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Silva FA, Costa DA, Silva BHM, Alves AF, Souza SJDE, Silva GMBDA, Meneses JM, Matos-Rocha TJ, Christoffersen ML, Cavalcanti MGS. Identification of phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Atlantic forest fragments and their dispersal to urban area. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20191596. [PMID: 38055605 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320191596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The geographical distribution of sand flies in Brazil has been the subject of some studies, yet there is no information about the phlebotomine fauna in João Pessoa, State of Paraíba, Brazil. The aim of this work is to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of sand flies in the Atlantic forest fragments and to evaluate a possible dispersion in 06 nearby districts. Light traps were used during three consecutive nights, supplemented by an aspirator during the dry period and rainy season. A total of 222 sand flies were found, 143 (130 males and 13 females) in the Atlantic forest, and 79 in urban areas. During the entire dry season, three species of phlebotomine sand flies were recorded in 11 forest fragments, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lu. migonei and Lu. whitmani. During the rainy season, only Lu. longipalpis was found. This was the only species identified in the studied neighborhoods during both seasons. The differences in diversity of sand flies encountered between natural habitats and urban areas may thus be correlated mostly with adaptations to particular habitats and availability of food. One species (Lu. longipalpis) appears to be rapidly adapting to urban areas because of deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente (PRODEMA), Via Expressa Padre Zé, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Laboratório de Endemias, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Rua Tabelião Stanislau Eloy, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Dimítri A Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente (PRODEMA), Via Expressa Padre Zé, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Breno Henrique M Silva
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Laboratório de Endemias, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Rua Tabelião Stanislau Eloy, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Adriano Francisco Alves
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Laboratório de Endemias, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Rua Tabelião Stanislau Eloy, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Joel DE Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente (PRODEMA), Via Expressa Padre Zé, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Laboratório de Endemias, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Rua Tabelião Stanislau Eloy, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde da Paraíba (SES-PB), Núcleo de Entomologia e Pesquisa Operacional, Av. Pedro II, 1826, Torre, 58040-903 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Geuba Maria B DA Silva
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Ecologia Aplicada, Rua Santa Elizabete, s/n, Centro, 58297-000 Rio Tinto, PB, Brazil
| | - Janaína M Meneses
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, 58429-900 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Matos-Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise de Sistemas Ambientais (PPGASA), Centro Universitário Cesmac, Rua Prof. Ângelo Neto, 258, 57051-530 Maceió, AL, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas, Av. Dr. Jorge de Lima, 113, 57010-382 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Martin L Christoffersen
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Via Expressa Padre Zé, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marília Gabriela S Cavalcanti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente (PRODEMA), Via Expressa Padre Zé, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Laboratório de Endemias, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Rua Tabelião Stanislau Eloy, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia (DFP/CCS), Rua Tabelião Stanislau Eloy, s/n, Castelo Branco, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Pessoa LMB, Pinto EHC, Chaves TES, Rabelo GDS, Brito AL, Zanini VM, Nunes MCDL, Viana LA. Phlebotomine sand flies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in an area of canine infection caused by Leishmania infantum in the state of Amapá, eastern Amazon. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e002423. [PMID: 37703122 PMCID: PMC10503820 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, the Brazilian State of Amapá registered the first occurrence of visceral leishmaniosis (VL) in 17 dogs in the outskirts of the capital, Macapá. Given the lack of knowledge on phlebotomines in that area, this study aimed to survey the fauna of these Diptera. Sampling was performed using CDC light traps placed at ten sampling sites. The specimens captured were Evandromyia walkeri (n=237), Nyssomyia antunesi (n=65) and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (n=6). The phlebotomine species composition resulted in low species diversity, and none of the main vectors of the etiological agent of VL were identified in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thiago Evangelista Silva Chaves
