Role of nutraceutical against exposure to pesticide residues: power of bioactive compounds

Pesticides play a crucial role in modern agriculture, aiding in the protection of crops from pests and diseases. However, their indiscriminate use has raised concerns about their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Pesticide residues in food and water supplies are a serious health hazards to the general public since long-term exposure can cause cancer, endocrine disruption, and neurotoxicity, among other health problems. In response to these concerns, researchers and health professionals have been exploring alternative approaches to mitigate the toxic effects of pesticide residues. Bioactive substances called nutraceuticals that come from whole foods including fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices have drawn interest because of their ability to mitigate the negative effects of pesticide residues. These substances, which include minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and polyphenols, have a variety of biological actions that may assist in the body's detoxification and healing of harm from pesticide exposure. In this context, this review aims to explore the potential of nutraceutical interventions as a promising strategy to mitigate the toxic effects of pesticide residues.

High prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies among unvaccinated children of Chandigarh, Northwest India, in a household-based paediatric serosurvey post-second wave of pandemic (June to July 2021)

OBJECTIVE

Current national severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination policy covers children aged >12 years. Unvaccinated, uninfected children remain susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and play a role in community transmission, as paediatric infection is mostly mild or asymptomatic. To estimate the proportion of susceptible children in a community for public health measures, there is a need to assess the extent of natural infection.

STUDY DESIGN

We performed a cross-sectional household serosurvey of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in unvaccinated children aged between 6 and 18 years after the second COVID-19 wave.

METHODS

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobin G (IgG) testing in serum was done using chemiluminescence immunoassay. We used a logistic regression model to investigate predicted factors of seropositivity.

RESULTS

We observed a high prevalence (weighted average: 68.3%) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in 2700 enrolled children. Logistic regression for predictors of IgG seropositivity showed lower odds in households with completely vaccinated adults (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.71, P = 0.0011) compared with households with unvaccinated adults. Other factors for low seropositivity included frontline workers as family members (adjusted OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52-0.91, P = 0.0091) and non-crowded households (adjusted OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.89, P = 0.0019).

CONCLUSION

A high SARS-CoV-2 IgG prevalence in unvaccinated children was indicative of previous exposure to potentially infected contacts. This implies in-person academic activities for children can be continued during future community transmission. Comparatively lower seropositivity in children of completely vaccinated households or frontline workers suggests decreased transmission due to vaccination-induced immunity of family members. Vaccination will still be required in these children to maintain protective IgG levels, particularly in low seroprevalence groups.

Toxicological Profile of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Microplastic in Ingested Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+) and Its Adverse Effect on Behavior and Development

Microplastics are readily available in the natural environment. Due to the pervasiveness of microplastic pollution, its effects on living organisms necessitate further investigation. The size, time of exposure, and amount of microplastic particles appear to be the most essential factor in determining their toxicological effects, either organismal or sub-organismal. For our research work, we preferred to work on a terrestrial model organism Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+). Therefore, in the present study, we characterized 2-100 µm size PET microplastic and confirmed its accumulation in Drosophila, which allowed us to proceed further in our research work. At larger dosages, research on locomotory activities such as climbing, jumping, and crawling indicated a decline in physiological and neuromuscular functions. Our studies also determined retarded development in flies and decreased survival rate in female flies after exposure to the highest concentration of microplastics. These experimental findings provide insight into the possible potential neurotoxic effects of microplastics and their detrimental effects on the development and growth of flies.

Therapeutic Potential of Green-Engineered ZnO Nanoparticles on Rotenone-Exposed D. melanogaster (Oregon R+): Unveiling Ameliorated Biochemical, Cellular, and Behavioral Parameters

Nanotechnology holds significant ameliorative potential against neurodegenerative diseases, as it can protect the therapeutic substance and allow for its sustained release. In this study, the reducing and capping agents of Urtica dioica (UD), Matricaria chamomilla (MC), and Murraya koenigii (MK) extracts were used to synthesize bio-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and against rotenone-induced toxicities in D. melanogaster for the first time. Their optical and structural properties were analyzed via FT-IR, DLS, XRD, EDS, SEM, UV-Vis, and zeta potential. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the fabricated ZnO-NPs were evaluated employing cell-free models (DPPH and ABTS) and the well diffusion method, respectively. Rotenone (500 µM) was administered to Drosophila third instar larvae and freshly emerged flies for 24-120 h, either alone or in combination with plant extracts (UD, MC, an MK) and their biogenic ZnO-NPs. A comparative study on the protective effects of synthesized NPs was undertaken against rotenone-induced neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and behavioral alterations using an acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, dye exclusion test, and locomotor parameters. The findings revealed that among the plant-derived ZnO-NPs, MK-ZnO NPs exhibit strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, followed by UD-ZnO NPs and MC-ZnO NPs. In this regard, ethno-nano medicinal therapeutic uses mimic similar effects in D. melanogaster by suppressing oxidative stress by restoring biochemical parameters (AchE and proteotoxicity activity) and lower cellular toxicity. These findings suggest that green-engineered ZnO-NPs have the potential to significantly enhance outcomes, with the promise of effective therapies for neurodegeneration, and could be used as a great alternative for clinical development.

Metabolic and Phenotypic Changes Induced during N-Acetylglucosamine Signalling in the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans

The human commensal yeast Candida albicans is pathogenic and results in a variety of mucosal and deep tissue problems when the host is immunocompromised. Candida exhibits enormous metabolic flexibility and dynamic morphogenetic transition to survive under host niche environmental conditions and to cause virulence. The amino sugar N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) available at the host infection sites, apart from acting as an extremely good carbon and nitrogen source, also induces cellular signalling in this pathogen. In C. albicans, GlcNAc performs multifaceted roles, including GlcNAc scavenging, GlcNAc import and metabolism, morphogenetic transition (yeast-hyphae and white-opaque switch), GlcNAc-induced cell death (GICD), and virulence. Understanding the molecular mechanism(s) involved in GlcNAc-induced cellular processes has become the main focus of many studies. In the current study, we focused on GlcNAc-induced metabolic changes associated with phenotypic changes. Here, we employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which is a high-throughput and sensitive technology, to unveil global metabolomic changes that occur in GlcNAc vs. glucose grown conditions in Candida cells. The morphogenetic transition associated with metabolic changes was analysed by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Metabolite analysis revealed the upregulation of metabolites involved in the glyoxylate pathway, oxidative metabolism, and fatty acid catabolism to probably augment the synthesis of GlcNAc-induced hypha-specific materials. Furthermore, GlcNAc-grown cells showed slightly more sensitivity to amphotericin B treatment. These results all together provide new insights into the development of antifungal therapeutics for the control of candidiasis in humans.

