Literacy in health and self-care in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Enhancing self-care management among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Effective self-care management is essential for optimizing blood glucose control and preventing complications in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This study explores the mediating roles of self-efficacy and illness perception in the relationship between social support and health literacy, with self-care management among women with T2DM. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 female patients recruited through multistage sampling from nine health clinics in Malaysia. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships between these factors. The results showed that self-efficacy and illness perception significantly enhanced the influence of social support and health literacy on diabetes self-care management. During analysis, SEM model demonstrated a good fit (c2/df = 3.447, CFI = 0.932, TLI = 0.913, RMSEA = 0.086). Illness perception had the strongest direct effect on self-care management (standardized regression value = 0.69), followed by self-efficacy (standardized regression value = 0.31). These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions in diabetes self-management programs, such as cognitive and behavioral strategies to improve self-efficacy; and patient-centered education to reshape illness perceptions. Integrating psychosocial support into diabetes care policies can also enhance self-care behaviors and improve health outcomes for women with T2DM, emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach in diabetes management.

The outcome of diabetic retinopathy health education program in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a quasi-experimental study

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) may develop into sight-threatening DR and vision loss if early intervention is not carried out. This study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of DR health education program for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The quasi-experimental research design was applied. The intervention group underwent a web-based DR health education program while the control group was followed up the usual way at an ophthalmology clinic for 1 year. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, repeated measures ANOVA and general linear model to evaluate the mean difference between groups. A total of 180 patients with T2DM were enrolled in the study, with equal number in the control and intervention groups, respectively, with 28% of dropout rate. There was a significant mean difference in knowledge score [F (1178)  = 116.57, P = 0.001], diabetes self-care [F (1178)  = 116.57, P = 0.001] and visual-related quality of life [F (1178)  = 12.70), P = 0.001] between the control and the intervention groups. The intervention group scored the highest in all three categories. Educational interventions positively affected adherence to self-care and visual-related quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients as shown in this study. DRHEP should be considered an added benefit in T2DM management, starting with comprehensive care enrollment.

Chronic diseases among women of reproductive age in primary care: prevalence and associated factors

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the prevalence and associated factors with chronic diseases among women of reproductive age in primary health care.

METHOD

Cross-sectional study conducted with 397 women of reproductive age living in northern Paraná, Brazil. Data were collected from July 2019 to September 2020. The Women's Clinical Record was used to collect sociodemographic data, risk behaviors, diagnosis of chronic diseases and medication use. Chi-Square test was performed for association analysis, and Logistic Regression estimating Odds Ratio and 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

The prevalence of chronic diseases among women of reproductive age was 38.53% and the associated factors were: age group from 31 to 40 years old (OR=3.67; p=0.001) and from 41 to 49 years (OR =9.7; p=0.001), incomplete high school education (OR= 2.7; p=0.001), obesity (OR= 2.25; p=0.001) and smoking (OR=2.23; p=0.001).

CONCLUSION

Age at the end of the reproductive phase, obesity and smoking were associated with the presence of chronic diseases. Knowledge of these factors can assist in screening, monitoring and health education actions provided to women of childbearing age.

Quality of health care in Primary Care: perspective of people with Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVES

to identify how people with diabetes assess the care offered by Primary Care teams.

METHODS

a cross-sectional study based on structured interviews with the application of the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness instrument to people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Data were submitted to statistical analysis.

RESULTS

451 individuals participated in the study, more than half aged 60 years or older (64.0%); 63.9% had been diagnosed for more than five years; and 23.9% used insulin. The average score obtained was 2.5, which indicated little involvement in self-care and low support for the care of the chronic condition by the Family Health Strategy team, and was higher among women and people with a partner.

CONCLUSIONS

people with diabetes consider that they do not receive individualized treatment, with dialogue and discussion for setting goals, and that they are not prepared for self-managing their health condition.

Correlation between symptoms of depression, attitude, and self-care in elderly with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVES

to correlate depressive symptoms, attitude, and self-care of elderly people with type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

study developed with 144 elderly people with diabetes; carried out in Family Health Units. A semi-structured instrument was used to obtain data on the sociodemographic profile; the Geriatric Depression Scale (15 items), the Questionário de Atitudes Psicológicas do Diabetes [Psychological Attitudes of Diabetes Questionnaire], and the Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire (DSCA) were also used.