- Laboratório de Estudos Morfofisiológicos e Parasitários, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá – UNIFAP, Macapá, AP, Brasil
| | - Gabriele da Silva Rabelo
- Laboratório de Estudos Morfofisiológicos e Parasitários, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá – UNIFAP, Macapá, AP, Brasil
| | - Adrielly Lobato Brito
- Laboratório de Estudos Morfofisiológicos e Parasitários, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá – UNIFAP, Macapá, AP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Lúcio André Viana
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá – UNIFAP, Macapá, AP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Estudos Morfofisiológicos e Parasitários, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá – UNIFAP, Macapá, AP, Brasil
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Chaves Júnior SP, Baggio RA, Szelag EA, Shimabukuro PHF, de Andrade AJ. Sciopemyia sordellii in the Neotropical region: distribution, biology, and ecology. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:308-315. [PMID: 36533381 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The species Sciopemyia sordellii (Diptera, Phlebotominae) is widely distributed throughout the American continent. This raises doubts about their identity as a single biological entity and points to the occurrence of species complex. Here, we review the geographic distribution of S. sordellii in the Neotropical region, as well as data on its biology and ecology. Records were obtained from literature and from specimens deposited in biological collections. In total, 149 records were analysed, from 12 countries in America. However, after taxonomic revision, some specimens were wrongly identified as S. sordellii, especially those from Peru, putting in doubt the occurrence of the species in that country. In Brazil, it has been recorded in all five geographic regions and collected in different biomes, besides to other ecotypes such as caves. Furthermore, its presence in an anthropized environment has also been reported. Some studies have also diagnosed Leishmania DNA in S. sordellii, indicating that parasite circulation is being maintained between the reservoir hosts. The data evaluated in our study allowed us to provide updated information on the distribution of S. sordellii in America, which may be useful in the taxonomy of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Paganella Chaves Júnior
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rafael Antunes Baggio
- CTPeixes, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Paloma Helena Fernandes Shimabukuro
- Grupo de estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Coleção de Flebotomíneos (FIOCRUZ/COLFLEB), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andrey José de Andrade
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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Silva CJD, Monteiro JFDCLS, Lima KPBD, Silva CSDAGE, Almeida ÉLD, Souza SFD, Medeiros ÂCR, Macedo FMRD, Brandão-Filho SP, Santos SNCD, Brito MEFD. Study on the zoonotic cycle of tegumentary leishmaniasis in an endemic area of a metropolitan region in the Northeastern region of Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e60. [PMID: 36197421 PMCID: PMC9528310 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to characterize the transmission cycle of the tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) in an old colonization area at Pernambuco State, Brazil. The aims were to identify autochthonous cases, sandflies fauna, domestic animals as possible reservoir hosts and the Leishmania species involved in this endemic area. A total of 168 suspected human cases of TL and 272 domestic animals (canine, feline, equine, goat, and sheep) were included. The sandflies were captured and identified by species. Patients were predominantly male and the average age was 37+18.1 years old. Of 85 patients who had skin lesions, 25.6% of them had direct positive smears for TL and 34 isolates were identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The confirmation for TL diagnosed by molecular detection (PCR) was almost three times more sensitive than the direct test [p < 0.001; PR = 2.72] associated with clinical examination. The Kappa test on PCR between two different specimens, biopsy, and skin lesion swab was 60.8% (p < 0.001). More than 200 specimens of sandflies (80 males and 159 females) were captured and identified as Lutzomyia whitmani (99.6%) and Lu. evandroi (0.4%). The detection of L. (V.) braziliensis by Real-Time PCR in the blood of a captured fed female was positive in 59.3% of Lu. whitmani. Of the 272 domestic animals included, 61.76% were male (n = 168). Thirty-six animals (13.2%) had lesions compatible with TL (34 dogs, 1 cat and 1 sheep) and 3 of them, all dogs, had lesions on the snout, showing destruction of cartilage and mucosa. The study suggests the participation of domestic animals as possible reservoirs. However, further studies are necessary to better understand the transmission cycle and take recommended measures in order to control the disease.
