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Basting EJ, Medenblik AM, Switalska K, Garner AR, Shorey RC, Stuart GL. Impulsivity Dimensions Predict Treatment Dropout Among Women in Residential Treatment for Substance Use Disorders. SUBSTANCE USE : RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2024; 18:29768357241245827. [PMID: 38628873 PMCID: PMC11020744 DOI: 10.1177/29768357241245827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Residential treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) is effective at reducing substance use, dependence, and other related problems. However, dropout from treatment against medical advice (AMA) is common in residential treatment settings. Studies have shown that impulsivity is associated with substance misuse and treatment dropout in predominately male samples, but less is known regarding whether impulsivity dimensions predict treatment dropout among women. This study examined impulsivity dimensions (ie, negative urgency, positive urgency, lack of perseverance, lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking) as predictors of dropout AMA among women in a residential substance use treatment facility (N = 229). Logistic regression results demonstrated that elevations in lack of perseverance and sensation seeking were associated with an increased odds of treatment dropout AMA and that lack of premeditation was associated with a decreased odds of treatment dropout AMA. Study findings suggest that early evidence-based interventions for sensation seeking and lack of perseverance may improve retention of women in residential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Basting
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Alisa R Garner
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan C Shorey
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gregory L Stuart
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Chang RS, Lee M, Im JJ, Choi KH, Kim J, Chey J, Shin SH, Ahn WY. Biopsychosocial factors of gaming disorder: a systematic review employing screening tools with well-defined psychometric properties. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1200230. [PMID: 37533885 PMCID: PMC10390702 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Considering the growing number of gamers worldwide and increasing public concerns regarding the negative consequences of problematic gaming, the aim of the present systematic review was to provide a comprehensive overview of gaming disorder (GD) by identifying empirical studies that investigate biological, psychological, and social factors of GD using screening tools with well-defined psychometric properties. Materials and methods A systematic literature search was conducted through PsycINFO, PubMed, RISS, and KISS, and papers published up to January 2022 were included. Studies were screened based on the GD diagnostic tool usage, and only five scales with well-established psychometric properties were included. A total of 93 studies were included in the synthesis, and the results were classified into three groups based on biological, psychological, and social factors. Results Biological factors (n = 8) included reward, self-concept, brain structure, and functional connectivity. Psychological factors (n = 67) included psychiatric symptoms, psychological health, emotion regulation, personality traits, and other dimensions. Social factors (n = 29) included family, social interaction, culture, school, and social support. Discussion When the excess amount of assessment tools with varying psychometric properties were controlled for, mixed results were observed with regards to impulsivity, social relations, and family-related factors, and some domains suffered from a lack of study results to confirm any relevant patterns. Conclusion More longitudinal and neurobiological studies, consensus on a diagnostic tool with well-defined psychometric properties, and an in-depth understanding of gaming-related factors should be established to settle the debate regarding psychometric weaknesses of the current diagnostic system and for GD to gain greater legitimacy in the field of behavioral addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Seoyoung Chang
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Lee
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeon Jamie Im
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Hong Choi
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueun Kim
- Department of Psychology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeanyung Chey
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ho Shin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr. Shin’s Neuropsychiatric Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Ahn
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shaheen N, Shaheen A, Elmasry M, Abdelwahab OA, Mohamed A, Swed S, Rababah AA, Meshref M, Zaki A, Shoib S. Gaming behavior disorder and its association with social phobia during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study among the young Arabs. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1071764. [PMID: 37113540 PMCID: PMC10126253 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1071764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gaming addiction is a compulsive mental health condition that can have severe negative consequences on a person's life. As online gaming has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, studies have shown a heightened risk of mental health issues. This study aims to assess the prevalence of severe phobia and addiction to online gaming among Arab adolescents and identify risk factors associated with these disorders. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted across 11 Arab nations. Participants were recruited using convenience sampling through an online survey distributed on social media platforms in 11 Arab countries. The survey included demographic questions, the Nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9) to measure participants' online gaming addiction, the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and questions assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of internet gaming addiction. The data were analyzed using SPSS win statistical package version 26. Results Out of 2,458 participants, 2,237 were included in the sample due to non-response and missing data. The average age of the participants was 19.9 ± 4.8 years, and the majority were Egyptian and unmarried. 69% of the participants reported playing more than usual since the COVID-19 pandemic, as they were confined to their homes. Higher social phobia scores were associated with being single, male, and Egyptian. Participants from Egypt and those who felt that the pandemic significantly increased their gaming time had higher scores for online gaming addiction. Several major criteria, such as playing hours per day and beginning gaming at an early age, were associated with a higher level of online gaming addiction with social phobia. Conclusion The study's findings suggest that there is a high prevalence of internet gaming addiction among Arab adolescents and young adults who play online games. The results also indicate a significant association between social phobia and several sociodemographic factors, which may inform future interventions and treatments for individuals with gaming addiction and social phobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Shaheen
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shaheen
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elmasry
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Omar Ahmed Abdelwahab
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Sarya Swed
- Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
| | | | - Mostafa Meshref
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sheikh Shoib
- Department of Health Services, Kashmir, India
- Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Mind Wellness Center, Nawab Bazar Srinagar, India
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4
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[Excessive Use Patterns and Internet Use Disorders: Effects on Psychosocial and Cognitive Development in Adolescence]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2022; 71:345-361. [PMID: 35673789 DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2022.71.4.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The growing availability of digital technologies has led to increased rates of using them as a part of daily recreational activity among adolescents. Despite their positive effects, there are ongoing debates of potential harm and health-related negative consequences, particularly when internet activities are performed excessively. This contribution provides an overview on negative aspects of digital technologies by presenting a selection of empirical findings. This overview focuses on a selection of recent methodologically sound studies investigating potential negative effects of digital technologies on the development of adolescents. As main constructs, effects on psychosocial and cognitive development and internet use disorders were investigated. Recently published studies point to substantial associations between internet overuse and negative consequences. Habitual, intense use of the internet is related to higher rates of internalizing symptoms, cognitive distortions, and heightened rates of internet use disorders among adolescents. Given these findings it seems recommendable to provide a close parental monitoring of adolescents discovering virtual worlds. By applying clear rules and supporting development of media literacy, functional use habits can be empowered and harmful effects prevented.The new clinical phenomenon of internet use disorder and its high prevalence among adolescents represents a new challenge for treatment services.
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Pallavicini F, Pepe A, Mantovani F. Commercial Off-The-Shelf Video Games for Reducing Stress and Anxiety: Systematic Review. JMIR Ment Health 2021; 8:e28150. [PMID: 34398795 PMCID: PMC8406113 DOI: 10.2196/28150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using commercial off-the-shelf video games rather than custom-made computer games could have several advantages for reducing stress and anxiety, including their low cost, advanced graphics, and the possibility to reach millions of individuals worldwide. However, it is important to emphasize that not all commercial video games are equal, and their effects strongly depend on specific characteristics of the games. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to describe the literature on the use of commercial off-the-shelf video games for diminishing stress and anxiety, examining the research outcomes along with critical variables related to computer game characteristics (ie, genre, platform, time of play). METHODS A systematic search of the literature was performed following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. The search databases were PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline, IEEExplore, and the Cochrane Library. The search string was: [("video game*") OR ("computer game*")] AND [("stress") OR ("anxiety") OR ("relaxation")] AND [("study") OR ("trial") OR ("training")]. RESULTS A total of 28 studies met the inclusion criteria for the publication period 2006-2021. The findings demonstrate the benefit of commercial off-the-shelf video games for reducing stress in children, adults, and older adults. The majority of the retrieved studies recruited young adults, and fewer studies have involved children, middle-aged adults, and older adults. In addition to exergames and casual video games, other genres of commercial off-the-shelf games helped to reduce stress and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Efficacy in reducing stress and anxiety has been demonstrated not only for exergames and casual video games but also for other genres such as action games, action-adventure games, and augmented reality games. Various gaming platforms, including consoles, PCs, smartphones, mobile consoles, and virtual reality systems, have been used with positive results. Finally, even single and short sessions of play had benefits in reducing stress and anxiety. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols INPLASY202130081; https://inplasy.com/?s=INPLASY202130081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pallavicini
- Department of Human Sciences for Education "Riccardo Massa", University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pepe
- Department of Human Sciences for Education "Riccardo Massa", University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Mantovani
- Department of Human Sciences for Education "Riccardo Massa", University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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Legault MCB, Liu HZ, Balodis IM. Neuropsychological Constructs in Gaming Disorders: a Systematic Review. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-021-00230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yu Y, Li JB, Lau JTF. Awareness and Potential Impacts of the Medicalization of Internet Gaming Disorder: Cross-sectional Survey Among Adolescents in China. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e22393. [PMID: 33625362 PMCID: PMC7946591 DOI: 10.2196/22393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Eleventh Revision of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) newly listed gaming disorder, including internet gaming disorder (IGD), as a disease. The level of awareness and potential positive and negative impacts of this medicalization among adolescents were unknown. Objective This study investigated the levels, associated factors, and potential positive and negative impacts of awareness of the medicalization of IGD among adolescents in China. Methods In a cross-sectional survey, 1343 middle school students in Guangzhou, China, self-administered an anonymous questionnaire in classrooms (October to December 2019). Three risk subgroups were identified: those who scored ≥5 items in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition checklist (IGD-S), those who self-perceived having IGD currently (IGD-PC), and those who self-perceived having IGD within 12 months (IGD-P12M). Results Of the internet gamers, 48.3% (460/952) were aware of the medicalization of IGD; they were more likely to belong to the IGD-P12M/IGD-S risk subgroups. Within the IGD-PC/IGD-P12M (but not IGD-S) risk subgroups, IGD medicalization awareness was positively associated with favorable outcomes (reduced internet gaming time in the past 12 months, seeking help from professionals if having IGD, and fewer maladaptive cognitions). After being briefed about the ICD-11 inclusion of IGD, 54.2% (516/952) and 32.8% (312/952) expressed that it would lead to the reduction of gaming time and help-seeking behaviors, respectively; however, 17.9% (170/952), 21.5% (205/952), 15.9% (151/952), and 14.5% (138/952) perceived self-doubt for being diseased, stronger pressure from family members, negative emotional responses, and labeling effect, respectively. With a few exceptions, such perceived positive or negative impacts were stronger among the IGD-S, IGD-PC, and IGD-P12M risk subgroups. Conclusions The exploratory study shows that the medicalization of IGD may have benefits that need maximization and potentially harmful effects that need minimization. Future studies should test the efficacies of health promotion that increases IGD medicalization awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Yu
- Center for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ji-Bin Li
- Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joseph T F Lau
- Center for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Verhaltenssüchte. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-020-00477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Ziel Der Beitrag stellt die Verortung von Verhaltenssüchten in
der ICD-11 dar und gibt einen Ausblick auf die zukünftige
Entwicklung.
Methodik Sichtung der Literatur
Ergebnisse Auf Basis von Expertenmeetings der Weltgesundheitsorganisation
(WHO) wurde ein Vorschlag entwickelt, auf Basis dessen die Gambling und Gaming
Disorder in die aktuelle Fassung der International Classification of Diseases
(ICD-11) aufgenommen wurden. Beide Störungen werden mit den gleichen 3
Kernmerkmalen beschrieben (Kontrollverlust, Priorität im Leben und
Fortsetzung trotz negativer Konsequenzen) und erfordern darüber hinaus
das Vorliegen einer funktionalen Beeinträchtigung. Eine Reihe von
Studien belegt die klinische Relevanz dieser Entscheidung. Darüber
hinaus lassen sich weitere spezifizierte Verhaltenssüchte kodieren,
wobei nach Sichtung der Literatur insbesondere Buying-Shopping Disorder,
Pornografy Use Disorder und Social Networks Use Disorder hierfür
geeignet erscheinen.
Schlussfolgerung Insbesondere bei der Computerspielstörung ist zu
erwarten, dass die Aufnahme in die ICD-11 die Entwicklung von Diagnostik,
Prävention und Therapie diese Störung fördert. Unter
Federführung der WHO werden derzeit diagnostische Verfahren für
beide Störungen entwickelt, um Standardinstrumente bereit zu
stellen.
