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Therapeutic Effect of Rapamycin on TDP-43-Related Pathogenesis in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010676. [PMID: 36614118 PMCID: PMC9820757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and disability across the world, and its detrimental impact should not be underestimated. Therapies are available and effective for ischemic stroke (e.g., thrombolytic recanalization and mechanical thrombectomy); however, there are limitations to therapeutic interventions. Recanalization therapy has developed dramatically, while the use of adjunct neuroprotective agents as complementary therapies remains deficient. Pathological TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) has been identified as a major component of insoluble aggregates in numerous neurodegenerative pathologies, including ALS, FTLD and Alzheimer's disease. Here, we show that increased pathological TDP-43 fractions accompanied by impaired mitochondrial function and increased gliosis were observed in an ischemic stroke rat model, suggesting a pathological role of TDP-43 in ischemic stroke. In ischemic rats administered rapamycin, the insoluble TDP-43 fraction was significantly decreased in the ischemic cortex region, accompanied by a recovery of mitochondrial function, the attenuation of cellular apoptosis, a reduction in infarct areas and improvements in motor defects. Accordingly, our results suggest that rapamycin provides neuroprotective benefits not only by ameliorating pathological TDP-43 levels, but also by reversing mitochondrial function and attenuating cell apoptosis in ischemic stroke.
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Kirchenwitz M, Stahnke S, Grunau K, Melcher L, van Ham M, Rottner K, Steffen A, Stradal TEB. The autophagy inducer SMER28 attenuates microtubule dynamics mediating neuroprotection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17805. [PMID: 36284196 PMCID: PMC9596692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
SMER28 originated from a screen for small molecules that act as modulators of autophagy. SMER28 enhanced the clearance of autophagic substrates such as mutant huntingtin, which was additive to rapamycin-induced autophagy. Thus, SMER28 was established as a positive regulator of autophagy acting independently of the mTOR pathway, increasing autophagosome biosynthesis and attenuating mutant huntingtin-fragment toxicity in cellular- and fruit fly disease models, suggesting therapeutic potential. Despite many previous studies, molecular mechanisms mediating SMER28 activities and its direct targets have remained elusive. Here we analyzed the effects of SMER28 on cells and found that aside from autophagy induction, it significantly stabilizes microtubules and decelerates microtubule dynamics. Moreover, we report that SMER28 displays neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects at the cellular level by inducing neurite outgrowth and protecting from excitotoxin-induced axon degeneration. Finally, we compare the effects of SMER28 with other autophagy-inducing or microtubule-stabilizing drugs: whereas SMER28 and rapamycin both induce autophagy, the latter does not stabilize microtubules, and whereas both SMER28 and epothilone B stabilize microtubules, epothilone B does not stimulate autophagy. Thus, the effect of SMER28 on cells in general and neurons in particular is based on its unique spectrum of bioactivities distinct from other known microtubule-stabilizing or autophagy-inducing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Kirchenwitz
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany ,grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stahnke
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kyra Grunau
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany ,grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lars Melcher
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco van Ham
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XCellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany ,grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E. B. Stradal
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Abulimiti G, Zeng J, Aimaiti M, Lei X, Mi N. Harmol hydrochloride dihydrate induces autophagy in neuro cells and promotes the degradation of α-Syn by Atg5/Atg12-dependent pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:4371-4379. [PMID: 36514773 PMCID: PMC9731543 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmol hydrochloride dihydrate (HHD) is a novel alkaloid salt of the natural β-carboline harmol, which is isolated from Peganum harmala L. Here, we studied whether HHD could induce autophagy in neuro cells and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism. After incubation with HHD, the number of GFP-LC3 puncta in cells was measured using confocal microscopy. The distribution and colocalization of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in the cells were also detected. LC3 was gathered and cultured in a medium containing HHD. Compared with control cells and cells starved for 2 h, the number of GFP-LC3 puncta and the LC3-II expression level were significantly increased in HHD-treated cells (p < .05). The number of autophagosome (red) was increased and most of them were colocalized with lysosomes (green). Moreover, HHD induced the formation of puncta with Lysotracker Red positive in the L3 fat bodies (p < .05). When treated HEK cells with HHD, the protein expression level of LC3-II was markedly increased, and the protein expression level of α-Syn was significantly decreased (p < .05). HHD could induce the increased autophagosome in neuro cells by induction of autophagy. Moreover, HHD may promote the degradation of α-Syn protein to protect neuro cells by inducing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulinuer Abulimiti