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Neves RL, Cardoso DT, Rêgo FD, Gontijo CMF, Barbosa DS, Soares RP. A follow-up study (2007-2018) on American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in the municipality of Caratinga, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: Spatial analyses and sand fly collection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009429. [PMID: 34003866 PMCID: PMC8162678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The municipality of Caratinga is an important endemic area for American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) and no epidemiological studies were performed during the past two decades. Here, we analyzed the epidemiological situation and the geographical distribution of ATL cases in the municipality of Caratinga from 2007 to 2018 using geographic information systems (GIS). Also, we evaluated the impact of several demographic parameters in ATL distribution and the sand flies incriminated in its transmission. Methods All demographic information (gender, age, educational level, clinical form, diagnostic criteria and case evolution) used in this study was retrieved from the public health archives and confirmed in the State Health Services databases. All cases were analyzed using GIS software based on ATL distribution. Also, non-systematic sand fly collections and molecular detection of Leishmania were performed in the hotspots. Results and conclusions During the period, ATL cases continued and increased especially in the past years (2016–2018). Hotspots included urban Caratinga areas and the districts of Patrocínio de Caratinga and Sapucaia. The species Nyssomyia whitmani, Nyssomyia intermedia, Migonemyia migonei and Evandromyia cortelezzii complex were captured. However, ITS1-PCR did not detect Leishmania DNA in those insects. Based on our analyses, urbanization of ATL in Caratinga has occurred in the past years. Due to the increase in the number of cases and vectors presence, it is recommended that health authorities focus on control measures in the most affected areas (Patrocínio of Caratinga and Sapucaia districts and urban Caratinga). Leishmaniasis is an important health problem in Latin American countries and worldwide. In some places, notification is limited and underreported hindering correct assessment of existing data. In Brazil, ATL is mainly caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. It is transmitted by sand fly vectors Nyssomyia whitmani and Nyssomyia intermedia. ATL comprises different clinical manifestations including cutaneous leishmaniasis, muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis and atypical leishmaniasis. The objective is to present the spatial distribution of cases of ATL notified by the Public Health System of Caratinga between the period of 2007 and 2018. This city is one of the most important endemic areas in the State of Minas Gerais and compose the panel of knowledge on epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis. This information will be important for developing strategies for ATL control in the affected areas. There is strong evidence that supports ATL urbanization in the city of Caratinga and increase of cases in two rural districts (Sapucaia and Patrocínio de Caratinga).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Neves
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo T Cardoso
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Felipe D Rêgo
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Célia M F Gontijo
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David S Barbosa
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P Soares
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Lutzomyia evandroi in a New Area of Occurrence of Leishmaniasis. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:716-722. [PMID: 32378156 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sand flies are vectors of medical and veterinary concern, responsible for the transmission of Leishmania parasites. These invertebrates are widely distributed throughout the world and their abundance and diversity is dependent on several biotic and physical factors. Based on the epidemiological importance of these insects, the aim of this study was to assess the sand fly fauna of a new area of occurrence of leishmaniasis. METHODS From October 2018 to September 2019, samplings were performed using CDC light traps at six different collection points located in a high altitude area in the municipality of Garanhuns, Northeastern Brazil. Geographic coordinates were recorded using the satellite remote sensing Global Positioning System (GPS) Garmin Etrex20. The spatial distribution of sand flies was evaluated using kernel density estimation (KDE). Engorged females (n = 12) were molecularly processed to search for Leishmania DNA. RESULTS A total of 138 sand fly specimens were collected during the study period, with 100% (138/138) identified as Lutzomyia evandroi. Climatic conditions did not influence the number of sand flies (males and females) collected monthly, but a statistically significant difference was observed between the number of specimens and different collections points. The kernel map showed a heterogeneous spatial distribution of sand flies in the municipality of Garanhuns with a hotspot in the south of the region. CONCLUSION Data presented herein are pivotal in filling the gap on the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in this high altitude area, serving as an alert to local health authorities. It also indicated that the putative role of L. evandroi in the transmission of Leishmania parasites should be clarified.
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Buzanovsky LP, Sanchez-Vazquez MJ, Maia-Elkhoury ANS, Werneck GL. Major environmental and socioeconomic determinants of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil - a systematic literature review. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20190291. [PMID: 32491100 PMCID: PMC7269534 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0291-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a zoonotic disease with complex transmission
cycle. Some environmental and socioeconomic factors are known to be the major
determinants of the transmission process, which are involved in configuring the
spatiotemporal patterns and thus can be delimiting. However, the relevance of
these socioeconomic and environmental determinants is still not well understood.