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Leouzon H, Alexandre JM, Fatséas M, Auriacombe M. L’addiction aux jeux vidéo dans le DSM-5, controverses et réponses relatives à son diagnostic et sa définition. ANNALES MÉDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES, REVUE PSYCHIATRIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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von der Heiden JM, Braun B, Müller KW, Egloff B. The Association Between Video Gaming and Psychological Functioning. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1731. [PMID: 31402891 PMCID: PMC6676913 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Video gaming is an extremely popular leisure-time activity with more than two billion users worldwide (Newzoo, 2017). However, the media as well as professionals have underscored the potential dangers of excessive video gaming. With the present research, we aimed to shed light on the relation between video gaming and gamers' psychological functioning. Questionnaires on personality and psychological health as well as video gaming habits were administered to 2,734 individuals (2,377 male, 357 female, M age = 23.06, SD age = 5.91). Results revealed a medium-sized negative correlation between problematic video gaming and psychological functioning with regard to psychological symptoms, affectivity, coping, and self-esteem. Moreover, gamers' reasons for playing and their preferred game genres were differentially related to psychological functioning with the most notable findings for distraction-motivated players as well as action game players. Future studies are needed to examine whether these psychological health risks reflect the causes or consequences of video gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beate Braun
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai W. Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Egloff
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Rokkum JN, Gentile DA. Primary Versus Secondary Disorder in the Context of Internet Gaming Disorder. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0222-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Müller KW. Breaking the habit. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:900-902. [PMID: 30427215 PMCID: PMC6376374 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet gaming disorder has been widely recognized as a new health issue. At present, we are experiencing a rapid growth of knowledge on different aspects of this disorder, such as, for instance, prevalence rates, underlying neurobiological mechanisms, and treatment strategies. In contrast, preventing individuals from developing Internet gaming disorder is a matter that has not yet progressed sufficiently. Although we can basically refer to measures and techniques known to be effective in preventing other addictive behaviors, the special demands of preventing Internet gaming disorder remain largely obscured or disregarded. The policy actions identified in the review by Király et al. (2018) demonstrate that first preventive approaches have been initiated but, on the other hand, it also points out that empirical research on their feasibility and effectiveness needs improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wilhelm Müller
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany,Corresponding address: Kai Wilhelm Müller; Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, Mainz 55131, Germany; Phone: +49 6131 174287; Fax: +49 6131 176439; E-mail:
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14
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Müller KW, Scherer L, Beutel ME, Wölfling K. Verhaltenstherapeutische Ansätze bei internetbezogenen Störungen: Diagnostik, Motivation und Verhaltensmodifikation. VERHALTENSTHERAPIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1159/000494460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Rumpf HJ, Achab S, Billieux J, Bowden-Jones H, Carragher N, Demetrovics Z, Higuchi S, King DL, Mann K, Potenza M, Saunders JB, Abbott M, Ambekar A, Aricak OT, Assanangkornchai S, Bahar N, Borges G, Brand M, Chan EML, Chung T, Derevensky J, Kashef AE, Farrell M, Fineberg NA, Gandin C, Gentile DA, Griffiths MD, Goudriaan AE, Grall-Bronnec M, Hao W, Hodgins DC, Ip P, Király O, Lee HK, Kuss D, Lemmens JS, Long J, Lopez-Fernandez O, Mihara S, Petry NM, Pontes HM, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rehbein F, Rehm J, Scafato E, Sharma M, Spritzer D, Stein DJ, Tam P, Weinstein A, Wittchen HU, Wölfling K, Zullino D, Poznyak V. Including gaming disorder in the ICD-11: The need to do so from a clinical and public health perspective. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:556-561. [PMID: 30010410 PMCID: PMC6426367 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed introduction of gaming disorder (GD) in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) has led to a lively debate over the past year. Besides the broad support for the decision in the academic press, a recent publication by van Rooij et al. (2018) repeated the criticism raised against the inclusion of GD in ICD-11 by Aarseth et al. (2017). We argue that this group of researchers fails to recognize the clinical and public health considerations, which support the WHO perspective. It is important to recognize a range of biases that may influence this debate; in particular, the gaming industry may wish to diminish its responsibility by claiming that GD is not a public health problem, a position which maybe supported by arguments from scholars based in media psychology, computer games research, communication science, and related disciplines. However, just as with any other disease or disorder in the ICD-11, the decision whether or not to include GD is based on clinical evidence and public health needs. Therefore, we reiterate our conclusion that including GD reflects the essence of the ICD and will facilitate treatment and prevention for those who need it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jürgen Rumpf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany,Corresponding author: PD Dr. Hans-Jürgen Rumpf; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; Phone: +49 451 5009 8751; Fax: +49 451 5009 8754; E-mail:
| | - Sophia Achab
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Service of Addictology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,Geneva WHO Collaborating Center for Training and Research, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joël Billieux
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- Central North West London NHS Trust, Division of Brain Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natacha Carragher
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susumu Higuchi
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daniel L. King
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karl Mann
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marc Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Child Study Center, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John B. Saunders
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Max Abbott
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Atul Ambekar
- Department of Psychiatry, National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sawitri Assanangkornchai
- Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Norharlina Bahar