The Ethnopharmacological Properties of Green-Engineered Metallic Nanoparticles against Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic syndrome is a multifaceted pathophysiologic condition that is largely caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. The pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is determined by an individual's genetic/epigenetics and acquired factors. Natural compounds, notably plant extracts, have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing properties and are considered to be a viable option for metabolic disorder treatment due to their low risk of side effects. However, the limited solubility, low bioavailability, and instability of these botanicals hinder their performance. These specific limitations have prompted the need for an efficient system that reduces drug degradation and loss, eliminates unwanted side effects, and boosts drug bioavailability, as well as the percentage of the drug deposited in the target areas. The quest for an enhanced (effective) drug delivery system has led to the formation of green-engineered nanoparticles, which has increased the bioavailability, biodistribution, solubility, and stability of plant-based products. The unification of plant extracts and metallic nanoparticles has helped in the development of new therapeutics against metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and cancer. The present review outlines the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases and their cures with plant-based nanomedicine.

Beta glucan as an immune stimulant in tumor microenvironment - Insight into lessons and promises from past decade

Cancer is characterized by a perturbed immune landscape. Inside tumor microenvironment, immune system is reprogrammed to facilitate tumor growth and survival rather than eliminating it. This immune evasive mechanism needs to be reversed to normal for effective anticancer therapeutic strategy. Immunotherapy has emerged as a novel strategy for redeployment of immune cells against cancer. However, they suffer in their efficacy, response rate and side effects. This necessitated us to turn toward natural repertoires which can act as a substitute to conventional immunotherapeutics. Beta glucan, a polysaccharide derived from mushroom, serves the role of immunomodulator inside tumor microenvironment. It acts as pathogen associated molecular pattern and bind to various pattern recognition receptors expressed on surface of immune cells thereby facilitating their activation and crosstalk. This result in resurgence of suppressed immune surveillance in the tumor milieu. In this review, we highlight in brief the advances and limitation of cancer immunotherapy. Alongside, we have discussed the detailed mechanistic principle and recent advances underlying restoration of immune functionality by beta glucan.

Computational-sampling-moiré-based on-machine alignment for freeform optics

The manufacturing and characterization of freeform optical surfaces are influenced by their high sensitivity to misalignments. In this work, the computational sampling moiré technique combined with phase extraction is developed for the precise alignment of freeform optics during fabrication and in metrology applications. This novel, to the best of our knowledge, technique achieves near-interferometry-level precision in a simple and compact configuration. This robust technology can be applied to industrial manufacturing platforms (such as diamond turning machines, lithography, and other micro-nano-machining techniques) as well as their metrology equipment. In a demonstration of computational data processing and precision alignment using this method, iterative manufacturing of freeform optical surfaces with a final-form accuracy of about 180 nm was accomplished.

Prognostic significance of soft tissue deposits in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Soft tissue deposits, also known as tumour deposits (TDs), have not been studied well in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and are not included in any of the staging systems or treatment guidelines. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the prevalence and prognostic implications of TDs in patients with HNSCC. This systematic review of the literature was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Embase, and Scopus electronic databases were searched for relevant studies, from inception to August 2022. Although 14 studies qualified for inclusion, only eight were finally included in the review due to the considerable overlap of patients in several studies. Data from 7127 patients were analysed. The pooled prevalence of TDs was 21% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9-33%). The presence of TDs was adversely associated with overall survival and disease-free survival, with hazard ratios of 2.08 (95% CI 1.60-2.70) and 2.56 (95% CI 1.97-3.32), respectively. TDs are detected in a significant number of patients with HNSCC and adversely affect survival. Longitudinal prospective studies are needed to evaluate the prognostic implications of TDs in HNSCC for their potential role in cancer staging and adjuvant treatment planning.

1167. Changing spectrum of aetiology of Acute Fever with Jaundice (Tropical Jaundice) in Adults presenting to Emergency Care--- A study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India

Background

The spectrum of infections causing the above acute onset fever with jaundice has changed over the last few years from the conventional hepatotropic viruses to new emerging infections.

Methods

250 adult patients ≥ 14 years of age) with acute fever (body temperature > 101ᵒF of 14 days or less in duration) without any localized source of infection on initial clinical evaluation accompanied with jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia ≥ 1.5 mg/dl or elevation of ALT or AST ≥ three times upper limit) were enrolled.All these patients with fever and jaundice were evaluated on the basis of a standard proforma and were evaluated for malaria (peripheral smears/rapid diagnostic kits), scrub typhus( PCR /IgM ELISA), leptospirosis(IgM ELISA), enteric fever by blood cultures and dengue by dengue (NS1 antigen test and IgM ELISA), Hepatitis(IgM ELISA of EBV/HSV, IgM ELISA of HAV/HEV and HBsAg with IgM HBc ELISA if HBsAg positive)

Results

62.5 % were males and 37.5 % were females. The mean duration of fever before the presentation was 8.1 ± 2.58 days. 10 patients (4%) died, while 133 patients (96%) improved with treatment. Scrub typhus 57 (22.8%), Hepatitis E 33 (13.2%), malaria 9 (3.6%), dengue fever, enteric fever, hepatitis A and leptospirosis in 26 (10.4%), 6 (2.4%), 6 (2.4%) patients and 4 (1.6%) patient respectively were the prominent aetiology a patient presenting with fever and jaundice. Probable sepsis (Fulfilling SIRS criteria with a negative culture) accounted for 40(16%) patients. In 69(27.6%) cases no diagnosis could be made on serological testing Conjunctival suffusion (OR=23.17), respiratory crepitations (OR=5.17), thrombocytopenia (OR=1.14), normal INR (OR=0.29) were significant predictors of a diagnosis of scrub typhus in patients with fever and jaundice. Severe anaemia (Hb< 8), Hypoalbuminemia, severe thrombocytopenia (Platelet count < 50,000) and a near-normal INR at admission were predictors of a malarial vs a viral aetiology of Tropical jaundice. Co-infection with scrub typhus and malaria was seen in 6 patients (vivax-5 and falciparum-1) and viral hepatitis A & E was observed in 10 patients.

Conclusion

Neglected Tropical diseases like Scrub typhus infection is emerging as common aetiology of acute onset tropical jaundice in adults presenting to emergency services.

