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Lane RE, Korbie D, Khanna KK, Mohamed A, Hill MM, Trau M. Defining the relationship between cellular and extracellular vesicle (EV) content in breast cancer via an integrative multi-omic analysis. Proteomics 2024:e2300089. [PMID: 38168906 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Much recent research has been dedicated to exploring the utility of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as circulating disease biomarkers. Underpinning this work is the assumption that the molecular cargo of EVs directly reflects the originating cell. Few attempts have been made, however, to empirically validate this on the -omic level. To this end, we have performed an integrative multi-omic analysis of a panel of breast cancer cell lines and corresponding EVs. Whole transcriptome analysis validated that the cellular transcriptome remained stable when cultured cells are transitioned to low serum or serum-free medium for EV collection. Transcriptomic profiling of the isolated EVs indicated a positive correlation between transcript levels in cells and EVs, including disease-associated transcripts. Analysis of the EV proteome verified that HER2 protein is present in EVs, however neither the estrogen (ER) nor progesterone (PR) receptor proteins are detected regardless of cellular expression. Using multivariate analysis, we derived an EV protein signature to infer cellular patterns of ER and HER2 expression, though the ER protein could not be directly detected. Integrative analyses affirmed that the EV proteome and transcriptome captured key phenotypic hallmarks of the originating cells, supporting the potential of EVs for non-invasive monitoring of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Lane
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darren Korbie
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Amina SJ, Azam T, Dagher F, Guo B. A review on the use of extracellular vesicles for the delivery of drugs and biological therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:45-70. [PMID: 38226932 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2305115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles, are effective tools for delivering small-molecule drugs and biological therapeutics into cells and tissues. Surface modifications with targeting ligands ensure precise delivery to specific cells, minimizing accumulation in healthy organs and reducing the side effects. This is a rapidly growing area in drug delivery research and this review aims to comprehensively discuss the recent advances in the field. AREA COVERED Recent studies have presented compelling evidence supporting the application of exosomes as efficient delivery vehicles that escape endosome trapping, achieving effective in vivo delivery in animal models. This review provides a systemic discussion on the exosome-based delivery technology, with topics covering exosome purification, surface modification, and targeted delivery of various cargos ranging from siRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins, to small molecule drugs. EXPERT OPINION Exosome-based gene and drug delivery has low toxicity and low immunogenicity. Surface modifications of the exosomes can effectively avoid endosome trapping and increase delivery efficiency. This exciting technology can be applied to improve the treatments for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Jabeen Amina
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tasmia Azam
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Dagher
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Xu X, Wu T, Lin R, Zhu S, Ji J, Jin D, Huang M, Zheng W, Ni W, Jiang F, Xuan S, Xiao M. Differences between migrasome, a 'new organelle', and exosome. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3672-3680. [PMID: 37665060 PMCID: PMC10718147 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The migrasome is a new organelle discovered by Professor Yu Li in 2015. When cells migrate, the membranous organelles that appear at the end of the retraction fibres are migrasomes. With the migration of cells, the retraction fibres which connect migrasomes and cells finally break. The migrasomes detach from the cell and are released into the extracellular space or directly absorbed by the recipient cell. The cytoplasmic contents are first transported to the migrasome and then released from the cell through the migrasome. This release mechanism, which depends on cell migration, is named 'migracytosis'. The main components of the migrasome are extracellular vesicles after they leave the cell, which are easy to remind people of the current hot topic of exosomes. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles wrapped by the lipid bimolecular layer. With extensive research, exosomes have solved many disease problems. This review summarizes the differences between migrasomes and exosomes in size, composition, property and function, extraction method and regulation mechanism for generation and release. At the same time, it also prospects for the current hotspot of migrasomes, hoping to provide literature support for further research on the generation and release mechanism of migrasomes and their clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Renjie Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Shengze Zhu
- Medical School of Nantong University oral medcine192NantongChina
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Dandan Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Mengxiang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wenkai Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Shihai Xuan
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryAffiliated Dongtai Hospital of Nantong UniversityDongtaiChina
| | - Mingbing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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4
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Xie J, Zheng Z, Tuo L, Deng X, Tang H, Peng C, Zou Y. Recent advances in exosome-based immunotherapy applied to cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1296857. [PMID: 38022585 PMCID: PMC10662326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1296857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stands as a prominent contributor to global mortality rates, necessitating immediate attention toward the exploration of its treatment options. Extracellular vesicles have been investigated as a potential cancer therapy in recent years. Among them, exosomes, as cell-derived nanovesicles with functions such as immunogenicity and molecular transfer, offer new possibilities for immunotherapy of cancer. However, multiple studies have shown that exosomes of different cellular origins have different therapeutic effects. The immunomodulatory effects of exosomes include but are not limited to inhibiting or promoting the onset of immune responses, regulating the function of molecular signaling pathways, and serving as carriers of antitumor drugs. Therefore, this mini-review attempts to summarize and evaluate the development of strategies for using exosomes to package exogenous cargos to promote immunotherapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihan Zheng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Tuo
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinpei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yutian Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Agnoletto C, Pignochino Y, Caruso C, Garofalo C. Exosome-Based Liquid Biopsy Approaches in Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Review of the Literature, Prospectives, and Hopes for Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065159. [PMID: 36982236 PMCID: PMC10048895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of exosome impact on sarcoma development and progression has been implemented in preclinical studies thanks to technological advances in exosome isolation. Moreover, the clinical relevance of liquid biopsy is well established in early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, tumor burden assessment, therapeutic responsiveness, and recurrence monitoring of tumors. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize the existing literature pointing out the clinical relevance of detecting exosomes in liquid biopsy from sarcoma patients. Presently, the clinical utility of liquid biopsy based on exosomes in patients affected by sarcoma is under debate. The present manuscript collects evidence on the clinical impact of exosome detection in circulation of sarcoma patients. The majority of these data are not conclusive and the relevance of liquid biopsy-based approaches in some types of sarcoma is still insufficient. Nevertheless, the utility of circulating exosomes in precision medicine clearly emerged and further validation in larger and homogeneous cohorts of sarcoma patients is clearly needed, requiring collaborative projects between clinicians and translational researchers for these rare cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ymera Pignochino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Instute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Caruso
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garofalo
- Advanced Translational Research Laboratory, Immunology and Molecular Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35127 Padua, Italy
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6
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Zhu J, Tan Z, Zhang J, An M, Khaykin VM, Cuneo KC, Parikh ND, Lubman DM. Sequential Method for Analysis of CTCs and Exosomes from the Same Sample of Patient Blood. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37581-37588. [PMID: 36312392 PMCID: PMC9609053 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and exosomes, both released from the primary tumor into peripheral blood, are a promising source of cancer biomarkers. They are detectable in the blood and carry a large diversity of biological molecules, which can be used for the diagnosis and monitoring of minimally invasive cancers. However, due to their intrinsic differences in counts, size, and molecular contents, studies have focused on only one type of vesicle. Herein, we have developed an integrated system to sequentially isolate CTCs and exosomes from a single patient blood sample for further profiling and analysis. The CTCs are isolated using a commercial filtration method and then the remaining blood is processed using multiple cycles of ultracentrifugation to isolate the exosomes. The method uses two available technologies where the eluent from CTC isolation is usually discarded and interfaces them, so that the eluent can be interfaced to exosome isolation methods. The CTCs are identified based on fluorescence staining of their surface markers, while the exosomes are analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, nanosight tracking analysis, and mass spec proteomic analysis. This analysis showed CTCs detected by their surface markers for metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), while essentially none were detected for cirrhosis. The exosome analysis resulted in the identification of ∼500-1000 exosome proteins per sample confirmed by detection of exosome surface markers CD9, CD63, CD81, and TSG101 in addition to proteins related to cancer progression. Proteins enriched in HCC exosomes were shown to be involved in the immune response, metastasis, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhu
- Department
of Surgery, The University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhijing Tan
- Department
of Surgery, The University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department
of Surgery, The University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mingrui An
- Department
of Surgery, The University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Valerie M. Khaykin
- Division
of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University
of Michigan Medical Center, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kyle C. Cuneo
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Neehar D. Parikh
- Division
of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University
of Michigan Medical Center, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David M. Lubman
- Department
of Surgery, The University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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7
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Manukonda R, Yenuganti VR, Nagar N, Dholaniya PS, Malpotra S, Attem J, Reddy MM, Jakati S, Mishra DK, Reddanna P, Poluri KM, Vemuganti GK, Kaliki S. Comprehensive Analysis of Serum Small Extracellular Vesicles-Derived Coding and Non-Coding RNAs from Retinoblastoma Patients for Identifying Regulatory Interactions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174179. [PMID: 36077715 PMCID: PMC9454787 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study employed nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, immunoblotting, RNA sequencing, and quantitative real-time PCR validation to characterize serum-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from RB patients and age-matched controls. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze functions, and regulatory interactions between coding and non-coding (nc) sEVs RNAs. The results revealed that the isolated sEVs are round-shaped with a size < 150 nm, 5.3 × 1011 ± 8.1 particles/mL, and zeta potential of 11.1 to −15.8 mV, and expressed exosome markers CD9, CD81, and TSG101. A total of 6514 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs, 123 DE miRNAs, and 3634 DE lncRNAs were detected. Both miRNA-mRNA and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network analysis revealed that the cell cycle-specific genes including CDKNI1A, CCND1, c-MYC, and HIF1A are regulated by hub ncRNAs MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1, miR145, 101, and 16-5p. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that eye-related DE mRNAs are involved in rod cell differentiation, cone cell development, and retinol metabolism. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the RB sEV RNAs and regulatory interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Manukonda
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
- Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Vengala Rao Yenuganti
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India or
| | - Nupur Nagar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pankaj Singh Dholaniya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shivani Malpotra
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
- Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Jyothi Attem
- School of Medical Sciences, Science Complex, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Mamatha M. Reddy
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, India or
| | - Saumya Jakati
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Dilip K Mishra
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India or
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Geeta K. Vemuganti
- School of Medical Sciences, Science Complex, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-40-68102502
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8
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Majood M, Rawat S, Mohanty S. Delineating the role of extracellular vesicles in cancer metastasis: A comprehensive review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:966661. [PMID: 36059497 PMCID: PMC9439583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.966661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are subcellular messengers that aid in the formation and spread of cancer by enabling tumor-stroma communication. EVs develop from the very porous structure of late endosomes and hold information on both the intrinsic “status” of the cell and the extracellular signals absorbed by the cells from their surroundings. These EVs contain physiologically useful components, including as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, which have been found to activate important signaling pathways in tumor and tumor microenvironment (TME) cells, aggravating tumor growth. We highlight critical cell biology mechanisms that link EVS formation to cargo sorting in cancer cells in this review.Sorting out the signals that control EVs creation, cargo, and delivery will aid our understanding of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we reviewed how cancer development and spreading behaviors are affected by coordinated communication between malignant and non-malignant cells. Herein, we studied the reciprocal exchanges via EVs in various cancer types. Further research into the pathophysiological functions of various EVs in tumor growth is likely to lead to the discovery of new biomarkers in liquid biopsy and the development of tumor-specific therapies.
