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Lu YC, Kuan YH, Lin CY, Chou YT, Chen SC, Gao GL, Hsu CW, Su JGJ. Alizarin as a New Activator of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Pathway. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221136669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alizarin (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone) is a natural red dye extracted from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L. (family Rubiaceae). Alizarin has been used as a biological red stain for calcium. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has critical roles in multiple physiological pathways. This study aimed to determine whether alizarin is an unreported ligand of AhR. In the present study, we investigated the effects on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 mRNA, protein expression, AhR nuclear translocation, aryl hydrocarbon response element (AHRE) reporter activity, and AhR-specific antagonist following alizarin treatment of cells of the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, and murine hepatoma cell line, Hepa-1c1c7. Alizarin induced CYP1A1 mRNA and protein expression in HepG2 and Hep-1c1c7 cells. Such induction was not present in C4 (B13NBii1) cells, which are AhR signal deficient, C12 (B15ECiii2) cells, which reduce AhR protein levels. The alizarin-induced responses were blocked by CH-223191, which is an AhR antagonist. Alizarin, the same as with the AhR ligand, induced the nuclear localization of AhR, as well as stimulated the transcriptional activity of AHRE. The results of this study suggest that alizarin is an AhR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Che Lu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Min-Hwei Junior College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chun Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Lun Gao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chiang Wei Hsu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jyan-Gwo Joseph Su
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Testosterone Enanthate: An In Vitro Study of the Effects Triggered in MG-63 Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081159. [PMID: 36009053 PMCID: PMC9406132 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the androgenic hormone testosterone enanthate (TE) on human MG-63 cells. MG-63 were cultured for 24 h in the presence of TE at increasing concentrations to assess its lethal dose. Therefore, the suitable concentration for a prolonged use of TE in vitro was assessed by viability assay over 9 days. Finally, MG-63 were exposed to TE for 14 days and assayed for differentiation by qPCR and Alizarin Red S staining. TE in the amount of 100 µM resulted as the maximum dose tolerated by MG-63 cells after 24 h. However, a prolonged exposure in culture TE in the amount of 100 µM showed a cytostatic effect on cell proliferation. On the contrary, TE 10 µM was tolerated by the cells and did not boost cell proliferation, but did enhance new bone formation, as revealed by COL1A1, ALPL, BGLAP, and IBSP gene expression after 3, 7, and 14 days, and calcium deposition by Alizarin Red S staining after 14 days. Based on the current study, 10 µM is the critical dose of TE that should be used in vitro to support bone differentiation of MG-63 cells.
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Ghidini G, Mori D, Pulcini S, Vescovi P, Sala R. Photobiomodulation with a 645 nm Diode Laser of Saos-2 Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma: The Potential for a New Mechanism of Action. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2021; 39:86-93. [PMID: 33471588 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2020.4839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The main focus of this in vitro study was to highlight possible differences between outcomes of photobiomodulation performed in the presence or absence of growth factors derived from platelet-rich plasma. Background: Photobiomodulation has garnered increasing attention, thanks to a large number of controlled clinical trials that have proven its efficacy in various oral pathologies. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action is still a matter of debate. Materials and methods: The cell model used was Saos-2ATTC HTB-85, a human osteosarcoma cell line that retains an osteogenic potential matching that of osteoblastic cells. Photobiomodulation was performed with a 645 nm diode laser; we investigated three different fluence values (2, 5, and 10 J/cm2) delivered with 3 different irradiation times (1, 2, and 4 min). The design of the study included a case-control structure. Cell viability was assessed by resazurin reduction assay before laser irradiation. We assessed cell differentiation by Alizarin-red Sigma Aldrich assay 48 h after the last laser irradiation. Results: Results show that the combination of photobiomodulation and platelet-rich plasma can lead to a statistically significant increase in both proliferation and differentiation rates. Conclusions: Only a defined amount of energy, that is, a fluence of 5 J/cm2 delivered in 2 min and of 10 J/cm2 in 4 min, was proven to be the most effective in the presence of platelet-rich plasma to induce cell proliferation and calcium deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ghidini
- Molecular Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery Laser Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Mori
- General Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Pulcini
- General Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Vescovi
- Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery Laser Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Sala
