avatar) in the game-world. More specifically, a gamer's relationship with their avatar has been shown to provide reliable mental health information about the user in their offline life, such as their current and prospective GD risk, if appropriately decoded. Methods To contribute to the paucity of knowledge in this area, 565 gamers (Mage = 29.3 years; SD =10.6) were assessed twice, six months apart, using the User-Avatar-Bond Scale (UABS) and the Gaming Disorder Test. A series of tuned and untuned artificial intelligence [AI] classifiers analysed concurrently and prospectively their responses. Results Findings showed that AI models learned to accurately and automatically identify GD risk cases, based on gamers' reported UABS score, age, and length of gaming involvement, both concurrently and longitudinally (i.e., six months later). Random forests outperformed all other AIs, while avatar immersion was shown to be the strongest training predictor. Conclusion Study outcomes demonstrated that the user-avatar bond can be translated into accurate, concurrent and future GD risk predictions using trained AI classifiers. Assessment, prevention, and practice implications are discussed in the light of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Stavropoulos
- Department of Psychology, Applied Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Australia
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel Zarate
- Department of Psychology, Applied Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Australia
| | | | | | - Leila Karimi
- Department of Psychology, Applied Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, UK
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Guo N, Weng X, Zhao SZ, Zhang J, Wang MP, Li L, Wang L. Adverse childhood experiences on internet gaming disorder mediated through insomnia in Chinese young people. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1283106. [PMID: 38074757 PMCID: PMC10703159 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1283106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with addictions such as substance use disorders. Few have examined ACEs on internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a newly established behavioral addiction, and the potential mediating role of insomnia remains unclear. We examined the associations between ACE number and types, IGD, and insomnia. Methods Participants included 1, 231 Chinese university students (54.5% male; 56.9% aged 18-20 years) who had played internet games at least once in the previous month. ACEs were measured using the 10-item ACE questionnaire (yes/no). Symptoms of insomnia and IGD were measured using the Insomnia Severity Index and the 9-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form, respectively. Multivariable regressions examined the associations, adjusting for sex, age, maternal and paternal educational attainment, monthly household income, smoking, and alcohol drinking. The mediating role of insomnia symptoms was explored. Results The prevalence of ACEs≥1 was 40.0%. Childhood verbal abuse was the most prevalent (17.4%), followed by exposure to domestic violence (17.1%) and childhood physical abuse (15.5%). More ACE numbers showed an association with IGD symptoms (adjusted OR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.04, 1.17). Specifically, IGD symptoms were observed for childhood physical neglect, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, parental divorce or separation, and household substance abuse. Insomnia symptoms mediated the associations of ACE number and types with IGD symptoms (proportion of total effect mediated range 0.23-0.89). Conclusion The number and specific types of ACEs showed associations with IGD mediated through insomnia. Screening of ACEs is recommended in future studies on IGD. Longitudinal data are warranted to determine the causality of the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyuan Guo
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Weng
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Sheng Zhi Zhao
- School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Ping Wang
- School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Lin S, Tan L, Chen X, Liao Z, Li Y, Tang Y, Shi Y, Hao J, Wang X, Huang Q, Shen H. Emotion dysregulation and Internet gaming disorder in young people: Mediating effects of negative affect and metacognitions. J Affect Disord 2023; 341:104-111. [PMID: 37597784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have found that emotion dysregulation, negative affect, and metacognitions about online gaming are risk factors for Internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, few studies investigated the mechanisms underlying these interactions. The present study aimed to explore the relationships between emotion dysregulation and IGD, and the mediating effects of negative affect and metacognitions about online gaming. METHODS An online survey was conducted with young people (aged 10-24 years) who played video games. 1768 participants were included in this study. Observed variables, including emotion dysregulation, IGD, depression, anxiety, and metacognitions, were measured with self-report scales. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships among the variables. RESULTS The results showed that emotion dysregulation positively predicted IGD through a fully mediated model which included the independent mediating effects of negative affect and metacognitions about online gaming and their sequential mediating effect. The model explained 76.1 % of the variance in IGD. LIMITATIONS This was a cross-sectional study which could not infer causality. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes that negative affect and metacognitions about online gaming mediate the effect of emotion dysregulation on IGD; moreover, metacognition may be a proximal factor of IGD. Thus, improving emotional regulation and modifying maladaptive metacognitions in young people may improve the prevention and treatment of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linxiang Tan