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Exosome-Mediated Immunosuppression in Tumor Microenvironments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121946. [PMID: 35741075 PMCID: PMC9221707 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous structures secreted by nearly all cell types. As critical messengers for intercellular communication, exosomes deliver bioactive cargoes to recipient cells and are involved in multiple physiopathological processes, including immunoregulation. Our pioneering study revealed that cancer cells release programmed death-ligand 1-positive exosomes into the circulation to counter antitumor immunity systemically via T cells. Tumor cell-derived exosomes (TDEs) also play an immunosuppressive role in other immunocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Moreover, exosomes secreted by nontumor cells in the tumor microenvironments (TMEs) also exert immunosuppressive effects. This review systematically provides a summary of the immunosuppression induced by exosomes in tumor microenvironments, which modulates tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and immunotherapeutic resistance. Additionally, therapeutic strategies targeting the molecular mechanism of exosome-mediated tumor development, which may help overcome several obstacles, such as immune tolerance in oncotherapy, are also discussed. Detailed knowledge of the specific functions of exosomes in antitumor immunity may contribute to the development of innovative treatments.
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Yakubovich EI, Polischouk AG, Evtushenko VI. Principles and Problems of Exosome Isolation from Biological Fluids. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2022; 16:115-126. [PMID: 35730027 PMCID: PMC9202659 DOI: 10.1134/s1990747822030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, the subclass of small membrane extracellular vesicles, have great diagnostic and therapeutic potential, but the lack of standardized methods for their efficient isolation and analysis limits the introduction of exosomal technologies into clinical practice. This review discusses the problems associated with the isolation of exosomes from biological fluids, as well as the principles of traditional and alternative methods of isolation. The aim of the presented review is to illustrate the variety of approaches based on the physical and biochemical properties of exosomes that can be used for exosome isolation. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. I. Yakubovich
- Granov Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. G. Polischouk
- Granov Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V. I. Evtushenko
- Granov Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Novel Gold Nanoparticle-Based Quick Small-Exosome Isolation Technique from Serum Sample at a Low Centrifugal Force. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101660. [PMID: 35630882 PMCID: PMC9147093 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-secreted vesicles secreted by a majority of cells and, hence, populating most of the biological fluids, namely blood, tears, sweat, swab, urine, breast milk, etc. They vary vastly in size and density and are influenced by age, gender and diseases. The composition of exosomes includes lipids, DNA, proteins, and coding and noncoding RNA. There is a significant interest in selectively isolating small exosomes (≤50 nm) from human serum to investigate their role in different diseases and regeneration. However, current techniques for small exosome isolation/purification are time-consuming and highly instrument-dependent, with limited specificity and recovery. Thus, rapid and efficient methods to isolate them from bio fluids are strongly needed for both basic research and clinical applications. In the present work, we explored the application of a bench-top centrifuge for isolating mostly the small exosomes (≤50 nm). This can be achieved at low g-force by adding additional weight to the exosomes by conjugating them with citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (CGNP). CGNPs were functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form PEGylated GNP (PGNP). EDC/SNHS chemistry is used to activate the –COOH group of the PEG to make it suitable for conjugation with antibodies corresponding to exosomal surface proteins. These antibody-conjugated PGNPs were incubated with the serum to form PGNP-exosome complexes which were separated directly by centrifugation at a low g-force of 7000× g. This makes this technique efficient compared to that of standard ultracentrifugation exosome isolation (which uses approximately 100,000× g). Using the technique, the exosome isolation from serum was achieved successfully in less than two hours. The purification of small exosomes, characterized by the presence of CD63, CD9 and CD81, and sized between 20 nm to 50 nm, was confirmed by western blot, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analyser (NTA).
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12
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Hao YJ, Yang CY, Chen MH, Chang LW, Lin CP, Lo LC, Huang SC, Lyu YY, Jiang JK, Tseng FG. Potential Values of Circulating microRNA-21 to Predict Early Recurrence in Patients with Colorectal Cancer after Treatments. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092400. [PMID: 35566526 PMCID: PMC9100254 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient prognosis of local recurrence contributes to the poor progression-free survival rate and death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Various biomarkers have been explored in predicting CRC recurrence. This study investigated the expressions of plasma/exosomal microRNA-21 (miR-21) in 113 CRC patients by qPCR, their values of predicting CRC recurrence, and the possibility to improve the prognostic efficacy in early CRC recurrence in stratified patients by combined biomarkers including circulating miR-21s, circulating tumour cells/microemboli (CTCs/CTM), and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)/carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9). Expressions of plasma and exosomal miR-21s were significantly correlated (p < 0.0001) in all and late-stage patients, presenting similar correlations with other biomarkers. However, stage IV patients stratified by a high level of exosomal miR-21 and stage I to III patients stratified by a high level of plasma miR-21 displayed significantly worse survival outcomes in predicting CRC recurrence, suggesting their different values to predict CRC recurrence in stratified patients. Comparable and even better performances in predicting CRC recurrence in late-stage patients were found by CTCs/CTM from our blood samples as sensitive biomarkers. Improved prognosing efficacy in CRC recurrence and better outcomes to significantly differentiate recurrence in stratified patients could be obtained by analysing combined biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jie Hao
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (Y.-J.H.); (M.-H.C.); (L.-W.C.)
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Chih-Yung Yang
- Department of Teaching and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10341, Taiwan;
- Commission for General Education, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan
- General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei 110014, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chen
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (Y.-J.H.); (M.-H.C.); (L.-W.C.)
| | - Lu-Wey Chang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (Y.-J.H.); (M.-H.C.); (L.-W.C.)
| | - Chien-Ping Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (C.-P.L.); (L.-C.L.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Liang-Chuan Lo
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (C.-P.L.); (L.-C.L.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Sheng-Chieh Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - You-You Lyu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (C.-P.L.); (L.-C.L.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Jeng-Kai Jiang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-K.J.); (F.-G.T.); Tel.: +886-3-571-5131 (ext. 34270) (F.-G.T.)
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (Y.-J.H.); (M.-H.C.); (L.-W.C.)
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-K.J.); (F.-G.T.); Tel.: +886-3-571-5131 (ext. 34270) (F.-G.T.)