- General Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Zakłos-Szyda M, Gałązka-Czarnecka I, Grzelczyk J, Budryn G. Cicer arietinum L. Sprouts' Influence on Mineralization of Saos-2 and Migration of MCF-7 Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194490. [PMID: 33007937 PMCID: PMC7583992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the biological activity of four extracts obtained from Cicer arietinum L. sprouts. The fermentation of the sprouts with Lactobacillus casei and their incubation with β-glucosidase elevated the concentrations of isoflavonoids, especially coumestrol, formononetin and biochanin A. To study the biological activity of C. arietinum, the human osteosarcoma Saos-2 and human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines were used. The extracts obtained from fermented sprouts exhibited the strongest ability to decrease intracellular oxidative stress in both types of cells. They augmented mineralization and alkaline phosphatase activity in Saos-2 cells, as well as diminished the secretion of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α. Simultaneously, the extracts, at the same doses, inhibited the migration of MCF-7 cells. On the other hand, elevated concentrations of C. arietinum induced apoptosis in estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells, while lower doses stimulated cell proliferation. These results are important for carefully considering the use of fermented C. arietinum sprouts as a dietary supplement component for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilona Gałązka-Czarnecka
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (I.G.-C.); (J.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Joanna Grzelczyk
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (I.G.-C.); (J.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Grażyna Budryn
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (I.G.-C.); (J.G.); (G.B.)
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Zakłos-Szyda M, Nowak A, Pietrzyk N, Podsędek A. Viburnum opulus L. Juice Phenolic Compounds Influence Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Osteosarcoma Saos-2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4909. [PMID: 32664580 PMCID: PMC7404185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mass loss occurs with a decrease in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, or the enhancement of bone resorption, which further leads to the impairment of bone mineral density and increase in bone fracture. Recent studies suggest that some phenolic compounds found in food play positive role in bone metabolism. High content of phenolic compounds with potential beneficial effects on bone metabolism have been identified in the Viburnum opulus fruit. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of V. opulus fresh juice (FJ) and juice purified by solid phase extraction (PJ) on osteogenesis processes with osteosarcoma Saos-2 cell lines. V. opulus purified juice revealed stronger potential as an inducer of Saos-2 osteogenic differentiation. Saos-2 cells matrix mineralization was evaluated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity measurement and alizarin red S staining. Gene expression analysis showed the elevation of the mRNA levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), ALP, collagen type 1 and osteonectin, whereas the nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin ratio (RANKL/OPG) decreased. Furthermore, V. opulus was able to diminish the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines Il6 and TNFα, however had no effect on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It decreased intracellular oxidative stress and induced DNA repair, but had no effect on the growth inhibition of lactic acid beneficial microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (N.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Nina Pietrzyk
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (N.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Podsędek
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (N.P.); (A.P.)
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Picone G, Cappadone C, Pasini A, Lovecchio J, Cortesi M, Farruggia G, Lombardo M, Gianoncelli A, Mancini L, Ralf H. M, Donato S, Giordano E, Malucelli E, Iotti S. Analysis of Intracellular Magnesium and Mineral Depositions during Osteogenic Commitment of 3D Cultured Saos2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072368. [PMID: 32235449 PMCID: PMC7177893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the behaviour of intracellular magnesium during bone phenotype modulation in a 3D cell model built to mimic osteogenesis. In addition, we measured the amount of magnesium in the mineral depositions generated during osteogenic induction. A two-fold increase of intracellular magnesium content was found, both at three and seven days from the induction of differentiation. By X-ray microscopy, we characterized the morphology and chemical composition of the mineral depositions secreted by 3D cultured differentiated cells finding a marked co-localization of Mg with P at seven days of differentiation. This is the first experimental evidence on the presence of Mg in the mineral depositions generated during biomineralization, suggesting that Mg incorporation occurs during the bone forming process. In conclusion, this study on the one hand attests to an evident involvement of Mg in the process of cell differentiation, and, on the other hand, indicates that its multifaceted role needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Picone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 33-40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.P.)
| | - Concettina Cappadone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 33-40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.P.)
| | - Alice Pasini
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna 50, 47522 Cesena, Italy
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna 50, 47522 Cesena, Italy
| | - Marilisa Cortesi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna 50, 47522 Cesena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 33-40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.P.)
