Alimentação saudável e sustentável: uma revisão narrativa sobre desafios e perspectivas

Trajectories of Nutritional Quality, Diet-Related Environmental Impact, and Diet Cost in China: How Much Does Ultra-Processed Food and Drink Consumption Matter?

BACKGROUND

Rapid socio-economic developments confront China with a rising consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and ultra-processed drinks (UPDs). This study aims to evaluate their potential impact on diet transformation towards sustainability including nutrition, environmental sustainability, and diet-related cost.

METHODS

Dietary intake was assessed by 24 h recalls in 27,311 participants (age: 40.5 ± 19.7; female, 51.1%) in the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1997-2011. The nutrient quality, environmental sustainability (greenhouse gas emission (GHGE), total water use (TWU), land use (LU), and diet cost were assessed as diet-related sustainability indicators. Foods and drinks were classified according to the degree of processing based on NOVA. Two-level mixed effects models were applied to explore the secular trends of the sustainability indicators being nested within random effect (individual level).

RESULTS

UPFs and UPDs are less nutrient-dense, containing more energy, sodium, and added sugar compared to unprocessed or minimally processed foods and drinks (MPFs and MPDs). UPFs and UPDs were higher for GHGE and TWU but lower for LU. Costs of UPDs tripled those of MPDs. In the period of 1997-2011, the percentage of UPFs and UPDs per 2000 kcal increased for both sexes. The increase in UPFs and UPDs was associated with a lower nutrient quality but a higher environmental impact and diet cost.

CONCLUSIONS

From 1997 to 2011, there was a significant increase in the consumption of UPFs and UPDs in China. This trend had negative impacts on both the nutrient quality and environmental impact; meanwhile, it led to increased diet costs. Policies to reduce the production and consumption of UPFs and UPDs should be reinforced by making alternatives for ultra-processed breakfast cereals, snacks, and alcoholic beverages available and acceptable. Additionally, instead of only focusing on high-UPFD consumers, attention is needed on the currently low-UPFD consumers as their consumption has been growing rapidly in the last decades.

An overview of the potential of select edible Amazonian fruits and their applications in dairy products

BACKGROUND

The Amazon forest produces a variety of fruits with strong biotechnological potential. However, their use in dairy products is restricted.

SCOPE AND APPROACH

This work aims to carry out a bibliographic survey on the technological applications of select edible Amazonian fruits and their residues in the elaboration and quality of dairy products. The Web of Science© (WOS), Science Direct®, PubMed®/MEDLINE, and Capes Periodicals databases were used.

KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

Adding Amazonian fruits to dairy products expands their nutritional and functional profile, presenting significant technological potential. Incorporating pulps from fruits such as "açaí" (Euterpe oleracea), "araçá-boi" (Eugenia stipitata), "bacuri" (Platonia insignis), "buriti" (Mauritia flexuosa), "camu-camu" (Myrciaria dubia), and "cupuaçu" (Theobroma grandiflorum) provides varied technological benefits, improving sensory aspects, positively influencing the growth and survival of relevant microorganisms, and increasing acceptance. In addition to the pulp, "camu-camu" residues (peel and seed) can be incorporated into dairy products as food additives or functional ingredients. This approach also diversifies the dairy market, promoting food security and sustainability for local and regional communities.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with sustainable nutrition and environmental footprints on higher educated individuals

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Med-Diet adherence with sustainable nutrition and environmental footprints in academicians. Methods: The study involved 153 academicians aged 23-64 working in a university in Turkey. Data were collected through a questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, Mediterranean Diet Adherence Scale (MEDAS) and Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviours Scale (SHEBS). Carbon and water footprints were calculated. Results: All sub-scales of SHEBS were higher in individuals who adhered to Med-Diet than those who did not (p<0.05). The carbon and water footprints of individuals with high adherence to the Med-Diet were lower than those of no adherence (p<0.05). Each 1-point increase in MEDAS score was associated with a 1-point increase in SHEBS score, a 0.15 CO2 eq/kg and a 0.001 m3/year decrease in the amount of carbon and water footprint of food. Conclusion: Higher adherence to the Med-Diet was associated with higher sustainable nutrition behaviours, and lower environmental footprints.