Disclosures

All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Appraisal of the Antioxidant Activity, Polyphenolic Content, and Characterization of Selected Himalayan Herbs: Anti-Proliferative Potential in HepG2 Cells

Natural antioxidants derived from plants have played a vital role in preventing a wide range of human chronic conditions and provide novel bioactive leads for investigators in pharmacotherapy discovery. This work was designed to examine the ethnopharmacological role of Urtica dioica (UD), Capsella bursa-pastoris (CBP), and Inula racemosa (IR). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) were illustrated through colorimetric assays, while the antioxidant activity was investigated through DPPH and ABTS assays. The evaluation of phytochemicals by FT-IR of UD and CBP revealed high contents of aliphatic amines, while IR showed a major peak for ketones. The antioxidant activity, TPC and TFC were highest in the ethanol extract of UD, followed by CBP, and IR showed the lowest activity. All of the extracts revealed significant antioxidant capacities along a dosage gradient. Through a HPLC analysis at a wavelength of 280 nm, UD leaves demonstrated an intense peak of quercetin, and the peak for rutin was less intense. CBP (whole plant), instead, demonstrated a major yield of rutin, and a peak for quercetin was not observed in CBP. IR (rhizomes) showed both quercetin and rutin. All of the extracts were significantly cytotoxic to HepG2 cells after 48 h with the trend IR > UD > CBP. The outcomes of this study may be effective in the selection of specific plants as realistic sources of the bioactive components that might be useful in the nutraceutical progression and other biomedical efficacies.

Geospatial epidemiology of hypertension and its risk factors in India: Findings from National Family Health Survey (2015-2016)

Background

The fourth round of National Family Health Survey (2015-2016) measured blood pressure for the first time and provided a unique opportunity of exploring trends in hypertension prevalence across states and districts for the first time.

Aim

This study will be the first in India to estimate the geospatial variation of hypertension among those in the 15-49 years age group in India.

Materials and Methods

Out of a total of 616,346 selected occupied households, 601,509 were successfully interviewed, giving a response rate of 98%. We adjusted the proportion of hypertension obtained by using national sample weights. We built a multivariable logistic regression model to assess the determinants of hypertension.

Results

The overall weighted prevalence of hypertension was 11.7%, and the prevalence was 11.1% in females and 11.0% in males. Urban areas had a higher prevalence (13.0%) compared to rural areas (11.0%). Those with no education (14.4%) and those who reported smoking (16.5%) had hypertension. Consumption of alcohol, fruits, and eggs was also found to be significantly related to hypertension.

Conclusion

Hypertension epidemic is spreading alarmingly in India across rural and urban populations. Disturbingly, the hypertension prevalence is now becoming more concentrated among the poor. This phenomenon has serious implications for the country's social and economic well-being. Urgent preventive measures need to be taken at a multidisciplinary level.

Ethnopharmacological Effects of Urtica dioica, Matricaria chamomilla, and Murraya koenigii on Rotenone-Exposed D. melanogaster: An Attenuation of Cellular, Biochemical, and Organismal Markers

Natural antioxidants derived from plants have been proven to have significant inhibitory effects on the free radicals of living organisms during actively metabolization. Excessive production of free radicals increases the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and motor sclerosis. This study aimed to compare the ethnopharmacological effects of Urtica dioica (UD), Matricaria chamomilla (MC), and Murraya koenigii (MK) on the amelioration of rotenone-induced toxicity in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+) at biochemical, cellular, and behavioral levels. Phytoextracts were prepared from all three plants, i.e., UD, MC, and MK (aqueous and ethanolic fractions), and their bioactive compounds were evaluated using in vitro biochemical parameters (DPPH, ABTS, TPC, and TFC), UV-Vis, followed by FT-IR and HPLC. Third instar larvae and freshly eclosed flies were treated with 500 µM rotenone alone or in combination with UD, MC, and MK for 24 to 120 h. Following exposure, cytotoxicity (dye exclusion test), biochemical (protein estimation and acetylcholinesterase inhibition assays), and behavioral assays (climbing and jumping assays) were performed. Among all three plant extracts, MK exhibited the highest antioxidant properties due to the highest TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS, followed by UD, then MC. The overall trend was MK > UD > MC. In this context, ethnopharmacological properties mimic the same effect in Drosophila, exhibiting significantly (p < 0.05) reduced cytotoxicity (trypan blue), improved biochemical parameters (proteotoxicity and AChE activity), and better behavioral parameters in the organisms cotreated with phyto extracts compared with rotenone. Conclusively, UV-Vis, FTIR, and HPLC analyses differentiated the plant extracts. The findings of this research may be beneficial in the use of select herbs as viable sources of phyto-ingredients that could be of interest in nutraceutical development and various clinical applications.

Protection Against Drug-Induced Liver Injuries Through Nutraceuticals via Amelioration of Nrf-2 Signaling

Hepatotoxicity caused by the overdose of various medications is a leading cause of drug-induced liver injury. Overdose of drugs causes hepatocellular necrosis. Nutraceuticals are reported to prevent drug-induced liver failure. The present article aims to review the protection provided by various medicinal plants against hepatotoxic drugs. Ayurveda is considered a conventional restorative arrangement in India. It is consistently used for ages and is still used today to cure drug-induced hepatotoxicity by focusing on antioxidant stress response pathways such as the nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) antioxidant response element signaling pathway. Nrf-2 is a key transcription factor that entangles Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1, a protein found in the cell cytoplasm. Some antioxidant enzymes, such as gamma glycine cysteine ligase (γ-GCL) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), are expressed in Nrf-2 targeted genes. Their expression, in turn, decreases the stimulation of hepatic macrophages and induces the messenger RNA (mRNA) articulation of proinflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor α. This review will cover various medicinal plants from a mechanistic view and how they stimulate and interact with Nrf-2, the master regulator of the antioxidant response to counterbalance oxidative stress. Interestingly, therapeutic plants have become popular in the medical sector due to safer yet effective supplementation for the prevention and treatment of new human diseases. The contemporary study is expected to collect information on a variety of therapeutic traditional herbs that have been studied in the context of drug-induced liver toxicity, as nutraceuticals are the most effective treatments for oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity. They are less genotoxic, have a lower cost, and are readily available. Together, nutraceuticals exert protective effects against drug-induced hepatotoxicity through the inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Its mechanism(s) are considered to be associated with the γ-GCL/HO-1 and Nrf-2 signaling pathways. KEY TEACHING POINTSThe liver is the most significant vital organ that carries out metabolic activities of the body such as the synthesis of glycogen, the formation of triglycerides and cholesterol, as well as the formation of bile.Acute liver failure is caused by the consumption of certain drugs; drug-induced liver injury is the major condition.The chemopreventive activity of nutraceuticals may be related to oxidative stress reduction and attenuation of biosynthetic processes involved in hepatic injury via amelioration of the nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) signaling pathway.Nrf-2 is a key transcription factor that is found in the cell cytoplasm resulting in the expression of various genes such as gamma glycine cysteine ligase and heme oxygenase-1.Nutraceutical-rich phytochemicals possess high antioxidant activity, which helps in the prevention of hepatic injury.