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum–Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Mancini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Menk Ralf H.
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
- INFN section of Trieste, 2-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Sandro Donato
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna 50, 47522 Cesena, Italy
| | - Emil Malucelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 33-40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-5414
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 33-40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.P.)
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
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Evaluation of Isoflavones as Bone Resorption Inhibitors upon Interactions with Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand (RANKL). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010206. [PMID: 31947859 PMCID: PMC6982798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) is a cytokine responsible for bone resorption. It binds its receptor RANK, which activates osteoporosis. High levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) competitively binding RANKL limit formation of ligand-receptor complexes and enable bone mass maintenance. The new approach to prevent osteoporosis is searching for therapeutics that can bind RANKL and support OPG function. The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that isoflavones can form complexes with RANKL limiting binding of the cytokine to its receptor. Interactions of five isoflavones with RANKL were investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), by in silico docking simulation and on Saos-2 cells. Daidzein and biochanin A showed the highest affinity for RANKL. Among studied isoflavones coumestrol, formononetin and biochanin A showed the highest potential for Saos-2 mineralization and were able to regulate the expression of RANKL and OPG at the mRNA levels, as well as osteogenic differentiation markers: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type 1, and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Comparison of the osteogenic activities of isoflavones showed that the use of physicochemical techniques such as ITC or in silico docking are good tools for the initial selection of substances showing a specific bioactivity.
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Vergallo C, Torrieri G, Provenzani R, Miettinen S, Moslova K, Varjosalo M, Cristiano MC, Fresta M, Celia C, Santos HA, Cilurzo F, Di Marzio L. Design, synthesis and characterization of a PEGylated stanozolol for potential therapeutic applications. Int J Pharm 2019; 573:118826. [PMID: 31715352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Stanozolol (STZ) is a drug used to treat serious disorders like aplastic anemia and hereditary angioedema. It is also indicated as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of vascular disorders and growth failures. Encouraging results obtained using animal models demonstrated that STZ increases bone formation and mineralization, thus improving both density and biomechanical properties. Like natural androgens, such as TST and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), STZ binds androgen receptor (AR) to activate AR-mediated signaling. Despite its therapeutic effects, this synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS), or 5α-DHT derivative, due to its high lipophilicity, is poor soluble in water. Thus, to increase the water solubility and stability of STZ, as well as its bioavailability and efficacy, an innovative PEGylated STZ (STZ conjugated with (MeO-PEG-NH2)10kDa, (MeO-PEG-NH)10kDa-STZ) was synthesized. As confirmed by chromatography (RP-HPLC) and spectrometry (ATR-FTIR, 1H NMR, elemental CHNS(O) analysis, MALDI-TOF/TOF) analyses, a very pure, stable and soluble compound was obtained. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) competitive ELISA demonstrated that the resulting PEGylated STZ competes against biological TST, especially at lower concentrations. Cytotoxicity of increasing concentrations (1, 10, 25 or 50 µM) of STZ and/or (MeO-PEG-NH)10kDa-STZ was also evaluated for up 80 h by performing the MTT assay on human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells, which express AR and are responsive to STZ. PEGylation mitigated cytotoxicity of STZ, by increasing the cell viability values, especially at higher drug concentrations. Furthermore, these results suggest that (MeO-PEG-NH)10kDa-STZ is a promising and reliable drug to be used in clinical conditions in which TST is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vergallo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Torrieri
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo Provenzani
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Miettinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Chiara Cristiano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, Via "S. Venuta" s.n.c., I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Via "S. Venuta" s.n.c., I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, I-66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland(g).
| | - Felisa Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, I-66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luisa Di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
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