Antioxidant effect of chamomile tea on the salivary glands of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Protective effect of bisabolol on glucose metabolism in salivary gland of male diabetic rats

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bisabolol treatment on the activity and expression of the main enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in the submandibular and parotid salivary glands of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

DESIGN

Twenty-four male Wistar rats, aged 60 days, were divided into four groups: Control, diabetic, control+Bisabolol, and diabetic+Bisabolol. A single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin induced diabetes. The treated group received a daily dose of α-Bisabolol (25 mg/kg of body weight dissolved in 0.1 mL of sunflower oil) by gavage for 21 days. The untreated group received only the vehicle. All animals were euthanized 28 days after induction, and the parotid and submandibular glands were removed, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 °C. The expression of the main enzymes of the glycolytic pathway was analyzed through RT-qPCR. Biochemical analyses were conducted to verify Hexokinase (HK), Phosphofructokinase (PFK), Pyruvate kinase (PK), and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The data were statistically compared via the Student t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test, where results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

In general, bisabolol restored the HK and PFK activities and also restored Hexokinase 2 (Hk2), Phosphofructokinase muscle isoform (Pfkm) and Phosphofructokinase platelet isoform (Pfkp) expression in the bisabolol-treated diabetic rats. The LDH activity increased in diabetic rats with bisabolol.

CONCLUSION

Bisabolol treatment restored the activity and expression of key glycolytic enzymes, suggesting that it may have therapeutic potential in mitigating the salivary glands metabolic dysregulation caused by diabetes in rats.

Exploring the impact of advanced glycation end products on diabetic salivary gland dysfunctions

The role of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in the pathophysiology of salivary gland dysfunction in diabetes has not been fully addressed. In this work, we discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunctions in diabetes, focusing on the role of AGEs. Hyperglycemia induces the generation and accumulation of AGEs, induces oxidative stress, and activates the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), with detrimental effects on the salivary glands and the submandibular autonomic innervation. Structural and ultrastructural alterations have been described in the three major salivary glands, and hypo-salivation development has been linked to early autonomic neuropathy. Poor metabolic control aggravates the salivary flow rate via injury to the autonomic nerve fiber bundles or direct damage to the secretory acinar cells of the glands. Chronic hyperglycemia, the most crucial feature of diabetes, leads to the generation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The interest in the role of AGEs in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications has grown exponentially, and AGEs have been implicated as a primary culprit in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its various complications, including neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, vasculopathy, and cardiomyopathy.

Investigating the hepato-protective properties of chamomile oil and olive leaves extracts against ribociclib-induced hepatotoxicity

A new approach to overcome or reduce these toxicities is by using antioxidants. Ribociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor used in the treatment of breast cancer, has been linked to hepatotoxicity and may contribute to the development of Hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. This Study aims to assess hepatoprotective effect of chamomile oil and olive leaf extracts against ribociclib-induced Hepatotoxicity in rats. A total of 40 adult male albino rats aged 9-10 weeks were utilized in this experiment. These rats were divided into four groups, (N=10). Group A (control) comprised normal rats administered 1 ml (10 ml/kg/day) of normal saline daily. Conversely, group B rats were administered 5 mg/kg Ribociclib (n = 10), while group C was administered 5 mg/kg Ribociclib with a 500 mg/kg/day dose of chamomile oil. Group D was given 5 mg \kg Ribociclib in combination with 200 mg/kg/day of olive leaves. After the trial, the animals were sacrificed, blood samples were collected for biochemical tests, and the liver tissue was processed for histological examination. The results of histology, and biochemistry parameter analysis, indicated that co-administration of Ribociclib and chamomile oil plays a decisive role in mitigating the hepatotoxicity result from Ribociclib-induced liver injuries in rats as demonstrated by histological and biochemical parameters.The levels of cholesterol and LDL in the blood were significantly lower (P < 0.01) after administering chamomile oil compared to the control group. The results of the current study demonstrated that the simultaneous use of chamomile oil and olive leaf extract significantly reduced the liver damage caused by Ribociclib and improved the lipid profile in Albino rats. Additionally, the use of chamomile extract notably lowered urea levels (p < 0.01), indicating a protective effect on the kidneys.

Characterization of carbonated beverage fortified with chamomile herbal extract

The current study was planned to provide nutrient dense carbonated beverage fortified with chamomile herbal extract that was rich in healthy nutrients and best to use. Infusion method was used to prepare chamomile herbal extract. After adding flavor and sugar syrup, carbonation was done. Different treatments were prepared (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). The antioxidant potential, physiochemical properties, and sensory attributes of beverage were assessed. Results showed that addition of chamomile enhanced the antioxidant and physiochemical properties of beverage. The DPPH activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content were observed as 49.23 ± 0.03 (%), 136.92 ± 0.06 (mg GAE/L), and 1989.47 ± 0.07 (mg QE/L), respectively, among T5 with 12% of chamomile extract. Moreover, the acidity increases from T0 to T5 (0.191 ± 0.01 to 0.220 ± 0.01). Furthermore, the overall acceptability of T4 was highest among sensory attributes.

