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Wang X, Chen G, Huang Z, Zang Y, Cai Z, Ding X, Chen Z, Lan Y, Li W, Fang W, Wu W, Chen Z, Wu S, Chen Y. Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Arterial Stiffness in Individuals with Different Smoking Statuses. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:48-55. [PMID: 36332620 PMCID: PMC9815950 DOI: 10.1055/a-1925-7588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of acute bout of aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in individuals with different smoking statuses. A total of 940 male individuals (mean age of 36.82±7.76 years) in the Kailuan study cohort were selected to participate in the fifth National Physical Fitness Monitoring. All participants completed measurements of brachial - ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) before and after twice-quantitative cycle ergometer exercise. Four groups were defined: (1) non-smokers (n=231), (2) former smokers (n=165), (3) light smokers (1-10 cigarettes/day, n=254), (4) heavy smokers (>10 cigarettes/day, n=290). Generalized linear models were established to analyze between-group differences in the change in baPWV before and after acute aerobic exercise in individuals with different smoking statuses. Overall, after acute aerobic exercise, baPWV was immediately decreased significantly (-33.55 cm/s [95% CI, - 39.69 to -27.42]). Compared with non-smokers, former smokers, light smokers, and heavy smokers showed a greater decrease in baPWV (-12.17 cm/s [95%CI, - 30.08 to 5.75], - 18.43 cm/s [95%CI, -34.69 to - 2.16], and -22.46 cm/s [95%CI, - 38.39 to - 6.54]) respectively. There is a transient decrease in baPWV in individuals with different smoking statuses. Compared with non-smokers, baPWV decreased more significantly in light and heavy smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Guanzhi Chen
- Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang,
China
| | - Zegui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yiran Zang
- Graduate School, North China University of Science and Technology,
Tangshan, China
| | - Zefeng Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiong Ding
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and
Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zekai Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen,
Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yulong Lan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weijian Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weiqiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhichao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan,
China
| | - Youren Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Correspondence Mr. Youren Chen Department of CardiologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical
CollegeNo.69, Dongxia North Road515000
ShantouChina
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Mangali S, Bhat A, Dasari D, Sriram D, Dhar A. Inhibition of double stranded RNA dependent protein kinase (PKR) abrogates isoproterenol induced myocardial ischemia in vitro in cultured cardiomyocytes and in vivo in wistar rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174223. [PMID: 34081906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase R (PKR) plays a main role in inflammation, insulin resistance, and glucose balance. It is activated by various stress signals and is key mediators of diabetes and associated complications. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PKR inhibition on myocardial dysfunction, inflammatory, cell death and interrelated signalling pathways in isoproterenol induced myocardial ischemia in vivo in wistar rats and in vitro in cultured cardiomyocytes. H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes were treated with 10 μM Isoproterenol (ISO). For in vivo studies, rats were divided into 4 groups: control, ischemic group (ISO), preventive group, curative group and each group consist of 8 rats. Myocardial Ischemia (MI) was induced with two subsequent doses of ISO (100 mg/kg, s.c.). The rats were treated with PKR inhibitor, C16 (166.5 μg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days. Heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were measured by non-invasive BP apparatus. Cardiac biomarkers were measured by commercial kits. Ischemic Zone, Morphological abnormalities and fibrosis of heart was detected by TTC, haematoxylin & eosin staining, Masson's and Sirius red staining respectively. Protein expression was done by western blotting and immune histochemistry. mRNA expression was done by RT-PCR. MI was characterized by declined myocardial performance along with elevation of cardiac biomarkers and associated with increased expression of PKR, oxidative-nitrosative stress, activated various inflammatory pathways (nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells -NF-κB); Mitogen-activated protein kinases-MAPK; c-Jun N-terminal kinase-JNK), increased expression of inflammatory markers (Tumour necrosis factor alpha-TNF-α), markers of fibrosis (Alpha smooth muscle actin -α-SMA; Transforming growth factor beta-TGF-β), enhanced cell death (Ischemic zone) and increased expression of extracellular regulated-kinases (ERK-1/2) and advanced glycation end products (AGE's). Interestingly, inhibition of PKR attenuated myocardial dysfunction, cardiac fibrosis, oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, cell death, and inter-related signalling pathways. Our findings report that inhibition of PKR improves the ischemic mediated inflammation, apoptosis, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in MI induced rats. Hence, inhibition of PKR might be one of intervention therapy for the treatment of myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureshbabu Mangali
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Audesh Bhat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, India
| | - Deepika Dasari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India.