In this study, we aimed to identify the major environmental and socioeconomic
determinants of CL in Brazil by articulating a systematic literature review of
studies that are based on this subject. The methodology included a search for
studies according to a structured protocol using the scientific platforms, such
as Scielo and PubMed. The references of each identified article were who
referred to CL determinants were further screened, and so on. We extracted
information from 41 articles and the determinants were grouped accordingly. Two
measures were evaluated as follows: a) the frequency of citations of the
determinants; and b) the proportion of determinants identified as having
"significant association in analytical studies" with respect to the total number
of determinants analyzed in other analytical studies using the same concept. The
analyzed articles covered most of the regions of Brazil and 7 other countries
bordering Brazil. We found 43 concepts of determinants. However, the final
selection resulted in the identification of 14 major determinants. These results
therefore contribute in the identification of major CL determinants and this
information can be used to establish strategies for identifying risk prone areas
for disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Puppim Buzanovsky
- Department of Epidemiology, Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Manuel José Sanchez-Vazquez
- Department of Epidemiology, Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Nilce Silveira Maia-Elkhoury
- Communicable Disease and Environmental Determinants of Health (CDE) Neglected, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases (VT), Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Guilherme Loureiro Werneck
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Silva JAO, Silva FJD, Macedo LOD, Santos CVBD, Alves LC, Ramos RAN, Faustino MADG, Carvalho GAD. Sandflies in an endemic area for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2019; 28:569-573. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Phlebotomines of the genus Lutzomyia are important vector for species of Leishmania, the etiological agent of leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of sandflies in an endemic area for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Sampling was performed in four localities on the coast of the municipality of Goiana, state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Specimens were collected monthly on three consecutive nights, from November 2017 to October 2018. CDC light traps were installed at a height of 1.5 m above the ground, in two ecotypes (i.e. tree and animal facility), both in peridomestic areas. A total of 5,205 sandflies were collected, among which the species Lutzomyia longipalpis (99.85%; 5,197/5,205) was the most common, followed by Lutzomyia evandroi (0.13%; 07/5,205) and Lutzomyia whitmani (0.02%; 01/5,205). Specimens of L. longipalpis were collected throughout the study period and most of them were found near to the animal facilities. The findings from this research indicate that vectors for Leishmania infantum are present in the study area throughout the year, along with occurrences of vectors relating to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Preventive vector control measures need to be implemented in Goiana to reduce the risk of infection for the human and animal populations.
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S. L. Figueiredo de Sá B, Rezende AM, de Melo Neto OP, de Brito MEF, Brandão Filho SP. Identification of divergent Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis ecotypes derived from a geographically restricted area through whole genome analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007382. [PMID: 31170148 PMCID: PMC6581274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis, the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America, is characterized by major differences in basic biology in comparison with better-known Leishmania species. It is also associated with a high phenotypic and possibly genetic diversity that need to be more adequately defined. Here we used whole genome sequences to evaluate the genetic diversity of ten L. braziliensis isolates from a CL endemic area from Northeastern Brazil, previously classified by Multi Locus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) into ten distinct zymodemes. These sequences were first mapped using the L. braziliensis M2904 reference genome followed by identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). A substantial level of diversity was observed when compared with the reference genome, with SNP counts ranging from ~95,000 to ~131,000 for the different isolates. When the genome data was used to infer relationship between isolates, those belonging to zymodemes Z72/Z75, recovered from forested environments, were found to cluster separately from the others, generally associated with more urban environments. Among the remaining isolates, those from zymodemes Z74/Z106 were also found to form a separate group. Phylogenetic analyses were also performed using Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis from genes coding for four metabolic enzymes used for MLEE as well as the gene sequence coding for the Hsp70 heat shock protein. All 10 isolates were firmly identified as L. braziliensis, including the zymodeme Z26 isolate previously classified as Leishmania shawi, with the clustering into three groups confirmed. Aneuploidy was also investigated but found in general restricted to chromosome 31, with a single isolate, from zymodeme Z27, characterized by extra copies for other chromosomes. Noteworthy, both Z72 and Z75 isolates