- School of Marxism, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongyan Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyue Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuhao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuping Huang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Hongxian Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Yang YN, Su JA, Pimsen A, Chen JS, Potenza MN, Pakpour AH, Chen JK, Poon WC, Nurmala I, Ruckwongpatr K, Lin CY. Validation of the Thai Assessment of Criteria for Specific Internet-use Disorders (ACSID-11) among young adults. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:819. [PMID: 37940885 PMCID: PMC10633967 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Assessment of Criteria for Specific Internet-use Disorders (ACSID-11) is a consistent and comprehensive instrument to assess symptoms of specific internet-use disorders including those related to gaming, shopping, pornography use disorder, social networks use and gambling considering criteria in the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). However, to date, there is little evidence supporting instruments assessing major types of specific internet use disorders in Thailand. The aim of this present study was to assess the psychometric properties of the ACSID-11 among Thai young adults. METHODS A total of 612 participants were recruited. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) examined construct validity of the ACSID-11. Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω were used to assess reliability of the ACSID-11. Pearson correlations examined relationships between ACSID-11 domains and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF) scores. RESULTS The CFA supported validity of the Thai version of the ACSID-11 and a four-factor structure. Specific domains of the Thai ACSID-11, particularly gaming, were positively and significantly correlated with IGDS9-SF scores. CONCLUSIONS Data indicate that the Thai version of the ACSID-11 is a valid and reliable instrument to assess major types of specific internet use disorders. Additional studies are needed to further examine the validity and reliability of the Thai ACSID-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ning Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-An Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Apiradee Pimsen
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Faculty of Nursing, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824005, Taiwan
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St., Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Connecticut Council On Problem Gambling, 100 Great Meadow Rd., Suite 704, Wethersfield, CT, 06109, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, 350 George St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, 200 South Frontage Rd., SHM C-303, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Ji-Kang Chen
- Department of Social Work, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Chuen Poon
- Sunway Business School, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ira Nurmala
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Biostatistics, Population Studies and Health Promotion, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Kamolthip Ruckwongpatr
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran.
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan.
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan.
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Yang Q, Wang H, Wu H, Li W, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Yuan X, Chen C, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Wang W, Zhang M, Yang Y, Liu H, Zhang K. Effect of online game policy on smartphone game play time, addiction, and emotion in rural adolescents of China. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:814. [PMID: 37940898 PMCID: PMC10631055 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphone game addiction has emerged as a major public health problem in China and worldwide. In November 2019 and August 2021, the National Press and Publication Administration of China implemented two increasingly strict policies, as a means of preventing smartphone game addiction in adolescents aged 18 or below. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the policies on smartphone game play time, addiction, and emotion among rural adolescents in China. METHODS We sent the questionnaire to rural adolescents through the online survey tool Questionnaire Star, a professional online survey evaluation platform. The questionnaire included demographic data, smartphone use survey, smartphone game addiction and emotion evaluation scales. The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) measured adolescents' smartphone game addiction. The Short Version of UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (SUPPS-P) and Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC) measured emotion. According to SAS-SV score, the enrolled rural adolescents were divided into addiction group and non-addiction group. The t-test, Chi-square test, and repeated measure ANOVA assessed the effect of the policies on adolescents' smartphone game addiction and emotion. RESULTS Among enrolled 459 rural adolescents with a mean age of 14.36 ± 1.37years, 151 (32.90%) were in the addiction group and 308 (67.10%) were in the non-addiction group. Adolescents in the addiction group were older, more male, and higher grade. There were time and group effects between the two groups in playtime. After a year of policies implementation, the weekly game time dropped from 3.52 ± 1.89 h to 2.63 ± 1.93 h in the addiction group and from 2.71 ± 1.75 h to 2.36 ± 1.73 h in the non-addiction group. There were also time and group effects in SAS-SV and SASC scores, but not for SUPPS-P score. In the addiction group, the SAS-SV score dropped from 41.44 ± 7.45 to 29.58 ± 12.43, which was below the cut-off value for addiction, and the level of social anxiety was consistently higher than non-addiction group. CONCLUSIONS The playtime of rural adolescents spent on smartphone games has decreased significantly due to the restriction of the policies rather than the lack of addiction or social anxiety. The policies had practically significant effects in reducing smartphone game play time for rural adolescents in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyao Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Maanshan, Maanshan, China
| | - Hongye Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yitan Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoping Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanchuan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongjie Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, China.
- Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Hou J, Xiao Q, Zhou M, Xiao L, Yuan M, Zhong N, Long J, Luo T, Hu S, Dong H. Lower synaptic density associated with gaming disorder: an 18F-SynVesT-1 PET imaging study. Gen Psychiatr 2023; 36:e101112. [PMID: 37829163 PMCID: PMC10565144 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2023-101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is an ideal model to study the mechanisms underlying synaptic deficits in addiction as it eliminates the confounding effects of substance use. Synaptic loss and deficits are hypothesised to underlie the enduring maladaptive behaviours and impaired cognitive function that contribute to IGD. Aims This study aimed to determine whether subjects with IGD have lower synaptic density than control subjects and the relationship between synaptic density and IGD severity. Methods Eighteen unmedicated subjects diagnosed with current IGD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria and 16 demographically matched healthy controls (HCs) participated in the study and underwent 18F-labelled difluoro-analogue of UCB-J (18F-SynVesT-1) positron emission tomography scans to assess the density of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A). The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11), Stroop Colour-Word Test (SCWT), stop-signal paradigms and N-back tasks were administered to all subjects. Results Patients with IGD had significantly higher scores on the IGDS9-SF, HAMD, HAMA and BIS-11 than HCs. HCs performed better on the two-back and SCWT tests as well as in terms of stop-signal reaction times (SSRTs) in the stop-signal paradigms than patients with IGD. Lower uptake was found in the bilateral putamen, right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and Rolandic operculum of patients with IGD compared with HCs. Furthermore, in the IGD group, IGDS9-SF scores and daily gaming hours were negatively correlated with the standardised uptake value ratios of 18F-SynVesT-1 in the bilateral putamen. Longer SSRTs were significantly associated with lower SV2A density in the right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and right Rolandic operculum. Conclusions The in vivo results in this study suggest that lower synaptic density contributes to the severity and impairments in inhibitory control of IGD. These findings may provide further incentive to evaluate interventions that restore synaptic transmission and plasticity to treat IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Hou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Mental Health Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Zhong
- Department of Substance Use and Addictive Behaviors Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Psychology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuo Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huixi Dong
- Mental Health Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Ropovik I, Martončik M, Babinčák P, Baník G, Vargová L, Adamkovič M. Risk and protective factors for (internet) gaming disorder: A meta-analysis of pre-COVID studies. Addict Behav 2023; 139:107590. [PMID: 36571943 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This large-scale meta-analysis aimed to provide the most comprehensive synthesis to date of the available evidence from the pre-COVID period on risk and protective factors for (internet) gaming disorder (as defined in the DSM-5 or ICD-11) across all studied populations. The risk/protective factors included demographic characteristics, psychological, psychopathological, social, and gaming-related factors. In total, we have included 1,586 effects from 253 different studies, summarizing data from 210,557 participants. Apart from estimating these predictive associations and relevant moderating effects, we implemented state-of-the-art adjustments for publication bias, psychometric artifacts, and other forms of bias arising from the publication process. Additionally, we carried out an in-depth assessment of the quality of underlying evidence by examining indications of selective reporting, statistical inconsistencies, the typical power of utilized study designs to detect theoretically relevant effects, and performed various sensitivity analyses. The available evidence suggests the existence of numerous moderately strong and highly heterogeneous risk factors (e.g., male gender, depression, impulsivity, anxiety, stress, gaming time, escape motivation, or excessive use of social networks) but only a few empirically robust protective factors (self-esteem, intelligence, life satisfaction, and education; all having markedly smaller effect sizes). We discuss the theoretical implications of our results for prominent theoretical models of gaming disorder and for the existing and future prevention strategies. The impact of various examined biasing factors on the available evidence seemed to be modest, yet we identified shortcomings in the measurement and reporting practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ropovik
- Institute for Research and Development of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University, Czechia; Faculty of Education, University of Presov, Slovakia
| | - Marcel Martončik
- Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Slovakia; Institute of Social Sciences CSPS SAS, Slovakia; Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | | | - Gabriel Baník