What Is Quality Food? The Opinion of Key of the Brazilian Food System

The aim of the study was to explore the concept of quality food in the opinion of key informants of the food system. This qualitative research included 208 key informants related to the food supply for Brazilian public food services. The participants were grouped into three groups according to their participation in the food system: 1. Food production; 2. Management and marketing; 3. Meal's production process. Key informants answered the following question: "In your opinion, what is quality food?". The answers were analysed through qualitative content analysis. The data analysis resulted in 52 codes grouped into eight categories, expressing the opinion of the study participants about what quality food is: nutritional, sustainable, sensory, hygienic-sanitary, care, regulatory, dependability and symbolic. Nutritional and sustainable dimensions were predominantly considered. The activities carried out in the food system seem to influence the opinion on food quality. The groups linked to food production put more emphasis on the sustainable dimension, followed by the nutritional dimension, while the groups linked to management and marketing and to the meals production process put more emphasis on the nutritional and sensory dimensions. These differences may indicate a difficulty in the transition towards a more sustainable and healthy food system.

[From production to impacts on health and the environment: an analysis of food systems in Brazil, Colombia and Panama]

The scope of this article is to describe the main components of the food systems of Brazil, Colombia and Panama. It involved a narrative review of the literature from 2000 to 2022, based on the concept of food systems proposed by the Committee on World Food Security. A system of agro-industrial production, monoculture, use of pesticides and exploitation of natural resources predominates in all three countries, and the area occupied by family farmers is reduced. Multinational supermarket chains dominate food distribution, essentially in large urban centers, despite the increasing search for alternative models. Advances have been made in food labeling regulation (Colombia and Brazil) and in the taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages (Panama). The predominant food systems in these countries generate a significant and negative environmental impact, favor the consumption of ultra-processed foods, high prevalence of obesity and chronic non-transmissible diseases and increase in hunger, violating the human right to adequate food.

Carbon Footprint of Away-From-Home Food Consumption in Brazilian Diet

Environmentally unsustainable diets are often characterized by being high in calories, processed foods, and red meats, characteristics related to away-from-home food (AFHF). The aim of this study is to evaluate if AFHF consumption is related to environmental sustainability. Data of 20,780 adults from 24 h recalls collected in the 2017-2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey (NDS) were used to estimate carbon footprint coefficients. The mean carbon footprint was estimated among individuals who consumed AFHF and non-consumers. Linear regression models were used to evaluate differences between away-from-home eating and the carbon footprint of the diet, adjusting for age and income. A total of 41% of Brazilians consumed AFHF during the previous day. The mean carbon footprint from foods consumed away from home represented 18% of the total carbon footprint. AFHF was positively associated with increased total carbon footprint (β: 204.1; p-value: 0.0145). In conclusion, the consumption of foods away from home in urban areas of Brazil was associated with atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions independently of age and income. Away-from-home food consumption should be considered to reinforce the influence of diet on individual and planet health.

A puericultura no SUS: o cuidado da criança na perspectiva da atenção integral à saúde

RESUMO O termo puericultura é atribuído ao pediatra, mas tem sido utilizado pela Estratégia Saúde da Família. Uma breve história da infância e da evolução do seu cuidado até a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde auxilia na compreensão de que, a rigor, puericultura sempre significou cuidado da criança. Este ensaio teve por objetivo compreender a história da puericultura e contribuir para atualizar o seu significado e sua importância para o cuidado da primeira infância no âmbito da Atenção Básica à saúde, com base em revisão narrativa sobre cuidado da criança e puericultura na literatura científica e em documentos do Ministério da Saúde. A puericultura tem se atualizado com a evolução das ações para o cuidado da criança. Começou de forma individualizada, pela caridade e filantropia, e, na atualidade, ampliou-se, operando em rede, coordenada pela Atenção Básica. O termo puericultura é resgatado como cuidado da criança e inserido na rede por meio de políticas públicas. O cuidado deve ser oferecido na perspectiva da atenção integral à saúde, onde a criança estiver, atendendo às suas necessidades, incluindo as de crianças com deficiências permanentes. Esses debates precisam estar inseridos na formação do pediatra e podem contribuir para o enfrentamento da fragmentação do cuidado.

Characterization of the prevalence of excess weight in Brazil

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND

This work aims to analyse the prevalence of excess weight in Brazil to demonstrate the nutritional transition that is occurring. The data mobilized in the research are from the Food and Nutritional Surveillance System (FNSS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study employed a quantitative approach from the FNSS online secondary data survey through reports of nutritional status in different phases of life (child, adolescent, adult, elderly and pregnant), in different macroregions of the country (South, Southeast, Midwest, Northeast and North) and with a 12-year historical series (2008 to 2019).