Contributive Role of Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia Towards the Development of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the causes of dementia that results from several infections/biological conditions leading to either cell disruption or loss of neuronal communication. Studies have documented the accumulation of two proteins, beta-amyloid (Aβ), which accumulates on the exteriors of neurons, and tau (Tau), which assembles at the interiors of brain cells and is chiefly liable for the progression of the disease. Several molecular and cellular pathways account for the accumulation of amyloid-β and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which are phosphorylated variants of Tau protein. Moreover, research has revealed a potential connection between AD and diabetes. It has also been demonstrated that both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia have a significant role in the development of AD. In addition, SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier protein) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. SUMOylation is the process by which modification of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Tau takes place. Furthermore, Drosophila melanogaster has proven to be an efficient model organism in studies to establish the relationship between AD and variations in blood glucose levels. In addition, the review successfully identifies the common pathway that links the effects of fluctuations in glucose levels on AD pathogenesis and advancements.

Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile among Pregnant Females in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background and Objectives:

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common clinical finding during pregnancy, and if it is asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), it can progress to pyelonephritis, leading to further complications. The present study aims to know the prevalence of ASB in pregnant females and the antimicrobial resistance pattern in our hospital setup.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 552 urine samples were collected from pregnant females (with no symptoms of UTI) both attending outpatient department and admitted in the wards of obstetrics and gynecology department. Urine culture was performed on blood agar, MacConkey agar, and UTI chromogenic agar. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and the results were interpreted.

Results:

The prevalence rate of ASB in pregnant females was 17.4%. It was common in the age group of 25–33 years (60.4%). The infection rate was higher in the second trimester (43.7%) compared to the third (29.2%) and first (27.1%) trimester. Multiparity (60.4%) was a common finding in ASB during pregnancy. There was a significant finding of previous history of UTI (22.9%) and anemia (58.3%) associated with ASB in pregnant females. Escherichia coli (39.2%) was the most common microorganism isolated followed by Staphylococcus aureus (34.3%), Enterococcus faecalis (14.7%), Klebsiella (4.9%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (2.9%), and Citrobacter and Acinetobacter (1.9%). Most sensitive drugs to be given in ASB during pregnancy were nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin.

Conclusion:

It was emphasized that urine culture should be done in early antenatal visit as routine screening to identify ASB in pregnant females as it can prevent fetal and maternal complications.

Therapeutic applications of mushrooms and their biomolecules along with a glimpse of in silico approach in neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a common neurological pathology that determines a progressive deterioration of the brain or the nervous system. For treating NDs, comprehensive and alternative medicines have attracted scientific researchers' attention recently. Edible mushrooms are essential for preventing several age-based neuronal dysfunctions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Mushroom such as Grifola frondosa, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Hericium erinaceus, may improve cognitive functions. It has also been reported that edible mushrooms (basidiocarps/mycelia extracts or isolated bioactive compounds) may reduce beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity. Medicinal mushrooms are being used for novel and natural compounds that help modulate immune responses and possess anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant properties. Compounds such as polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, polysaccharides, and metal chelating agents are validated in different ND treatments. This review aims to assess mushrooms' role and their biomolecules utilization for treating different kinds of NDs. The action mechanisms, presented here, including reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and modulation of acetylcholinesterase activity, protecting neurons or stimulation, and regulating neurotrophins synthesis. We also provide background about neurodegenerative diseases and in-silico techniques of the drug research. High costs associated with experiments and current ethical law imply efficient alternatives with limited cost value. In silico approaches provide an alternative method with low cost that has been successfully implemented to cure ND disorders in recent days. We also describe the applications of computational procedures such as molecular docking, virtual high-throughput screening, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, quantum-mechanical methods for drug design. They were reported against various targets in NDs.

Adverse effects of textile dyes on antioxidant enzymes and cholinesterase activities in Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+)

The effluents from textile dyeing industry are causing water pollution and may transform into more toxic and carcinogenic chemical species by environmental conditions. Therefore systemic toxicity of textile dyes is major health concern. Hence, this study sought to examine the toxic effect of disperse textile dyes on important systemic enzymes in the larvae of wild type Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R⁺). Drosophila larvae were fed with corn-sugar-yeast diets containing two disperse dyes, Disperse blue-124 and Disperse black-9 (1, 10 and 100 mg/mL) for 2 days (48 h) and subsequent the enzymatic estimations were carried out using larval homogenate. In silico molecular docking studies were also performed to analyze the binding interaction of these dyes with acetyl choline esterase enzyme. Disperse black 9 shows more strong binding by occupying a groove and forming one hydrogen bond with Tyr465 of acetyl choline esterase enzyme while Disperse blue-124 shows surface binding without forming any hydrogen bond. Drosophila larvae fed on these dyes exhibited a dose-dependent increase in acetyl choline esterase enzymatic activity (1.8 fold increase with Disperse black-9, 100 mg/mL) while 4.4-folds Disperse blue-124, 100 mg/mL). Both Disperse Blue and Disperse Black dyes altered the activities of antioxidant enzymes Catalase (CAT, increased more than 2.5 fold), Superoxide dismutase (SOD, increased more than two folds) and showed a dose-dependent increase in Xanthine oxidase and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels (more than 3 folds). Therefore both the disperse dyes were found to dysregulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes which may be the underlying mechanism for their toxic effects.