- Department of Translational MedicineThe Affiliated Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, ArtuxXinjiangChina
| | - Jianghua Zeng
- Department of Translational MedicineThe Affiliated Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, ArtuxXinjiangChina
| | | | - Xiuying Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyXinjiang Medical UniversityXinjiangChina
| | - Na Mi
- State Key Laboratory of PathogenesisPrevention and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence DiseasesClinical Medical Research InstituteThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityXinjiangChina
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From the tyrosine hydroxylase hypothesis of Parkinson's disease to modern strategies: a short historical overview. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:487-495. [PMID: 35460433 PMCID: PMC9188506 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A time span of 60 years covers the detection of catecholamines in the brain, their function in movement and correlation to Parkinson’s disease (PD). The clinical findings that orally given l-DOPA can alleviate or even prevent akinesia gave great hope for the treatment of PD. Attention focused on the role of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as the rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of catecholamines. It became evident that the enzyme driven formation is lowered in PD. Such results could only be obtained from studying human brain samples demonstrating the necessity for human brain banks. Originally, a TH enzyme deficiency was suspected in PD. Studies were conducted on the enzyme properties: its induction and turnover, the complex regulation starting with cofactor requirements as tetrahydrobiopterin and ferrous iron, and the necessity for phosphorylation for activity as well as inhibition by toxins or regulatory feedback inhibition by catecholamines. In the course of time, it became evident that neurodegeneration and cell death of dopaminergic neurons is the actual pathological process and the decrease of TH a cophenomenon. Nevertheless, TH immunochemistry has ever since been a valuable tool to study neuronal pathways, neurodegeneration in various animal models of neurotoxicity and cell cultures, which have been used as well to test potential neuroprotective strategies.
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Hu Z, He L, Wei J, Su Y, Wang W, Fan Z, Xu J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Peng M, Zhao K, Zhang H, Liu C. tmbim4 protects against triclocarban-induced embryonic toxicity in zebrafish by regulating autophagy and apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 277:116873. [PMID: 33714789 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), an antibacterial agent widely used in personal care products, can affect embryonic development. However, the specific molecular mechanism of TCC-induced embryonic developmental damage remains unclear. In this study, TCC exposure was found to increase the expression of tmbim4 gene in zebrafish embryos. The tmbim4 mutant embryos are more susceptible to TCC exposure than wild-type (WT) embryos, with tmbim4 overexpression reducing TCC-induced embryonic death in the former. Exposure of tmbim4 mutant larvae to 400 μg/L TCC substantially increased apoptosis in the hindbrain and eyes. RNA-sequencing of WT and tmbim4 mutant larvae indicated that knockout of the tmbim4 gene in zebrafish affects the autophagy pathway. Abnormalities in autophagy can increase apoptosis and TCC exposure caused abnormal accumulation of autophagosomes in the hindbrain of tmbim4 mutant zebrafish embryos. Pretreatment of TCC-exposed tmbim4 mutant zebrafish embryos with autophagosome formation inhibitors, substantially reduced the mortality of embryos and apoptosis levels. These results indicate that defects in the tmbim4 gene can reduce zebrafish embryo resistance to TCC. Additionally, apoptosis induced by abnormal accumulation of autophagosomes is involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Hu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Liting He
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Jiajing Wei
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Yufang Su
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Zunpan Fan
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Jia Xu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Meilin Peng
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
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Feng Y, Jiang C, Yang F, Chen Z, Li Z. Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects against H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress by increasing autophagy in PC12 cells. Biomed Rep 2020; 13:6. [PMID: 32607235 PMCID: PMC7323456 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Apocynum venetum leaf extract (AVLE) on the nervous system has been widely studied, but its effect on injured neurons is not fully understood. In the present study, the protective effect of AVLE on injured neurons was determined. H2O2 was used to induce oxidative stress in PC12 cells and cell viability assays were used to determine the optimum concentration range of AVLE and its protective effects against oxidative stress. A live-dead assay was performed to confirm the effects of AVLE on oxidative stress. Subsequently, expression of apoptotic proteins including Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 were evaluated to determine