RESULTS

In the adult life stage, there was a time trend of increasing excess weight in all regions of this historical series. The southern region of Brazil and the adult life stage had the highest national percentage of excess weight (69,1%) in 2019 and had the lowest percentage of eutrophy (29.3%) in the region in 2019. In the elderly life phase, in the South, Southeast and Midwest regions, excess weight was higher than the other outcomes in the time series, with the highest annual prevalence in the South region (58,6%) in 2019. In the adolescent life stage, there was a time trend of increasing excess weight in all regions, and excess weight had the highest prevalence in 2019 in the South (35,8%). The lowest prevalence rates of excess weight were in the following age groups: children aged 0 to <  2 years old and children aged 2 to <  5 years old. Additionally, it was in Group 5 to < 10 years old that the most critical prevalence of excess weight (35,07%) was found in 2018. However, malnutrition (low weight) persists, especially in the elderly and children. In the pregnancy life stage, there was a temporal trend of increase in excess weight in all regions, with higher percentages in 2019 in the South (53.5%) and Southeast (50.8%).

CONCLUSION

Excess weight has shown increasing time trends in the adolescent, adult, elderly and pregnant life stages in all regions of Brazil, suggesting that public FNS policymakers should be more assertive in the planning and management of programs and actions to reduce the percentages of diseases.

A ciência da Nutrição no “Novo Regime Climático”

Uma das maiores preocupações da humanidade no momento atual, denominado por Bruno Latour de um “Novo Regime Climático, é o impacto negativo produzido pelas mudanças ambientais, uma vez que seus efeitos repercutem em todo o planeta. A deterioração do meio ambiente natural tem sido acompanhada de um correspondente aumento dos problemas de saúde dos indivíduos. Nos encontramos numa fase de crise de paradigma na Ciência da Nutrição, em que a mudança se torna cada vez mais necessária e urgente; o caminho que vem sendo apontado é o da ampliação das noções existentes rumo a uma visão sistêmica e holística para enfrentar os desafios e oportunidades do século XXI. Este ensaio reflexivo teórico tem como base a obra de Bruno Latour, e tem como objetivo identificar as intersecções da Ciência da Nutrição e o exercício profissional do nutricionista com a ideia da reorientação ao vetor que Latour chama de “Terrestre”, como novo ator-político no período do Antropoceno. Torna-se necessário estender o mandato da prática baseada em evidências para adotar modelos mais relacionais de pensamento crítico para a aprendizagem transformacional em nutrição, sendo uma oportunidade de colaboração para todos os profissionais da área apoiarem as pessoas a combinarem uma alimentação saudável com uma alimentação sustentável. O redirecionamento da ciência da Nutrição vai ao encontro das ideias recentes de Latour em relação a uma possível mudança do sistema de produção para o sistema de geração sintonizado com a sustentabilidade

School Feeding Programs: What Happens Globally?

School feeding programs (SFPs) are an important effort to address food insecurity, improve nutritional education, and ultimately improve health outcomes. The objective of this research was to describe the nutritional, cultural, food safety, and agro-family participation of SFPs in different countries and observe the SFP in low-middle and high-income countries to establish disparities. The study followed documentary research of SFP official online resources complemented by a literature review. The programs were assessed in four criteria: (1) nutritional aspects, (2) cultural aspects, (3) food safety, and (4) agro-family participation. Out of 192 countries registered, 117 countries (60.93%) have an SFP, and only 8 (4.16%) do not have SFPs. A total of 67 countries (34.89%) did not have an official online resource and did not respond to follow-up emails. Out of the 117 countries with SFP, all of them had a detailed description of their nutritional aspects, cultural aspects (11.96%), food safety (16.23%), and agro-family participation (23.93%). Europe and Central Asia were the continents with the most comprehensive SFP. While most countries incorporate nutritional aspects and healthy food, cultural, food safety, and agro-family participation must be incorporated in their SPF to optimize children and adolescent development. Moreover, the study identified disparities across countries where the SFPs were identified in low-middle countries compared to middle- and high-income countries.