Coinfection of H1N1 Influenza and Scrub Typhus-A Review

The H1N1 influenza infection usually coincides with the typical scrub typhus season in North India. This leads to diagnostic difficulties due to their similar and non-specific symptoms. We describe three patients with confirmed co-infection of pandemic (H1N1) influenza and scrub typhus who had presented with acute respiratory distress syndrome. A systematic review of database yielded one case of scrub typhus and H1N1 influenza co-infection reported from South Korea. Co-infection of influenza with tropical infections may not be uncommon in endemic countries and hence a high index of suspicion on the part of physicians coupled with appropriate investigations are needed. The true burden of co-infections needs to be evaluated during outbreaks of influenza in a systematic manner.

Modulation of the Functional Components of Growth, Photosynthesis, and Anti-Oxidant Stress Markers in Cadmium Exposed Brassica juncea L

Abstract: Heavy metals (including Cadmium) are being entered into the environment through various sources and cause toxicity to plants. Response of Brassica juncea L. var. RLC-1 was evaluated after exposing them to different concentration of cadmium (Cd) for seven days. Seeds of B. juncea were treated with different concentrations of Cd like 0.2-0.6 mM for 7 days, allowing them to grow in Petri-dishes, and seedlings were examined for different physiological responses. Following exposure to Cd, in the seedlings of B. juncea, growth parameters (root and shoot length), stress markers (lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content), secondary metabolites, photosynthetic pigments, and ion analysis, were estimated along with enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. We observed a significant reduction in root and shoot length after Cd treatment as compared to control seedlings. Malondialdehyde and H2O2 contents were increased accompanied by enhanced Cd uptake. Activities of antioxidative enzymes were also significantly altered following Cd exposure to the seedlings of B. juncea. Conclusively, we suggest that Cd exposure to the seedlings triggered an induction of several defense responses in B. juncea including major metabolites.

Well-differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising in Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum

Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) is a hamartoma of apocrine sweat gland origin, occurring predominantly in children, in the head and neck region. SCAP can arise or coexist with both benign and malignant tumors. We report herein an extremely rare case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising in SCAP growth located in unusual supragluteal region in an elderly Indian male. A wide surgical excision of the growth was performed which upon histopathological examination revealed the confirmatory diagnosis. SCC arising in SCAP is unusual, and only two histologically confirmed cases have been previously reported in the literature. This case report emphasizes about extremely rare malignant transformation of SCAP, which should be kept in mind while evaluating a suspicious skin lesion.

Correlation of Foot Bimalleolar Angle and Ultrasonography in Assessing the Severity of Club Foot in Neonates Treated by the Ponseti Method

Introduction: Correlation of Pirani score and foot bimalleolar (FBM) angle has been used in few studies but correlation of FBM angle with ultrasonography has never been evaluated so they are being correlated in assessing the severity of clubfoot in neonates treated by Ponseti method. Material and Methods: Thirty-two feet with congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) deformity in neonates were prospectively treated by the Ponseti method. FBM angle and ultrasound parameters were measured three times i.e. at the time of initial presentation, at four weeks of treatment and at completion of treatment. The feet were divided according to the Pirani score in groups: one (0-2.0), two (2.5-4) and three (4.5-6). Correlation between FBM angle and ultrasound parameters were evaluated using Pearson correlation/regression. Results: Correlation between FBM angle and ultrasound parameters were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasound has the potential to accurately depict the pathoanatomy in clubfoot. FBM angle and ultrasound are objective methods to assess the severity of clubfoot. FBM angle and ultrasonography correlated in severity of deformity and correction achieved along the course of treatment.

Long-term operation of electro-biocatalytic reactor for carbon dioxide transformation into organic molecules

Electro-biocatalytic reactor was operated using selectively enriched mixed culture biofilm for about 320 days with CO₂/bicarbonate as C-source. Biocathode consumed higher current (-16.2 ± 0.3 A/m²) for bicarbonate transformation yielding high product synthesis (0.74 g/l/day) compared to CO₂ (-9.5 ± 2.8 A/m²; 0.41 g/l/day). Product slate includes butanol and butyric acid when CO₂ gets transformed but propionic acid replaced both when bicarbonate gets transformed. Based on electroanalysis, the electron transfer might be H₂ mediated along with direct transfer under bicarbonate turnover conditions, while it was restricted to direct under CO₂. Efficiency and stability of biofilm was tested by removing the planktonic cells, and also confirmed in terms of Coulombic (85-97%) and carbon conversion efficiencies (42-48%) along with production rate (1.2-1.7 kg/m² electrode) using bicarbonate as substrate. Selective enrichment of microbes and their growth as biofilm along with soluble CO₂ have helped in efficient transformation of CO₂ up to C4 organic molecules.

Thoracic Endometriosis Presenting with Bilateral Hydropneumothorax

Interesting Medical Image

Heavy metal pollution due to coal washery effluent and its decontamination using a macrofungus, Pleurotus ostreatus

Release of the effluent generated during washing of coal became a major problem for coal industries due to presence of many toxic metals and other pollutants. These effluents are the main source of pollution in rivers and other water bodies. Therefore in this study, we tried to analyse the toxicity of coal washery effluent (CWE) collected from one of the washery plant situated in Dhanbad, India. CWE was found to be very toxic containing large amount of suspended particles and many heavy metals above than their permissible limits. Mycoremediation of CWE was also performed to decontaminate heavy metals from the CWE using a macrofungi Pleurotus ostreatus. Efficiency of Pleurotus for remediation of heavy metals was found to be highest in the 50% diluted effluent (57.2% Mn, 82.6% Zn, 98.0% Ni, 99.9% Cu, 99.3% Co, 99.1% Cr, 89.2% Fe and 35.6% Pb) followed by 25% diluted effluent (33.0% Mn, 55.1% Zn, 97.8% Ni, 99.7% Cu, 97% Co, 84.4% Cr, 87.1% Fe and 73.4% Pb) and raw effluent (23.3% Mn, 73.1% Zn, 78.7% Ni, 87.5% Cu, 59.3% Co, 64.6% Cr, 34.6% Fe and 11.3% Pb) respectively. Increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, concentration of metallothionein proteins and changes in peaks of FTIR spectra were also observed in fungal mycelia grown on the CWE containing media due to accumulation of different metals. Overall this study suggests that Pleurotus can be used as promising option for removal of heavy metals from the effluent released from washery plants and dilution of effluent could increase the efficiency of remediation.

Outcome of bone marrow instillation at fracture site in intracapsular fracture of femoral neck treated by head preserving surgery

PURPOSE

The aim of present study is to evaluate the outcome of bone marrow instillation at the fracture site in fracture of intracapsular neck femur treated by head preserving surgery.