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13
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Kumar P, Boyne C, Brown S, Qureshi A, Thorpe P, Synowsky SA, Shirran S, Powis SJ. Tumour-associated antigenic peptides are present in the HLA class I ligandome of cancer cell line derived extracellular vesicles. Immunology 2022; 166:249-264. [PMID: 35318648 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent success of monoclonal antibody checkpoint inhibitor therapies that enhance the ability of CD8+ T cells to detect cancer-related antigenic peptides has refocused the need to fully understand the repertoire of peptides being presented to the immune system. Whilst the peptide ligandome presented by cell surface human leucocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules on cancer cells has been studied extensively, the ligandome of extracellular vesicles (EVs) remains poorly defined. Here, we report the HLA-I ligandome of both the cell surface and EVs from eight breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-415, MDA-MB-453, HCC 1806, HCC 1395, and HCC 1954), and additionally the melanoma cell line ESTDAB-056 and the multiple myeloma line RPMI 8226. Utilizing HLA-I immunoisolation and mass spectrometry, we detected a total of 6574 peptides from the cell surface and 2461 peptides from the EVs of the cell lines studied. Within the EV HLA-I ligandome, we identified 150 peptides derived from tumour associated antigenic proteins, of which 19 peptides have been shown to elicit T-cell responses in previous studies. Our data thus show the prevalence of clinically relevant tumour-associated antigenic peptides in the HLA-I ligandome presented on EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Caitlin Boyne
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Sydney Brown
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Ayesha Qureshi
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Peter Thorpe
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Silvia A Synowsky
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Sally Shirran
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Simon J Powis
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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14
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Peng L, Wang D, Han Y, Huang T, He X, Wang J, Ou C. Emerging Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts-Derived Exosomes in Tumorigenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:795372. [PMID: 35058933 PMCID: PMC8764452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most important component of the stromal cell population in the tumor microenvironment and play an irreplaceable role in oncogenesis and cancer progression. Exosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles, can transfer biological information (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites as messengers) from secreting cells to target recipient cells, thereby affecting the progression of human diseases, including cancers. Recent studies revealed that CAF-derived exosomes play a crucial part in tumorigenesis, tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and the immune response. Moreover, aberrant expression of CAF-derived exosomal noncoding RNAs and proteins strongly correlates with clinical pathological characterizations of cancer patients. Gaining deeper insight into the participation of CAF-derived exosomes in tumorigenesis may lead to novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushan Peng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingying Han
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junpu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Strybel U, Marczak L, Zeman M, Polanski K, Mielańczyk Ł, Klymenko O, Samelak-Czajka A, Jackowiak P, Smolarz M, Chekan M, Zembala-Nożyńska E, Widlak P, Pietrowska M, Wojakowska A. Molecular Composition of Serum Exosomes Could Discriminate Rectal Cancer Patients with Different Responses to Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040993. [PMID: 35205741 PMCID: PMC8870712 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Exosomes could be used as biomarkers to predict and monitor the response to anti-cancer treatment, yet relevant knowledge is very limited in the case of rectal cancer. Here we applied a combined proteomic and metabolomic approach to reveal exosome components connected with different responses to neoadjuvant radiotherapy in this group of patients and processes associated with identified discriminatory molecules. Moreover, the composition of serum-derived exosomes and a whole plasma was analyzed in parallel to compare the biomarker potential of both specimens, which revealed the highest capacity of exosome proteome to discriminate samples of patients with different responses to radiotherapy. Abstract Identification of biomarkers that could be used for the prediction of the response to neoadjuvant radiotherapy (neo-RT) in locally advanced rectal cancer remains a challenge addressed by different experimental approaches. Exosomes and other classes of extracellular vesicles circulating in patients’ blood represent a novel type of liquid biopsy and a source of cancer biomarkers. Here, we used a combined proteomic and metabolomic approach based on mass spectrometry techniques for studying the molecular components of exosomes isolated from the serum of rectal cancer patients with different responses to neo-RT. This allowed revealing several proteins and metabolites associated with common pathways relevant for the response of rectal cancer patients to neo-RT, including immune system response, complement activation cascade, platelet functions, metabolism of lipids, metabolism of glucose, and cancer-related signaling pathways. Moreover, the composition of serum-derived exosomes and a whole serum was analyzed in parallel to compare the biomarker potential of both specimens. Among proteins that the most properly discriminated good and poor responders were GPLD1 (AUC = 0.85, accuracy of 74%) identified in plasma as well as C8G (AUC = 0.91, accuracy 81%), SERPINF2 (AUC = 0.91, accuracy 79%) and CFHR3 (AUC = 0.90, accuracy 81%) identified in exosomes. We found that the proteome component of serum-derived exosomes has the highest capacity to discriminate samples of patients with different responses to neo-RT when compared to the whole plasma proteome and metabolome. We concluded that the molecular components of exosomes are associated with the response of rectal cancer patients to neo-RT and could be used for the prediction of such response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Strybel
- Department of Biomedical Proteomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (U.S.); (L.M.); (A.S.-C.); (P.J.)
| | - Lukasz Marczak
- Department of Biomedical Proteomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (U.S.); (L.M.); (A.S.-C.); (P.J.)
| | - Marcin Zeman
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (E.Z.-N.); (M.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Polanski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK;
| | - Łukasz Mielańczyk
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.M.); (O.K.)
| | - Olesya Klymenko
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.M.); (O.K.)
| | - Anna Samelak-Czajka
- Department of Biomedical Proteomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (U.S.); (L.M.); (A.S.-C.); (P.J.)
| | - Paulina Jackowiak
- Department of Biomedical Proteomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (U.S.); (L.M.); (A.S.-C.); (P.J.)
| | - Mateusz Smolarz
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (E.Z.-N.); (M.P.)
| | - Mykola Chekan
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (E.Z.-N.); (M.P.)
| | - Ewa Zembala-Nożyńska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (E.Z.-N.); (M.P.)
| | - Piotr Widlak
- Clinical Research Support Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (E.Z.-N.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Wojakowska
- Department of Biomedical Proteomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (U.S.); (L.M.); (A.S.-C.); (P.J.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Mukherjee S, Pillai PP. Current insights on extracellular vesicle-mediated glioblastoma progression: Implications in drug resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1866:130065. [PMID: 34902452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most fatal tumors of the central nervous system with high rate of disease progression, diagnosis, prognosis and low survival rate. Therapeutic approaches that relied on surgical resection and chemotherapy have been unable to curb the disease progression and subsequently leading to increase in incidences of GBM reoccurrence. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW In the recent times, membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been observed as one of the key reasons for the uncontrolled growth of GBM. EVs are shown to have the potential to contribute to the disease progression via mediating drug resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The GBM-derived EVs (GDEVs) with its cargo contents act as the biological trojan horse and lead to disease progression after being received by the recipient target cells. This review article highlights the biophysical, biochemical properties of EVs, its cargo contents and its potential role in the growth and progression of GBM by altering tumour microenvironment. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS EVs are being explored for serving as novel disease biomarkers in a variety of cancer types such as adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, color rectal cancer, gliomas and glioblastomas. Improvement in the EV isolation protocols, polymer-based separation techniques and transcriptomics, have made EVs a key diagnostic marker to unravel the progression and early GBM diagnosis. GDEVs role in tumour progression is under extensive investigations. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Attempts have been also made to discuss and compare the usage of EVs as potential therapeutic targets versus existing therapies targeting drug resistance and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatama Mukherjee
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Prakash P Pillai
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
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17
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Cersosimo F, Barbarino M, Lonardi S, Vermi W, Giordano A, Bellan C, Giurisato E. Mesothelioma Malignancy and the Microenvironment: Molecular Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225664. [PMID: 34830817 PMCID: PMC8616064 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported that cellular and soluble components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a key role in cancer-initiation and progression. Considering the relevance and the complexity of TME in cancer biology, recent research has focused on the investigation of the TME content, in terms of players and informational exchange. Understanding the crosstalk between tumor and non-tumor cells is crucial to design more beneficial anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a complex and heterogenous tumor mainly caused by asbestos exposure with few treatment options and low life expectancy after standard therapy. MPM leukocyte infiltration is rich in macrophages. Given the failure of macrophages to eliminate asbestos fibers, these immune cells accumulate in pleural cavity leading to the establishment of a unique inflammatory environment and to the malignant transformation of mesothelial cells. In this inflammatory landscape, stromal and immune cells play a driven role to support tumor development and progression via a bidirectional communication with tumor cells. Characterization of the MPM microenvironment (MPM-ME) may be useful to understand the complexity of mesothelioma biology, such as to identify new molecular druggable targets, with the aim to improve the outcome of the disease. In this review, we summarize the known evidence about the MPM-ME network, including its prognostic and therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cersosimo
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Marcella Barbarino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (A.G.); (C.B.)
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (S.L.); (W.V.)
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (S.L.); (W.V.)
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (A.G.); (C.B.)