are characterized by a much reduced heterozygosity. Our data is consistent with the existence of distinct evolutionary groups in the restricted area sampled and a substantial genetic diversity within L. braziliensis. Leishmania braziliensis is the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America. In the Pernambuco state, a highly endemic area for CL in Northeastern Brazil, ten zymodemes have been previously described, identified through the detection of variations in the mobility of selected enzymes on gel electrophoresis (MLEE). Here we used next-generation genome sequencing to reevaluate the genetic diversity and relatedness between isolates representing these zymodemes. The genetic analysis clustered these isolates into three distinct phylogenetic groups, with those circulating in forested environments more related to each other (Z72 and Z75) and separated from the other eight isolates from more urbanized environments, but nevertheless forming two further groups. All ten isolates were definitely identified as L. braziliensis, including one from zymodeme Z26, previously identified as L. shawi through MLEE. Chromosome copy number variation was observed in all isolates studied, but restricted mainly to chromosome 31, with a single isolate (from zymodeme Z27) showing more than two copies of other chromosomes. A low heterozygosity observed only for both Z72/Z75 isolates also confirm differences associated with them. Our findings confirm that MLEE, despite still being considered the gold standard for characterization of Leishmania spp., does not reflect relevant information on intra-specific variations. It also highlights the substantial diversity observed between L. braziliensis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna S. L. Figueiredo de Sá
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (BSLFdS); (SPBF)
| | - Antonio M. Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sinval P. Brandão Filho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute -FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (BSLFdS); (SPBF)
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Sales KGDS, de Oliveira Miranda DE, Costa PL, da Silva FJ, Figueredo LA, Brandão-Filho SP, Dantas-Torres F. Home sweet home: sand flies find a refuge in remote indigenous villages in north-eastern Brazil, where leishmaniasis is endemic. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:118. [PMID: 30909958 PMCID: PMC6434633 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 2012 to 2013, an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania braziliensis was detected in indigenous villages located in a remote rural area of Pernambuco state, north-eastern Brazil. Considering that the principal activities of this indigenous community are farming and crop plantation, and also that the outbreak involved many children, we investigated the presence of sand fly vectors inside human houses and also the exposure of dogs to leishmanial parasites. Our general objective was to gather epidemiological data that could indicate the occurrence of a peri-domestic/domestic transmission cycle of L. braziliensis in these indigenous villages. METHODS From March 2015 to March 2016, sand flies were collected using light traps in the indoor and immediate outdoor environments in the three indigenous villages that reported the most cutaneous leishmaniasis cases during the 2012-2013 outbreak. Moreover, samples obtained from 300 dogs living in the outbreak villages and two nearby villages were tested by a rapid immunochromatographic test and by a real-time PCR for detecting anti-Leishmania antibodies and Leishmania DNA, respectively. RESULTS In total, 5640 sand flies belonging to 11 species were identified. Males (n = 3540) predominated over females (n = 2100). Migonemyia migonei (84.3%) was the most abundant species, followed by Evandromyia lenti (5.5%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (4.1%), Nyssomyia intermedia (1.6%) and Micropygomyia capixaba (1.4%), representing together ~97% of the sand flies collected. Nine out of the 11 species identified in this study were found indoors, including M. migonei, L. longipalpis and N. intermedia, which are proven vectors of Leishmania spp. Out of 300 dogs tested, 26 (8.7%) presented anti-Leishmania antibodies and six (2%) were Leishmania DNA-positive. The level of exposure in dogs living in the indigenous villages where the 2012-2013 outbreak of human CL was detected was almost 2-fold higher than in the two nearby villages (11.0 vs 6.2% for serology and 2.6 vs 1.4% for real-time PCR). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that different sand fly vectors may be adapted to human dwellings, thus increasing the risk of transmission in the indoor and immediate outdoor environments. The adaptation of sand flies to the indoor environment in the studied indigenous villages may be partly explained by the poor housing conditions and the proximity of the houses to crop plantations and forest fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernando José da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Luciana Aguiar Figueredo
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