RESULTS

it was identified that 24.3% of the participants presented depressive symptoms, and 93.8% presented negative attitudes of coping. A greater adherence to self-care activities related to the practice of medication was observed. In the correlation between the scales, a negative and inversely proportional correspondence was noted between depressive symptomatology and physical activity (p=0.010) and foot care (p=0.006), likewise between attitude and foot care (p=0.009).

CONCLUSIONS

self-care in elderly people with diabetes mellitus is influenced by depressive symptoms and negative coping attitudes.

Health Literacy in Adults with Chronic Diseases in the Context of Community Health Nursing: A Scoping Review

Background: Health literacy was identified as a main determinant in self-care of chronic diseases. This results in responsibilities for health professionals for daily practice. For primary care setting, special requirements arise due to the heterogeneity of communities. The objective of this scoping review was to explore and map the scope of the research material on strategies led by community health nurses to improve health literacy in (patients with) chronic diseases. This review aimed to identify gaps in the literature and existing approaches on promoting health literacy by community nurse practitioners. Methods: The following criteria were included for the research: Adults with chronic diseases, health literacy, community health nursing and primary healthcare. All types of searches for studies from 1970 to present were carried out in electronic databases and in a Google and a Google Scholar search. The search procedure is presented in a flow chart. Results: From all reviewed studies, nine records were included in the review. Findings with regard to the increase in health literacy in self-management of chronically ill patients were identified. Conclusion: Studies focusing on specific demands with regard to the role of community health nurses need to be carried out in depth.

Relationship between Self-Care Behavior and Diabetes Self-Management Education in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease caused by disruption of insulin secretion and insulin resistance. One aspect that plays an important role in the management of this disease is diabetes self-management education. Good self-care behavior will make diabetes management controlled and prevent complications and make the quality of life better. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of self-care behavior and the magnitude of the influence of knowledge, patient motivation, family support, and self-efficacy on diabetes self-management education for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The method used in this study was a quantitative approach using cross-sectional methods. The sample used was 115 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Palopo Regency. The analytical method used is the Structural Equation Model (SEM) using Amos 2.0 and SPSS 20 (IBM Corp). The findings of the study showed that self-care behavior in patients with diabetes mellitus of type 2 was influenced by knowledge factors by 89%, motivation factors by 82.8%, family support by 84.9%, and self-efficacy factors by 78.4%. Meanwhile, diabetes management of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was influenced by treatment factors by 75.5%, blood sugar control factors by 88.1%, dietary factors by 60.9%, physical activity factors by 87.3%, and foot care factors 53. , 8%. The structural model of this study explains the variable care cell behavior with self-care management of 47.5%. Therefore, the management of diabetes mellitus must be more active in providing education to sufferers so that their knowledge or family members can increase and understand how to carry out diabetic management properly.

The Effect of Health Literacy Intervention on Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Relevant studies published between January 2010 and June 2021 were identified through relevant databases, including the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) database of Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase, in order to assess the effect of health literacy (HL) intervention on patients with diabetes. A total of 21 articles were eligible. The results showed that: (1) this review involved different HL assessment tools, most of which were self-designed scales and assessment tools focused on measuring functional HL. (2) The differences in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.94, -0.62) and medication adherence (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.85, 95% CI: 0.19, 3.52) between the HL intervention group and the usual care group were statistically significant. There was no significant improvement in systolic blood pressure (SMD = -0.05, 95% CI: -0.34, 0.25). Furthermore, this review reported that self-efficacy (SMD = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.04) was increased, and the level of HL was improved. In the assessments of risk of bias, 90% of the studies were classified as medium. The quality of the evidence of medication adherence was very low, and the reliability of the conclusions was not enough to confirm the effect of HL.

"A bit of everything": Health literacy interventions in chronic conditions - a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To systematically evaluate health literacy (HL) interventions in chronic conditions by exploring theoretical perspectives, intervention content and effectiveness.

METHOD

We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, Web of Science and PsycINFO. Standardised systematic review methods were used, and sequences informing our research question were extracted and analysed. The study includes a descriptive summary of the included papers.

RESULTS

We included 39 unique interventions, with diabetes and heart disease as the most targeted chronic conditions. Fifty-four percent of papers included a definition of HL, but the studies showed significant heterogeneity of theoretical underpinnings, modes, measures and content. We identified 23 HL measures, mostly assessing functional HL. The HL interventions were often more complex than the measures indicated. A significant change in HL was found in 28 studies. Study quality was generally poor.