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Cristiana Bellan
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (A.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Emanuele Giurisato
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-057-723-2125
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18
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Zhuo Z, Wang J, Luo Y, Zeng R, Zhang C, Zhou W, Guo K, Wu H, Sha W, Chen H. Targeted extracellular vesicle delivery systems employing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:13-31. [PMID: 34284151 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the study of extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes (50-150 nm) have attracted growing interest in numerous areas of cancer and tissue regeneration due to their unique biological features. A low isolation yield and insufficient targeting abilities limit their therapeutic applicability. Recently, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with magnetic navigation have been exploited to enhance the targeting ability of EVs. To construct targeted EV delivery systems engineered by SPIONs, several groups have pioneered the use of different techniques, such as electroporation, natural incubation, and cell extrusion, to directly internalize SPIONs into EVs. Furthermore, some endogenous ligands, such as transferrins, antibodies, aptamers, and streptavidin, were shown to enable modification of SPIONs, which increases binding with EVs. In this review, we summarized recent advances in targeted EV delivery systems engineered by SPIONs and focused on the key methodological approaches and the current applications of magnetic EVs. This report aims to address the existing challenges and provide comprehensive insights into targeted EV delivery systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Targeted extracellular vesicle (EV) delivery systems engineered by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have attracted wide attention and research interest in recent years. Such strategies employ external magnet fields to manipulate SPION-functionalized EVs remotely, aiming to enhance their accumulation and penetration in vivo. Although iron oxide nanoparticle laden EVs are interesting, they are controversial at present, hampering the progress in their clinical application. A thorough integration of these studies is needed for an advanced insight and rational design of targeted EV delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the design strategies of targeted EV delivery systems engineered by SPIONs with a focus on their key methodological approaches, current applications, limitation and future perspectives, which may facilitate the development of natural theranostic nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yujun Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ruijie Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Kehang Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huihuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weihong Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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19
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Amrollahi P, Zheng W, Monk C, Li CZ, Hu TY. Nanoplasmonic Sensor Approaches for Sensitive Detection of Disease-Associated Exosomes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6589-6603. [PMID: 35006963 PMCID: PMC9130051 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are abundantly secreted by most cells that carry membrane and cytosolic factors that can reflect the physiologic state of their source cells and thus have strong potential to serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease staging, and treatment monitoring. However, traditional diagnostic or prognostic applications that might use exosomes are hindered by the lack of rapid and sensitive assays that can exploit their biological information. An array of assay approaches have been developed to address this deficit, including those that integrate immunoassays with nanoplasmonic sensors to measure changes in optical refractive indexes in response to the binding of low concentrations of their targeted molecules. These sensors take advantage of enhanced and tunable interactions between the electron clouds of nanoplasmonic particles and structures and incident electromagnetic radiation to enable isolation-free and ultrasensitive quantification of disease-associated exosome biomarkers present in complex biological samples. These unique advantages make nanoplasmonic sensing one of the most competitive approaches available for clinical applications and point-of-care tests that evaluate exosome-based biomarkers. This review will briefly summarize the origin and clinical utility of exosomes and the limitations of current isolation and analysis approaches before reviewing the specific advantages and limitations of nanoplasmonic sensing devices and indicating what additional developments are necessary to allow the translation of these approaches into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Amrollahi
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Wenshu Zheng
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Chandler Monk
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Chen-Zhong Li
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Tony Ye Hu
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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20
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Reyna-Jeldes M, Díaz-Muñoz M, Madariaga JA, Coddou C, Vázquez-Cuevas FG. Autocrine and paracrine purinergic signaling in the most lethal types of cancer. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:345-370. [PMID: 33982134 PMCID: PMC8410929 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer comprises a collection of diseases that occur in almost any tissue and it is characterized by an abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that results in tumor formation and propagation to other tissues, causing tissue and organ malfunction and death. Despite the undeniable improvement in cancer diagnostics and therapy, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic and preventive strategies with improved efficacy and fewer side effects. In this context, purinergic signaling emerges as an interesting candidate as a cancer biomarker or therapeutic target. There is abundant evidence that tumor cells have significant changes in the expression of purinergic receptors, which comprise the G-protein coupled P2Y and AdoR families of receptors and the ligand-gated ion channel P2X receptors. Tumor cells also exhibit changes in the expression of nucleotidases and other enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism, and the concentrations of extracellular nucleotides are significantly higher than those observed in normal cells. In this review, we will focus on the potential role of purinergic signaling in the ten most lethal cancers (lung, breast, colorectal, liver, stomach, prostate, cervical, esophagus, pancreas, and ovary), which together are responsible for more than 5 million annual deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reyna-Jeldes
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo para el Estudio del Cáncer a nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - M Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - J A Madariaga
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Núcleo para el Estudio del Cáncer a nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - C Coddou
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile.
- Núcleo para el Estudio del Cáncer a nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - F G Vázquez-Cuevas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, México.
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21
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Differences in Extracellular Vesicle Protein Cargo Are Dependent on Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell of Origin and Human Papillomavirus Status. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153714. [PMID: 34359613 PMCID: PMC8345072 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify potential extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we evaluated EV protein cargo and whole cell lysates (WCL) from HPV-positive and -negative HNSCC cell lines, as well as normal oral keratinocytes and HPV16-transformed cells. EVs were isolated from serum-depleted, conditioned cell culture media by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation/ultracentrifugation. EV and WCL preparations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Candidate proteins detected at significantly higher levels in EV compared with WCL, or compared with EV from normal oral keratinocytes, were identified and confirmed by Wes Simple Western protein analysis. Our findings suggest that these proteins may be potential HNSCC EV markers as proteins that may be (1) selectively included in EV cargo for export from the cell as a strategy for metastasis, tumor cell survival, or modification of tumor microenvironment, or (2) representative of originating cell composition, which may be developed for diagnostic or prognostic use in clinical liquid biopsy applications. This work demonstrates that our method can be used to reliably detect EV proteins from HNSCC, normal keratinocyte, and transformed cell lines. Furthermore, this work has identified HNSCC EV protein candidates for continued evaluation, specifically tenascin-C, HLA-A, E-cadherin, EGFR, EPHA2, and cytokeratin 19.
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The Lipid Composition of Serum-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Participants of a Lung Cancer Screening Study. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143414. [PMID: 34298629 PMCID: PMC8307680 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Molecular components of extracellular vesicles present in serum are potential biomarkers of lung cancer, however, none of them have been validated in the context of an actual early detection of lung cancer. Here, we compared the lipid profiles of vesicles obtained from participants in a lung cancer screening study, including patients with screening-detected cancer and individuals with benign pulmonary nodules or without pathological changes. A few lipids whose levels were different between compared groups were detected, including ceramide Cer(42:1) upregulated in vesicles from cancer patients. Furthermore, a high heterogeneity of lipid profiles of extracellular vesicles was observed, which impaired the performance of classification models based on specific compounds. Abstract Molecular components of exosomes and other classes of small extracellular vesicles (sEV) present in human biofluids are potential biomarkers with possible applicability in the early detection of lung cancer. Here, we compared the lipid profiles of serum-derived sEV from three groups of lung cancer screening participants: individuals without pulmonary alterations, individuals with benign lung nodules, and patients with screening-detected lung cancer (81 individuals in each group). Extracellular vesicles and particles were purified from serum by size-exclusion chromatography, and a fraction enriched in sEV and depleted of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) was selected (similar sized vesicles was observed in all groups: 70–100 nm). The targeted mass-spectrometry-based approach enabled the detection of 352 lipids, including 201 compounds used in quantitative analyses. A few compounds, exemplified by Cer(42:1), i.e., a ceramide whose increased plasma/serum level was reported in different pathological conditions, were upregulated in vesicles from cancer patients. On the other hand, the contribution of phosphatidylcholines with poly-unsaturated acyl chains was reduced in vesicles from lung cancer patients. Cancer-related features detected in serum-derived sEV were different than those of the corresponding whole serum. A high heterogeneity of lipid profiles of sEV was observed, which markedly impaired the performance of classification models based on specific compounds (the three-state classifiers showed an average AUC = 0.65 and 0.58 in the training and test subsets, respectively).
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Amiral J. Extra cellular vesicles in blood circulation as biomarkers and messengers of patho-hysiological activity and alterations. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 60:103209. [PMID: 34244081 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in Extracellular Vesicles released by many cells through membrane shedding. In addition to cell signaling, these particles are true messenger cargos, which can carry cell surface proteins, miRNAs and non-coding RNAs to other and distant cells. They are part of the inter-cellular crosstalk and they contribute to transferring biological messages far away from the triggering event. EVs are biomarkers of many diseases, including thrombo-embolic pathology, infections, neurological or metabolic disorders, and malignancy. Their role and significance are presented and discussed in this short review, as consequences of disease and causes of its progression. But they can also be beneficial for tissue healing or repair, and they can be prepared in vitro to be used for cell- targeted treatments. Many identification and measurement methods for EV's are sophisticated, which restricts their use to research studies, but they have, nevertheless, a high laboratory potential for diagnosis, prognosis and evolution as follow-up of many pathologies. New emerging laboratory tools offer more friendly and easy applications for characterizing EVs and testing their associated activity, especially for the procoagulant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Amiral
- SH/Scientific-Hemostasis, Scientific Director and Consultant in Hemostasis and Thrombosis Diagnostics, Franconville, France.