Exposição a agrotóxicos e desenvolvimento de câncer no contexto da saúde coletiva: o papel da agroecologia como suporte às políticas públicas de prevenção do câncer

RESUMO Atualmente, a agricultura brasileira é caracterizada pelo crescente consumo de agrotóxicos e fertilizantes químicos, inserindo-se no modelo de produção baseado nos fundamentos do agronegócio. As novas técnicas de cultivo baseadas no agronegócio resultaram na expansão das monoculturas sobre os ecossistemas naturais, com o consequente desmatamento, desequilíbrio e perda da biodiversidade; e o aumento da contaminação do solo, da água e do ar pelos agrotóxicos. No que tange à saúde humana, a literatura científica tem demonstrado que a contaminação química decorrente do uso de agrotóxicos na agricultura implica adoecimento dos trabalhadores rurais expostos ocupacionalmente aos agrotóxicos, dos moradores da área rural, além de consumidores de alimentos contendo resíduos de agrotóxicos. Entre os efeitos sobre a saúde humana associados à exposição a agrotóxicos, os mais preocupantes são as intoxicações crônicas, caracterizadas por infertilidade, abortos, malformações congênitas, neurotoxicidade, desregulação hormonal, imunotoxicidade, genotoxicidade e câncer. Sendo assim, neste ensaio, apresenta-se uma revisão narrativa com dados presentes na literatura científica nacional e internacional referentes à associação entre a exposição a agrotóxicos e o desenvolvimento de câncer no contexto da saúde coletiva e o papel da alimentação saudável e da agroecologia como suporte às políticas públicas de prevenção do câncer.

Contrapontos e inconsistências do discurso da produtividade do agronegócio e suas externalidades sob a ótica do biopoder

RESUMO Este ensaio se propõe à análise crítica do agronegócio, buscando construir um modelo teórico compreensivo, tendo como referência o conceito de biopoder de Foucault. Pretende ainda contribuir para as discussões de alternativas sustentáveis e de combate às ações que promovem e flexibilizam o uso de agrotóxicos. Argumenta-se que o agronegócio, apesar de ter tido sua imagem construída por discursos que ressaltam sua eficiência e produtividade, impõe barreiras que impedem a garantia da segurança alimentar e nutricional. Pelo uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, também não disponibiliza alimentos seguros e de qualidade, ao mesmo tempo que impacta o meio ambiente e compromete a saúde da população, somado aos seus impactos políticos, econômicos, sociais e culturais. A análise sob a ótica do biopoder destaca que a atuação das indústrias agrícola, agroquímica e de alimentos, enquanto normatizadoras e geradoras de consumo, desconsideram princípios morais e éticos, infringem direitos humanos e a autonomia dos sujeitos. Paralelamente, propõe-se que, por meio da educação popular e a educação alimentar e nutricional, consegue-se, em longo prazo, construir sujeitos e coletividades autônomos e críticos, capazes de transformar as estruturas de poder vigentes e de agir em prol de políticas públicas que fomentem práticas justas, saudáveis, sustentáveis e éticas.

Sustainable Agri-Food Systems: Environment, Economy, Society, and Policy

Agri-food systems (AFS) have been central in the debate on sustainable development. Despite this growing interest in AFS, comprehensive analyses of the scholarly literature are hard to find. Therefore, the present systematic review delineated the contours of this growing research strand and analyzed how it relates to sustainability. A search performed on the Web of Science in January 2020 yielded 1389 documents, and 1289 were selected and underwent bibliometric and topical analyses. The topical analysis was informed by the SAFA (Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture systems) approach of FAO and structured along four dimensions viz. environment, economy, society and culture, and policy and governance. The review shows an increasing interest in AFS with an exponential increase in publications number. However, the study field is north-biased and dominated by researchers and organizations from developed countries. Moreover, the analysis suggests that while environmental aspects are sufficiently addressed, social, economic, and political ones are generally overlooked. The paper ends by providing directions for future research and listing some topics to be integrated into a comprehensive, multidisciplinary agenda addressing the multifaceted (un)sustainability of AFS. It makes the case for adopting a holistic, 4-P (planet, people, profit, policy) approach in agri-food system studies.

Indicators and Recommendations for Assessing Sustainable Healthy Diets

Research coupling human nutrition and sustainability concerns is a rapidly developing field, which is essential to guide governments' policies. This critical and comprehensive review analyzes indicators and approaches to "sustainable healthy diets" published in the literature since this discipline's emergence a few years ago, identifying robust gauges and highlighting the flaws of the most commonly used models. The reviewed studies largely focus on one or two domains such as greenhouse gas emissions or water use, while overlooking potential impact shifts to other sectors or resources. The present study covers a comprehensive set of indicators from the health, environmental and socio-economic viewpoints. This assessment concludes that in order to identify the best food option in sustainability assessments and nutrition analysis of diets, some aspects such as the classification and disaggregation of food groups, the impacts of the rates of local food consumption and seasonality, preservation methods, agrobiodiversity and organic food and different production systems, together with consequences for low-income countries, require further analysis and consideration.