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Abstract
The ageing trajectory is plastic and can be slowed down by lifestyle factors, including good nutrition, adequate physical activity and avoidance of smoking. In humans, plant-based diets such as the Mediterranean dietary pattern are associated with healthier ageing and lower risk of age-related disease, whereas obesity accelerates ageing and increases the likelihood of most common complex diseases including CVD, T2D, dementia, musculoskeletal diseases and several cancers. As yet, there is only weak evidence in humans about the molecular mechanisms through which dietary factors modulate ageing but evidence from cell systems and animal models suggest that it is probable that better dietary choices influence all 9 hallmarks of ageing. It seems likely that better eating patterns retard ageing in at least two ways including (i) by reducing pervasive damaging processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress/redox changes and metabolic stress and (ii) by enhancing cellular capacities for damage management and repair. From a societal perspective, there is an urgent imperative to discover, and to implement, cost-effective lifestyle (especially dietary) interventions which enable each of us to age well, i.e. to remain physically and socially active and independent and to minimise the period towards the end of life when individuals suffer from frailty and multi-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Malcomson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Ruetenik A, Barrientos A. Dietary restriction, mitochondrial function and aging: from yeast to humans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1434-47. [PMID: 25979234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) attenuates many detrimental effects of aging and consequently promotes health and increases longevity across organisms. While over the last 15 years extensive research has been devoted towards understanding the biology of aging, the precise mechanistic aspects of DR are yet to be settled. Abundant experimental evidence indicates that the DR effect on stimulating health impinges several metabolic and stress-resistance pathways. Downstream effects of these pathways include a reduction in cellular damage induced by oxidative stress, enhanced efficiency of mitochondrial functions and maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics and quality control, thereby attenuating age-related declines in mitochondrial function. However, the literature also accumulates conflicting evidence regarding how DR ameliorates mitochondrial performance and whether that is enough to slow age-dependent cellular and organismal deterioration. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge about how and to which extent the influence of different DR regimes on mitochondrial biogenesis and function contribute to postpone the detrimental effects of aging on health-span and lifespan. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Neuroscience Graduate Program; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Heinonen I, Rinne P, Ruohonen ST, Ruohonen S, Ahotupa M, Savontaus E. The effects of equal caloric high fat and western diet on metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress and vascular endothelial function in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:515-27. [PMID: 24621461 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Nutrition contributes to increased adiposity, but it remains to be determined whether high fat rather than Western diet exacerbates the development of obesity and other characteristics of metabolic syndrome and vascular function. METHODS We studied the effects of high fat (45% kcal) diet (HFD) and equal caloric Western diet (WD) high in fat, sucrose and cholesterol for 8 weeks in male C57B1/6N mice. RESULTS Mice fed with HFD and WD showed substantially higher body adiposity (body fat %) compared with control mice receiving low fat (10%) diet (LFD). However, total body weight was higher only in HFD mice compared with other groups. The amount of liver triglycerides, cholesterol and oxidative damage was higher in WD mice compared with mice on LFD. There were no significant differences in fasting blood glucose or serum insulin, serum or muscle triglycerides, glucose tolerance or systolic blood pressure between the groups, but serum free fatty acids were increased in HFD mice compared with LFD. Increased levels of tissue and serum diene conjugation as a marker of oxidative stress were evident especially in WD mice. The endothelium-dependent relaxations were significantly impaired in the small mesenteric arteries of HFD mice, but not in the aorta. Maximal relaxations correlated negatively with body adiposity in WD but not in HFD mice. CONCLUSIONS The major finding in the present study is that without changing body weight, Western diet induces marked whole-body oxidative stress and elevates body adiposity, which associates with the endothelial function of resistance arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Heinonen
- Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - P. Rinne
- Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - S. T. Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - S. Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - M. Ahotupa
- MCA Research Laboratory; Department of Physiology; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - E. Savontaus
- Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
