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Rekha S, Shirisha P, Muraleedharan V, Vaidyanathan G, Dash U. Wealth inequalities in nutritional status among the tribal under-5 children in India: A temporal trend analysis using NFHS data of Jharkhand and Odisha states - 2006-21. Dialogues Health 2023; 2:100135. [PMID: 38515474 PMCID: PMC10953989 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2023.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Undernutrition remains a major public health concern in India, especially among children belonging to the Scheduled Tribes (ST). In this study, we analyse wealth inequalities in nutritional outcomes within ST communities in two tribal-dominated states of India, namely, Odisha and Jharkhand. The study also compares the trends in nutrition outcomes between ST and Non-ST children in these states. Methods We have conducted a trend analysis of the prevalence and inequalities in the nutritional indicators among ST children under age five using unit-level data of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) [NFHS-3(2005-06),4 (2015-16) and 5(2019-2021)]. Wealth-related inequalities were analysed using the Slope Index of Inequality (SII), which measures absolute inequality, and the relative Concentration Index (CIX), which measures relative inequality. We have also analysed the correlation between Antenatal Care (ANC) visits and nutritional indicators using the Pearson Correlation test. Results The trend analysis shows that the prevalence of undernutrition remains higher among ST children in India as compared to Non-ST children between NFHS-3 (2005-06) and NFHS-5 (2019-2020) in Jharkhand and Odisha. The SII and CIX values show that statistically significant inequalities in stunting and underweight exist among children belonging to various wealth quintiles within the ST category in both states. Wasting is found to be significantly prevalent across all wealth quintiles. Also, we found a negative association between ANC visits and all three nutritional indicators. Interpretation Our study highlights the importance of monitoring both the absolute and relative wealth inequalities in nutritional outcomes. This is due to the fact that while inequalities across groups may reduce, the prevalence of poor nutritional outcomes may increase among certain groups. Such observations, therefore, will enable policymakers to focus further on those groups and devise appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rekha
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences (DoHSS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, India
| | - P. Shirisha
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences (DoHSS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, India
| | - V.R. Muraleedharan
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences (DoHSS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, India
| | - Girija Vaidyanathan
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences (DoHSS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, India
| | - Umakant Dash
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences (DoHSS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, India
- Institute of Rural Management Anand, Gujarat, India
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Chowdhury MRK, Rahman MS, Billah B, Kabir R, Perera NKP, Kader M. The prevalence and socio-demographic risk factors of coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under five years in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:84. [PMID: 35996184 PMCID: PMC9394024 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood stunting, wasting and underweight are significant public health challenges. There is a gap in knowledge of the coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under five years (under-5) in Bangladesh. This study aims to (i) describe the prevalence of the coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight and ii) examine the risk factors for the coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under-5 in Bangladesh. Methods This study included 6,610 and 7,357 under-5 children from Bangladesh Demographic Health Surveys (BDHS) 2014 and 2017/18, respectively. The associations between the coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight and independent variables were assessed using the Chi-square test of independence. The effects of associated independent variables were examined using negative binomial regression. Results The prevalence of coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight gradually declined from 5.2% in 2014 to 2.7% in 2017/18. Children born with low birth weight ((adjusted incidence rate ratios, aIRR) 2.31, 95% CI 1.64, 3.24)); children of age group 36–47 months (aIRR 2.26, 95% CI 1.67, 3.08); children from socio-economically poorest families (aIRR 2.02, 95% CI 1.36, 2.98); children of mothers with no formal education (aIRR 1.98, 95% CI 1.25, 3.15); and children of underweight mothers (aIRR 1.73, 95% CI 1.44, 2.08) were the most important risk factors. Further, lower incidence among children with the coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was observed in the 2017–18 survey (aIRR 0.59, 95% CI 0.49, 0.70) compared to children in the 2014 survey. Conclusions One out of thirty-five under-5 children was identified to have coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight in Bangladesh. The burden of coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was disproportionate among children born with low birth weight, socio-economically poorest, a mother with no formal education, and underweight mothers, indicating the need for individual, household, and societal-level interventions to reduce the consequences of coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00584-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rocky Khan Chowdhury