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de Souza Freitas MT, Dos Santos CFR, de Andrade EM, Marcondes CB, de Queiroz Balbino V, Arley Costa Pessoa F. New Records of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) From the State of Alagoas, Northeast of Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:242-247. [PMID: 29029319 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are small insects of great medical importance. This study presents new records of phlebotomine sand flies, which augment the list of species, recorded in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. Sand flies were collected using CDC miniature light traps. Collections were made between November 2008 and April 2016, in 47 municipalities within the state of Alagoas. Twenty-seven thousand two-hundred forty-four sand flies were collected, representing 18 species in seven genera. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the predominant species (85.4% of total), and it was recorded in all biomes. Three species (Evandromyia evandroi (Costa Lima and Antunes 1936), Evandromyia tupynambai (Mangabeira 1942), and Pressatia choti (Floch and Abonnenc 1941)) were collected in coastal and Atlantic forest biomes; five species (Lutzomyia villelai (Mangabeira 1942), Micropygomyia oswaldoi (Mangabeira 1942), Nyssomyia umbratilis (Ward and Frahia 1977), Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz and Neiva 1912), and Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes and Coutinho 1939)) were collected in Atlantic forest and Caatinga biomes. The species Evandromyia corumbaensis (Galati, Nunes, Oshiro and Rego 1989) and Psathyromyia naftalekatzi (Falcão, Andrade-Filho, Almeida and Brandão-Filho 2000) were found only in the coastal zones. This work provides an updated list of the phlebotomine sand flies of Alagoas, with some notes on their taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and epidemiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Thiago de Souza Freitas
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego S/N, Cidade Universitária, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Brisola Marcondes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz Amazônia, Amazonas, Brazil
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12
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Silva APOD, Miranda DEDO, Santos MAB, Guerra NR, Marques SR, Alves LC, Ramos RAN, Carvalho GAD. Phlebotomines in an area endemic for American cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeastern coast of Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:280-284. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Phlebotomines have worldwide distribution with many species present in Brazil, including the northeastern region, where the fauna is very diverse. The aim of this study was to identify the sandfly fauna in an area endemic for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in the state of Pernambuco. Sandflies were caught on three consecutive nights every month from October 2015 to September 2016, from 5 pm to 5 am, using seven light traps of Centers for Disease Control (CDC) type. Females were identified and used for molecular Leishmania detection. A total of 2,174 specimens belonging to ten species were collected: Lutzomyia choti (88.2%; 1,917/2,174) was the most abundant species, followed by Lutzomyia whitmani (8.1%; 176/2,174) and Lutzomyia sordellii (1.5%; 33/2,174). The majority of the specimens were collected in peridomestic areas (64.1%; 1,394/2,174) and during the rainy period. All the samples examined were negative for Leishmania spp. The presence of Lutzomyia whitmani indoors and in peridomestic areas indicates that the inhabitants of this area are exposed to the risk of infection by the parasites responsible for ACL.
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13
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Figueiredo HRD, Santos MFDC, Casaril AE, Infran JODM, Ribeiro LM, Fernandes CEDS, Oliveira AGD. SAND FLIES (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) IN AN ENDEMIC AREA OF LEISHMANIASIS IN AQUIDAUANA MUNICIPALITY, PANTANAL OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL , BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:87. [PMID: 27982353 PMCID: PMC5147717 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aquidauana municipality is considered an endemic area of leishmaniasis and an important tourist site in Mato Grosso do Sul State. The aim of this study was to investigate the sand fly fauna in the city of Aquidauana. Captures were carried out twice a month, from April 2012 to March 2014 with automatic light traps and active aspiration, in the peridomicile and domicile of six residences. A total of 9,338 specimens were collected, 3,179 and 6,159 using light traps and active aspiration, respectively. The fauna consisted of: Brumptomyia brumpti, Evandromyia aldafalcaoae, Ev. evandroi, Ev. lenti, Ev. orcyi, Ev. sallesi, Ev. termitophila, Ev. walkeri, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Psathyromyia bigeniculata. The most abundant species captured was Lutzomyia longipalpis, present in all the ecotopes, predominantly in peridomicile areas, and mainly males. Leishmania DNA was not detected in the insects. It was observed the abundance of the sand fly fauna in the region, as well as the high frequency of Lu. longipalpis, the main vector of L. infantum. The results of this study show the need to increase the monitoring and more effective control measures. It is noteworthy that the studied region presents several activities related to tourism and recreation, increasing the risk of transmission of leishmaniasis to this particular human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Rezende de Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Dr Hélio Mandetta, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mails: ; ;
| | - Mirella Ferreira da Cunha Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Rua dos Dentistas, 500, Bairro Arnaldo Estevão de Figueiredo, 79043-250, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Aline Etelvina Casaril
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Dr Hélio Mandetta, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mails: ; ;