Salivary Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Thai Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aims and Objectives

The primary objectives of this study were to compare salivary oxidative stress (OS) biomarker levels in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and without T1DM (non-T1DM) and evaluate the relationships between diabetes, periodontal status, and OS biomarker levels.

Materials and Methods

Twenty patients with T1DM and 20 age-matched patients without T1DM were enrolled. All participants were 15-23 years of age and had permanent dentition. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected in a sterile test tube before examination of clinical periodontal parameters, including bleeding on probing (BOP). Salivary levels of OS biomarkers-malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant capacity-were determined using oxidative and antioxidative assays followed by spectrophotometric measurement at 375-532 nm. The relationships between diabetes, periodontal status, and OS biomarkers were analyzed using multiple linear regression.

Results

TOS was significantly lower in the T1DM group compared with the non-T1DM group (5.06 ± 0.39 vs. 6.44 ± 0.51 µmol H2O2 Eq/l, P = 0.035). After adjusting for confounding factors (age, gender, BMI, clinical periodontal parameters, BOP, or diabetes status accordingly), the multiple linear regression showed that T1DM was significantly associated with a reduction of TOS level (P = 0.008). The BOP > 30% group showed a significant correlation with increased TOS levels compared with the BOP ≤ 30% group (P = 0.002). No relationship was found between OS biomarkers and HbA1c levels.

Conclusion

Salivary TOS levels were related to both diabetes status and the extent of gingival inflammation. Further studies to elucidate the role of OS in relation of periodontal disease and T1DM are required.

Assessment of redox state and biochemical parameters of salivary glands in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats treated with mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis)

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to assess the effects of mate tea [Ilex paraguariensis] on the redox state and biochemical parameters of salivary glands in diabetic male rats.

DESIGN

Twenty-four male Wistar rats (3 months old) were randomly divided into groups (n = 8 per group): control rats that received water (C); diabetic rats that received water (D); diabetic rats treated with mate tea (DMT). The treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were given mate tea powder by intragastric gavage at a dose of 20 mg/kg daily for 28 days. Content of total protein, amylase, oxidative lipid damage, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), oxidative protein damage, measured as protein carbonyl, total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were examined by the spectrophotometric method in the parotid and submandibular glands.

RESULTS

The D group showed lower total protein, amylase, TBARs, protein carbonyl, total antioxidant capacity, GSH, uric acid, and GPx than the C group in both salivary glands, as well as higher SOD and CAT activities. The DMT group showed higher total protein, amylase, total antioxidant capacity, GSH, uric acid, and GPx than the D group in both salivary glands. Moreover, mate tea increased SOD in the parotid gland and CAT in the submandibular gland of diabetic rats but did not influence TBARs and protein carbonyl in either salivary gland compared to D group.

CONCLUSION

Mate tea increased tissue protein synthesis and improved antioxidant defenses in the salivary glands of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats.

Ethnopharmacological Effects of Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla, and Murraya koenigii on Rotenone-Exposed D. melanogaster: An Attenuation of Cellular, Biochemical, and Organismal Markers

Natural antioxidants derived from plants have been proven to have significant inhibitory effects on the free radicals of living organisms during actively metabolization. Excessive production of free radicals increases the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and motor sclerosis. This study aimed to compare the ethnopharmacological effects of Urtica dioica (UD), Matricaria chamomilla (MC), and Murraya koenigii (MK) on the amelioration of rotenone-induced toxicity in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+) at biochemical, cellular, and behavioral levels. Phytoextracts were prepared from all three plants, i.e., UD, MC, and MK (aqueous and ethanolic fractions), and their bioactive compounds were evaluated using in vitro biochemical parameters (DPPH, ABTS, TPC, and TFC), UV-Vis, followed by FT-IR and HPLC. Third instar larvae and freshly eclosed flies were treated with 500 µM rotenone alone or in combination with UD, MC, and MK for 24 to 120 h. Following exposure, cytotoxicity (dye exclusion test), biochemical (protein estimation and acetylcholinesterase inhibition assays), and behavioral assays (climbing and jumping assays) were performed. Among all three plant extracts, MK exhibited the highest antioxidant properties due to the highest TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS, followed by UD, then MC. The overall trend was MK > UD > MC. In this context, ethnopharmacological properties mimic the same effect in Drosophila, exhibiting significantly (p < 0.05) reduced cytotoxicity (trypan blue), improved biochemical parameters (proteotoxicity and AChE activity), and better behavioral parameters in the organisms cotreated with phyto extracts compared with rotenone. Conclusively, UV-Vis, FTIR, and HPLC analyses differentiated the plant extracts. The findings of this research may be beneficial in the use of select herbs as viable sources of phyto-ingredients that could be of interest in nutraceutical development and various clinical applications.