METHODS

This study included 32 patients of age group 18-50 years with closed fracture of intracapsular neck femur. Patients were randomized into two groups as per the plan generated via www.randomization.com. The two groups were Group A (control), in which the fracture of intracapsular neck femur was treated by closed reduction and cannulated cancellous screw fixation, and Group B (intervention), in which additional percutaneous autologous bone marrow aspirate instillation at fracture site was done along with cannulated cancellous screw fixation. Postoperatively the union at fracture site and avascular necrosis of the femoral head were assessed on serial plain radiographs at final follow-up. Functional outcome was evaluated by Harris hip score.

RESULTS

The average follow-up was 19.6 months. Twelve patients in each group had union and 4 patients had signs of nonunion. One patient from each group had avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The average Harris hip score at final follow-up in Group A was 80.50 and in Group B was 75.73, which was found to be not significant.

CONCLUSION

There is no significant role of adding on bone marrow aspirate instillation at the fracture site in cases of fresh fracture of intracapsular neck femur treated by head preserving surgery in terms of accelerating the bone healing and reducing the incidence of femoral head necrosis.

Analysis of silver binding nucleolar organizer regions in exfoliative cytology smears of potentially malignant and malignant oral lesions

Nucleolar organizer regions are nucleolar components that contain proteins that are stained selectively by silver methods; they can be identified as black dots throughout the nucleolus and are known as silver binding nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR). The number of AgNOR is related to the cell cycle and the proliferative activity of the cells. We investigated AgNOR using exfoliative cytology smears of potentially malignant oral lesions. Eighty individuals were divided into four equal groups: healthy controls, oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma. The mean number of AgNOR in each study group gradually increased from control to oral leukoplakia to oral submucous fibrosis to oral squamous cell carcinoma. The proliferative index was increased in the oral premalignant and malignant patients compared to normal subjects. The mean AgNOR size gradually increased from control to oral leukoplakia to oral submucous fibrosis to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Spherical shaped AgNOR were most common in controls, whereas large, clustered and kidney shapes were most common in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Multiparameter analysis of AgNOR in oral exfoliative smears is a simple, sensitive and cost-effective method for differentiating premalignant from malignant lesions and can be used in conjunction with routine cytomorphological evaluation.

Prevalence of high-risk human papilloma virus types and cervical smear abnormalities in female sex workers in Chandigarh, India

PURPOSE

Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women in developing nations. Nearly 90% of the cases have been linked to the presence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types 16 and 18. The risk of cervical cancer may be high in female sex workers (FSWs) due to multiple sexual partners. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cytological abnormalities and hrHPV types 16 and 18 in FSWs in Chandigarh, North India using the liquid-based cytology (LBC) approach.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cervical brush samples were collected from 120 FSW and 98 age-matched healthy controls (HCs). These were subjected to pap smear using conventional method, LBC and the detection of hrHPV types 16 and 18 was carried out using polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The LBC samples showed better cytological details and also reduced the number of unsatisfactory smears from 11% in Pap to 1.5% in the LBC. A significantly higher number of inflammatory smears were reported in FSWs (51.7% vs. 34.7%, P = 0.01). The hrHPV types 16/18 were detected in 33/120 (27.5%) FSW versus 23/98 (23.5%) HCs. The risk of acquiring hrHPV was higher in FSWs, who had age at first sex ≤25 years, higher income and the habit of smoking.

CONCLUSION

The high prevalence of hrHPV among FSWs and HCs suggests the need for the implementation of effective National Screening Programme for early detection of hrHPV types to decrease the burden of cervical cancer, especially in high-risk population.

Perturbations and 3R in carbon management

Perturbations in various carbon pools like biological, geological, oceanic, and missing carbon sink affect its global data, which are generally neglected or ignored in routine calculations. These natural and anthropogenic events need to be considered before projecting a sustainable carbon management plan. These plans have both general and experimental aspects. General plans should focus on (a) minimizing emission; (b) maximizing environmentally sound reuse, reduce, and recycling; (c) effective treatment; and (d) converting carbon into valuable products with atom economy. Experimental carbon management plans involving various biological and chemical techniques with limitation in terms of research level and economic feasibility. Chemical options have benefits of higher productivity and wider product range, but it suffers from its higher-energy requirements and environmental unfriendliness. In contrast to this, biological options are more selective and less energy intensive, but their productivity is very low. Hence, there is a requirement of hybrid process where the benefits of both the options, i.e., biological and chemical, can be reaped. In view of above, the proposed review targets to highlight the various perturbations in the global carbon cycle and their effects; study the currently practiced options of carbon management, specifically in light of 3R principle; and propose various new hybrid methods by compatible combinations of chemical and biological processes to develop better and safer carbon management. These methods are hypothetical so they may require further research and validations but may provide a comprehensive base for developing such management methods.

Quantitative evaluation of apical extrusion of intracanal bacteria using rotary ProTaper, K3XF, twisted and hand K-file system: An ex vivo study

AIMS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the number of intracanal bacteria extruded apically during root canal preparation using rotary ProTaper, K3XF, twisted, and hand K-file system.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Seventy extracted single-rooted human mandibular premolar teeth were used. Access cavities were prepared and the teeth were mounted in glass vials. Root canals were then contaminated with a pure culture of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The contaminated roots were divided into four experimental groups of 15 teeth each and one control group of 10 teeth. Group 1: ProTaper; Group 2: K3XF; Group 3: Twisted file; Group 4: Hand K-file; Group 5: Control group. Bacteria extruded from the apical foramen during instrumentation were collected into vials. The microbiological samples were incubated in culture media for 24 h. Colonies of bacteria were counted and the results were given as number of colony-forming units (CFU)/ml.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED

The obtained data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U-tests.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference between the rotary and hand instrumentation system related to the apically extruded intracanal bacteria.

CONCLUSIONS

Both the rotary and hand instrumentation systems extruded intracanal bacteria through the apical foramen. K3XF file system showed least bacterial extrusion amongst all instrumentation groups.