whether AVLE affected apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected to determine the role of AVLE in H2O2 exposure. Furthermore, expression of autophagic proteins including LC3-II and p62 were detected to evaluate the effects of AVLE on autophagic activity, and cells were treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagic inhibitor, to identify the underlying protective mechanism of AVLE. The results showed that the optimum conditions to induce oxidative stress were treatment with 40 µM H2O2 for 2 h, and the suitable range of AVLE concentrations was shown to be 1-100 µg/ml. AVLE improved cell viability in PC12 cells following treatment with H2O2. AVLE reduced the expression of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3, and decreased ROS production. Furthermore, AVLE upregulated LC3-II expression and downregulated p62 expression, whereas treatment with 3-MA increased the levels of ROS and apoptotic proteins. These results suggest that AVLE may protect injured neurons against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, and this effect may be associated with the reduction of ROS by increasing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelai Feng
- Department of International Baccalaureate Diploma Program, Shanghai Pinghe School, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Chang Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zixian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Ray SK. Modulation of autophagy for neuroprotection and functional recovery in traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1601-1612. [PMID: 32209759 PMCID: PMC7437603 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.276322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious central nervous system trauma that leads to loss of motor and sensory functions in the SCI patients. One of the cell death mechanisms is autophagy, which is 'self-eating' of the damaged and misfolded proteins and nucleic acids, damaged mitochondria, and other impaired organelles for recycling of cellular building blocks. Autophagy is different from all other cell death mechanisms in one important aspect that it gives the cells an opportunity to survive or demise depending on the circumstances. Autophagy is a therapeutic target for alleviation of pathogenesis in traumatic SCI. However, functions of autophagy in traumatic SCI remain controversial. Spatial and temporal patterns of activation of autophagy after traumatic SCI have been reported to be contradictory. Formation of autophagosomes following therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy flux is ambiguous in traumatic SCI studies. Both beneficial and harmful outcomes due to enhancement autophagy have been reported in traumatic SCI studies in preclinical models. Only further studies will make it clear whether therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy is beneficial in overall outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic SCI. Therapeutic enhancement of autophagy flux may digest the damaged components of the central nervous system cells for recycling and thereby facilitating functional recovery. Many studies demonstrated activation of autophagy flux and inhibition of apoptosis for neuroprotective effects in traumatic SCI. Therapeutic induction of autophagy in traumatic SCI promotes axonal regeneration, supporting another beneficial role of autophagy in traumatic SCI. In contrast, some other studies demonstrated that disruption of autophagy flux in traumatic SCI strongly correlated with neuronal death at remote location and impaired functional recovery. This article describes our current understanding of roles of autophagy in acute and chronic traumatic SCI, cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis, therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy for promoting functional recovery, and future of autophagy in traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA,Correspondence to: Swapan K. Ray, .
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8
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Forouzanfar F, Read MI, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Neuroprotective effects of curcumin through autophagy modulation. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:652-664. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research CenterMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Morgayn I. Read
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA Tehran Iran
- Biotechnology Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research CenterMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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Kim SH, Yu HS, Park S, Park HG, Ahn YM, Kang UG, Kim YS. Electroconvulsive Seizures Induce Autophagy by Activating the AMPK Signaling Pathway in the Rat Frontal Cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 23:42-52. [PMID: 31678999 PMCID: PMC7442404 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is uncertain how electroconvulsive therapy-induced generalized seizures exert their potent therapeutic effects on various neuropsychiatric disorders. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a major role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and activates autophagic processes via unc-51-like kinase (ULK1). Evidence supports the involvement of autophagy system in the action mechanisms of antidepressants and antipsychotics. The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on autophagy-related signaling requires further clarification. METHODS The effect of electroconvulsive seizure on autophagy and its association with the AMPK signaling pathway were investigated in the rat frontal cortex. Electroconvulsive seizure was provided once per day for 10 days (E10X), and compound C or 3-methyadenine was administered through an intracerebroventricular cannula. Molecular changes were analyzed with immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. RESULTS E10X increased p-Thr172-AMPKα immunoreactivity in rat frontal cortex neurons. E10X increased phosphorylation of upstream effectors of AMPK, such as LKB1, CaMKK, and TAK1, and of its substrates, ACC, HMGR, and GABABR2. E10X also increased p-Ser317-ULK1 immunoreactivity. At the same time, LC3-II and ATG5-ATG12 conjugate immunoreactivity increased, indicating activation of autophagy. An intracerebroventricular injection of the AMPK inhibitor compound C attenuated the electroconvulsive seizure-induced increase in ULK1 phosphorylation as well as the protein levels of LC3-II and Atg5-Atg12 conjugate. Transmission electron microscopy clearly showed an increased number of autophagosomes in the rat frontal cortex after E10X, which was reduced by intracerebroventricular treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyadenine and compound C. CONCLUSIONS Repeated electroconvulsive seizure treatments activated in vivo autophagy in the rat frontal cortex through the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Yu
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Geun Park
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Gu Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: Yong Sik Kim, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, 68 Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01830, Republic of Korea ()
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Liang Z, Liu Z, Sun X, Tao M, Xiao X, Yu G, Wang X. The Effect of Fucoidan on Cellular Oxidative Stress and the CatD-Bax Signaling Axis in MN9D Cells Damaged by 1-Methyl-4-Phenypyridinium. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 10:429. [PMID: 30700973 PMCID: PMC6343539 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of fucoidan (FUC) on the oxidative stress response and lysosomal apoptotic pathways in the Parkinson disease (PD) cell model. Methods: The Dopaminergic nerve precursor cell line(MN9D) cells that served as a PD model in this study underwent damage induced by 100 μM 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine (MPP+). Cell viability was assessed after FUC treatment and intracellular SOD GSH was measured via immunofluorescence assay. Cellular changes in cathepsin D, Autophagy marker Light Chain 3-II (LC3-II), and apoptotic protein Bax were assessed by Western blot. The expression of Cat D, LC3-II, and B cell lymphoma-2-associated x protein (Bax) was also measured after addition of the cathepsin inhibitor, pepstatin A. Results: The results indicated that MN9D cell viability decreased by 50% within 24 h after 100 μM MPP+ induced toxicity. Pretreatment with 100 μM Fucoidan reduced cellular expression of LC3-II and CatD in 3 h and suppressed the induction of Bax protein. After pepstatin A treatment, Bax expression was significantly downregulated.FUC reversed the reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) L-Glutathione(GSH), decreased cell viability, and apoptosis induced by MPP+ in 6 h, suggesting that Fucoidan can attenuate damage to MN9D cells induced by MPP+. Conclusions: Fucoidan protected lysosomes, reduced the expression of LC3-II, inhibited the expression of CatD-Bax and the oxidative stress response, suppressed apoptosis, and thus conferred protective effects for dopaminergic neural cells. FUC may have neuroprotective effects on PD and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liang
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhuli Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xuwen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Manli Tao
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Guoping Yu
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Brain Major Disease Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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Chen SD, Yang JL, Hwang WC, Yang DI. Emerging Roles of Sonic Hedgehog in Adult Neurological Diseases: Neurogenesis and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082423. [PMID: 30115884 PMCID: PMC6121355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh), a member of the hedgehog (Hh) family, was originally recognized as a morphogen possessing critical characters for neural development during embryogenesis. Recently, however, Shh has emerged as an important modulator in adult neural tissues through different mechanisms such as neurogenesis, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and autophagy. Therefore, Shh may potentially have clinical application in neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. In this article, we present some examples, including ours, to show different aspects of Shh signaling and how Shh agonists or mimetics are used to alter the neuronal fates in various disease models, both in vitro and in vivo. Other potential mechanisms that are discussed include alteration of mitochondrial function and anti-aging effect; both are critical for age-related neurodegenerative diseases. A thorough understanding of the protective mechanisms elicited by Shh may provide a rationale to design innovative therapeutic regimens for various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Der Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan.
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Jenq-Lin Yang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chao Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 11556, Taiwan.