[Challenges and strides in the control of pesticide residues in Brazil: 15 years of the Program for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food Products]

In Brazil, since 2001, pesticides in food products have been monitored by the Program for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food Products (PARA, in Portuguese). The study aimed to analyze the challenges and strides in the control of pesticide residues in food products in Brazil based on the program's results from 2001 to 2015. A descriptive-analytical document review was conducted that used data from reports by the PARA, available at the website of the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency. The program's main challenges feature the wide variation in the number of samples and active ingredients analyzed, as well as the reports' format. There is a need for more in-depth discussions of the criteria used for classification and authorization of active ingredients in Brazil, as well as the information's transparency to society. A total of 25 types of foods were analyzed, with more than 30,000 samples, since the PARA has been in force, but the maximum number of active ingredients analyzed was 228. The presence of active ingredients unauthorized for crops and unauthorized in the country was the principal cause of irregularities diagnosed in the foods. Although the program still faces various challenges, it helps spawn debate on the issue in society. Given the current government context of greater flexibility in the authorization of active ingredients in Brazil, it is necessary to strengthen the PARA.

Reflexões sobre ideias e disputas no contexto da promoção da alimentação saudável

As ações de promoção da alimentação saudável são estratégicas para reversão dos problemas nutricionais. Este artigo analisa as disputas em torno das ideias presentes em repertórios discursivos sobre alimentação saudável em políticas nacionais, documentos internacionais, societários e do setor privado comercial, nos últimos vinte anos. Com base no método de análise documental em diálogo com a literatura acadêmica, foram identificadas as seguintes perspectivas de alimentação saudável: tradicional culturalista; nutricional biologicista medicalizante; multidimensional e sistêmica. As disputas instituem-se em torno das ideias sobre: a existência de “alimentos não saudáveis”; as atribuições, limites e formas de intervenção do Estado; a alimentação como uma questão da esfera individual ou de caráter público; os sentidos da sustentabilidade, da comensalidade, da cultura e da comida. Os posicionamentos adotados nas políticas em relação aos agrotóxicos, à fortificação de alimentos e à suplementação são elementos-chave dessas disputas. No âmbito da ação política, a fragmentação, a relativização e a distorção de significados são estratégias adotadas pelo setor privado comercial que reforçam a polarização entre ações individuais (estilos de vida, liberdade de escolha) e intervenções ambientais, e disseminam uma concepção restrita de educação alimentar e nutricional. A sociedade civil incide politicamente pressionando os governos a instituírem, em suas políticas, concepções e princípios que afetam diretamente os parâmetros das disputas. Estes, por sua vez, agem de forma mais ou menos permeável às pressões dos atores (internos ou externos) a depender de sua composição e dos espaços institucionais de interlocução com a sociedade.

Absence of symbolic and sustainable aspects in recommendations for healthy eating: a qualitative analysis of food-based dietary guidelines

ABSTRACT Objective Was analyzed the contents of the main messages of food-based dietary guidelines to promote healthy eating, identifying nutritional, symbolic, and sustainable recommendations. Methods Food-based dietary guidelines from 90 different countries were analyzed. These guidelines were selected from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization database. For data extraction, all messages were exported to the Nvivo software and, after repeated readings, were grouped into predefined categories and corresponding dimensions based on the literature. The categories were created according to the mixed model, that is, they were created before data analysis was performed, but modified if necessary. Results Was identified 1,982 messages grouped into the following dimensions: nutritional (n=73.9%); sustainable (3.2%); symbolic (3.3%), and others (19.7%). All food-based dietary guidelines addressed nutritional aspects, and the most frequent recommendation was regarding the consumption of fats, followed by the consumption of salt and vegetables and fruits, cited by at least 75 food-based dietary guidelines. Less than half (n=40) of the food-based dietary guidelines addressed sustainable or symbolic aspects of food and 13 of the food-based dietary guidelines addressed both aspects. However, these messages represented only 6.5% of the total messages in the documents. Conclusions The recommendations for healthy eating in the food-based dietary guidelines are incipient in terms of sustainable and symbolic issues. Recommendations for adopting healthy diets need to consider the completeness of the food and its various combinations, dietary patterns, and the factors associated with their consumption, as well as the individual’s relations with food, environment, and society.