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Verdi J, Ketabchi N, Noorbakhsh N, Saleh M, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Seyhoun I, Kavianpour M. Development and Clinical Application of Tumor-derived Exosomes in Patients with Cancer. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:91-102. [PMID: 34161212 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666210622123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within a tissue that can lead to death due to late diagnosis, poor prognosis, drug resistance, and finally enhanced metastasis formation. Exosomes are nanovesicles that have been derived from all the different cell types. These vesicles can transfer various molecules, including the distinct form of nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, and circRNA) and proteins. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have exceptionally important roles through multiple molecular and cellular pathways like progression, tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and as well as metastasis. TEXs are detectable in all body fluids, such as serum and urine, a convenient and non-invasive way to access these nano-sized vesicles. TEXs lead to the symptom expression of genetic aberrations in the tumor cell population, making them an accurate and sensitive biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumors. On the other hand, TEXs contain major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) and play important dual roles in regulating tumor immune responses; they can mediate both immune activation and suppression through tumor-associated immunity. Despite numerous scientific studies, there are still many technical barriers to distinguish TEXs from non-tumor-derived exosomes. Removing exosomes lead to a wide difference in outcomes inside a patient's body. Hence, controversial pieces of evidence have demonstrated the vital role of TEXs as hopeful biomarkers for the early detection of cancers, evaluation of therapeutic effects, and monitoring of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Ketabchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Negar Noorbakhsh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Saleh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Seyhoun
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Kavianpour
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sherman CD, Lodha S, Sahoo S. EV Cargo Sorting in Therapeutic Development for Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1500. [PMID: 34203713 PMCID: PMC8232200 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Thus, therapeutic interventions to circumvent this growing burden are of utmost importance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) actively secreted by most living cells, play a key role in paracrine and endocrine intercellular communication via exchange of biological molecules. As the content of secreted EVs reflect the physiology and pathology of the cell of their origin, EVs play a significant role in cellular homeostasis, disease pathogenesis and diagnostics. Moreover, EVs are gaining popularity in clinics as therapeutic and drug delivery vehicles, transferring bioactive molecules such as proteins, genes, miRNAs and other therapeutic agents to target cells to treat diseases and deter disease progression. Despite our limited but growing knowledge of EV biology, it is imperative to understand the complex mechanisms of EV cargo sorting in pursuit of designing next generation EV-based therapeutic delivery systems. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms of EV cargo sorting and methods of EV bioengineering and discuss engineered EVs as a potential therapeutic delivery system to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustav L. Levy, P.O. Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.D.S.); (S.L.)
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Nguyen HQ, Lee D, Kim Y, Bang G, Cho K, Lee YS, Yeon JE, Lubman DM, Kim J. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of serum extracellular vesicles differentiating patients of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. J Proteomics 2021; 245:104278. [PMID: 34089894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are typically asymptomatic and slow-progressing but potentially fatal diseases that are common causes of liver cirrhosis and related complications. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that have been linked to various intercellular communication processes and can carry biological materials reflecting the state and severity of disease. In this study, shotgun proteomic analysis of the protein expression profiles of extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles, enriched from human serum samples of 24 patients diagnosed with various fatty liver diseases was performed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by protein identification and label-free quantification using the MaxQuant platform. A total of 329 proteins, including 190 previously reported exosome-specific proteins, were identified from four types of liver disease, where significant differences in protein expression were found in apolipoproteins, immunoglobulins, and other previously reported markers of liver disease. Principal component analysis of 61 proteins identified from MaxQuant analysis of the LC-MS/MS data provided a confident differentiation between ALD and NAFLD. SIGNIFICANCE: The current investigation revealed the difference among various types of liver disease using LC-MS/MS of exosomes enriched from human serum samples of 24 patients where the most significantly up-regulation proteins were alpha-2-macroglobulin for alcoholic hepatitis and apolipoprotein C3 for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Quang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoseon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geul Bang
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Cho
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Eun Yeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Cavallaro S, Hååg P, Viktorsson K, Krozer A, Fogel K, Lewensohn R, Linnros J, Dev A. Comparison and optimization of nanoscale extracellular vesicle imaging by scanning electron microscopy for accurate size-based profiling and morphological analysis. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3053-3063. [PMID: 36133670 PMCID: PMC9419097 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00948b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to play a key role in intercellular communication, offering opportunities for both disease diagnostics and therapeutics. However, lying below the diffraction limit and also being highly heterogeneous in their size, morphology and abundance, these vesicles pose significant challenges for physical characterization. Here, we present a direct visual approach for their accurate morphological and size-based profiling by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To achieve that, we methodically examined various process steps and developed a protocol to improve the throughput, conformity and image quality while preserving the shape of EVs. The study was performed with small EVs (sEVs) isolated from a non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line as well as from human serum, and the results were compared with those obtained from nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). While the comparison of the sEV size distributions showed good agreement between the two methods for large sEVs (diameter > 70 nm), the microscopy based approach showed a better capacity for analyses of smaller vesicles, with higher sEV counts compared to NTA. In addition, we demonstrated the possibility of identifying non-EV particles based on size and morphological features. The study also showed process steps that can generate artifacts bearing resemblance with sEVs. The results therefore present a simple way to use a widely available microscopy tool for accurate and high throughput physical characterization of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cavallaro
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Petra Hååg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet 17164 Solna Sweden
| | | | - Anatol Krozer
- Department of Smart Hardware, Division of Digital Systems, Research Institutes of Sweden AB 40014 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kristina Fogel
- Department of Smart Hardware, Division of Digital Systems, Research Institutes of Sweden AB 40014 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet 17164 Solna Sweden
- Theme Cancer, Medical Unit Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin Tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital 17164 Solna Sweden
| | - Jan Linnros
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Apurba Dev
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology 10691 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University 75121 Uppsala Sweden
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Ge X, Tang L, Wang Y, Wang N, Zhou J, Deng X, Zhong Y, Li Q, Wang F, Jiang G, Miao L. The diagnostic value of exosomal miRNAs in human bile of malignant biliary obstructions. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53:760-765. [PMID: 33257140 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of malignant biliary obstruction is complicated and lacks accuracy. Exosomes may be secreted by malignant tumors; intact miRNAs from exosomes might serve as potential biomarkers for the disease. AIM To identify exosomal microRNAs in human bile among benign and malignant biliary obstructions. METHODS Bile samples were collected from patients undergoing therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for biliary obstruction. Exosome microRNAs were determined by RNA-sequencing in the discovery cohort, which comprising benign (n = 5) cases and malignant biliary obstruction (n = 5) cases. Then, the diagnostic performance of the two up-regulated microRNAs (mir-483-5p and mir-126-3p) of bile exosomes was verified by analysis of 82 patients with a diagnosis of malignant (n=37) or nonmalignant (n=45) biliary obstruction. RESULTS In both cohorts, the expressions of mir-483-5p and mir-126-3p were significantly higher in bile exosomes samples from patients with malignant biliary obstructions than controls. In the verification cohort, the two miRNAs can distinguished the benign and malignant groups with high diagnostic accuracy and specificity; the diagnostic values of the two microRNAs were better than serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), area under the curve (AUC) were 0.81 and 0.74. CONCLUSION The expression of exosomal mir-483-5p and mir-126-3p in the bile samples discriminates between patients with malignant and nonmalignant biliary obstructions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NO NCT03102268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxiu Ge
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyu Tang
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youli Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ni Wang
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueting Deng
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanpeng Li
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guobin Jiang
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Miao
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Cavallaro S, Pevere F, Stridfeldt F, Görgens A, Paba C, Sahu SS, Mamand DR, Gupta D, El Andaloussi S, Linnros J, Dev A. Multiparametric Profiling of Single Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles by Combined Atomic Force and Fluorescence Microscopy: Correlation and Heterogeneity in Their Molecular and Biophysical Features. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2008155. [PMID: 33682363 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202008155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Being a key player in intercellular communications, nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer unique opportunities for both diagnostics and therapeutics. However, their cellular origin and functional identity remain elusive due to the high heterogeneity in their molecular and physical features. Here, for the first time, multiple EV parameters involving membrane protein composition, size and mechanical properties on single small EVs (sEVs) are simultaneously studied by combined fluorescence and atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, their correlation and heterogeneity in different cellular sources are investigated. The study, performed on sEVs derived from human embryonic kidney 293, cord blood mesenchymal stromal and human acute monocytic leukemia cell lines, identifies both common and cell line-specific sEV subpopulations bearing distinct distributions of the common tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, and CD81) and biophysical properties. Although the tetraspanin abundances of individual sEVs are independent of their sizes, the expression levels of CD9 and CD63 are strongly correlated. A sEV population co-expressing all the three tetraspanins in relatively high abundance, however, having average diameters of <100 nm and relatively low Young moduli, is also found in all cell lines. Such a multiparametric approach is expected to provide new insights regarding EV biology and functions, potentially deciphering unsolved questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cavallaro
