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Ghapoutsa RN, Boda M, Gautam R, Ndze VN, Mugyia AE, Etoa FX, Bowen MD, Esona MD. Detection of diarrhoea associated rotavirus and co-infection with diarrhoeagenic pathogens in the Littoral region of Cameroon using ELISA, RT-PCR and Luminex xTAG GPP assays. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:614. [PMID: 34182936 PMCID: PMC8237514 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the global roll-out of rotavirus vaccines (RotaTeq/Rotarix / ROTAVAC/Rotasiil), mortality and morbidity due to group A rotavirus (RVA) remains high in sub-Saharan Africa, causing 104,000 deaths and 600,000 hospitalizations yearly. In Cameroon, Rotarix™ was introduced in March 2014, but, routine laboratory diagnosis of rotavirus infection is not yet a common practice, and vaccine effectiveness studies to determine the impact of vaccine introduction have not been done. Thus, studies examining RVA prevalence post vaccine introduction are needed. The study aim was to determine RVA prevalence in severe diarrhoea cases in Littoral region, Cameroon and investigate the role of other diarrheagenic pathogens in RVA-positive cases. Methods We carried out a study among hospitalized children < 5 years of age, presenting with acute gastroenteritis in selected hospitals of the Littoral region of Cameroon, from May 2015 to April 2016. Diarrheic stool samples and socio-demographic data including immunization and breastfeeding status were collected from these participating children. Samples were screened by ELISA (ProSpecT™ Rotavirus) for detection of RVA antigen and by gel-based RT-PCR for detection of the VP6 gene. Co-infection was assessed by multiplexed molecular detection of diarrheal pathogens using the Luminex xTAG GPP assay. Results The ELISA assay detected RVA antigen in 54.6% (71/130) of specimens, with 45, positive by VP6 RT-PCR and 54, positive using Luminex xTAG GPP. Luminex GPP was able to detect all 45 VP6 RT-PCR positive samples. Co-infections were found in 63.0% (34/54) of Luminex positive RVA infections, with Shigella (35.3%; 12/34) and ETEC (29.4%; 10/34) detected frequently. Of the 71 ELISA positive RVA cases, 57.8% (41/71) were fully vaccinated, receiving two doses of Rotarix. Conclusion This study provides insight on RVA prevalence in Cameroon, which could be useful for post-vaccine epidemiological studies, highlights higher than expected RVA prevalence in vaccinated children hospitalized for diarrhoea and provides the trend of RVA co-infection with other enteric pathogens. RVA genotyping is needed to determine circulating rotavirus genotypes in Cameroon, including those causing disease in vaccinated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahinatou N Ghapoutsa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Boda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Rashi Gautam
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Akongnwi E Mugyia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Francois-Xavier Etoa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michael D Bowen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mathew D Esona
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Full genome characterization of human G3P[6] and G3P[9] rotavirus strains in Lebanon. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104133. [PMID: 31812761 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the most common infectious agents causing severe diarrheal diseases in young children globally. Three rare human rotavirus strains, two G3P[9] and one G3P[6], were detected in stool samples of children under 5 years of age hospitalized for gastroenteritis in Lebanon during the course of a surveillance study. Complete genomes of these strains were sequenced using VirCapSeq-VERT, a capture based high-throughput sequencing method. Genomic sequences were further characterized by using phylogenetic analyses with global RVA G3P[6]/P[9] strains, other vaccine and reference strains. Genetic analysis revealed that the G3P[6] strain emerged as a DS-1/Wa-like mono-reassortant strain with a potential Ethiopian origin. The two G3P[9] strains possessed a mixed DS-1/Wa/AU-1-like origin indicating that these may have evolved via multiple reassortment events involving feline, human and bovine rotaviruses. Furthermore, analysis of these strains revealed high antigenic variability compared to the vaccine strains. Additional studies are essential to fully understand the evolutionary dynamics of G3P[6]/P[9] strains spreading worldwide and their implications on vaccine effectiveness.
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Tagbo BN, Mwenda JM, Eke CB, Edelu BO, Chukwubuike C, Armah G, Seheri ML, Isiaka A, Namadi L, Okafor HU, Ozumba UC, Nnani RO, Okafor V, Njoku R, Odume C, Benjamin-Pujah C, Azubuike C, Umezinne N, Ogude N, Osarogborun VO, Okwesili MU, Ezebilo SK, Udemba O, Yusuf K, Mahmud Z, Ticha JM, Obidike EO, Mphahlele JM. Rotavirus diarrhoea hospitalizations among children under 5 years of age in Nigeria, 2011-2016. Vaccine 2018; 36:7759-7764. [PMID: 29802002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high burden of rotavirus acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is well documented among children under 5 years of age, with the majority of mortality occurring in developing countries. Nigeria ranked second worldwide in the number of rotavirus deaths in 2013. As Nigeria plans to introduce rotavirus vaccine soon, a pre-vaccine documentation of rotavirus disease burden is necessary to determine vaccine impact. METHODS Routine rotavirus surveillance was conducted during 2011-2016 in 3 sentinel sites in Nigeria using the standard WHO protocol. Children under 5 years of age hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis were enrolled and demographic, clinical and outcome data were collected. A stool sample was subsequently obtained and tested for human rotavirus antigen using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS 2694 children with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled during January 2011 to December 2016; of these, 1242 (46%) tested positive for rotavirus. Among the rotavirus positive cases, 66% and 94% were younger than 12 months and 24 months respectively. Marked peaks in rotavirus positivity were seen in January of each year. Vomiting, and use of oral and intravenous fluids occurred more often in rotavirus positive cases as compared to rotavirus negative cases. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of rotavirus disease highlights the need for urgent introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Nigeria. Additionally, this study provides pre-vaccine introduction disease-burden data that will serve as a baseline for rotavirus vaccine impact-assessment once vaccine has been introduced in the national immunization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Tagbo
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - J M Mwenda
- WHO African Regional Office, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - C B Eke
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - B O Edelu
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - C Chukwubuike
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - G Armah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - M L Seheri
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A Isiaka
- World Health Organization Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - L Namadi
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - H U Okafor
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - U C Ozumba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - R O Nnani
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - V Okafor
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - R Njoku
- Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital, Nigeria
| | - C Odume
- Tender Specialist Children's Hospital Enugu, Nigeria
| | - C Benjamin-Pujah
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - C Azubuike
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - N Umezinne
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - N Ogude
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - V O Osarogborun
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | | | - S K Ezebilo
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - O Udemba
- Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital, Nigeria
| | - K Yusuf
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Z Mahmud
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - J M Ticha
- World Health Organization Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - E O Obidike
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - J M Mphahlele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
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