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Md Shafiur Rahman
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Baki Billah
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Russell Kabir
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nirmala K P Perera
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manzur Kader
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Maria Aspmans gata 30A, 17164, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Verma P, Prasad JB. Stunting, wasting and underweight as indicators of under-nutrition in under five children from developing Countries: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:102243. [PMID: 34403951 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To compute reliable estimates of stunting, wasting and underweight along with their determinants in under 5 children from Developing Countries. METHODS Out of 190 studies on under-nutrition, accessed from PubMed and Google database, 24 studies meeting the selection criteria were considered for meta-analysis. RESULTS Overall estimate of prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight were 43.4%, 17.8% and 35.5% respectively. Mother's education, BMI, height, wealth index, child birth-weight and sex were factors significantly associated with stunting, wasting and underweight. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight in Developing Countries were quite high. To carry-out differentials of under-nutrition between countries and ways of its reduction, more such studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyuman Verma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, K.L.E. Academy of Higher Education & Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
| | - Jang Bahadur Prasad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, K.L.E. Academy of Higher Education & Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
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Fagbamigbe AF, Kandala NB, Uthman OA. Severe acute malnutrition among under-5 children in low- and middle-income countries: A hierarchical analysis of associated risk factors. Nutrition 2020; 75-76:110768. [PMID: 32320941 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Malnutrition is one of the main reasons for death among children <5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It accounts for about one-third of preventable deaths among children. Reduction of malnutrition, especially severe acute malnutrition (SAM), is critical, directly or indirectly, to a targeted decrease in child mortality and improvement in maternal health. It would also help achieve sustainable development goal 2 (improvement of nutrition across the board) and sustainable development goal 3 (ensuring healthy lives and well-being promotion for all at all ages). The aim of this study was to develop and test a model of risk factors associated with SAM among under-5 children in LMICs. METHODS We used 51 recent demographic and health-surveys, cross-sectional, nationally representative data collected between 2010 and 2018 in LMICs. We used multivariable Bayesian logistic multilevel regression models to analyze the association between individual compositional and contextual risk factors associated with SAM. We analyzed information on 532 680 under-5 children (level 1) nested within 55 823 communities (level 2) from 51 LMICs (level 3). RESULTS The prevalence of SAM ranged from 0.1% in both Guatemala and Peru to 9.9% in Timor-Leste. Male children, infants, low birth weight children, children whose mothers had no formal education, those from poorer households, and those with no access to any media were more likely to have SAM. Additionally, children from rural areas, neighborhoods with high illiteracy and high unemployment rates, and those from countries with high intensity of deprivation and high rural population percentage were more likely to have SAM. CONCLUSION Individual compositional and contextual factors were significantly associated with SAM. Attainment of sustainable development goals 1, 4, and 10 will automatically contribute to the eradication of SAM, which in turn leads to the attainment of sustainable development goals 2 and 3. These findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies and implement interventions to rescue and prevent children from having SAM at the individual, community, and societal levels in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeniyi F Fagbamigbe
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Division of Health Sciences, Populations, Evidence and Technologies Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
| | - Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala
- Department of Mathematics, Physics & Electrical Engineering (MPEE), Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Olalekan A Uthman
- Division of Health Sciences, Populations, Evidence and Technologies Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Tagbo BN, Mwenda JM, Eke CB, Edelu BO, Chukwubuike C, Armah G, Seheri ML, Isiaka A, Namadi L, Okafor HU, Ozumba UC, Nnani RO, Okafor V, Njoku R, Odume C, Benjamin-Pujah C, Azubuike C, Umezinne N, Ogude N, Osarogborun VO, Okwesili MU, Ezebilo SK, Udemba O, Yusuf K, Mahmud Z, Ticha JM, Obidike EO, Mphahlele JM. Rotavirus diarrhoea hospitalizations among children under 5 years of age in Nigeria, 2011-2016. Vaccine 2018; 36:7759-7764. [PMID: 29802002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high burden of rotavirus acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is well documented among children under 5 years of age, with the majority of mortality occurring in developing countries. Nigeria ranked second worldwide in the number of rotavirus deaths in 2013. As Nigeria plans to introduce rotavirus vaccine soon, a pre-vaccine documentation of rotavirus disease burden is necessary to determine vaccine impact. METHODS Routine rotavirus surveillance was conducted during 2011-2016 in 3 sentinel sites in Nigeria using the standard WHO protocol. Children under 5 years of age hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis were enrolled and demographic, clinical and outcome data were collected. A stool sample was subsequently obtained and tested for human rotavirus antigen using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS 2694 children with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled during January 2011 to December 2016; of these, 1242 (46%) tested positive for rotavirus. Among the rotavirus positive cases, 66% and 94% were younger than 12 months and 24 months respectively. Marked peaks in rotavirus positivity were seen in January of each year. Vomiting, and use of oral and intravenous fluids occurred more often in rotavirus positive cases as compared to rotavirus negative cases. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of rotavirus disease highlights the need for urgent introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Nigeria. Additionally, this study provides pre-vaccine introduction disease-burden data that will serve as a baseline for rotavirus vaccine impact-assessment once vaccine has been introduced in the national immunization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Tagbo
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - J M Mwenda
- WHO African Regional Office, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - C B Eke
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - B O Edelu
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - C Chukwubuike
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - G Armah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - M L Seheri
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A Isiaka
- World Health Organization Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - L Namadi
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - H U Okafor
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - U C Ozumba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - R O Nnani
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - V Okafor
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - R Njoku
- Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital, Nigeria
| | - C Odume
- Tender Specialist Children's Hospital Enugu, Nigeria
| | - C Benjamin-Pujah
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - C Azubuike
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - N Umezinne
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - N Ogude
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - V O Osarogborun
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | | | - S K Ezebilo
- Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - O Udemba
- Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital, Nigeria
| | - K Yusuf
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Z Mahmud
- National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - J M Ticha
- World Health Organization Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - E O Obidike
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - J M Mphahlele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Medunsa, Pretoria, South Africa
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Haque MA, Farzana FD, Sultana S, Raihan MJ, Rahman AS, Waid JL, Choudhury N, Ahmed T. Factors associated with child hunger among food insecure households in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:205. [PMID: 28209154 PMCID: PMC5314696 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hunger is associated with food insecurity at the household level and is considered as a global public health problem with long term adverse consequences on children’s health. This study aims to determine the factors associated with child hunger from a nationally representative sample in Bangladesh among food insecure households. Methods Data was derived from the Food Security and Nutritional Surveillance Project; 14,712 children aged 6–59 months belonging to food insecure households contributed to the analysis. Information on food security at the household level was collected for 30 days preceding the survey. Descriptive statistics served to illustrate the variables studied and multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the significant risk factors for child hunger. Results Overall 10% of the children were found to be hungry. After adjusting for seasonality, residence type and education level of household head, the variables - female headed households [OR: 1.87 (1.43–2.45); p < 0.001], severely food insecure households [OR: 10.5 (1.43–76.6); p < 0.05], households having women with no education [OR: 1.56 (1.27–1.92); p < 0.05], poorest asset quintile [OR: 1.50 (1.11–2.15); p < 0.05] and the amount of rice consumed per household per week [OR: 0.94 (0.92–0.96); p < 0.001] were found to be significantly and independently associated with child hunger. Conclusions Out of the potential risk factors examined, our study found significant and independent association of five variables with child hunger: sex of the household head, household food insecurity status, educational status of household women and asset index. Despite all sampled household being food insecure, degree of household food insecurity status appeared to be the strongest predictor of child hunger. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4108-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahshanul Haque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Dil Farzana
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabiha Sultana
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jyoti Raihan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Shafiqur Rahman
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nuzhat Choudhury
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
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