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Federico Pevere
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75121, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Stridfeldt
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - André Görgens
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4HG, UK
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Siddharth S Sahu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75121, Sweden
| | - Doste R Mamand
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4HG, UK
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4HG, UK
| | - Jan Linnros
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Apurba Dev
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75121, Sweden
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Ratajczak MZ, Ratajczak J. Innate Immunity Communicates Using the Language of Extracellular Microvesicles. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:502-510. [PMID: 33634435 PMCID: PMC7906088 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immunity system and extracellular microvesicles (ExMVs) both emerged early in the evolution of life, which is why its innate immunity cellular arm and its soluble-component arm learned, understood, and adapted to the “language” of ExMVs. This was most likely the first language of cell–cell communication during evolution, which existed before more specific intercellular crosstalk involving specific ligands and receptors emerged. ExMVs are involved in several processes in the body, including immune and coagulation responses, which are part of inflammation. In this review we will briefly highlight what is known about how ExMVs regulate the function of the cellular arm of innate immunity, including macrophages, monocytes, granulocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells, and affect the soluble components of this system, which consists of the complement cascade (ComC) and soluble, circulating, pattern-recognition receptors (collectins, ficolins, and pentaxrins). These effects are direct, due to the fact that ExMVs affect the biological functions of innate immunity cells and may directly interact with soluble components of this system. Moreover, by activating coagulation proteases, ExMVs may also indirectly activate the ComC. In this review, we will use the term “extracellular microvesicles” (ExMVs) to refer to these small, spheroidal blebs of different sizes, which are surrounded by a membrane lipid layer. We will focus on the role of both ExMVs released during cell-surface membrane budding and smaller ExMVs, known as exosomes, which are derived from the budding of the endosomal membrane compartment. Finally, we will provide a brief update on the potential therapeutic applications of ExMVs, with a special emphasis on innate immunity. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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Faria-Ramos I, Poças J, Marques C, Santos-Antunes J, Macedo G, Reis CA, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans: (Un)Expected Allies in Cancer Clinical Management. Biomolecules 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 33494442 PMCID: PMC7911160 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era when cancer glycobiology research is exponentially growing, we are witnessing a progressive translation of the major scientific findings to the clinical practice with the overarching aim of improving cancer patients' management. Many mechanistic cell biology studies have demonstrated that heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans are key molecules responsible for several molecular and biochemical processes, impacting extracellular matrix properties and cellular functions. HS can interact with a myriad of different ligands, and therefore, hold a pleiotropic role in regulating the activity of important cellular receptors and downstream signalling pathways. The aberrant expression of HS glycan chains in tumours determines main malignant features, such as cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we devote particular attention to HS biological activities, its expression profile and modulation in cancer. Moreover, we highlight HS clinical potential to improve both diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, either as HS-based biomarkers or as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Faria-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Santos-Antunes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Hong CS, Boyiadzis M, Whiteside TL. Chemotherapy Promotes Release of Exosomes Which Upregulate Cholesterol Synthesis and Chemoresistance in AML Blasts. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 2021; 2:36-39. [PMID: 34296216 PMCID: PMC8294665 DOI: 10.33696/haematology.2.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael Boyiadzis
- Department of Hematology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Shu SL, Allen CL, Benjamin-Davalos S, Koroleva M, MacFarland D, Minderman H, Ernstoff MS. A Rapid Exosome Isolation Using Ultrafiltration and Size Exclusion Chromatography (REIUS) Method for Exosome Isolation from Melanoma Cell Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2265:289-304. [PMID: 33704723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1205-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be detected both in vivo and in cell culture medium. Among EVs, exosomes are 50-150 nm vesicles that are systematically packaged into multivesicular bodies for release into the external environment. In cancer, these intentionally packaged exosomes carry a payload of proteins such as RNAs and surface receptors that facilitate the reprogramming of proximal cells to assemble a protumor microenvironment. Exosomes have been implicated as an important intermediary extracellular communication pathway between cells, including in melanoma. Human melanoma-derived exosomes (HMEX) have been demonstrated to modulate the extracellular environment and inhibit immune cell activation. There are many methods to isolate and enrich for exosomes and the method applied can impact yield and purity of the isolates. In this chapter we describe the REIUS (rapid exosome isolation using ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography) method to isolate HMEX from melanoma cell cultures and then demonstrate their enrichment using molecular and microscopic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin La Shu
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl L Allen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Marina Koroleva
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Don MacFarland
- Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Potential Roles of Tumor Cell- and Stroma Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Promoting a Pro-Angiogenic Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123599. [PMID: 33276428 PMCID: PMC7760552 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we focus on the distinct functions of tumor-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles in promotion of angiogenesis and describe their potential as a therapeutic target for anti-angiogenic therapies. Also, we focus on extracellular vesicles derived from non-cancer cells and their potential role in stimulating a pro-angiogenic tumor microenvironment. The article describes the biogenesis of small extracellular vesicles and refers to their proteomic cargo components that play a role in promoting angiogenesis. Moreover, we explain how small extracellular vesicles derived from tumors and non-cancer cells can interact with recipient cells and alter their functions. We particularly focus on phenotypical and functional changes in endothelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils that result in proangiogenic signaling. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced and released by all cells and are present in all body fluids. They exist in a variety of sizes, however, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), the EV subset with a size range from 30 to 150 nm, are of current interest. They are characterized by a distinct biogenesis and complex cargo composition, which reflects the cytosolic contents and cell-surface molecules of the parent cells. This cargo consists of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and is competent in inducing signaling cascades in recipient cells after surface interactions or in initiating the generation of a functional protein by delivering nucleic acids. Based on these characteristics, sEVs are now considered as important mediators of intercellular communication. One hallmark of sEVs is the promotion of angiogenesis. It was shown that sEVs interact with endothelial cells (ECs) and promote an angiogenic phenotype, ultimately leading to increased vascularization of solid tumors and disease progression. It was also shown that sEVs reprogram cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and act in a functionally cooperative fashion to promote angiogenesis by a paracrine mechanism involving the differential expression and secretion of angiogenic factors from other cell types. In this review, we will focus on the distinct functions of tumor-cell-derived sEVs (TEX) in promotion of angiogenesis and describe their potential as a therapeutic target for anti-angiogenic therapies. Also, we will focus on non-cancer stroma-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles and their potential role in stimulating a pro-angiogenic TME.
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Molinski J, Tadimety A, Burklund A, Zhang JXJ. Scalable Signature-Based Molecular Diagnostics Through On-chip Biomarker Profiling Coupled with Machine Learning. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:2377-2399. [PMID: 32816167 PMCID: PMC7785517 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics have traditionally relied on discrete biological substances as diagnostic markers. In recent years however, advances in on-chip biomarker screening technologies and data analytics have enabled signature-based diagnostics. Such diagnostics aim to utilize unique combinations of multiple biomarkers or diagnostic 'fingerprints' rather than discrete analyte measurements. This approach has shown to improve both diagnostic accuracy and diagnostic specificity. In this review, signature-based diagnostics enabled by microfluidic and micro-/nano- technologies will be reviewed with a focus on device design and data analysis pipelines and methodologies. With increasing amounts of data available from microfluidic biomarker screening, isolation, and detection platforms, advanced data handling and analytics approaches can be employed. Thus, current data analysis approaches including machine learning and recent advances with image processing, along with potential future directions will be explored. Lastly, the needs and gaps in current literature will be elucidated to inform future efforts towards development of molecular diagnostics and biomarker screening technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Molinski
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Amogha Tadimety
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Alison Burklund
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Extracellular microvesicles/exosomes: discovery, disbelief, acceptance, and the future? Leukemia 2020; 34:3126-3135. [PMID: 32929129 PMCID: PMC7685969 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-01041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are concepts in science that need time to overcome initial disbelief before finally arriving at the moment when they are embraced by the research community. One of these concepts is the biological meaning of the small, spheroidal vesicles released from cells, which are described in the literature as microparticles, microvesicles, or exosomes. In the beginning, this research was difficult, as it was hard to distinguish these small vesicles from cell debris or apoptotic bodies. However, they may represent the first language of cell-cell communication, which existed before a more specific intercellular cross-talk between ligands and receptors emerged during evolution. In this review article, we will use the term "extracellular microvesicles" (ExMVs) to refer to these small spheroidal blebs of different sizes surrounded by a lipid layer of membrane. We have accepted an invitation from the Editor-in-Chief to write this review in observance of the 20th anniversary of the 2001 ASH Meeting when our team demonstrated that, by horizontal transfer of several bioactive molecules, including mRNA species and proteins, ExMVs harvested from embryonic stem cells could modify hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and expand them ex vivo. Interestingly, the result that moved ExMV research forward was published first in 2005 in Leukemia, having been previously rejected by other major scientific journals out of simple disbelief. Therefore, the best judge of a new concept is the passage of time, although the speed of its adoption is aided by perseverance and confidence in one's own data. In this perspective article, we will provide a brief update on the current status of, hopes for, and likely future of ExMV research as well as therapeutic and diagnostic applications, with a special emphasis on hematopoiesis.