Malunion in displaced intracapsular fracture of femoral neck: A rare case

Intracapsular fracture of femoral neck is treated by anatomical reduction (preferably closed) and cannulated cancellous lag screw fixation. Malunion of these fractures have been described in the coronal plane (coxa valga or coxa vara). We reported a case of young adult patient with displaced intracapsular fracture of femoral neck that had malunited in sagittal plane with callus formation with excellent functional outcome. The radiographs revealed intracapsular fracture of femoral neck right side (Garden type 4 and Pauwel type 3). The patient was operated and closed reduction and internal fixation with three cannulated cancellous screws was performed. The postoperative radiograph revealed a loss of reduction in the lateral view. Due to this technical error, the patient was counselled for revision fixation for which he refused. At 9 months we observed union of the fracture in the displaced position by callus formation. Harris hip score at 2 years was 96 that indicate excellent functional outcome and the radiographs did not reveal any evidence of avascular necrosis of femoral head. We advised revision surgery to our patient as he had increased chances of implant failure and nonunion. However he refused the revision surgery and was continued with the suboptimal reduction. However, the fracture united and that too with callus formation, which is not a described phenomenon in neck of femur fracture.

Electro-biocatalytic treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater using microbial fuel cell (MFC) in continuous mode operation

Refinery wastewater (RW) treatment in microbial fuel cell (MFC) was studied in batch mode operation followed by continuous mode operation with 8h and 16h hydraulic retention time (HRT). The MFC performance was evaluated in terms of power density, organics removal, specific contaminants (oil & grease, phenol and sulfide) removal and energy conversion efficiency with respect to operation mode. Higher power density of 225±1.4mW/m² was observed during continuous mode operation with 16h HRT along with a substrate degradation of 84.4±0.8% including the 95±0.6 of oil content. The columbic efficiency during this operation was about 2±0.8% and the projected power yield was 340±20kWh/kg COD_R/day. Batch mode operation also showed good substrate degradation (81±1.8%) but took longer HRT which resulted in significantly low substrate degradation rate (0.036±0.002kgCOD_R/m³-day) over continuous mode operation (1.05±0.01kgCOD_R/m³-day). Overall, current study depicted the possibility of utilizing RW as substrate in MFC for power generation along with its treatment.

Bio-electro catalytic treatment of petroleum produced water: Influence of cathode potential upliftment

Treatment of petroleum produced water (PPW) was studied using bioelectrochemical system (BES) under uplifted cathode potential. The treatment efficiency in terms of COD and hydrocarbon removal was observed at 91.25% and 76.60% respectively, along with the reduction in TDS during BES operation under 400mV of cathode potential. There was also a reduction in concentration of sulfates, however, it was not significant at, since oxidative conditions are being maintained at anode. Improved oxidation of PPW at anode also resulted in good power output (-20.47mA) and also depicted improved fuel cell behaviour. The electrochemical analysis in terms of cyclic/linear sweep voltammetry also showed well correlation with the observed treatment efficiencies. The microbial dynamics of the BES after loading real field wastewater showed the dominance of species that are reported to be effective for petroleum crude oil degradation.

Prevalence of parasitic infection in captive wild animals in Bir Moti Bagh mini zoo (Deer Park), Patiala, Punjab

Aim:

The study was conducted to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of captive wild animals at Bir Moti Bagh Mini Zoo (Deer Park), Patiala, Punjab.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 31 fecal samples from eight species of captive animals including Civet cat (Viverra zibetha), Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Spotted deer (Axis axis), Black buck (Antelope cervicapra), Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), Hog deer (Axis porcinus), and Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) were screened using classical parasitological techniques including sedimentation and floatation technique.

Results:

Out of 31 fecal samples examined, 20 were positive for parasitic ova/oocysts of different species indicating an overall prevalence of 68.0%. The six different types of parasites observed in the study included strongyle (67%), Strongyloides spp. (14%), coccidia (38%), Trichuris spp. (19%), ascarid (10%), and Capillaria spp. (10%). Strongyles were the most common parasites observed (67%) followed by coccidia (38%). Mixed helminth and protozoan infection were observed in 48% of animals. No cestode or trematodes were detected during the study.

Conclusion:

The high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites without overt clinical signs of disease or mortality as observed in this study is suggestive of subclinical infection. The findings will help in formulating the appropriate deworming protocol for parasitic control in these captive animals.

Antibody response to Toxoplasma gondii in saliva samples from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Toxoplasma gondii is an important opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients as it causes fatal encephalitis. In the present study, antibody response to T. gondii is assessed in saliva samples from 100 HIV-seropositive patients and 25 HIV-negative healthy controls by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sensitivity and specificity for detection of IgG and IgM in saliva is calculated using a positive antibody response in serum samples (from an earlier study) as the gold standard. IgG and IgM antibodies were found in 20% and 25% patients, respectively. One control subject showed the presence of IgM antibody. Sensitivity for IgG and IgM antibodies was 64% and 81.25%, respectively, while specificity was 94.67% and 85.71%, respectively. This study indicates that saliva samples can be used as an alternative to serum samples to detect anti-toxoplasma antibodies, particularly IgM, for the diagnosis of toxoplasma encephalitis in HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients.

Socio-demographic, Epidemiological and Environmental Determinants of Acute Gastroenteritis in Western India

INTRODUCTION

An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis had occurred in Rajpara village of Bhavnagar district. The objective of this study was to find out the socio-demographic, epidemiological and environmental determinants of this outbreak.

METHODS

A case-control study was conducted in Rajpara village among 238 cases of acute gastroenteritis and an equal number of controls in January 2015. Multiple logistic regression was used for identifying the variables independently predicting acute gastroenteritis.

RESULTS

Upper socio-economic status, occupation requiring travel outside village, source of drinking water from well of 'new' Rajpara village, change in taste of water, use of chlorine tablets, travel outside village in last week, another family member affected with acute gastroenteritis, using common utensil for hand washing, hand washing before eating, ate food from outside in last week, having sanitary latrine at house, waste disposal in a common dump (instead of at house), waste accumulation around house and flies inside house were significantly associated with occurrence of acute gastroenteritis. On multiple logistic regression, change in taste of water (P<0.001), waste disposal in a common dump (P=0.012), another family member been affected (P<0.001), waste accumulation around house (P<0.001), higher socio-economic status (P=0.002) and eating outside food (P=0.011) made a significant contribution to prediction.

CONCLUSIONS

Socio-demographic factors (higher socio-economic status), epidemiological correlates (change in taste of water, another family member been affected with acute gastroenteritis and eating outside food) and environmental determinants (waste disposal in a common dump and waste accumulation around house) significantly determines the occurrence of cases of acute gastroenteritis.