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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12
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Saraswat Ohri S, Bankston AN, Mullins SA, Liu Y, Andres KR, Beare JE, Howard RM, Burke DA, Riegler AS, Smith AE, Hetman M, Whittemore SR. Blocking Autophagy in Oligodendrocytes Limits Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5900-5912. [PMID: 29793971 PMCID: PMC6021994 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0679-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy mechanisms are well documented in neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI), but the direct functional role of autophagy in oligodendrocyte (OL) survival in SCI pathogenesis remains unknown. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved lysosomal-mediated catabolic pathway that ensures degradation of dysfunctional cellular components to maintain homeostasis in response to various forms of stress, including nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Using pharmacological gain and loss of function and genetic approaches, we investigated the contribution of autophagy in OL survival and its role in the pathogenesis of thoracic contusive SCI in female mice. Although upregulation of Atg5 (an essential autophagy gene) occurs after SCI, autophagy flux is impaired. Purified myelin fractions of contused 8 d post-SCI samples show enriched protein levels of LC3B, ATG5, and BECLIN 1. Data show that, while the nonspecific drugs rapamycin (activates autophagy) and spautin 1 (blocks autophagy) were pharmacologically active on autophagy in vivo, their administration did not alter locomotor recovery after SCI. To directly analyze the role of autophagy, transgenic mice with conditional deletion of Atg5 in OLs were generated. Analysis of hindlimb locomotion demonstrated a significant reduction in locomotor recovery after SCI that correlated with a greater loss in spared white matter. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that deletion of Atg5 from OLs resulted in decreased autophagic flux and was detrimental to OL function after SCI. Thus, our study provides evidence that autophagy is an essential cytoprotective pathway operating in OLs and is required for hindlimb locomotor recovery after thoracic SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study describes the role of autophagy in oligodendrocyte (OL) survival and pathogenesis after thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). Modulation of autophagy with available nonselective drugs after thoracic SCI does not affect locomotor recovery despite being pharmacologically active in vivo, indicating significant off-target effects. Using transgenic mice with conditional deletion of Atg5 in OLs, this study definitively identifies autophagy as an essential homeostatic pathway that operates in OLs and exhibits a direct functional role in SCI pathogenesis and recovery. Therefore, this study emphasizes the need to discover novel autophagy-specific drugs that specifically modulate autophagy for further investigation for clinical translation to treat SCI and other CNS pathologies related to OL survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew N Bankston
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - S Ashley Mullins
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Yu Liu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Kariena R Andres
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Jason E Beare
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Russell M Howard
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Darlene A Burke
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Amberly S Riegler
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Allison E Smith
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
| | - Michal Hetman
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
- Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, and
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center,
- Departments of Neurological Surgery
- Pharmacology & Toxicology
- Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, and
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13
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Bellusci L, Laurino A, Sabatini M, Sestito S, Lenzi P, Raimondi L, Rapposelli S, Biagioni F, Fornai F, Salvetti A, Rossi L, Zucchi R, Chiellini G. New Insights into the Potential Roles of 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) and Newly Developed Thyronamine-Like TAAR1 Agonists in Neuroprotection. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:905. [PMID: 29311919 PMCID: PMC5732922 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous high-affinity ligand of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), detected in mammals in many organs, including the brain. Recent evidence indicates that pharmacological TAAR1 activation may offer a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of a wide range of neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders. To assess potential neuroprotection by TAAR1 agonists, in the present work, we initially investigated whether T1AM and its corresponding 3-methylbiaryl-methane analog SG-2 can improve learning and memory when systemically administered to mice at submicromolar doses, and whether these effects are modified under conditions of MAO inhibition by clorgyline. Our results revealed that when i.p. injected to mice, both T1AM and SG-2 produced memory-enhancing and hyperalgesic effects, while increasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation and expression of transcription factor c-fos. Notably, both compounds appeared to rely on the action of ubiquitous enzymes MAO to produce the corresponding oxidative metabolites that were then able to activate the histaminergic system. Since autophagy is key for neuronal plasticity, in a second line of experiments we explored whether T1AM and synthetic TAAR1 agonists SG1 and SG2 were able to induce autophagy in human glioblastoma cell lines (U-87MG). After treatment of U-87MG cells with 1 μM T1AM, SG-1, SG-2 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence (IF) showed a significant time-dependent increase of autophagy vacuoles and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3). Consistently, Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase of the LC3II/LC3I ratio, with T1AM and SG-1 being the most effective agents. A decreased level of the p62 protein was also observed after treatment with T1AM and SG-1, which confirms the efficacy of these compounds as autophagy inducers in U-87MG cells. In the process to dissect which pathway induces ATG, the effects of these compounds were evaluated on the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. We found that 1 μM T1AM, SG-1 and SG-2 decreased pAKT/AKT ratio at 0.5 and 4 h after treatment, suggesting that autophagy is induced by inhibiting mTOR phosphorylation by PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. In conclusion, our study shows that T1AM and thyronamine-like derivatives SG-1 and SG-2 might represent valuable tools to therapeutically intervene with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Bellusci