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Orally Administered Exosomes Suppress Mouse Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity by Delivering miRNA-150 to Antigen-Primed Macrophage APC Targeted by Exosome-Surface Anti-Peptide Antibody Light Chains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155540. [PMID: 32748889 PMCID: PMC7432818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously discovered suppressor T cell-derived, antigen (Ag)-specific exosomes inhibiting mouse hapten-induced contact sensitivity effector T cells by targeting antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These suppressive exosomes acted Ag-specifically due to a coating of antibody free light chains (FLC) from Ag-activated B1a cells. Current studies are aimed at determining if similar immune tolerance could be induced in cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the protein Ag (ovalbumin, OVA). Intravenous administration of a high dose of OVA-coupled, syngeneic erythrocytes similarly induced CD3+CD8+ suppressor T cells producing suppressive, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes, also coated with B1a cell-derived, OVA-specific FLC. Simultaneously, OVA-immunized B1a cells produced an exosome subpopulation, originally coated with Ag-specific FLC, that could be rendered suppressive by in vitro association with miRNA-150. Importantly, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes from both suppressor T cells and B1a cells efficiently induced prolonged DTH suppression after single systemic administration into actively immunized mice, with the strongest effect observed after oral treatment. Current studies also showed that OVA-specific FLC on suppressive exosomes bind OVA peptides suggesting that exosome-coating FLC target APCs by binding to peptide-Ag-major histocompatibility complexes. This renders APCs capable of inhibiting DTH effector T cells. Thus, our studies describe a novel immune tolerance mechanism mediated by FLC-coated, Ag-specific, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes that act on the APC and are particularly effective after oral administration.
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Zebrowska A, Widlak P, Whiteside T, Pietrowska M. Signaling of Tumor-Derived sEV Impacts Melanoma Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145066. [PMID: 32709086 PMCID: PMC7404104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEV or exosomes) are nanovesicles (30–150 nm) released both in vivo and in vitro by most cell types. Tumor cells produce sEV called TEX and disperse them throughout all body fluids. TEX contain a cargo of proteins, lipids, and RNA that is similar but not identical to that of the “parent” producer cell (i.e., the cargo of exosomes released by melanoma cells is similar but not identical to exosomes released by melanocytes), possibly due to selective endosomal packaging. TEX and their role in cancer biology have been intensively investigated largely due to the possibility that TEX might serve as key component of a “liquid tumor biopsy.” TEX are also involved in the crosstalk between cancer and immune cells and play a key role in the suppression of anti-tumor immune responses, thus contributing to the tumor progression. Most of the available information about the TEX molecular composition and functions has been gained using sEV isolated from supernatants of cancer cell lines. However, newer data linking plasma levels of TEX with cancer progression have focused attention on TEX in the patients’ peripheral circulation as potential biomarkers of cancer diagnosis, development, activity, and response to therapy. Here, we consider the molecular cargo and functions of TEX as potential biomarkers of one of the most fatal malignancies—melanoma. Studies of TEX in plasma of patients with melanoma offer the possibility of an in-depth understanding of the melanoma biology and response to immune therapies. This review features melanoma cell-derived exosomes (MTEX) with special emphasis on exosome-mediated signaling between melanoma cells and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Zebrowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Widlak
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.W.)
| | - Theresa Whiteside
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-278-9627
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Ludwig N, Azambuja JH, Rao A, Gillespie DG, Jackson EK, Whiteside TL. Adenosine receptors regulate exosome production. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:231-240. [PMID: 32440820 PMCID: PMC7367962 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small-sized extracellular vesicles, carry components of the purinergic pathway. The production by cells of exosomes carrying this pathway remains poorly understood. Here, we asked whether type 1, 2A, or 2B adenosine receptors (A1Rs, A2ARs, and A2BRs, respectively) expressed by producer cells are involved in regulating exosome production. Preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells (PGVSMCs) were isolated from wildtype, A1R-/-, A2AR-/-, and A2BR-/- rats, and exosome production was quantified under normal or metabolic stress conditions. Exosome production was also measured in various cancer cells treated with pharmacologic agonists/antagonists of A1Rs, A2ARs, and A2BRs in the presence or absence of metabolic stress or cisplatin. Functional activity of exosomes was determined in Jurkat cell apoptosis assays. In PGVSMCs, A1R and A2AR constrained exosome production under normal conditions (p = 0.0297; p = 0.0409, respectively), and A1R, A2AR, and A2BR constrained exosome production under metabolic stress conditions. Exosome production from cancer cells was reduced (p = 0.0028) by the selective A2AR agonist CGS 21680. These exosomes induced higher levels of Jurkat apoptosis than exosomes from untreated cells or cells treated with A1R and A2BR agonists (p = 0.0474). The selective A2AR antagonist SCH 442416 stimulated exosome production under metabolic stress or cisplatin treatment, whereas the selective A2BR antagonist MRS 1754 reduced exosome production. Our findings indicate that A2ARs suppress exosome release in all cell types examined, whereas effects of A1Rs and A2BRs are dependent on cell type and conditions. Pharmacologic targeting of cancer with A2AR antagonists may inadvertently increase exosome production from tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.27, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Juliana H Azambuja
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.27, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aparna Rao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.27, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.27, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Makler A, Asghar W. Exosomal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and patient monitoring. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:387-400. [PMID: 32067543 PMCID: PMC7071954 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1731308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on using exosomes as biomarkers for cancer detection. Exosomes are 40-150 nm-sized extracellular vesicles released by all cell types, including tumor cells. Exosomes are stable in body fluids due to their lipid bilayer member and often contain DNA, RNA, and proteins. These exosomes can be harvested from blood, plasma, serum, urine, or saliva and analyzed for tumor-relevant mutations. Thus, exosomes provide an alternative to current methods of tumor detection.Areas covered: This review discusses the use of exosomal diagnostics in various tumor types as well as their examination in various clinical trials. The authors also discuss the limitations of exosome-based diagnostics in the clinical setting and provide examples of several studies in which the development and usage of microfluidic chips and nano-sensing devices have been utilized to address these obstacles.Expert commentary: In recent years, exosomes and their contents have exhibited potential as novel tumor detection markers despite the labor involved in their harvest and isolation. Despite this, much work is being done to optimize exosome capture and analysis. Thus, their roles as biomarkers in the clinical setting appear promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Makler
- Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431
- Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431
- Department of Biological Sciences (courtesy appointment), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431
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The Therapeutic Potential of MicroRNAs in Atrial Fibrillation. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:3053520. [PMID: 32256190 PMCID: PMC7091547 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3053520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most globally prevalent supraventricular arrhythmias is atrial fibrillation (AF). Knowledge of the structures and functions of messenger RNA (mRNA) has recently increased. It is no longer viewed as solely an intermediate molecule between DNA and proteins but has come to be seen as a dynamic and modifiable gene regulator. This new perspective on mRNA has led to rising interest in it and its presence in research into new therapeutic schemes. This paper, therefore, focuses on microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small noncoding RNAs that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression and play a vital role in the physiology and normative development of cardiovascular systems. This means they play an equally vital role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, multiple studies have pinpointed particular miRNA expression profiles as being associated with varying histological features of AF. These studies have been carried out in both animal models and AF patients. The emergence of miRNAs as biomarkers and their therapeutic potential in AF patients will be discussed in the body of this paper.