Responsible consumer and lifestyle: Sustainability insights

Environmental changes resulting from human activity and the negative impact of civilisational megatrends are being noticed and criticised increasingly often, and their consequences are becoming extremely severe. If people do not change their habits, changes in our ecosystems will become irreversible and it will be impossible to live in such environment. Thus, the aim of the paper is to review the lifestyles of responsible consumers against the background of the sustainable development paradigm. To engage in the debate as to how a sustainable lifestyle can be operationalized, we conducted a traditional, narrative literature review. Apart from revising the theoretical framework of a sustainable lifestyle, we describe selected lifestyles (such as lifestyle of health and sustainability, wellness, hygge, lagom, slow living, smart living, low-carbon lifestyles) and consumer behaviour patterns (fair trade, values and lifestyle segmentation). Each of these lifestyles relates to a broader or narrower extent to sustainable development, but none of the lifestyles is universal. Conscious and responsible consumer behaviour requires a long-term process and to a large extent depends on individual, political and marketing factors. Finally, we made an evaluation of the research used, pointing out challenges to be implemented, which will contribute to the development, enhancement and prominence of a sustainable lifestyle.

Sustainability Indicators in Restaurants: The Development of a Checklist

This study aimed to develop and carry out content validation, semantic evaluation, reproducibility, and internal consistency of a checklist designed to verify the sustainability indicators in foodservice. The preliminary version of the checklist was prepared based on the international standards ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14000, ISO 14001, ISO 14004 and documents from the Sustainable Restaurant Association (SRA) Certification, Green Seal Certifications, and Green Restaurant Association (GRA) certification, in addition to the American Dietetic Association (ADA) position. Thirteen experts in the study topic performed the content validation and semantic evaluation of the checklist (a minimum of 80% agreement among experts and mean value ≥4 on a 5-point Likert scale were needed to keep the item in the instrument). After consensus was reached by the experts’ panel, two different researchers applied the checklist in 20 restaurants (at the same time, in the same place, without communication between them) for the analysis of reproducibility and internal consistency (Federal District, Brazil). The agreement among answers was verified by Cohen’s Kappa coefficient. The final version of the checklist consisted of 76 items, divided into three sections (1. water, energy, and gas supply; 2. menu and food waste; 3. waste reduction, construction materials, chemicals, employees, and social sustainability). The developed checklist was validated concerning the content, approved in the semantic evaluation, reproducible, and with good reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) > 0.9 and alpha > 0.672).

Strategies for the promotion of healthy, adequate and sustainable food in Brazil in times of Covid-19

Abstract The current scenario generated by the Covid-19 pandemic enhances the condition of food and nutrition insecurity due to the worsening of poverty, hunger and lack of access to food, as well as the excess consumption of foods considered unhealthy. The effects of the pandemic enhances the need for a new way of arranging the production, distribution and consumption of food, giving new meaning to the relationship between food, eating and the environment. Thus, it is suggested that a reflection be made on the strategies for the appropriate healthy, adequate and sustainable diet in Brazil to face this health emergency. Actions must be focused on the articulation of strategies that foster sovereignty, food and nutrition security and healthier and more sustainable food systems such as the strengthening of family farming; income assurance for the population; access to quality food; changes in the food environment; dissemination of information on healthy and sustainable food in official recommendations for the pandemic and food guides covering the entire food system, as well as food and nutrition education practices.

Qualidade dos alimentos segundo o sistema de produção e sua relação com a segurança alimentar e nutricional: revisão sistemática

Resumo A garantia da segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN) por meio da oferta de alimentos de qualidade é essencial para o desenvolvimento humano e fator de proteção para melhores condições de saúde da população. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a qualidade dos alimentos, segundo o sistema de produção, e sua relação com a SAN. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura baseada no método Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (Prisma), cujo levantamento de dados totalizou 389 estudos, sendo 14 incluídos. Os estudos comparativos entre alimentos produzidos em sistemas convencionais e alternativos de base ecológica mostraram efeitos benéficos destes últimos à saúde, uma vez que possuem qualidade nutricional superior e são mais seguros para o consumo. Em relação ao impacto ambiental, tais alimentos favorecem a produção sustentável. Ao contrário, o modelo de produção convencional mostrou limitações, como a contaminação mundial da cadeia alimentar por resíduos de agrotóxicos e fertilizantes sintéticos que podem causar danos à saúde e ao meio ambiente, levando à insegurança alimentar e nutricional. Informações que contribuam para o fortalecimento dos sistemas agroalimentares sustentáveis são ferramentas essenciais para criação de políticas públicas que atuem como estratégia intersetorial de promoção da saúde e de segurança alimentar e nutricional.