Subaperture stitching for measurement of freeform wavefront

A method based on subaperture stitching for measurement of a freeform wavefront is proposed and applied to wavefronts calculated from the slope data acquired using a scanning Shack Hartmann sensor (SHS). The entire wavefront is divided into a number of subapertures with overlapping zones. Each subaperture is measured using the SHS, which is scanned over the entire wavefront. The slope values and thus the phase values of separately measured subapertures cannot be connected directly due to various misalignment errors during the scanning process. The errors lying in the vertical plane, i.e., piston, tilt, and power, are minimized by fitting them in the overlapping zone. The radial and rotational misalignment errors are minimized during registration in the global frame by using active numerical alignment before the stitching process. A mathematical model for a stitching algorithm is developed. Simulation studies are presented based on the mathematical model. The proposed mathematical model is experimentally verified on freeform surfaces of a cubic phase profile.

Controversies in Orthopaedic Trauma- Management of Fractures of Shaft of Femur in Children Between 6 and 12 Years of Age

The management of femoral shaft fractures in children is largely directed by the age and built of the child. There is wide consensus on the non operative treatment of children less than six years of age. Operative treatment is recommended for children more than 12 years of age, only the surgical options vary. The age group of 6-12 years remains a controversial area with multiple studies advocating different lines of treatment.We studied the literature on treatment of femoral shaft fractures in 6 to 12 year age group over the past 25 years through PubMed search and found 79 studies dealing with management of paediatric shaft femur fractures in this age group. Studies dealing with other age groups, animal studies and languages other than English were excluded. The treatment modalities included early or immediate hip spica, traction alone, external fixator, plating (open/minimally invasive), intramedullary nailing- rigid/flexible and intramedullary Kirschner wire. The short listed articles were studied for rate and time of union, complications such as non-union and malunion, leg length discrepancy, infection, implant impingement, refracture and cost analysis.Operative treatment is usually the preferred treatment option in this age group, as it decreases hospitalization time, decreases morbidity and allows early return of child to school. Flexible intramedullary nailing is recommended for length stable fractures. Submuscular bridge plating (minimally invasive) is reserved for comminuted fractures. External fixator is reserved for open fractures and initial stabilization of femoral shaft fractures in polytrauma pediatric patients. Intramedullary K wire is a viable option in resource contrained centres where specialized implants and instrumentation is not available.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(1) 2014: 77-84

Electrochemical removal of sulfate from petroleum produced water

Petroleum produced water (PPW) is a waste-stream that entails huge cost on the petroleum industry. Along with other suspended and dissolved solids, it contains sulfate, which is a major hurdle for its alternative use intended toward enhanced oil recovery. This study proposes a two-step process for sulfate removal from PPW. A synthetic PPW was designed for the study using response surface methodology. During the first step, sulfate present in PPW was reduced to sulfide by anaerobic fermentation with 80% efficiency. In the second step, more than 70% of the accumulated sulfide was electrochemically oxidized. This integrated approach successfully removed sulfate from the synthetic wastewater indicating its applicability in the treatment of PPW and its subsequent applications in other oil field operations.

Importance of algae as a potential source of biofuel

Algae have a great potential source of biofuels and also have unique importance to reduce gaseous emissions, greenhouse gases, climatic changes, global warming receding of glaciers, rising sea levels and loss of biodiversity. The microalgae, like Scenedesmus obliquus, Neochloris oleabundans, Nannochloropsis sp., Chlorella emersonii, and Dunaliella tertiolecta have high oil content. Among the known algae, Scenedesmus obliquus is one of the most potential sources for biodiesel as it has adequate fatty acid (linolenic acid) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bio&mdash;ethanol is already in the market of United States of America and Europe as an additive in gasoline. Bio&mdash;hydrogen is the cleanest biofuel and extensive efforts are going on to bring it to market at economical price. This review highlights recent development and progress in the field of algae as a potential source of biofuel.

Production of ligninolytic enzymes by white rot fungi on lignocellulosic wastes using novel pretreatments

Production of extracellular ligninolytic enzymes (laccase and polyphenol oxidase) secreted by three species of white rot fungi (Pleurotus florida, P. flabellatus and P. sajor&mdash;caju) under in vivo condition was studied on two lignocellulosic substrates i.e., paddy straw and wheat straw. These lignocellulosic substrates were treated with neem (Azadirachta indica) oil and ashoka (Saraca indica) leaves extract. Between the two lignocellulosic substrates, paddy straw pretreated with neem oil supported maximum activity of laccase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The activities of both the enzymes were low on the 5th day of cultivation which increased on the 10th day and reached at peak on the 15th day. Thereafter, there was continuous decrease in the enzymatic activity. Among the three species, P. flabellatus (P3) showed maximum ligninolytic enzymatic activity followed by P. florida (P2)and P. sajor&mdash;caju (P1).

Biodegradation of wheat straw by Pleurotus ostreatus

Wheat straw pretreated with chemicals as well as hot water was subjected to degradation by edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. Lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses component of both chemically as well as hot water treated wheat straw was degraded by the fungus and in turn the edible and nutritious fruiting body of the mushroom was produced. Biodegradation of wheat straw in terms of loss of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose showed positive correlation with cellulases, xylanase, laccase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of the fungus. During vegetative growth of the fungus, lignin degradation was faster and during fructification, lignin degradation was slower than cellulose and hemicellulose. The carbon content of the wheat straw decreased while, nitrogen content increased during degradation of the waste. Hot water treated wheat straw supported better production of enzymatic activity and degraded more efficiently than chemically sterilized substrate. The cumulative yield and biological efficiency (BE) of the mushroom was maximum on the hot water treated substrate. Degradation of the hot water treated wheat straw was better and faster than chemically treated substrate.

Direct red decolorization and ligninolytic enzymes production by improved strains of Pleurotus using basidiospore derived monokaryons

In the present investigation the efficiency of three species of Pleurotus and their improved dikaryons (heterokaryons) was assessed for decolorization of direct red and production of lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase enzymes. All the species of Pleurotus i.e. P. flabellatus, P. ostreatus, and P. citrinopileatus decolorized the dye Direct Red well. However, Pfo 6X9 and Poc 9X6 decolorized the dye more effectively than three species of Pleurotus. The improved dikaryons also showed higher ligninolytic activity than the parental species. Poc 9X6 showed higher LiP (76.27U), MnP (623.24U) and laccase activity (594.80U). In the present work different pH, age and concentration of inoculum and effect of surfactant i.e. sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Tween&mdash;80 were analyzed in order to determine the optimum ones to decolorize maximum concentration of dye. 5 ml of 10 days old culture on pH 5.5 and 0.1% Tween&mdash;80 supported maximum decolorization of direct red dye.