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail: ; ,
| | - Jucelei Oliveira de Moura Infran
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail: ; ,
| | - Leticia Moraes Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail: ; ,
| | - Carlos Eurico Dos Santos Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Dr Hélio Mandetta, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mails: ; ;
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail: ; ,
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14
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Agra MCR, Costa PL, Duque AES, Soares ENL, Alves LC, Ramos RAN, Carvalho GAD. Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an urban area of Northeastern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49:698-702. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0147-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Guimarães VCFV, Pruzinova K, Sadlova J, Volfova V, Myskova J, Filho SPB, Volf P. Lutzomyia migonei is a permissive vector competent for Leishmania infantum. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:159. [PMID: 26988559 PMCID: PMC4797322 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania infantum is the most widespread etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the world, with significant mortality rates in human cases. In Latin America, this parasite is primarily transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis, but the role of Lutzomyia migonei as a potential vector for this protozoan has been discussed. Laboratory and field investigations have contributed to this hypothesis; however, proof of the vector competence of L. migonei has not yet been provided. In this study, we evaluate for the first time the susceptibility of L. migonei to L. infantum. METHODS Females of laboratory-reared L. migonei were fed through a chick-skin membrane on rabbit blood containing L. infantum promastigotes, dissected at 1, 5 and 8 days post-infection (PI) and checked microscopically for the presence, intensity and localisation of Leishmania infections. In addition, morphometric analysis of L. infantum promastigotes was performed. RESULTS High infection rates of both L. infantum strains tested were observed in L. migonei, with colonisation of the stomodeal valve already on day 5 PI. At the late-stage infection, most L. migonei females had their cardia and stomodeal valve colonised by high numbers of parasites, and no significant differences were found compared to the development in L. longipalpis. Metacyclic forms were found in all parasite-vector combinations since day 5 PI. CONCLUSIONS We propose that Lutzomyia migonei belongs to sand fly species permissive to various Leishmania spp. Here we demonstrate that L. migonei is highly susceptible to the development of L. infantum. This, together with its known anthropophily, abundance in VL foci and natural infection by L. infantum, constitute important evidence that L. migonei is another vector of this parasite in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Pruzinova
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Volfova
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Myskova
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão Filho
- />Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Petr Volf
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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The phlebotomine sand flies fauna in Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:619. [PMID: 26626880 PMCID: PMC4667417 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies are dipterans of the family Psychodidae. They are very important to veterinary medicine because some species are vectors of infective forms of Leishmania spp., the etiological agents of leishmaniasis. The Parque Estadual do Rio Doce is located in an area with constant reports of cases of leishmaniasis. In order to better understanding the phlebotamine sand fly fauna of the park, the present work was undertaken with the goal of analyzing phlebotomine sand flies collected there, verifying their seasonality and correlating their presence with forest and/or anthropic areas. Methods To analyze the fauna of phlebotomine sand flies, HP-type, model CDC light traps were distributed along the Juquita trail of PERD. Twelve traps were installed between September 2012 and February 2014, and captured specimens were identified to species. Results and discussions A total of 1993 phlebotomine sand flies of 30 species were captured. The most abundant species were Pressatia choti, Psychodopygus davisi and Nyssomyia intermedia. The high number of Nyssomyia intermedia captured drew attention because they are considered one of the vectors of the infective Leishmania braziliensis present at PERD. No seasonality was observed in the occurrence of phlebotomine sand flies captured at PERD. The number of captured specimens of vector species, and the distance of traps from the forest boarder, were negatively correlated, showing that these vectors (Nyssomyia intermedia, Nyssomyia whitmani and Migonemyia migonei) were less common inside the forest area and that attention should be drawn to other potential vector species in the forest. Conclusion These results can contribute to leishmaniasis prevention strategies directed at the visitors and professionals at or near PERD. The finding of the presence of Leishmania vectors in the park area must be given attention, since disease transmission can threaten people who visit PERD and its surroundings. Therefore, information on the prevention of leishmaniasis needs to be provided to all people who go there.