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annunziatina Laurino
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Psychology, Neurology, Drug Sciences, Health of the Child, Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Sabatini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Sestito
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Lenzi
- Unit of Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Raimondi
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Psychology, Neurology, Drug Sciences, Health of the Child, Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Unit of Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Grazia Chiellini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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14
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Li IH, Ma KH, Kao TJ, Lin YY, Weng SJ, Yen TY, Chen LC, Huang YS. Involvement of autophagy upregulation in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy')-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2015; 52:114-26. [PMID: 26610922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that autophagy plays pathogenetic roles in cerebral ischemia, brain trauma, and neurodegenerative disorders. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) is an illicit drug that causes long-term serotonergic neurotoxicity in the brain. Apoptosis and necrosis have been implicated in MDMA-induced neurotoxicity, but the role of autophagy in MDMA-elicited serotonergic toxicity has not been investigated. The present study aimed to examine the contribution of autophagy to neurotoxicity in serotonergic neurons in in vitro and in vivo animal models challenged with MDMA. Here, we demonstrated that in cultured rat serotonergic neurons, MDMA exposure induced LC3B-densely stained autophagosome formation, accompanying by a decrease in neurite outgrowth. Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly attenuated MDMA-induced autophagosome accumulation, and ameliorated MDMA-triggered serotonergic neurite damage and neuron death. In contrast, enhanced autophagy flux by rapamycin or impaired autophagosome clearance by bafilomycin A1 led to more autophagosome accumulation in serotonergic neurons and aggravated neurite degeneration. In addition, MDMA-induced autophagy activation in cultured serotonergic neurons might be mediated by serotonin transporter (SERT). In an in vivo animal model administered MDMA, neuroimaging showed that 3-MA protected the serotonin system against MDMA-induced downregulation of SERT evaluated by animal-PET with 4-[(18)F]-ADAM, a SERT radioligand. Taken together, our results demonstrated that MDMA triggers upregulation of autophagy in serotonergic neurons, which appears to be detrimental to neuronal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsun Li
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jen Kao
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Yi Lin
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ju Weng
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yin Yen
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuahn-Sieh Huang
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Bie M, Lv Y, Ren C, Xing F, Cui Q, Xiao J, So KF. Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide Improves Bipolar Pulse Current-Induced Microglia Cell Injury Through Modulating Autophagy. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:419-28. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blindness and visual impairments are heavy loads for modern society. Visual prosthesis is a promising therapy to treat these diseases. However, electric stimulation (ES)-induced damage of the optic nerve and adjacent cells are problems that must not be overlooked. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effects of ES on cultured microglia cells and the potential protective mechanisms from a natural compound Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP). Cellular injuries were induced by 9 mA bipolar pulse current in BV-2 cells for 15 min. Treatment with LBP alone or in association with either autophagic inhibitor 3-MA or autophagic agonist rapamycin was preadded for 2 h before the ES challenge. After that, morphological and molecular changes of the cells were measured at 2 h or 6 h postchallenges. We found that ES induced evident morphological and pathological changes of BV-2 cells, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Pretreatment with LBP significantly attenuated these injuries with enhanced endogenous autophagy. When cellular autophagy was inhibited or enhanced by corresponding drug, the protective properties of LBP were partly inhibited or maintained, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that ERK and p38 MAPK exerted diversified roles in the protection of LBP against ES-induced cellular damages. In conclusion, LBP improves bipolar pulse current-induced microglia cell injury through modulating autophagy and MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Bie
- GMH Institute of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoran Ren
- GMH Institute of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Cui
- GMH Institute of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xiao
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok Fai So
- GMH Institute of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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