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Selayang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition Center for Behavioral Addiction Research, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Elda Mei-Lo Chan
- Integrated Centre on Addiction Prevention and Treatment, Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Jeff Derevensky
- Applied Child Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ahmad El Kashef
- National Rehabilitation Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael Farrell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi A. Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Hertfordshire, UK,Department of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Claudia Gandin
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, National Observatory on Alcohol, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Mental Health Care, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wei Hao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - David C. Hodgins
- Department of Psychology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick Ip
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hae Kook Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daria Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jeroen S. Lemmens
- Center for Research on Children, Adolescents, and the Media, Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jiang Long
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Olatz Lopez-Fernandez
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Satoko Mihara
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nancy M. Petry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Halley M. Pontes
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Florian Rehbein
- Criminological Research Institute Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Epidemiological Research Unit, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emanuele Scafato
- National Observatory on Alcohol, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Manoi Sharma
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Daniel Spritzer
- Study Group on Technological Addictions, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Philip Tam
- Network for Internet Investigation and Research in Australia, The Delta Clinic, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aviv Weinstein
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Ariel, Ariel, Israel
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Epidemiological Research Unit, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniele Zullino
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Service of Addictology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Poznyak
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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van Rooij AJ, Ferguson CJ, Colder Carras M, Kardefelt-Winther D, Shi J, Aarseth E, Bean AM, Bergmark KH, Brus A, Coulson M, Deleuze J, Dullur P, Dunkels E, Edman J, Elson M, Etchells PJ, Fiskaali A, Granic I, Jansz J, Karlsen F, Kaye LK, Kirsh B, Lieberoth A, Markey P, Mills KL, Nielsen RKL, Orben A, Poulsen A, Prause N, Prax P, Quandt T, Schimmenti A, Starcevic V, Stutman G, Turner NE, van Looy J, Przybylski AK. A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:1-9. [PMID: 29529886 PMCID: PMC6035022 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We greatly appreciate the care and thought that is evident in the 10 commentaries that discuss our debate paper, the majority of which argued in favor of a formalized ICD-11 gaming disorder. We agree that there are some people whose play of video games is related to life problems. We believe that understanding this population and the nature and severity of the problems they experience should be a focus area for future research. However, moving from research construct to formal disorder requires a much stronger evidence base than we currently have. The burden of evidence and the clinical utility should be extremely high, because there is a genuine risk of abuse of diagnoses. We provide suggestions about the level of evidence that might be required: transparent and preregistered studies, a better demarcation of the subject area that includes a rationale for focusing on gaming particularly versus a more general behavioral addictions concept, the exploration of non-addiction approaches, and the unbiased exploration of clinical approaches that treat potentially underlying issues, such as depressive mood or social anxiety first. We acknowledge there could be benefits to formalizing gaming disorder, many of which were highlighted by colleagues in their commentaries, but we think they do not yet outweigh the wider societal and public health risks involved. Given the gravity of diagnostic classification and its wider societal impact, we urge our colleagues at the WHO to err on the side of caution for now and postpone the formalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius J. van Rooij
- Department of Children & Risky Behavior, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michelle Colder Carras
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jing Shi
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Espen Aarseth
- Center for Computer Games Research, IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anthony M. Bean
- Department of Psychology, Framingham State University, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Anne Brus
- Department of People and Technology, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mark Coulson
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Jory Deleuze
- Department of Psychology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain, Belgium
| | - Pravin Dullur
- School of medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Elza Dunkels
- Department of Applied Educational Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Edman
- Department of Criminology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malte Elson
- Psychology of Human Technology Interaction Group, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Anne Fiskaali
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Isabela Granic
- Developmental Psychopathology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Jansz
- Department of Media and Communication, ERMeCC, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Faltin Karlsen
- Westerdals Department of Film and Media, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda K. Kaye
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Bonnie Kirsh
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andreas Lieberoth
- Department of Educational Psychology, Danish School of Education, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Patrick Markey
- Department of Psychology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Orben
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arne Poulsen
- Department of People and Technology, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Patrick Prax
- Department of Game Design, Uppsala University, Visby, Sweden
| | - Thorsten Quandt
- Department of Communication, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, UKE – Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Vladan Starcevic
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Nigel E. Turner
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jan van Looy
- Department of Communication Sciences, imec-mict-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew K. Przybylski
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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