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17
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Guimarães VCFV, Costa PL, Silva FJD, Melo FLD, Dantas-Torres F, Rodrigues EHG, Brandão Filho SP. Molecular detection of Leishmania in phlebotomine sand flies in a cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in northeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:357-60. [PMID: 25076439 PMCID: PMC4131824 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several phlebotomine sand fly species have been regarded as putative or
proven vectors of parasites of the genus Leishmania in Brazil, but
data for the northeastern region remains incipient. In this study, a total of 600
phlebotomine sand flies were grouped in pools of 10 specimens each and tested by a
Leishmania genus-specific PCR and by a PCR targeting
Leishmania (Leishmania)
infantum. Fourteen out of 60 pools were positive by the
genus-specific PCR, being five pools of L. migonei, seven of
L. complexa, one of L. sordellii and one of
L. naftalekatzi, which correspond to a minimal infection rate of
2.3% (14/600). Our results, associated with their known anthropophily and their
abundance, suggest the participation of L. migonei and L.
complexa as vectors of Leishmania in northeastern
Brazil. Remarkably, this is the first time in this country that the detection of
Leishmania DNA in L. sordellii and L.
naftalekatzi has been reported, but future studies are necessary to
better understand the significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietra Lemos Costa
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fernando José da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lopes de Melo
- Department of Parasitology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Sinval Pinto Brandão Filho
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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18
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Lima BS, Dantas-Torres F, de Carvalho MR, Marinho-Junior JF, de Almeida EL, Brito MEF, Gomes F, Brandão-Filho SP. Small mammals as hosts of Leishmania spp. in a highly endemic area for zoonotic leishmaniasis in North-Eastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:592-7. [PMID: 23868744 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania parasites cause leishmaniasis in humans and animals worldwide. These parasites are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, which become infected upon feeding on an infected mammalian host. We assessed the occurrence of Leishmania infection in small mammals in an area of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis endemicity. METHODS A total of 180 small mammals were trapped in 2003 and 2006 in a rural area in north-eastern Brazil. Spleen and skin samples from these animals were assessed by two PCR protocols, one targeting Leishmania (Viannia) spp. and other Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Additionally, serum samples were tested by an immunochromatographic test with rK39 as antigen. RESULTS Overall, 23.2% (38/164) of the animals were positive to L. (V.) spp. and 8.8% (14/160) to L. (L.) infantum). Five animals of four species (Didelphis albiventris, Nectomys squamipes, Rattus rattus and Holochilus sciureus) were positive by both PCR protocols, an overall co-infection rate of 2.5%. By serology, 5% (7/139) of the animals were positive, but all of them were PCR-negative. An isolate obtained from a water rat (N. squamipes) was characterized as L. (V.) braziliensis (zymodeme Z-74). CONCLUSIONS This study reinforces the involvement of different small mammals (e.g., N. squamipes, R. rattus and H. scieurus) in the transmission cycles of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) infantum in north-eastern Brazil. The finding of L. (V.) braziliensis infection in black rats suggests a rapid process of adaptation of a New World Leishmania species to an Old World rodent and raises interesting questions regarding the co-evolution of these parasites and their vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna S Lima
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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de Morais RCS, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque SDC, Pessoa e Silva R, Costa PL, da Silva KG, da Silva FJ, Brandão-Filho SP, Dantas-Torres F, de Paiva-Cavalcanti M. Detection and quantification of Leishmania braziliensis in ectoparasites from dogs. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196:506-8. [PMID: 23601843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a disease caused by different species of Leishmania protozoa, Leishmania braziliensis being the main species found in Brazil. In this study, two rural areas in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil, where ACL is endemic, were selected. Genomic DNA was extracted from canine ectoparasites (ticks, fleas, and lice) and tested using a conventional PCR and a quantitative real time PCR. A total of 117 ectoparasites were collected, being 50 (42.74%) of them positive for L. braziliensis (in at least one PCR protocol), with a mean parasite load of 14.14 fg/μL. Furthermore, 46 (92.00%) positive ectoparasites were collected from positive dogs and 4 (8.00%) from negative ones. This study reports the detection of L. braziliensis DNA in ectoparasites, but does not prove their vector competence. Certainly, experimental transmission studies are necessary to assess their role, if any, in the transmission of Leishmania parasites to dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana Carla Silva de Morais
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n, 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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