- Institute for Research and Development of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University, Czechia; Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Slovakia
| | | | - Matúš Adamkovič
- Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Slovakia; Institute of Social Sciences CSPS SAS, Slovakia; Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Zhang MWB, Park SY. A Bibliometric Analysis of Research into Internet Gaming Disorders in Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3786. [PMID: 36900797 PMCID: PMC10001575 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
After the concept of "Internet addiction" was first proposed in 2004, "Internet gaming disorder" (IGD) was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a disorder requiring further research. IGD is prevalent in South Korea, and many studies have been conducted on the disorder. Previous studies have helped in understanding various aspects of IGD, but a comprehensive understanding of the research trends is required to identify research gaps. Therefore, we conducted a bibliometric review of all published IGD studies in South Korea. For the identification of articles, the Web of Science database was used. Data analysis was performed using Biblioshiny. A total of 330 publications were included in the analysis. The average number of citations per document was 17.12. These publications were written by a total of 658 authors, and the number of coauthors per document was 5.07. The years with the most publications were 2018 (n = 57), 2017 (n = 45), and 2019 (n = 40). The top three journals containing publications were the Journal of Behavioral Addictions (n = 46), Frontiers in Psychiatry (n = 19), and Psychiatry Investigation (n = 14). In a keyword analysis (apart from "IGD", "internet addiction", and "addiction"), the keywords "adolescent" (n = 31), "self-control" (n = 11), and "impulsivity" (n = 11) were included. T. This bibliometric analysis explores and summarizes the publications on IGD in South Korea. The results are expected to provide researchers with insights for further studies into IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvyn W. B. Zhang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- National Addictions Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore
| | - Seon Young Park
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human Systems Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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14
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What increases the risk of gamers being addicted? An integrated network model of personality–emotion–motivation of gaming disorder. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Liao Z, Chen X, Huang S, Huang Q, Lin S, Li Y, Tang Y, Shen H. Exploring the associated characteristics of Internet gaming disorder from the perspective of various game genres. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1103816. [PMID: 36713922 PMCID: PMC9878381 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although previous studies have reported several characteristics associated with Internet gaming disorder (IGD), the influence of game genre on IGD has rarely been investigated. This study thus aimed to compare demographic characteristics, gaming patterns, personality traits, and gaming motivations among players in different game genres, as well as identify the associated characteristics of genre-specific IGD. METHODS Internet games were classified into four types: role-playing games (RPGs), strategy (STR) games, action shooter (ACS) games, and brain and skill (BRS) games. Chinese gamers (n = 5,593) who usually played one of these games completed an anonymous online survey that included sociodemographic characteristics, gaming patterns, gaming motivations, the Chinese version of the Video Gaming Dependency Scale (VGD-S), and the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory Brief Version (CBF-PI-B). RESULTS Significant differences were found between the genre-specific groups regarding age, gender, relationship status, VGD-S score, gaming patterns, and personality traits (e.g., RPG and STR players were more vulnerable to developing IGD compared to ACS and BRS players). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the associated characteristics of IGD were slightly different within each genre-specific group after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Among them, daily gaming time and motivation for sensation seeking and escaping reality were associated with IGD development within the genre-specific group. CONCLUSION Individuals in each game genre exhibited distinct characteristics that might predict IGD development (e.g., gaming patterns and personality traits). Game genre preferences should be considered in the early prevention and treatment of IGD to help high-risk individuals' recovery. Additionally, more research should be conducted to explore RPG and STR game characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Liao
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shucai Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Qiuping Huang
- School of Humanities and Management, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuhong Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yifan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxian Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
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