CONCLUSIONS

Interventions optimizing HL appear important to improve health outcomes in chronic conditions. To ensure cumulative knowledge development of this field we need theory-based interventions, consistency in methods and more tailored and comprehensive measures to capture the interventions' complexity.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

A more valid understanding of HL interventions and measurements is needed to reach an agreed understanding of their components and intentions.

Brazilian Portuguese version of the Mediterranean diet scale: Translation procedures and measurement properties

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The Mediterranean Diet Scale (MDS) is a questionnaire with characteristics which can contribute to the multidimensional assessment of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) by the multidisciplinary team, as well as to evaluate the effect of specific educational and nutritional interventions. The aim of this study was to translate and perform a cross-cultural adaptation of a Canadian MDS and analyze the measurement properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Mediterranean Diet Scale (MDS-Brazil) in individuals with DM in Brazil.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study. The analyzed measurement properties were the internal consistency, floor and ceiling effects, reproducibility, and construct validity. The inclusion criteria were diagnosis of DM type 1 or type 2, literate, outpatients, and without eating restrictions.

RESULTS

Of the 160 volunteers included in this study, 30 participated in pretesting, and another 130 (57.7% women, 74.6% DM type 2, 56.55 ± 14.88 years) agreed to participate in the evaluation stage of the measurement properties. All items were cross-culturally adapted. A factor analysis (KMO = 0.555 and X² = 137.22; p < 0.001) extracted five factors, with no floor or ceiling effects, Cronbach's alpha = 0.42, and reproducibility ICC = 0.75.

CONCLUSIONS

The cross-cultural adaptation was performed maintaining the equivalences. The MDS-Brazil measurement properties showed substantial reproducibility, low internal consistency, and fair correlations of construct validity in patients with DM.

The effect of web-based educational intervention on psychological status and blood glucose in newly diagnosed patients with diabetes type 2 in rural China: A protocol for randomized trial

BACKGROUND

No studies were located which used a web-based educational intervention to improve the knowledge about newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, the primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of web-based educational intervention on psychological outcomes and glycemic control in newly diagnosed T2DM in rural China.

METHODS

This work is a part of a comprehensive research project to assess and provide educational intervention that potentially improve psychological status and blood glucose among patients with T2DM. Eligibility criteria for the study includes newly diagnosed with T2DM, adult patients (age ≥30 years) regardless of gender; speak and understand Chinese languages; having no significant comorbidity; being not involved in any trial/study related to diabetes during last 3 months and able to attend regular visits. Eligible participants were divided into 2 groups according to completely randomized design: education group and control group. The outcomes included fasting blood glucose level, EQ-5D-3L questionnaire, Self-rating Anxiety Scale, and Self-rating Depression Scale.

RESULTS

This protocol will provide a reliable theoretical basis for the following research.

CONCLUSION

The sample came from a single health centre. Therefore, the results can not be generalized for the entire population.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study protocol was registered in Research Registry (researchregistry6511).

Adherence to medication, physical activity and diet among older people living with diabetes mellitus: Correlation between cognitive function and health literacy

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a public health problem, which requires enhanced self-care in order to avoid complications. However, cognitive impairment can reduce these abilities and may affect health literacy (HL) of patients in terms to understand and apply information. Therefore, this study evaluated the correlation between cognitive condition and HL related to medication adherence, physical activity and nutritional status among people living with DM.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out among elderly people (≥ 60 years old) with DM. The cognitive condition was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the HL using the following questionnaires: Literacy Assessment for Diabetes (LAD-60), Nutritional Literacy among People with Diabetes (NLD), Health Literacy on the Practice of Physical Activities among Diabetics (HLPPA - D), and Health Literacy regarding Drug Adherence among Diabetics (HLDA-D). Sociodemographic and biochemical profile was also evaluated. Spearman correlation was used (p < 0.05).

Results

187 individuals with DM were included. Regarding laboratory analyses, insulin dosage had a mean value of 12.3 microUI/mL (SD: ±15.7), mean blood glucose was 148.1 mg/dl (SD: ±59.7) and mean HbA1c was 7.54 % (SD: ±1.8). In the correlation analysis, higher age and lower income were weakly correlated with lower cognitive level. No correlation was identified for biochemical variables and cognitive condition. A positive and weak correlation between cognition and HL was observed in the studied population.

Conclusions

In older people living with DM the cognitive condition is correlated to specific topics of HL (nutritional status, physical activity and medication adherence).