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Timoh T, Bloom ME, Siegel RR, Wagman G, Lanier GM, Vittorio TJ. A perspective on obesity cardiomyopathy. Obes Res Clin Pract 2012; 6:e175-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Niu K, Asada M, Okazaki T, Yamanda S, Ebihara T, Guo H, Zhang D, Nagatomi R, Arai H, Kohzuki M, Ebihara S. Adiponectin Pathway Attenuates Malignant Mesothelioma Cell Growth. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:515-23. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0068oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Mestek ML, Westby CM, Van Guilder GP, Greiner JJ, Stauffer BL, DeSouza CA. Regular aerobic exercise, without weight loss, improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in overweight and obese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:1667-9. [PMID: 20057377 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lifestyle modification in the form of weight reduction by caloric restriction alone or in combination with regular aerobic exercise significantly improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in overweight and obese adults. We determined whether regular aerobic exercise, independent of weight loss, improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in overweight and obese adults. Twenty overweight and obese adults (age 53 +/- 1 years; BMI: 30.2 +/- 0.8 kg/m(2)) were studied before and after a 3-month aerobic exercise training intervention. Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses were determined (via plethysmography) in response to intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. There were no changes in body mass or composition with the intervention. FBF responses to acetylcholine were approximately 35% higher (P < 0.01) after (4.1 +/- 0.9 to 14.7 +/- 4.3 ml/100 ml tissue/min) compared with before (4.2 +/- 0.8 to 11.0 +/- 3 ml/100 ml tissue/min) exercise training. FBF responses to sodium nitroprusside were unchanged. These results indicate that regular aerobic exercise improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in overweight and obese adults, independent of changes in body mass or composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Mestek
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Waist circumference reduction is more strongly correlated with the improvement in endothelial function after acute coronary syndrome than body mass index reduction. J Cardiol 2009; 55:266-73. [PMID: 20206081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial function predicts recurrence of adverse cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Moreover, the recovery of endothelial function correlates with cardiac event-free survival. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine which clinical factors correlate with the improvement in endothelial function after ACS. METHODS Vascular endothelial function was assessed in 98 patients with ACS by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery using high-resolution ultrasound at 2 weeks and 6 months after ACS. We measured several risk parameters including plasma markers of glucose homeostasis, lipids, and blood pressure at baseline and at 6 months after ACS. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were also measured as anthropometric assessments. RESULTS At baseline, FMD was significantly correlated with BMI, WC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and brachial artery diameter (r=-0.32, p=0.001; r=-0.44, p<0.0001; r=0.34, p=0.0006; r=-0.21, p=0.04; r=-0.47, p<0.0001, respectively). In a stepwise multivariate regression analysis at baseline, larger WC and brachial artery diameter were independently correlated with lower brachial artery FMD (R(2)=0.319, p<0.0001). At 6 months, the change in FMD was significantly correlated with the change in WC and BMI (r=-0.59, p<0.0001; r=-0.33, p=0.001, respectively). In a stepwise multivariate regression analysis, WC reduction was independently correlated with improved FMD (R(2)=0.349, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS WC reduction is more strongly correlated with the improvement of endothelial function after ACS than BMI reduction.
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Donini LM, Savina C, Castellaneta E, Coletti C, Paolini M, Scavone L, Civale C, Ceccarelli P, Zaninotto S, Tineri M, Grossi G, De Felice MR, Cannella C, Cannella C. Multidisciplinary approach to obesity. Eat Weight Disord 2009; 14:23-32. [PMID: 19367137 DOI: 10.1007/bf03327791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity, associated with morbidity and mortality, is a complex disorder, characterised by an increase in fat mass (FM). Most authors agree in considering essential an integrated treatment made up of nutritional intervention, physical reconditioning programme and cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy. However, the feasibility is problematic and data in literature confirming the validity of this approach are poor. AIM To verify the efficacy of a multidimensional approach (Nutritional Psycho-Physical Reconditioning - NPPR) in obesity treatment. METHODS All patients admitted from June 2002 to June 2004 (464 subjects) ranged from 18 to 65 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2 were included in the programme. After the nutritional status evaluation a standard dietetic treatment (group N) or an integrated and multidisciplinary obesity treatment (group NPPR) was proposed. RESULTS In group NPPR treatment duration was significantly higher (142.6+/-26 vs 48.6+/-55 days - p=0.000), while the drop-out amount was definitely lower (5.5 vs 54.4%; p=0.000). Weight loss compared to the initial weight and the difference between initial and final FM resulted significantly higher in group NNPR. Subjects in NPPR obtained a higher increase in the distance covered in a 6-minute walk test (59.9+/-19 vs 40.5+/-17 m; p=0.04) and in muscular strength. State and trait anxiety, mood and quality of life scores improved in NPPR subjects while remained substantially stable in group N. CONCLUSIONS An integrated approach to obesity is the way to be pursued in order to obtain important and at least short-term results.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Donini
- Department of Medical Physiopathology (Food Science Laboratory), University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Phillips SA, Jurva JW, Syed AQ, Syed AQ, Kulinski JP, Pleuss J, Hoffmann RG, Gutterman DD. Benefit of low-fat over low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial health in obesity. Hypertension 2008; 51:376-82. [PMID: 18195164 PMCID: PMC2702133 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with impaired endothelial-dependent flow-mediated dilation, a precursor to hypertension and atherosclerosis. Although dieting generally improves cardiovascular risk factors, the direct effect of different dietary strategies on vascular endothelial function is not known. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a low-fat (LF) diet improves endothelial function compared with an isocaloric low-carbohydrate (LC) diet. Obese (n=20; body mass index: 29 to 39; mean systolic blood pressure: 107 to 125 mm Hg) and otherwise healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to either the American Heart Association modeled LF (30% fat calories) diet or an isocaloric LC Atkins' style diet (20 g of carbohydrates) for 6 weeks (4-week weight loss and 2-week maintenance phase). Brachial flow-mediated dilation and dilation to nitroglycerin were measured with ultrasound using automated edge detection technology (baseline, week 2, and week 6). Blood pressure, weight loss, and cholesterol profiles were measured throughout the study. Weight loss was similar in LF (100+/-4 to 96.1+/-4 kg; P<0.001) and LC (95.4+/-4 to 89.7+/-4 kg; P<0.001) diets. Blood pressure decreased similarly in both groups (LF: 8/5 mm Hg; LC: 12/6 mm Hg) at 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, the percentage of flow-mediated dilation improved (1.9+/-0.8; P<0.05) in the LF diet but was reduced in the LC diet (-1.4+/-0.6; P<0.05) versus baseline. Dilation to nitroglycerin and lipid panels was similar at 0, 2, and 6 weeks. Despite similar degrees of weight loss and changes blood pressure, LF diets improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation over LC diets. LF diets may confer greater cardiovascular protection than LC diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Pérez-Torres I, El Hafidi M, Infante O, Baños G. Effects of sex hormone levels on aortic vascular reactivity and variables associated with the metabolic syndrome in sucrose-fed female rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:25-35. [DOI: 10.1139/y07-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of varying levels of sex hormones, induced by ovariectomy and administration of testosterone or estradiol, on aortic reactivity in female rats with metabolic syndrome (MS) induced by a sucrose diet. Vasoreactivity of aortic rings, blood pressure, intra-abdominal fat, serum triglycerides, nitrates and nitrites, and TBARS were evaluated. Intact MS and ovariectomized MS had higher BP than intact control (C) and ovariectomized C, respectively; estradiol administration decreased BP in ovariectomized MS but not in ovariectomized C. Triglycerides and fat were both higher in MS. Triglycerides were not modified by surgery or hormone treatment, but ovariectomy increased fat. When ovariectomy was combined with hormones, however, fat was reduced to the level of intact rats. Ovariectomy decreased, but hormones increased, serum nitrates and nitrites. Vasoconstriction was larger in intact MS and ovariectomized MS + testosterone aortas than in intact C and ovariectomized C + testosterone, respectively. Vasodilation was reduced in intact MS and ovariectomized MS + testosterone compared with intact C, ovariectomized C + testosterone, ovariectomized MS, and ovariectomized MS + estradiol. The results suggest endothelial dysfunction in intact MS and ovariectomized MS + testosterone, but protection by ovariectomy + estradiol in MS due to hormones. Indomethacin reduced all contractions, but the effect was greater in estradiol-treated rats. l-NAME increased contractility, more in the ovariectomized C and MS groups and less in the estradiol-treated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Pérez-Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan 14080, México D.F., México
| | - Mohammed El Hafidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan 14080, México D.F., México
| | - Oscar Infante
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan 14080, México D.F., México
| | - Guadalupe Baños
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan 14080, México D.F., México
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Wang X, Chai H, Yao Q, Chen C. Molecular mechanisms of HIV protease inhibitor-induced endothelial dysfunction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 44:493-9. [PMID: 17245228 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3180322542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy incorporating protease inhibitors (PIs) is successful in controlling HIV infection and has dramatically improved the prognosis of HIV-infected patients. The therapeutic benefit of long-term use of HIV PIs is compromised by an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, however, including metabolic syndrome and endothelial dysfunction. Although clinical evidence strongly suggests an association of the use of HIV PIs with endothelial dysfunction, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. In this review, we describe recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of PI-induced endothelial dysfunction. The available evidence demonstrates that certain HIV PIs could induce endothelial dysfunction, including a decrease of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, inhibition of the nitric oxide synthase system, increase of oxidative stress, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. HIV infection itself may also induce endothelial dysfunction and injury. These new discoveries provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between HIV PIs and vascular cells and may suggest potential approaches to control HIV PI-associated cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Wang
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome have both reached pandemic proportions. Together they have the potential to impact on the incidence and severity of cardiovascular pathologies, with grave implications for worldwide health care systems. The metabolic syndrome is characterized by visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, chronic inflammation, and thrombotic disorders contributing to endothelial dysfunction and, subsequently, to accelerated atherosclerosis. Obesity is a key component in development of the metabolic syndrome and it is becoming increasingly clear that a central factor in this is the production by adipose cells of bioactive substances that directly influence insulin sensitivity and vascular injury. In this paper, we review advances in the understanding of biologically active molecules collectively referred to as "adipokines" and how dysregulated production of these factors in obese states mediates the pathogenesis of obesity associated metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hutley
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Queensland, Australia
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Clark MG. Comment to: Grassi G, Dell'oro R, Quarti-Trevano F et al (2005) neuroadrenergic and reflex abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 48:1359-1365. Diabetologia 2005; 48:2689-90. [PMID: 16270196 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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