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Srivastava A, Amreddy N, Pareek V, Chinnappan M, Ahmed R, Mehta M, Razaq M, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Progress in extracellular vesicle biology and their application in cancer medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1621. [PMID: 32131140 PMCID: PMC7317410 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Under the broader category of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes are now well recognized for their contribution and potential for biomedical research. During the last ten years, numerous technologies for purification and characterization of EVs have been developed. This enhanced knowledge has resulted in the development of novel applications of EVs. This review is an attempt to capture the exponential growth observed in EV science in the last decade and discuss the future potential to improve our understanding of EVs, develop technologies to overcome current limitations, and advance their utility for human benefit, especially in cancer medicine. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Narsireddy Amreddy
- Department of Pathology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Vipul Pareek
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Mahendran Chinnappan
- Department of Pathology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Rebaz Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Meghna Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Mohammad Razaq
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Li M, Cui X, Guan H. MicroRNAs: pivotal regulators in acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:399-412. [PMID: 31932900 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that are 19-22 nucleotides in length and regulate a variety of biological processes at the post-transcriptional level. MicroRNA dysregulation disrupts normal biological processes, resulting in tumorigenesis. Acute myeloid leukemia is an invasive hematological malignancy characterized by the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of immature myeloid cells. Due to the low 5-year survival rate, there is an urgent need to discover novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. In recent years, microRNAs have been shown to play important roles in hematological malignancies by acting as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. MicroRNAs have the potential to be a breakthrough in the diagnosis and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. In this review, we summarize the biology of microRNAs and discuss the relationships between microRNA dysregulation and acute myeloid leukemia in the following aspects: signaling pathways, the abnormal biological behavior of acute myeloid leukemia cells, the clinical application of microRNAs and competing endogenous RNA regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Li
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Medical College of Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xianglun Cui
- Department of Inspection, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongzai Guan
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Medical College of Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Pourhanifeh MH, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Shafiee A, Hajighadimi S, Moradizarmehri S, Mirzaei H, Asemi Z. MicroRNAs and exosomes: Small molecules with big actions in multiple myeloma pathogenesis. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:314-333. [PMID: 31828868 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable hematologic malignancy of plasma cells increasing in the bone marrow (BM), has a complex microenvironment made to support proliferation, survival, and drug resistance of tumor cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding RNAs regulating genes expression at posttranscriptional level, have been indicated to be functionally deregulated or abnormally expressed in MM cells. Moreover, by means of miRNAs, tumor microenvironment also modulates the function of MM cells. Consistently, it has been demonstrated that miRNA levels regulation impairs their interaction with the microenvironment of BM as well as create considerable antitumor feature even capable of overcoming the protective BM milieu. Communication between cancer stromal cells and cancer cells is a key factor in tumor progression. Finding out this interaction is important to develop effective approaches that reverse bone diseases. Exosomes, nano-vehicles having crucial roles in cell-to-cell communication, through targeting their cargos (i.e., miRNAs, mRNAs, DNAs, and proteins), are implicated in MM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Pourhanifeh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Shafiee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Hajighadimi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sanaz Moradizarmehri
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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45
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Kuang M, Peng Y, Tao X, Zhou Z, Mao H, Zhuge L, Sun Y, Zhang H. FGB and FGG derived from plasma exosomes as potential biomarkers to distinguish benign from malignant pulmonary nodules. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19:557-564. [PMID: 31576477 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous proteomic analysis (label-free) of plasma exosomes revealed that the expression of FGG and FGB was significantly higher in the malignant pulmonary nodules group, compared to the benign pulmonary nodules group. The present study was performed to evaluate the role of plasma exosomal proteins FGB and FGG in the diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. We examined the expression levels of FGB and FGG in plasma exosomes from 63 patients before surgery. Postoperative pathological diagnosis confirmed that 43 cases were malignant and 20 cases were benign. The ROC curve was used to describe the sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC) of the biomarker and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. We confirmed that the expression levels of FGB and FGG were higher in the plasma exosomes of malignant group than in the benign group. The sensitivity and AUC of FGB combined with FGG detection to determine the nature of pulmonary nodules are superior to single FGB or FGG detection. FGB and FGG might represent novel and sensitive biomarker to distinguish benign from malignant pulmonary nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyu Kuang
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhou Peng
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Tao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilang Zhou
- The First High School, Xintian County, Hunan, China
| | - Hengyu Mao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingdun Zhuge
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Sun
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huibiao Zhang
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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46
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Ludwig N, Whiteside TL, Reichert TE. Challenges in Exosome Isolation and Analysis in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4684. [PMID: 31546622 PMCID: PMC6801453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence emphasizes the important role exosomes in different physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes, virus-size extracellular vesicles (EVs), carry a complex molecular cargo, which is actively processed in the endocytic compartment of parental cells. Exosomes carry and deliver this cargo to recipient cells, serving as an intercellular communication system. The methods for recovery of exosomes from supernatants of cell lines or body fluids are not uniformly established. Yet, studies of the quality and quantity of exosome cargos underlie the concept of "liquid biopsy." Exosomes are emerging as a potentially useful diagnostic tool and a predictor of disease progression, response to therapy and overall survival. Although many novel approaches to exosome isolation and analysis of their cargos have been introduced, the role of exosomes as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers of disease remains unconfirmed. This review considers existing challenges to exosome validation as disease biomarkers. Focusing on advantages and limitations of methods for exosome isolation and characterization, approaches are proposed to facilitate further progress in the development of exosomes as biomarkers in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Departments of Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Torsten E Reichert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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47
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Xiao C, Song F, Zheng YL, Lv J, Wang QF, Xu N. Exosomes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:894. [PMID: 31620359 PMCID: PMC6759986 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membranous vesicles that contain proteins, lipids, genetic material, and metabolites with abundant information from parental cells. Exosomes carry and deliver bioactive contents that can reprogram the functions of recipient cells and modulate the tumor microenvironment to induce pathological events through cell-to-cell communication and signal transduction. Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are involved in most aspects of cancer initiation, invasion, progression, immunoregulation, therapeutic applications, and treatment resistance. In addition, HNSCC-derived exosomes can be used to obtain information on diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in circulating blood and saliva. Currently, the biology, mechanisms, and applications of TDEs in HNSCC are still unclear, and further research is required. In this review, we discuss various aspects of exosome biology, including exosomal components, exosomal biomarkers, and molecular mechanisms involved in immunoregulation, cancer metastasis, and therapy resistance. We also describe recent applications to update our understanding of exosomes in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Long Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiong Lv
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nong Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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48
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Shao Y, Tao X, Lu R, Zhang H, Ge J, Xiao B, Ye G, Guo J. Hsa_circ_0065149 is an Indicator for Early Gastric Cancer Screening and Prognosis Prediction. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1475-1482. [PMID: 31432324 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an endogenous RNAs with a covalently closed cyclic structure. They have emerged recently as key regulators in the development and progression of human cancers. However, the clinical values of most circRNAs in gastric cancer (GC) are unknown. Hsa_circ_0065149, one of the dysregulated circRNAs in gastric carcinogenesis detected by circRNA microarray, was chose as a targeted circRNA in this study. We firstly enlarged sample size and identified the level changes of hsa_circ_0065149 among four stages of gastric tumorigenesis from healthy gastric mucosa, gastritis, intestinal metaplasia to GC. Then, the potential relationship between hsa_circ_0065149 expression levels and GC patients' clinicopathological factors was investigated. Moreover, the clinical significance of hsa_circ_0065149 in plasma exosomes and gastric juice were explored. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan-Meier survival curve were constructed to evaluate diagnostic and prognostic values. Finally, bioinformatics analysis was performed to excavate the potential functions of hsa_circ_0065149. Hsa_circ_0065149 expression was only significantly down-regulated in gastric cancer, not changed among healthy gastric mucosa and gastritis intestinal metaplasia. Low hsa_circ_0065149 expression levels in GC tissues were significantly associated with tumor diameter (P = 0.034) and perineural invasion (P = 0.037). GC patients with low hsa_circ_0065149 levels had a much longer overall survival than those in high group (P = 0.020). More important, hsa_circ_0065149 levels were significantly decreased in plasma exosomes of early GC patients. As a screening biomarker for early GC, hsa_circ_0065149 in plasma exosomes has higher sensitivity and specificity than traditional clinical biomarkers. Bioinformatics analysis suggest that the abnormal expression of hsa_circ_0065149 may play an important role during gastric carcinogenesis. Those results indicate that hsa_circ_0065149 in exosmoes is an indicator for early GC screening and prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Xueping Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Rongdan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Haiqiang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Jiaxin Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Bingxiu Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Guoliang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315020, China.
| | - Junming Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Moore JH, Varhue WB, Su YH, Linton SS, Farmehini V, Fox TE, Matters GL, Kester M, Swami NS. Conductance-Based Biophysical Distinction and Microfluidic Enrichment of Nanovesicles Derived from Pancreatic Tumor Cells of Varying Invasiveness. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10424-10431. [PMID: 31333013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostics based on exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as strategies for informing cancer progression and therapies, since the lipid content and macromolecular cargo of EVs can provide key phenotypic and genotypic information on the parent tumor cell and its microenvironment. We show that EVs derived from more invasive pancreatic tumor cells that express high levels of tumor-specific surface proteins and are composed of highly unsaturated lipids that increase membrane fluidity, exhibit significantly higher conductance versus those derived from less invasive tumor cells, based on dielectrophoresis measurements. Furthermore, through specific binding of the EVs to gold nanoparticle-conjugated antibodies, we show that these conductance differences can be modulated in proportion to the type as well as level of expressed tumor-specific antigens, thereby presenting methods for selective microfluidic enrichment and cytometry-based quantification of EVs based on invasiveness of their parent cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuel S Linton
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | | | | | - Gail L Matters
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
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50
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Khawar MB, Abbasi MH, Siddique Z, Arif A, Sheikh N. An Update on Novel Therapeutic Warfronts of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in Cancer Treatment: Where We Are Standing Right Now and Where to Go in the Future. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9702562. [PMID: 31428232 PMCID: PMC6683766 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9702562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-bounded vesicles that are believed to be produced and secreted by presumably all cell types under physiological and pathological conditions, including tumors. EVs are very important vehicles in intercellular communications for both shorter and longer distances and are able to deliver a wide range of cargos including proteins, lipids, and various species of nucleic acids effectively. EVs have been emerging as a novel biotherapeutic platform to efficiently deliver therapeutic cargos to treat a broad range of diseases including cancer. This vast potential of drug delivery lies in their abilities to carry a variety of cargos and their ease in crossing the biological membranes. Similarly, their presence in a variety of body fluids makes them a potential biomarker for early diagnosis, prognostication, and surveillance of cancer. Here, we discuss the relatively least and understudied aspects of EV biology and tried to highlight the obstacles and limitations in their clinical applications and also described most of the new warfronts to beat cancer at multiple stages. However, much more challenges still remain to evaluate EV-based therapeutics, and we are very much hopeful that the current work prompts further discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Babar Khawar
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muddasir Hassan Abbasi
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Zerwa Siddique
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amin Arif
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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